11.1 Design Education & Practice [Design Knowledge & Authority]
Model of the Library at Alexandria
TODAY’S CLASS
1. Warm-Up Exercise
1. History of Environmental DesignEducation + Practice
3. Nine Approaches to Design (in relation to the existing hierarchy)
ANNOUNCEMENTS
1. Paper 2 Final Draft Due in Lecture 11/16
2. Final Project Reviews Next Week
3. Project Paper Due in Lecture 11/30
4. Paper 3 Issued on Thursday, Due 12/12
5. Course Portfolio Due 12/12
Professional Knowledge
Model of the Library at Alexandria (note papyrus scrolls)
WARM-UP EXERCISE 11.1PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE(15 minutes)
In groups please discuss professional knowledge. Think of all the different things that might be meant by "design knowledge”.
(5 Minutes- groups)1.List all the kinds of knowledge that are needed to design an environment.
(5-10 Minutes- All Class)3. Create a shared list on white board
Types of Knowing
Explicit (consciously learned, knowledge identified as such)
Tacit or Implicit (embedded in action, learned by doing)-example- skills
Ancient Egyptian muralsshowing construction
methods & supervisionof labor
Egypt; 1600-1100 BC- Architect as Construction Manager
Funerary Complex & Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,1520 BC, Saqqara, Architect, Imhotep
Architect Imhotep
Religion-based Government: priest-administratorsHierarchical class structure with slaves
Ancient Greece: 1200-750 BC-Leaders of Workmen
Theater of Dionysus,Athens, 500 BC [330BC] Hoisting Equipment Device for moving stone
Parthenon, Athens, 447-442 BC-Architects: Ictinus & Callicrates
Arkhi= chiefTekton= craftsman, builder
School at this time in Sparta
Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15th C- Architect as knowledgeable professional
Baths or Thermae of Caracalla, Rome 211-17 AD
Pantheon, Rome, 25 BC
Vitruvius
3 paths to the professionMiliary EngineeringLiberal arts + ApprenticeshipCivil Service (Route by some former slaves)
Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15th C- Military Engineering Prowess
Organization of a
Appian Way Roman Road
Pont du Garde Aqueduc,t Nimes, France, 14 AD
Roman colonial city in Africa Plan of a Roman military camp
Middle Ages: 5th-15th C- Architect as Master Craftsman
Sienna ItalyPalazzo Publico
1298-1310
Notre Damede Paris, 1163-1250
Guilds
Education through apprenticeshipWritten knowledge controlled by the church
Renaissance: 14th-17thC - Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar
Sculpture of FilippoBrunelleschi in his
Dome for the Cathedral of Florence
Dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence
Circa 1420Brunelleschi rediscovers
Perspectival drawing
Merchant class developsUniversities- Secularization of knowledge
Brunelleschi educated in Literature and mathEntered silk merchants’guild and got his first Architectural commission
Separation of design knowledgefrom construction
Renaissance: 14th-17thC -Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar
Sant’ Andrea, Mantua,1470-72& page from Alberti’sDe Re Aedificatoria,1485
Leon Battista Alberti1401-1472 portrait medal Andrea Palladio
The Four Books of Architecture, 1570
Andrea PalladioVilla Capra, 1566-71
Development of printing
France 16th Century- The beginning of professionalism
Sebastiano Serlio & his design for the Chateau D’Ancy
Anthony Blunt. Art and Architecture in France 1500 to 1700. 1981, fig
Publications of Italian Architect, Serlioattracted the attention of Francois the first of France
Appointment of Serlio as royal architect considered the beginning of professionalism of architecture
Establishment of bureaucracy and royal educational institutions1654-Royal Building Adminstration founded1671-Académie Royale d’Architecture- founded 1671
Versailles 1661-1710Le Vau & Le Notre
France 17th & 18th Centuries- Education for Civil Engineering
England 16th & 17th Centuries -the beginning of professionalism
Inigo Jones1573- 1652Portrait by Anthony Van Dyck
Inigo Jones, Whitehall Castle1638(Banquet Hall)
Sir Christopher Wren
1632-1723
Wren,St Paul’s
Cathedral
Chiswick House, 1725-53 Lord Burlington (client), William Kent, Architect, Landscape Architect, Interior Designer
Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle)
England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs
Osterly Park, 1761-1780 Robert Adams (& James Adams)Architect & Interior DesignerCreated the Adams Style
Photo: Carolyne Roehm
England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs
United States 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs
Thomas Jefferson Monticello (1678-82
Samuel Macintire, Derby House, Salem, 1762)
England 18th-19th Century- Architect as Businessman & Entrepreneur
Regent’s Park, London 1809-1838
John Nash 1752-1835
Royal Crescent & Circus at BathJohn Wood I & John Wood II1767-1775
France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution
Ecole des Beaux ArtsJacques-Felix Duban, 1832-62
Henri LaBrouste, Bibliotheque Sainte Genevieve, 1850 Reading Room & Exterior
Ecole des Beaux ArtsClassroom
with Student Work
Ecole des Beaux ArtsExample of Student Work
Ecole des Beaux Arts Students in Atelier
France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution
United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational InstitutionAlso Carpenter Architects
Henry Latrobe18th Century
Richard Morris Hunt19th Century
New York Tribune Building 1873-75,
R M Hunt
House from Andrew Jackson Downing pattern book, Cottage II, 1842
Gothic revival house in Stillwater, MNPhoto by Roger Miller, 2004
United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational InstitutionAlso Carpenter Architects
Humphrey Repton, first LandscapeArchitect England, 1860s
Central Park, New York City, 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux
Frederick Law Olmsted & his office
United States 19th Century- Professionalism of Landscape Architecture
H H Richardson
Crane Memorial Library, Massachusetts
Richardson & Assistants in his library c 1886
Boston Public Library, 1887-1895McKim Meade & White,
United States 19th Century- Architects as Businessmen
AIA established 1857
United States Late 19th, Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training
Studio Life Class at MIT c. 1907
Late 19th & Earlly 20th Century Education emulated the Ecole des Beaux Arts in terms of subject matter, but dd not include apprenticeship
Early 20th Century - Architect as businessperson, professional, artist
Frank Lloyd Wright establishes a formal educational apprenticeshipTaliesen East & then West
Thomas Church, Landscape Architect
Crown Hall at Illinois Institute of Technology, Mies van der RoheTechnically oriented education
San Simeon, California, 1919Julia Morgan Architect
Dumbarton Oakes, Washington DCBeatrix Ferrand
United States -Late 19th Early 20th Century-Women practice architecture
UK & United States -Late 19th Early 20th Century-Professionalism of Interior Design
Elsie de Wolfe, 1865-1950Colony Club,, NYC
Agnes & Rhoda Garrett first interior design firm
“Art Decoration Business” London, 1875
←
Illustration of a drawing room from their book
House Decoration
First interior design firm in London
Early 20th Century-Women seek formal education
Cambridge SchoolMassachusetts, 1915-1943
Women at MIT, 1909
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010
All Graduates vs Women Graduates University of Minnesota School of Architecture
Roy Wilkins Auditorium, Saint Paul
Clarence Wigington1883-1967
The first African AmericanMunicipal Architect
& first African AmericanArchitect registered in
Minnesota
Drawing for the Saint PaulWinter Carnival Ice Palace, 1940
Early-Mid 20th Century-African-Americans enter the architectural profession
United States Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training
Originally Ecole de Beaux Arts Influenced, but in the 1930’s , influcenced by the new European ideas from the Bauhaus (1919-1933)
During WW!!, wo prominent educators went to the US
Walter Gropius taught at Harvard
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe taught at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
Interest in:• Industrial systems• (mass production, modular design, etc)• Innovation rather than historic precedent• Using new materials and processes• Social issues (housing for everyone)• Combining design disciplines• New ideas about structure light and
ventilation (science)• Hands on design
United States Late 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural TrainingPruitt-Igoe- 1970s• Addition of courses on social issues• Questioning Modernism• Post-Occupancy Evaluation & Arch Programming• Participatory Design
Energy Crises (1970s, 1980-)• Research on Environmental Performance• LEED• Ecology/ Global Warming• Research & Continuing Education
Post-ModernismHistoric Preservation & Heritage Preservation
Consumerism/ Participatory Design
Changing ideas about the design process- Design loop• research informing design• environment as built, operated and demolished• need for long-term analysis of costs & benefits
New Technology• Air travel normalized- internationalization• CAD/ GIS – environmental design practice• Internet /Smart Phones- globalized communication
LATE 20TH CENTURYNINE DIFFERENT APPROACHES/ ATTITUDES TO DESIGN (oversimplified for the sake of clarity)
Julia Robinson, Arch 3401, Fall 2005 version FIT EXISTING HIERARCHY CHALLENGED EXISTING HIERARCHY
Approach Key Issues Attitude to Client
Attitude to User
Attitude to Cost
Aesthetics Systems/Materials
Regulations Design Personnel
ARTIST InnovationAestheticsArt object
Patron Will adapt Secondary concern
Avant-garde /Self expression
Medium for art Necessary evil Serve vision
BUSINESSPERSON ProfitProductMarket
Consumer Interpeted by client
Prime concern Relevance depends on clients
Cost effective-ness
Economic constraint
Economic contributer
PROFESSIONAL ServiceClient satisfaction
Client Part of served group
Important contributing factor
Part of service Perfor-mance Part of services Team member
TECHNOLOGIST Building performance
Client Research subject (?)
Cost/benefit
Technology= aesthetics
Experimen-tation
Important considera-tion
Expert contributer
SOCIAL ADVOCATE/COMMUNITY DESIGN
Social change
Partner Partner Important limitation
User’s ideas Necessary requirement
Part of service Team member
THEORETICIAN Advance in form, social ideas or practice
FunderSupporterAudience
Experimental subject
Irrelevant Based in theoretical stance
May be paper arch/Depends on theory
Irrelevant Inconvenient or part of service
Solo effort or Serve vision
RESEARCHER DiscoveryInnovationTestingPrediction
Funder orGeneral Public
Research subject (?)
Limitation Variable to be evaluated
Variable to be evaluated
Variable to be evaluated
Research team
ECOLOGIST Green designMinimal impact
Partner Partner Long term performance
Ecology= aesthetics
Long term performance, greenness
Part of service Expert team Member
PRESERVATIONIST Maintaining existing environments
Partner Varies Consider long term investment
Appreciate historical ideas as well as today’s
Reuse, recycle and rehabilitate existing environments
Part of service Team: researchers, community & designers
RESEARCHERIAN McHARG
Design with Nature1992[1969}, New
York: Wiley
SOCIAL ADVOCATECHRISTOPHER ALEXANDERLinz Café (basec on Pattern Language)
Mid-Late 20th Century: New Types of Practice
TECHNOLOGIST/ ECOLOGISTDanadjieva & Koenig AssociatesWest Point Sewage Treatment Plant, Seattle Washington, 1988-97
THEORETICIANPETER EISENMANHouse IV, Frank Residence, 1977
RESEARCHERMoore & Turnbull Architects
Kresge College, Santa Cruz, CA, 1973
Designed based on research by Sim van der Ryn & Murray
Silverstein
Geology
Plant SpeciesMineral Resources
Soils
ARTISTZaha Hadid, BMW Central BuildingLeipzig, Germany, 2001-5
RESEARCHERPerkins & Will, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Boston, 2005
SOCIAL ADVOCATEGando Primary School, Burkina Faaso, Francis Kere, 1999-2001
Early 21st Century: National & International Practice
TECHNOLOGIST/ECOLOGISTBiomicry (Janine Beyynus)Design Inc, Council House 2Melbourne, Australia, 2006
PRESERVATIONISTHalvorson Design Partnership,Lakewood Cemetery, Mpls c2010
BUSINESSPERSON/PROFESSIONALKieran Timberlake, Belle Townhomes(developer) San Francisco, 2009
Early 21st Century: National & International Practice
Museum of the American Indian-Washington, DC, 2004GBQC and Douglas Cardinal, Ltd.,Design team included consultants Douglas Cardinal (Blackfoot), JohnpaulJones (Cherokee/Choctaw), Donna House (Diné/Oneida), and Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi). Following this conceptual design work, the project was further developed by Jones, House, and Sakiestewa, along with the architecture firms Jones & Jones, SmithGroup in collaboration with Lou Weller (Caddo) and the Native American Design Collaborative, and Polshek Partnership Architects.
Early 21st Century: National & International Practice
National Museum of African American History & Culture -Washington, DC, 2016
David Adjaye ArchitectCompetition winner: Freelon Group/AdjayeAssociates/Davis Brody Bond
21st Century: Reframing the design professions?
• Diversity of community and professions• New forms of knowledge• New forms of practice & authority• New media- digital communication, internet• Network rather than hierarchical organization• Research as part of professional practice• Design for the public good• Consumerism & participatory design• Global warming & sustainability• Global practice
METI – Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2004–06
Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-venetoDiane Von Furstenberg
21st Century: Reframing the design professions?
How do current practices relate to the professional culture- what changes need to take place?
How will practice change in the future and what changes do we need to make to prepare for that?
METI – Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2004–06
Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-venetoDiane Von Furstenberg