100520 fluidization past and future, plenary by horio at fluidization xiii

Masayuki Horio Professor, Emeritus, TU A&T

Professor, Dept. of Politics, Ryukoku University JST-RISTEX, R&D Area Director

Fluidization - Past and Future -

May 20, 2010 Fluidization XIII Gyeong-ju, Korea

JST-RISTEX: A Challenge in R&D

◆Call for R&D proposals(up to 0.3million $/year)

R&D Area: “Community Based Actions against Global Warming and

Environmentally Friendly Society”

(FY2008-2013)

From April 2008 we

Requested to aim at 60-80% GHG reduction

Requested Trans-disciplinary collaboration

1. among Natural/Engineering and

Social/Human Sciences

2. among Academia, Regional People,

Government and Industry

Requested to Bring Social Issues into

Quantitative GHG Reduction Calculation

Requested to Collaborate with Director

and Advisers for R&D Management

【Electricity】 Introducing

Renewables

(preferentially

replacing coal

first)

【Livelihood】 Promoting

Energy saving

woody building 4

GHG Minus 80% Scenario

【Transportation】 Changing All to EV

Financial &

Employment

Crises

Several Waves of Modernization after WWII (1950~; 1990~;---)

now brought all Crises on One Table

Fuel Price

Soaring

Anti-Global Warming Actions should be tightly linked to

protecting/rebuilding our life and Mind

Money Saving by

Res & Energy Saving

New

Industries

and Jobs

Actions for Climate Changes

If True Origin of Problems is Modernization of too much

Dependence on Fossil Fuels,

Remodeling the ‘Modernity’ should be the effective Solution !

① Vertical (bureaucratic) to

horizontal (trans-disciplinary)

② Real collaborative approach with

regional community

③ Appropriate technology adoption

④ Alter-modernization

The Program promotes Creative and Transformative R&D Challenges for

Our ‘Historical’ Encounter with Simultaneous Crises

Mass-Energy Scenario

for GHG reduction

○○t/yr

Social coefficient (0~1) Social system reform plan, human

resource raising, acceleration of

realization rate

×

＝ Real reduction

potential △△ t/yr

Breaking down GHG reduction issue into process & social factors

Social and temporal

scenario

•System inspection

•Policy development

•Consensus development

Human resource and

governance development

Technical scenario

development not

accommodating the

present social system

Present Projects

To establish Regional Community System that Exits from Inducing Global Warming through Introducing Micro Hydro power

Development of Techniques and Theories for the Integrated Restoration and Revitalization of Local Commons

From forests to houses : Co-realization of carbon abatement and comfortable life to 2050

“Sato-model” escaping from Global Warming in Mountainous Region – A Challenge of a Small Village to share Nature-based Community among Wide-Ranged People

Construction of the Town of Kiryu for the Future with Anti-Global-Warming through the Regional Power

Feasibility Study of the Eco-service Business Model using Eco-point system

Study on integrated policy to promote local renewable energy & its financial scheme for realization by strategic alliance with Metropolitan government and rural area government

Development of the Method of Evidence-based Analysis for Regional Sustainability in Economy and Environment

8

４

5

3

Proposing a Scenario and Road Map to realize a Nature Friendly Society Model for the Sustainable Shiga

1

9

10

Creating a Low-Carbon Production, Retail & Shopping System for Nagoya

6

7

2

Nature/Cultural heritage and city

government’s support

Sure leadership on the quantitative evaluation and dedication of

University

People’s and Children’s

commitment

Target

Developing a path for CO2 emission reduction more than

80% by 2050 through achieving regional revitalization for

City Kiryu

Kiryu-City – Gunma Univ. Project Proposing novel Eco-town Vision with Social Experiments

× ×

Turning lamps off

12

× Listening

Insects’ Song =

20t of CO2 Reduction

Kiryu Times 2009

Creating Vital Foresters, Lumberers and reeducated Builders are necessary for CO2 Capture and biomass

Utilization

Academic

proof!

Academic

proof!

14

Logs at lumbermill

Forest Lumber waiting for drying

Law temperature dryer（45℃）

Carrying-in to

building sites

Young/skilled

worker

Builder Woody “Eco”-houses

Training

Lu

mb

eri

ng

Forest management

Pa

inti

ng

Pre

cu

ttin

g

& p

an

el

pro

du

cti

on

Wo

od

en

fitt

ing

s,

Fu

rnit

ure

,

etc

.

Academic

proof!

Scientific proof and certification system design for financial and institutional supports

Forest-to-Town Direct-linkage creation PJ

for direct cash flow back to mountainside

Forest-to-Town Project

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

1940

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

u

%

Primary Industry Secondary Tertiary

Primary Sectors

Tertiary Sectors (Service Industry)

Secondary Sectors (Manufacturing Industry)

Depopulation of Primary Sectors

Japan 1940-90

%

Real reduction

t-CO2/yr

Effect of population transfer

＋

CO2 adsorption activity

including forest

management and

nature restoration

Countryside

population

increase

Urban-

countryside

difference in per

capita GHG

emission

On site reduction effort ＋

＝ ×

City-to-Village Project

Distributed Power-Gen TF

Regional Transportation with Electric Storage TF

Task Forces

To Introduce EVs into Countryside and Shopping Towns a new 9-Seater Low

Speed Electric Community Bus is developed, which is to be promoted by a

new Supporting Organization

Manufacturer: Zero Sports Inc.

Collaborative Development with JST-RISTEX Projects 18

2. In energy and resource conversion issues the

indices of efficiency and economy can never be

deceived. Chem Engrs can calculate them sure.

In this changing world Chem Engrs can have high ‘legitimacy’ because:

1. Since Energy/Environment issues are controlled

basically and substantially by natural laws, policies

that do not satisfy them enough have to fail. Chem

Engrs can judge at least these issues.

3. Communication is necessary for organizing

transformative actions for sustainability. Chem Engrs

have languages to communicate among different

disciplines as well as science and industries.

Overall Efficiency

Check Appropriateness of Bio-Fuels

Ethanol +

Gasoline V

Bio- mass

Gas

Fermentation

& Distillation

Process

Electr-

icity

H2

FCVs

Charcoal

Gas V

Diesel V

Non-

volatile

fuel

Gas

Expressing & Reforming

Gas

Reformer

×0.5 ×0.8

×0.7×0.8

×0.45

×0.7

×0.7 ×0.5

×0.15

×0.2

×0.2

=0.25

=0.11

=0.08

=0.11

=0.28

EtOH

MeOH

DME

300～気圧の水素ステーション

を町中に作るのは危険

Run

=1.0 The

heating value after

harvest-ing

Residues issues Scale affects

the conversion

Methanol +

Gasoline V

×0.2

=0.10

No residues except for ash

GTL

EVs

Gasification Process

×0.7

BDF

Horio, Modern Chemistry, 2007.9

Large Scale

Power Stns

Run

Run

Run

Run

Run

×0.9 Conv. Efficiency

Gas Low P

Tank Trucks

Low P

Gas Stn. Gas

FCEV or FCHV

Check if Urban Hydrogen Fueling is

Appropriate

Gas High P

H2 Reformer

７００bar

Hydrogen

Tank Trucks

７００bar

Hydrogen

Stations

Hydrogen FCV Hydrogen Supply Infrastructure

High-Pressure Supply System Concept and FCV

With Battery no High-P H2 distribution necessary

Fuel Cell

Motor

E

３００bar

H2 Tank FCV

Reformer

FC

Motor

E

Battery

Gas Tank FCHV

21

High P

H2

Existing Supply Infrastructure

Development of Socio-Technical Systems

Technical Seed Innovation

Technical System development

Institutional system development --- legal, financial, administrative, educational ---

Technical System Realization in

Social Scale

Once realized in society, technology is protected by institutional systems.

Social system

developments delay

To develop green technologies we need to

think how to change institutional systems

Technical innovation premised on lavish oil

consumption

Lavish oil consumption based

Technical systems


Social systems


Socio-technical systems

Global warming causing Society

Innovation for appropriate & sustainable technology

Technical systems with

sustainable energy sources

Social system inspection,

reform & detour

development

Socio-technical systems against global warming

Society overcoming global warming

Chem Engrs have to develop more tie and language to collaborate with a variety of

actors in the society

Chem Engrs will have to have more responsibility in urgent social needs.

Chem Engrs will have to be more careful and to think more deeply.

Chem Engrs will have to think more about the ‘appropriateness’ of technology.

Fluidization Research - Past and Future -

year

Cap

acit

y i

n w

orl

d t

ota

l [%

]

year

Cap

acit

y i

n w

orl

d t

ota

l [%

]

FCC

Enos, J.L.,(1964)

The first dramatic success of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). See how desruptive the FCC technology that time was to all other options.

FCC really opened the era of petroleum

Major post WWII Fluid Bed Process Developments was a Historical Set of

Achievements

NIES & BRICs

development

Climate Change

& Oil Peak

?

FINEX

Now we are close to the historical turning point.

We need a good historical perspective.

But ‘History’ is still a way of understanding.

Can be good and can be bad.

Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law

The Past of Fluidization Research

The Future of Fluidization Research

Is Progress of Knowledge Linear?

Paradigm

Progress in Paradigm should then be analysed

Taketani’s Three Step Law for the Progress of Sciences

Phenomenology

Substantialism/ Structurism

Essentialism

Ptoremaios

Johannes Kepler /Nicolaus Copernicus

Newton

Taketani’s Three Step Law and the Structure of Nature

Phenomena

Structure

First Principle

Solution

Structure and Boundary Conditions

Differential Equation




Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research

1879 Pyrite Roaster 1922 Winkler Gasifier 1929 FCC 1st Patent 1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT) joined FCC dev. 1942 1st FCC plant erection 1944 FBC 1st patent ~1952 umf, bed expansion, heat transfer, viscosity, elutriation, slugging

1952 Two Phase Theory Toomey-Johnstone 1955 Two phase reaction model 1958~ Bubble measurements

1961 Davidson’s Bubble

Phenomenology ~1952

Structuralism 1952~1961

Essentialism 1961~1973


1973 Geldart’s classification Werther scale effect on bubble distribution Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast Fluidization 1970s many FB gasifire tests 1977 1st US FBC boiler 1978 First direct Numerical Simulation 1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier

1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman Cluster measurements CFB study booming

1993 Tsuji DEM 1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio 1997 Full phase diagram

Phenomenology 1970~1980 5

Structuralism 1980~1990 5


Fast Fluidization

Cohesive Powders & Agglomeration

Particle Properties and Fluidization

Direct Numerical Simulation --Description from Particle Level--

Mode of Fluidization

Issues of the 2nd 30 years

(dp, p, Ar) for iron concentrate, almina, FCC and pyrite cinder, respectively, were (105, 4510, 386.3), (54/81, 3160/3090, 17.8/50.6), (58, 1780, 12.4),

(56, 3050, 19,1).

Voidage distribution data by Li and Kwauk (1980) Demonstrated clearly the uniqueness of ‘Fast Fluidization’

Macro-scale and Meso-scale Structure Concepts Proposed by Li and Kwauk

(1980)

the Well-Developed

lower Dense Region

Phase Diagram by Li and Kwauk (1980)

(Horio-Ito [1997])

A General Phase Diagram can be Drawn for the Well-Developed lower

Dense Region

Gs-u0-pd phase diagram drawn from Hirama et al. [8] data

Liq. like

Super-Critical Fluid like P←

→T

pd→

Turbulent & Fast Fluidizations Horio, Ishii & Nishimuro, On the nature of turbulent and

fast fluidized beds, Powder Technology, 70, 229-236 (1992)

1. In ‘turbulent fluidization’

the emulsion phase is always rent into lumps

due to the high bubble fraction and to the

vigorous gas flow through bubbles.

☆The lumps are, however, still too large to be

suspended as ‘clusters’.

2. In ‘fast fluidization’

all lumps of particles are ‘clusters’ being

suspended by lightly particle laden fluid flow.

A short remark

‘Clusters’ Horio & Clift, A note on terminology: ‘Clusters’ and

‘Agglomerates’, Editorial, Powder Technology, 70, 196, 1992

3. Clusters,

are dense parts in a suspension

being lumped together

by fluid dynamic mechanism

not by surface forces.

Or we should call them ‘fluid-dynamic clusters’.

For more arguments: Please visit

Ch.2 Hydrodynamics (by Horio)

Grace, Avidan & Knowlton (eds.),

Circulating Fluidized Beds,

Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997

Some Attempts to Identify the Structure of Clustering Suspensions

External viewing with laser sheets Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of

Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994

External viewing with laser sheets Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of


Cluster Paraboloids and Interconnecting Channels

Ve

rtic

al

sh

ee

t im

ag

e

Horizontal sheet image

3D Image Construction With Scanning Laser Sheet Method

Horio & Ito, Prediction of Cluster Size in Circulating

Fluidized Beds, J. Chem. Eng. Jp., 30, pp.691-697, 1997

U0=1.1m/s, Gs=0.092 kg/m2s

Internal viewing Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of


Comparison of External and Internal Picturing, Gs as parameter

Clustering suspensions’ Meso-scale structure

remained rather ‘similar’ irrespective of particle load.

More work needed.

A short remark

Virtual Reconstruction of Macro-Behavior from

Individual Particle Motion By DEM/DPM

Normal and tangential component of F collision

and F wall

Surface/bridge force

Rupture joint h c

Attractive force F c

No tension joint

Normal elasticity k n

Normal dumping h n

Tangential dumping h t

k t Tangential elasticity

Friction slider m SAFIRE is an extended Tsuji-Tanaka model

developed by TUAT Horio group

SAFIRE (Horio et al.,1998~)

(Non-linear spring)

t

t n t x

x F F m = n t F F m >

dt dx

x k F n n n n n h - D =

dt dx

x k F t t t t t h - D = n t F F m

km g = h 2 ( )

( ) 2 2

2

ln ln

p + = g

e e

w/wo Tangential Lubrication

w/wo Normal Lubrication

Soft Sphere Model with Cohesive Interactions

I-H

1998

Ash

Melting

Olefine

Polymerization

PP, PE

Kaneko et al.

1999

Scaling Law

for DEM

Computation

Kajikawa-Horio

2000～

Natural Phenomena

Catalytic Reactions

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Structure of

Emulsion Phase

Kajikawa-Horio

2001

FUNDAMENTAL LARGE SCALE SIMULATION

OTHER

AGGLOMERATION COMBUSTION

Coal/Waste

Combustion

in FBC

Spray

Granulation/Coating

Agglomerating

Fluidization

FB of

Solid Bridging

Kuwagi-Horio

1999

Tangential

Lubrication

Effect

Kuwagi-Horio

2000

Particles w/

van der Waals

Interaction

Iwadate-Horio

1998

Single Char

Combustion

in FBC

Rong-Horio

1999

Parmanently

Wet FB

Mikami,Kamiya,

Horio

1998

FB w/

Immersed

Tubes

Rong-Horio

1999

FB

w/ Immersed

Tubes :

Pressure Effect

Rong-Horio

2000

Particle-Particle

Heat Transfer

Rong-Horio

1999

How we Extended DEM from Tsuji et.al.(1973)’s

Cold, Dry & Noncohesive Cases

Scaling Law

for DEM

Computation

Kuwagi-Horio

2002～

Lubrication

Force Effect

Noda-Horio

2002

SAFIRE

Achievements

Effect of non-uniform Gas Supply on

Temperature Distribution in PE Reactor

Kaneko, Shiojima, Horio, DEM Simulation of Fluidized Beds for Gas-Phase Olephin

Polimerization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5809-5821(1999)

(Number of

particles=14000,

Ethylene

polymerization,

u=3umf)

Numerical

1273K, u = 0.26 m/s, Dt=0.313s

Snapshots of Solid Bridging

Particles without Surface

Roughness

Kuwagi, Mikami, Horio, Numerical Simulation of Metallic Solid Bridging

Particles in a Fluidized Bed at High Temperature, Powder Technol., 109, 27-

40(1999)

Agglomerates grown on the

wall (t=1.21s)

Effect of Metallic Sintering

Numerical

DEM was proven to become a powerful tool to analyze the phenomena, to reach solutions for practical problems including

reaction, temperature nonuniformity, sintering, agglomeration, deposition, heat transfer, erosion, attrition, etc.

Need more study on individual particle behavior and characteristics.

Measurement techniques of single particle scale need to be developed.

A short remark

Industrial Technology also made significant Progress.

Coal

Biomass

wastes

Gasificat-

Ion

FCC

catalytic

cracking Catalytic

and bio

reactions

Olefin

polymeri

zation

Iron ore

reduction,

Powd. M

Si chlorina

tion &

CVD

Drying,

agglom-

eration,

coatin’

Waste

manage-

ment

OTHER: Powder

handling

amusement,

healthcare

FBC

power

gen.

mixing,

de-SOx,H2S,HCl

hardening,

annealing,

patenting,

Portland Cement,

Ferrite, Ceramics,

Nanoparticles

food, drug design, fine materials

coal, wastes,

biomass

PP, PE

Applications of

Fluidization

What Era we are in now?

Phenomena

Structure

First Principle

Over?

Table 1 Trend of Japanese contributions to Engineering Foundation Conference Year 83 92 98 04 07 10 Fluidization III VII IX XI XII XIII Contribution of Japan 17 11 10 5 3 9

Shrinkage of Japanese contribution to international FB

conference

SCCSCC

Bow tie structure of information flow

SCC: strongly connected components

‘Fluidization’ area has been such a ‘topos’ where a wide

variety of engineers and scientists gather.

Geldart classification, or elutriation and freeboard

issue, or scaling issue were all the leftovers from the preceding

30years !

A short remark


1879 Pyrite Roaster 1922 Winkler Gasifier 1929 FCC 1st Patent 1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT) joined FCC dev. 1942 1st FCC plant erection 1944 FBC 1st patent ~1952 umf, bed expansion, heat transfer, viscosity, elutriation, slugging

1952 Two Phase Theory Toomey-Johnstone 1955 Two phase reaction model 1958~ Bubble measurements

1961 Davidson’s Bubble

Phenomenology ~1952

Structuralism 1952~1961


Byproducts

Byproducts

Byproducts


1973 Geldart’s classification Werther scale effect on bubble distribution Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast Fluidization 1970s many FB gasifire tests 1977 1st US FBC boiler 1978 First direct Numerical Simulation 1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier

1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman Cluster measurements CFB study booming

1993 Tsuji DEM 1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio 1997 Full phase diagram

Phenomenology 1970~1980 5

Structuralism 1980~1990 5


Byproducts

Byproducts

Byproducts

What Era we are in now?

Phenomenology

Structurism

First Principle

Byproducts

Byproducts

Byproducts

Phenomenology

?

New Un-knowns




Meso-scale suspension structure issue Structure, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag Expression

Multi-solids and PSD issue Flow behavior, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag expression

Solid attrition, breakage and erosion

Charging and discharging issue

Particle-particle interaction issue

Gas-phase mixing and reaction issue

DEM-CFD and particle scale measurements

Science: Front of

knowledge world

wide

Technology Dev.:

Full Mobilization of

all Knowledge

Technology

Development Science Unknowns

Frontier research and Technology development

Technology Technology

Science B

Develop-

ment Science A

Dynamics of the Research Front

Develop-

ment

Develop-

ment

Science A

Science B

Un- knownCV

Un- known

Un- knownCV

Joining the Development Researchers should independently identify ‘Unknowns’ and solve the Problem for the Success. Researchers need to develop concentrated research skill in the professional fields but also trans-disciplinary views.

A short remark

More widely Researchers should independently have Historical View and

Narrative to define coming issue

NIES & BRICs

development

Climate Change

& Oil Peak

?

FINEX

SCCSCC

We have to keep strong research activity.

We need self activities to make our SCC robust

SCC:strongly connected components

cumulonimbus cloud

hail

Natural Science and Engineering Science Exchange would help

AICｈE Fluor Daniel Lectureship Award Lecture (2001)

volcanic plateau

Pyroclastic flow

Avalanche

They are related to

crises.

The presence of column wall makes

research much easier

artificial plant

Why Engineering Science Has Advantages ?

Social & Human Science and Engineering Science

Exchange would also help

AAAS 2010 Annual Meeting, San Diego

Traffic, Crowds and Society Symposium

Prof Andrea Bertozzi, Traffic, Crowds and

Society, organizer

Crowd Modeling and Criminality Crowding

From Cloud to Crowd !

(a) Collapsed eruption column (b) Hail storm cloud (c) Columbia November 5, 2007

and pyroclastic flow formation

Stephen A. Nelson

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212082/hailfore.htm

News with De La Cruz

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/intro&textures.htm

http://veronicadelacruz.wordpress.com/category/weird-weather/

Phenomena we should include should now be wider

Kyushu Electric Power’s PFBC

Aug.11, 2002

Phenomena we should include into Fluidization should now be

made wider

Meisner Effect can suspend/fluidize superconductive

particles

Natural phenomena or human practices in which particulate solids including bodies of any sizes, are made free from internal friction caused either by external or intraparticle forces

‘Fluidization’ in the wider sense could be defined as:

Thank you very much

Join Session14 from15:00 for Smart Particle Fluidization

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