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The Rise of Ancient Greece

The Aegean World

The Start of the Political Ideas

that Shaped the Development of

Western Civilization

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The Aegean World

•Minoans (Crete)

•Mycenaean's

(Peloponnesus)

•Troy (Asia Minor)

•Thera (Atlantis ?)

Troy

Minoans

Mycenaean's

Thera

Ancient Atlantis?

The Aegean Area – Hot Climate

Modern Day Greece / Turkey

Many Islands -- Crete

Mountainous

•Provides Protection

•Travel Overland Difficult

•Never United

Hot Climate – Greater Outdoor Activity

Sea Trade / Travel

Less Agricultural Development

Small Kingdoms

•Mycenae (Peloponnesus)

•Troy (Hellespont)

•Crete

City-States will Emerge3

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Island of Crete

2500 – 1450 BC Flourished

•Sir Arthur Evans – British – 1900 – Discoveries

Minoans Civilization

•Knossos – Capital – King Minos

•Labyrinth – Minotaur

•Active – Athletic Society – “Bull Dancing”

•Palace / Capital without Walls

•Seafarers – Trade – Central Location

•Peak 1600 BC – Decline / Disaster 1400 BC

•Mycenaean's Invasions

•Contributions to early Greek

Development

Island of Crete – Palace at Knossos

1600 BC 1970 AD

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The Island of Thera (Santorini)

Ancient Atlantis ?

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Indo-European Background

•Integrate with Hellenes (Natives)

Hilltop Fortresses (Stone Walls)

•Farming & Trade

Adopt Minoan Culture

•Conquer Minoans – Crete

1100 BC – Dorians Arrive

•Conquer Kingdoms on

Peloponnesus

•Aegean Society enters a “Dark

Age” – 300 years

•Skills / Trade Lost

•People Flee to Ionia / Asia Minor

750 BC – New Greek Civilization

Emerges = Hellenic

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The Capital at Mycenae

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The Lion Gate

Main Entrance

to Mycenae

Near Royal

Grave Circle

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At Troy / Mycenae

Items from the Discoveries

of Heinrich Schliemann

From

Troy

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Mycenaean Traditions

•Legends – Epic Poems (Recorded)

Homer (700’s BC)

•Iliad (Trojan War)

•Odyssey (Odysseus Return)

Teaching Greek Values

•Love for Nature

•Strive for Excellence

Trojan War – 1200’s BC (Legend?)

•Heinrich Schliemann – 1870

Discoveries – Modern Archaeology

•Berlin / World War II / Russia

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Ancient Troy

13th Century BC

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The Levels of Troy

Trojan War Level VI?16

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The Walls

of Troy

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Gods and Goddesses of the Greeks

“Mythology”

Combined Features of Minoans / Mycenaean's

Represented Specific Aspects of Greek Life

•Zeus / Hera / Pluto

•Love / Wisdom / War / Sea

•Patrons of City - States

Mount Olympus – Home of the Gods

Delphi – Apollo = God of Prophecy (Oracle)

Olympia

•776 BC

•Festivals

•Plays / Games

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Temple of

Apollo -- Delphi

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Treasury of

Athens at

Delphi

Most complete

treasury at Delphi.

Built to commemorate

the Athenian victory

at the Battle of

Marathon 490 B.C.

Giving thanks with an

offering – usually 10%

of the spoils!

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Race Track above

Delphi

1 “stade” = 220

yards

Honors the Gods

•Temple of Zeus

“Let the Games Begin”

Peaceful Competitions

•Foot Races

•City-State

Competitions

Laurels for the

Champions

Begin 776 BC

End in 400’s AD

Resume 1896

•Athens, Greece

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One “Stade” = 220 Yards

Oval – Up and Back = Two

“Stades” = 440 Yards!

Olympic Track

One “Lap = 440 Yards!

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Post “Dark Ages” of Greece

Two Major Periods of Greek History

Hellenic = 750 BC – 336 BC

•Development of Greek Culture

•Emergence from the Dark Ages

•Ends with the Rise of Macedonian Power

Hellenistic = 336 BC – 31 BC

•Spread of Greek Culture

•Begins with the Conquests of Alexander

•Ends with the Death of Cleopatra

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The Rise of the Polis

Polis = City-State

Demo = People

Kratos = Power

Demokratos = Democracy (“Power to the People”)

Acro – Polis = Acro = High City-State = Acropolis

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The Acropolis towers

over the center of life

for Athens.

The Agora

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The Parthenon

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Agora (Greek = City Center)

(Latin = Forum)

•Center of Business / Government

•Citizens Meet for Political Issues

Citizenship = Male Land

Owners Initially

•Cavalry = Wealthy Landowners

•Infantry = Farmers

Specific Rights / Responsibilities37

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Acro-Corinth

Corinth Canal (1890’s)

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Corinth Center Important location

Trade Center

“Sin City” (Las Vegas

of the Ancient World)

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Weak Agriculture = Importance of Trade

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Greek Economic Expansion

Poor Agricultural Results

Metropolis = Parent City-State

Establishment of Trade and Colonies to support the Trade

•600’s BC Money Economy Develops (Lydia)

Greek Pottery Manufacture Develops

•Tells of Greek Life

Paestum (Salerno, Italy)

Etruscans (North of Rome)

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Magna Grecia (Greater

Greece)

Paestum (Modern Salerno)

Greek Temples Extremely

well preserved.

Eventually conflict with the

Romans develops.

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Greek Trading

Colony of Paestum

Greek Temples 500

B.C.

Greek Temples in 1990’s

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Paestum Temples

6th Century BC

Dedicated to Hera

Dedicated to Athena

Allied Landing Beaches 1943

194347

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Changes to the Greek Communities – Polis life

Political – Kings – Weakened – Aristocrats gain Power

650 BC -- Aristocrats (Rich) vs. Farmers (Poor)

Farmers lose land – go into debt – demand reforms

•Some move to new life in colonies.

Non-Landowners (merchants / artisans) want voice in

government – Join farmers

People are unhappy with government of King / Aristocrats.

Rise of Tyrannies – One man seizes power (tyrants)

•Ruled Polis alone – Fair / Harsh

•By 500 BC rule of the Tyrants ends

Rise of the Oligarchy (rule by the few) = Sparta

Rise of the Democracy (rule by the many) = Athens

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Council of Elders -- Sparta

Democracy -- Athens

Basic Greek

Military Formation

Role of cavalry reduced (Aristocrats)

Need for more foot soldiers

(Farmers)

Infantry = “Hoplites” (refers to shield)

Becomes the standard Greek

formation used in warfare for many

centuries to come in the Aegean

World

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Phalanx =

Athens

Plains of Attica

Little Agriculture – Emphasis on Sea Trade

Develops great culture with focus on

education and the arts

Ruled as a Democracy

Sparta

Mountains of the Peloponnesus

Emphasis on agriculture – little trade

Become militaristic state

Ruled as an oligarchy

The Greek World Emerges

•Athens vs. Sparta

•Each represents a specific way of Greek life

•Many Greek city-states follow the lead of one or the other

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Sparta

Located on the Peloponnesus

Descendants of the Dorians – Expanded to neighboring City-States

Little trade / majority devoted to agriculture

•Helots = Slaves … eventually revolted … “Helot Day”

Establish a Military Society

•Highly disciplined soldiers – Devoted lifetime to service

•Athletic

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Sparta

*Women = Greater freedom than that of Athens … Manage farms in

absence of men.

Government – Two Kings ruled jointly

•Assembly (All male citizens over 30) passed laws

•Council of Elders (28 men over 60) proposed laws/supreme

court

Poor economic development (little trade activity)

Little regard for education

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Athens

Plains of Attica

Descendants of the Mycenaean's

Athens expands definitions of citizenship …

recognizes concerns of the farmers, artisans and

others who want a voice in the government.

Athenian Constitution (507 BC) gives citizenship

to any Athenian-born men.

•They did not need to own land.

Draco (621 BC)

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Athens

Draco (621 BC)

•Improved code of Laws / Harsh

•Written for all to see. Weakens power of

the Aristocrats.

Solon (594 BC)

•Cancelled land debts – promotes trade and

skills retention.

•Citizens of all classes could participate in

government – foreigners become citizens

Peisistratus (546 BC)

•Divided large estates among landless

farmers.

•Extended citizenship to landless men.

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Cleisthenes (508/9 BC)

•Start of Athenian Democracy

•All Citizens participate in Assembly – Covers nearly all functions of the government

•Council of 500 – carried out the daily duties.

•Jury system – everyone participates – odd numbered juries

Ostracism

Ostracon =

Broken Pottery

Shard

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Athenian Education

•Boys learned

•Arithmetic

•Geometry

•Drawing

•Music

•Gymnastics

•Rhetoric

•Served for two years in the military at age 18.

•Girls learned domestic skills

•Married at age 14 – 16.

Known as a “Classical Education”

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Persian Wars

Ionian Greeks fall to Persians by 539 BC.

Unhappy with Persian rule – Wanted to choose their own government.

Revolted in 499 BC with help of mainland Greek City-States.

Darius I begins his attempts to punish the mainland Greeks

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61Marathon

During the First Persian

War (490 B.C.)

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Initial Positions of the

Athenians and the Persians

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The Battle Begins

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The Final Persian Defeat

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Darius --

Humbled by the

Greeks returns to

Persia and dies in

486 B.C.

After the defeat at Marathon

Xerxes comes to power in 486 BC

Marches his army by land, supported by ships

following along the coast.

Builds a “Land Bridge” to cross the Hellespont

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Xerxes Arrives at Thermopylae

Themistocles – Oracle of Delphi – Wooden Wall

8,000 Greeks vs. 100,000 +Persians

5 days of battle – no Persian success

Persians encircle Greeks

1,500 Greeks remain (300 Spartans / royal

bodyguard – King Leonidas)

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Herodotus: “When the

Persians shoot their arrows,

they blot out the sun”.

Spartan reply: “Good, we

will fight in the shade”!

Spartans

Final Stand

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Xerxes Arrives at Thermopylae

Themistocles – Oracle of Delphi – Wooden Wall

8,000 Greeks vs. 100,000 +Persians

5 days of battle – no Persian success

Persians encircle Greeks

1,500 Greeks remain (300 Spartans / royal

bodyguard – King Leonidas)

Persians victorious – Attack Athens

Xerxes & Persian

Armies:

Destroy Athens

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The Destruction of Athens by the

Persians in September 480 B.C.

Xerxes Arrives at Thermopylae

Themistocles – Oracle of Delphi – Wooden Wall

8,000 Greeks vs. 100,000 +Persians

5 days of battle – no Persian success

Persians encircle Greeks

1,500 Greeks remain (300 Spartans / royal

bodyguard – King Leonidas)

Persians victorious – Attack Athens

Xerxes & Persian

Armies:

Destroy Athens

Move to Salamis

Prepare to engage

Greek fleet

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Typical Greek Trireme(See Trireme Homework Reading)

Bow Ram

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Greek Navy

Reconstruction 1980’s

Straits of

Salamis Channel

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Golden Age of Athens / Age of Pericles

461 BC – 429 BC

Rebuilding of the city of Athens

Monuments, Temples, Acropolis, Homes

Athenians pursued the “good life”

•Symposium

Delian League – Island of Delos – 478 BC

•Anti-Persian League

•Greek City-States joined for mutual protection.

•Athens took the lead – provided men and ships

•Others provided money

•Ionia freed from Persians

•Greek commerce and trade prospers

•Became an Athenian Empire

Sparta a rival – leads other City-States against

Athens.

Peloponnesian War begins

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After the Defeat of the Persians

Greece Enters a “Golden Age”

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Peloponnesian War 431 BC – 404 BC

Greek City-States side with either Athens or Sparta.

Persians support Sparta against Athens with money

and ships

Plague in 430 BC – Pericles dies in 429 BC.

War is fought all over Greece, Ionia and in the Greek

colonies – Sicily

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The Phases of the

Peloponnesian War

1. Archidamian War (431-421) (Phase I)

2. Peace of Nicias (421 – 415 BC) and the

Sicilian Expedition – Siege of Syracuse – Cut

off corn supply to Peloponnesus (420-413)

(Phase II)

3. Ionian War – Cut off Athens’ grain supplies

from the Black Sea via the Hellespont (412-

404) (Phase III)

Note: Numerous battles, raids and skirmishes

took place throughout the area.

Athens lost and had to dismantle their walls and

was humiliated with the Spartan terms

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Results of Peloponnesian War

Greece is weakened.

Lose ability to govern themselves.

Continue to fight among each other.

•Sparta vs. Thebes

•Battle at Leuctra – 371BC – Thebes is victorious

Thebes becomes the most powerful Greek city-state

To the north a new kingdom arises in power --

Macedonia

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The Rise of the Kingdom of Macedonia

King Philip II

Developed improved version of Phalanx

Assassinated

Arrival of Alexander the Great

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