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The first Crusade 1096-1099
The first Crusade1096-1099
Illustration of execution of Jews by Crusaders, made in 1250
Introduction
What exactly was the situation at the time?
11th century
High Middle Ages
Confrontation of Christianity and Islam
Rise of a reform movement within the papacy
Pope Urban II
Actors
Christendom(Europe)
Islam(Middle East)
v.s.
● Kingdom of France
● Holy Roman Empire
● Kingdom of England
● Duchy of Apulia
● Roman (Byzantine) Empire
● Armenian Principality of Cilicia
● Seljuq Sultanate
● Danishmends
● Fatimids
● Almoravids
● Abbasids
→ Christendom→ Islam
Map of medieval Europe
Issues
Restoration of Christian rule over
Jerusalem.
Affirmation of Christian religion in
response to the massacre of pilgrims.
Union of Europe.
religious moralpolitical militaryeconomical
→ Reconquest of Jerusalem
Chronology
Before: causes
1071: Byzantine army is destroyed by Turks.
The seizure of Edessa (1031) by the Byzantines under George Maniakes and the counterattack by the Seljuk Turks
1071 - 1085: Mercenary Seljuk
Turks conquer Syria and Palestine. The City of Jerusalem is taken from the more civilised Saracen caliphs.
1085 - 1095: 3000 Christian
Pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem and the Christian
churches were destroyed or used as stables.
1095, Placentia, Italy
➔ Great council➔ Decisions are deferred until
the following year
1096, Clermont, France
➔ Clergy and nobles➔ Decision took place
Councils
“People’s Crusade”1096
“God wills it!”- Peter the Hermit
"Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned."
- Pope Urban II, 1096
crusade: Main Events1096
● Armed forces → Constantinople● Embark on the first crusade under
Emperor Alexius I● Pass the Bosphorus but are
annihilated by the Turks in Anatolia.
1097● Siege of Nicaea● Battle of Dorylaeum
October 1097-1098
● Arrival of Emir Kherboga of Mosul → Stephen of Blois and other frenchmen flee Antioch
● Capture of Antioch. → The Emir lays siege
● Battle of Orontes→ Victory of the christians: they force the Emir to lift the siege of Antioch after 23 days of occupation.
The Crusaders and their siege weapons, Jerusalem, engraving
→ End of crusade
1099● June: The crusaders (led by Raymond of
Toulouse): Antioch→ Jerusalem
● 13th June: First assault→ repulsed
● July: Capture of Jerusalem
● Europe success and end of the first crusade
Capture of Jerusalem, Manuscript illustration, anonymous
Consequences● Creation of the First Kingdom of Jerusalem, ruled by Godfrey of Bouillon → remained under Christian
domination until 1187.
● Helped to strengthen the Byzantine Empire→ unfortunately, newly conquered territories didn’t fall under the Empire and became independent territories→ worsened relations between Byzantium and the Latin kingdoms again
● Increased the number of pilgrimages toward Palestine.
● The place gained a reputation as “land of opportunity” thanks to the success of the first crusade.
● Increased contact between western Europe and the Arab countries and increased influence of western Europe.
● Trade prospered.
Conclusion
The 1st Crusade shows us...
It led to...
● great moral and physical investment for the european population
● religion inseparable from political or military issues→ the 1st crusade had impacts on all three● much religious propaganda
● First step of a long history of Crusades, that goes from 1096 and lasts until 1291
It caused...
Sources
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
● http://www.lordsandladies.org/timeline-first-crusade.htm
● http://blog.templarhistory.com/2010/04/pope-urban-ii-1042-1099/
● http://ericcostanzo.com/2012/04/11/deus-vult-pope-urban-ii-calls-for-the-first-
crusaders-in-ad-1095/
● http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades3.htm
● http://www.terres-celtiques.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/FES__Crois%C3%
A9s.jpg
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