1.1 Introduction to IT (Rahim Edit)

8/4/2019 1.1 Introduction to IT (Rahim Edit)

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Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, students should be ableto:

(a) Define Information Technology (IT).(b) Describe the development of Information

Technology (IT).

(c) Identify the applications of Information

Technology (IT).


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1.1 (a)Definition of Information

Technology (IT)

1. The information technology definition can be

described with the technologicalimprovement and innovation in the field ofinformation technology.

The field of Information technology is a

very wide field in which you use thetechnology together with the computers.


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Definition of Information

Technology2. Information technology or IT can be defined

briefly as the use of computer hardware and

software to store, retrieve, and manipulateinformation.

computerhardware and

software

manage

information


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Definition of Information

Technology3. ITAA (Information Technology Association of

America) has defined informationtechnology as being the study, design,development, implementation, supportand/or management of any computer basedinformation system


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More about IT

- When covering the aspects of informationtechnology as a whole, the use of computerand information are typically associated.

- Everything from data management,networking, the Internet, engineering,computer hardware, software design,

database design and management andadministration of system is included in theterm of information technology.


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- Information technology is also concerned withimprovement of human andorganizational problem-solving through thedesign, development and use of technologyto enhance the efficiency and effectivenessof using information.

More about IT


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Carreers in IT ...


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History ...

In the 1960s and1970s, informationtechnology waslimited to peopleworking in thebanking sector,mathematical

engineers andcomputer scientists.


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In 1980s, the arrival of personal computers

made it possible to be used in many moresectors and gave rise to a surge in the field ofinformation technology.

Computer has been used in the home and

workplace, the world move into theinformation age.


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By the early 21st century, nearly every

child in the world, knew how to use apersonal computer and people havestarted communicating, using e-mails.

It is an industry which deals with theusage of computer hardware , softwareand networking.


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Advantages ...

1. Speed and accuracy in informationprocessing. With the help of IT, more work can be done by

individuals, business, services and

government organizations. Function enhancement programs such as

word processor, database programs alsographic can get work done in less time with

increased accuracy and efficiency.


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2. Global social interaction. IT has made global social and culture

interaction very simple.

This is evident with the emergence and

success of social networking such asFacebook and Twitter.

More so, the use of information technologyhas eliminated language barriers with

technologies such as language traslators.


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3. Entertainment

The introduction and use of high techapplications and gadgets such as iTunes, iPodand iPhone has been revolutionary.

Downloading, buying, playing and organizing,

music, videos, movies and TV shows has beenmade super easy and accessible.


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4. Communication the advancement of

the Internet andtechnologies such asVoIP (Voice over IP),organizations,businesses andindividuals cancommunicate anytime from differentparts of the world

through video andvoice calls, webconferencing,seminars and virtualmeetings.


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5. Economic Advancement

A major step to global

economic advancementis the removal ofdistance and timebarriers brought aboutby the application of

information technologyto buying and selling ofgoods and services (e-commerce).

E-commerce gave room

for tiny, small and bigbusiness players toemerge. Interconnectionof businesses is madepainless.


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6. Education Education has gone far

beyond the use of bricksand mortal classroomsor traditional blackboard.

The world is now in the

era of e-learning, usingtechnologies such asVLEs (Virtual LearningEnvironments).

Students can haveaccess to all teaching

materials and resourcesonline; engage in virtualclassrooms real time orasynchronously.


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7. Health

The health care sector is positively impacted bythe use of electronic health records, virtualhealthcare team technologies, telemedicine, e-health grids and various specialist health care

information systems.


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1.1 Development of Information Technology

1.2 The Application of Information Technology


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1.1 (b) Development of IT

Great technological advances have been made sincethe days when computers were huge pieces of

equipment that were stored in big, air conditioned

rooms, getting their information from punch cards.


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Rapid changes of Technology

Stand-alone

Mainframe

Client-server

Distributed

Cloud computing


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Stand-Alone Computer

What is a stand-alone computer?

A desktop or laptop computer that is used on itsown without requiring a connection to a local area

network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).

Although it may be connected to a network, it isstill a stand-alone computer as long as the network

connection is not mandatory for its general use.


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Stand-Alone Computer


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Stand-Alone Operating System

What is a stand-alone operating system?

A complete operating system that works on adesktop computer, notebook, or mobile computing

device.

Some are known as client operating system thatcan operate with/without a network.


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Stand-Alone Operating System

Examples of currently used stand-alone operatingsystems are:

Windows 7

Mac OS X

UNIX

Linux


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Mainframe

A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful

computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of

connected users simultaneously.

Stores tremendous amounts of data, instructions,

and information.

Mostly used by major corporations for business

activities.


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Mainframe

Example of mainframe systemIBM System z10 mainframe


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Mainframe

Mainframes can also act as servers in a networkenvironment.

Servers and other mainframes can access data and

information from a mainframe.

People can also access programs on the mainframe

using terminals or personal computers.


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Mainframe

Advantages :

1.Lots of processes, memory and channels

Mainframes support symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

with several dozen central processors (CPU chips) inone system.

They are highly scalable. CPUs can be added to a

system, and systems can be added in clusters.

Built with multiple ports into high-speed caches andmain memory, a mainframe can address thousands of

gigabytes of RAM. They connect to high-speed disk

subsystems that can hold petabytes of data.


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Mainframe

Advantages :

2. Enormous throughput A mainframe provides exceptional throughput by

offloading its input/output processing to a peripheral

channel, which is a computer itself.

Mainframes can support hundreds of channels, andadditional processors may act as I/O traffic cops thathandle exceptions (channel busy, channel failure, etc.).


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Mainframe

Advantages :3. Super reliable Mainframe operating systems are generally rock solid

because a lot of circuitry is designed to detect andcorrect errors.

Every subsystem may be continuously monitored forpotential failure, in some cases even triggering a list ofparts to be replaced at the next scheduled maintenance.

As a result, mainframes are incredibly reliable withmean time between failure (MTBF) up to 20 years!


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Client-Server Network

An architecture in which the user's PC (the client) is the

requesting machine and the server is the supplying

machine, both of which are connected via a local area

network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as

the Internet.

One or more computers act as a server, and the other

computers on the network request services from theserver.


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The Clients The Server (orhost computer)

Other computers andmobile devices on the

network that rely on theserver for its resources

Controls access to thehardware, software, and otherresources on the network and

provides a centralizedstorage area for programs,

data, and information.

E.g.: Access customerdatabase on the server

E.g.: Store a database ofcustomers.


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Example of client-server network


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Advantages...

1. Computer can easily be added or replaced without

purchasing any additional hardware or software. It is because a client server is centralized, server can

easily move files and applications from an old computer to

a new one

2. Flexible to adapt and to change new technologies

because it has a centralized management.


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Advantages ....

3. Secure because servers ensure that everything that

goes in and out of the network passes through

stringent security measures.- Servers can allow certain users to access the

network from the internet or externally without

compromising the network from hackers and

unauthorized users.


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Distributed Computing

Refers to the means by which a single computer

program runs in more than one computer at the

same time. In particular, the different elements and

objects of a program are being run or processed

using different computer processors.

A type of computing in which

different components and objects comprising an

application can be located on different computers

connected to a network.


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For example, a word processing application might

consist of an editor component on one computer, a

spell-checker object on a second computer, and a

thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributedcomputing systems, each of the three computers

could even be running a different operating system

One of the requirements of distributed computing is a set

of standards that specify how objects communicate with

one another. There are currently two chief distributed

computing standards: CORBA and DCOM.


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Distinct characteristics of distributed computing:

In a distributed computing setup, the program runs

like it would in a single computer even when it is, in

fact, using different computer processors. This means that no single computer carries the entireburden on system resources that running a computer

program usually implies.


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Distinct characteristics of distributed computing:

However, distributed computing is not actually used

to lighten the load of an individual computers

processor. It is in fact done to be able to process orrun complex and resource-draining programs with

greater speed and efficiency. Distributed computing, in effect, can be deemed as an

attempt to produce a virtual supercomputer out of

hundreds or thousands of individual computers.


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Cloud Computing

An Internet service that provides computing needs

to computer users.

Using the Web server facilities

of a third party provider on the

Internet (the "cloud") to store,

deploy and run applications.


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Cloud Computing

For example, an employee working during the day

in Malaysia could use computing power in a Dubai

network system located in an office that is closed for

the evening.

When the company uses the computing resources,

they pay a fee based on the amount of computing

time and other resources that they consume, muchin the way that consumers pay electric company

based on how much electricity they used.


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Cloud Computing

Types of cloud computing service provider :

1.Software as a Service(SaaS)

is the service based on the concept of rentingsoftware from a service provider rather than buying

it yourself.

The software is hosted on centralized networkservers to make functionality available over the web

or intranet.


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Cloud Computing

Types of cloud provider (service provider):

1.Software as a Service(SaaS)

Also known as software on demand it is currentlythe most popular type of cloud computing because

of its high flexibility, great services, enhanced

scalability and less maintenance and very effective

in lowering the costs of business.

E.g.: Google Apps., Yahoo Mail


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Cloud Computing


2. Platform as a Service(PaaS)

offers a development platform to clients fordifferent purposes.

based on a subscription model so users only pay for

what they use without worrying about the complexitybehind the scenes.


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Cloud Computing


2. Platform as a Service(PaaS)

There are 4 types of PaaS:

1.social application platforms. E.g.: Facebook

2.business application platform. E.g.: CRM solutions

3.raw compute platforms. E.g.: Amazon ElasticCompute Cloud

(Amazon EC2)

4.web application platforms. E.g.: Google APIs


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Cloud Computing


3. Infrastucture as a Service(IaaS)

Provides rental services for hardware, operatingsystems, storage and network capacity over the

Internet.

Some services included in IaaS are managedhosting and development environments.

IaaS is based on Pay as you go model ensuring

that the users pay for only what they are using.


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Cloud Computing


3. Infrastucture as a Service(IaaS)

Some of the benefits of IaaS are dynamic scaling,usage based pricing, reduced costs and access tosuperior IT resources.

E.g.: Office 365


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Cloud Computing

Cloud (Service) Provider


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Cloud Computing

Advantages ...

Reduced cost - users pay only for what they are

using

Easy maintenance - users dont have to worry about

the complexity behind the scenes.

Easy reallocation of resources

Remote Accessibility - business is not restricted to a

particular location. You can access the services

from anywhere.


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Cloud Computing

Advantages ...

Easy Expansion you can quickly access more

resources if you need to expand your business

without the need to buy extra infrastructure.

Security - offer real-time backup which results in

less data loss. In case of outage, customers can

use the backup servers that sync with the mainones as soon as they are up, clouds are less prone

to hacks as people dont know the whereabouts of

your data.


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Cloud Computing

Advantages ...

Environmentally Friendly - Usage of ready-made

resources tailored to your needs helps you reduce

the electricity expenses. While you save onelectricity, you also save on resources required to

cool off computers and other components. This

reduces the emissions dangerous to environment.

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1.1 Introduction to IT (Rahim Edit)

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