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RR Canada NOx Emissions

Measurement

Jonathan Knapton

dtp09jnk@shef.ac.uk

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NOx Overview

What is NOx?

Gas Turbine NOx Legislation

Measurement The future

Questions

Images sourced

online [1]

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What is NOx

NO, NO2 How is NOx formed?

Thermal NOx x

Prompt NOx9

Zeldovich Mechanism

O+ N2 NO + N O2 + N NO + O

N + OH NO + H

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NOx emissions from GTs

missions

Smoke & NOx vs. CO &HC[2&3]

NoxSmoke

E

Idle Max. Power

COUHC

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Possible technical solutions [4] & [5]

H2O/ Steam injection- 25ppm

Selective Catalytic Reduction-9ppm

NOx Abatement Technologies

-

SCONOX-2ppm or less

Dry Low NOx combustion-9ppm

CM56 5B Double AnnularCombustor [6]

[4] *1 sourced from (GE Energy 01)[5] *2 sourced from (Major 1999)

COOLER GASHOT GAS

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Why Legislate against NOx?

Photochemical Smog precursor- deaths,

respiratory problems

Acid rain precursor[6]

utr cat on zone ssues Indirect green-house gas (GHG)

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NOx Health Impacts

Cardiopulmonary mortality Strokes, myocardial infraction Lung irritation, Bronchitis and Pneumonia $64-$315 health damage per ton of NOx in the USA [7&8]

Nitric Oxide (NO) Concentration Health Impact

Very Low Essential for human life

~50ppm Irritating to mucus membranes

60-150ppm Causes burning of throat and coughing

>200ppm Fatal to humans if exposed for short times

[6]

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EU Directive- 26ppm NOx

-1167kt permitted for UK NOx (during 2010) [9]&[10]

US

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Measurement TechniquesCL-1

0.2ppm

FTIR-3

0.44ppm

DOAS-2

1-3ppb

OrganicSensors

DFWM

2ppm

GT

tested

Measurement

Methods

CRDS

< 1ppm

SFG UVLA

0.5ppmTDLAS

< 1ppm

LIF

5-10ppm

CARS

25ppm

DIAL

+/- 25%CL

ZirconiaProbes-5

0.5ppm

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Future Concerns- Biofuels

Low grade biofuel effect on NOx emissions

from stationary GTsFuel Nox reduced

[13]

. .

Idle Power

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

UHC NOx CO CO2

ComparedtoJetA-1

GTL

50/50 Blend

Bio-diesel

Leong, Rye et al. 2010

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Future Legislation &

Measurement Technology Decrease/ Increase? Zero NOx Legislation?

Many measurement technologies are lesssensitive than legislations in GT exhausts

urren measuremen prec s on an ar xtechnique): 0.2ppm stated HOWEVER interferenceof 3.6ppm from CO2 and water

Higher accuracy measurement possibilities:FTIR?

Stabilised Zirconia Probes?

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..

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Worldwide NOx limits

Name of State/Union/ Federation Most Stringent NOx Emission Ceiling (ppmv)

@ 15% O2

USA (California) 2

Japan 5

European Union 26

Canada 29

China 40

India 50

Brazil (Inferred from literature) 65

Russia and NIS 65

Israel N/A (building to EU standards)

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia N/A