16
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 1/6
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
Search
HOME CURRENT ARCHIVES ABOUT
Register Login
HOME ARCHIVES Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/ijeet.2019.v04.i01
PUBLISHED: 2019-10-08
/ /
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 2/6
Application of Data Mining in Optimization of Hotel's Food and Beverage Costs
Design of Data Warehouse for Monitoring Hotel’s Food and Beverage Cost
Implementation of Apriori Algorithm in Determining Tourism Visit Patterns to Bali
Design General Hospital Data Warehouse Base on Nine Step Methodology
Application of Data Mining with Support Vector Machine (SVM) in Selling Prediction Trend of Spiritual Goods (Case Study: PT.X Bali)
ARTICLES
I Wayan Surya Pramana, Putu Risanti Iswardani, Ni Wayan Sri Aryani1--5
Putu Risanti Iswardani, I Wayan Surya Pramana, Komang Oka Saputra6--9
Dewa Agung Krishna Arimbawa P, I Nyoman Angga Prabawa, Putu Arya Mertasana10--14
Ida Bagus Leo Mahadya Suta, I Gusti Ngurah Agung Surya Mahendra, Yanu Prapto Sudarmojo15--19
Philipus Novenando Mamang Weking, I Gusti Ngurah Wira Partha, Antonius Ibi Weking
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 3/6
Analysis and Design Data Warehouse For E-Travel Business Optimization
Classi�cation of Data Mining with Adaboost Method in Determining Credit Providing for Customers
Design of Data Warehouse for University Library using Kimball and Ross 9 Steps Methodology
University Library Data Analysis to Help Book Collection Procurements using C4.5 Algorithm (Case Study: Udayana UniversityPostgraduate Library)
Designing a Virtual Data Warehouse in Supporting Sales Information Needs (Case Study: National Scale Building MaterialStore X)
20--24
I Nyoman Angga Prabawa, Dewa Agung Krishna Arimbawa P, I Gusti Ngurah Janardana25--30
I Gusti Ngurah Agung Surya Mahendra, Ida Bagus Leo Mahadya Suta, Made Sudarma31--36
I Nyoman Darma Kotama, Anak Agung Gede Oka Kessawa Adnyana, Komang Oka Saputra37--40
Anak Agung Gede Oka Kessawa Adnyana, I Nyoman Darma Kotama, Yanu Prapto Sudarmojo41--44
Andrew Sumichan, I Made Gede Yudiana, Muhammad Ridwan Satrio, I Made Sudarma
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 4/6
Determination of the Senior High School Department Using the Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Data Center Data Warehouse Development at Z Bali Clinic Using the Kimball Nine-Step Method
Stock management using K-means method and Time Series method as Stock Order
Data Warehouse Analysis to Support UMKM Decisions using the Nine-step Kimball Method
Hardness Characteristics of Hybrid Composite Brake Lining on Olie's Absorption Media
45--48
I Made Gede Yudiyana, Andrew Sumichan, Muhammad Ridwan Satri0, Antonius Ibi Weking49--52
I Gusti Ngurah Wira Partha, Philipus Novenando Mamang Weking, Putu Arya Mertasana53--59
Komang Sri Utami, I Gede Wira Dharma, Ni Wayan Sri Aryani60--64
I Gede Wira Darma, Komang Sri Utami, Ni Wayan Sri Aryani65--68
I Ketut Adi Atmika, IDG. Ary Subagia, I Wayan Surata, I Nyoman Sutantra69--73
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 5/6
Surface Modi�cation of Micro�ltration Polypropylene Membrane for Molecular Air Filtration
ANALYSIS EFFECT OF LEACHATE ON SANDY CLAY SOIL
Publication Ethics
Statistic Counter
MAKE A SUBMISSION
INFORMATION
For Readers
For Authors
A.A.I.A.S Komaladewi, PTP Aryanti, I D G Ary Subagia, I W Surata, I G Wenten74--80
I Nyoman Aribudiman, I Wayan Redana, Kadek Diana Harmayani, Yenni Ciawi81--89
1/14/2020 Vol 4 No 1 (2019): January - June | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/issue/view/3302 6/6
For Librarians
IJEET Template
INDEXED BY
IJEET | p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X
1/14/2020 Editorial Team | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/about/editorialTeam 1/4
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
Search
HOME CURRENT ARCHIVES ABOUT
Register Login
HOME Editorial Team
Head of Advisory
Dean of Faculty of Engineering
Advisory Board
Prof Ir. I Nyoman Arya Thanaya, ME, PhD.
Prof. Ir. I Wayan Surata, M.Erg.
Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, M.A.Sc., PhD.
Dr. Ir. Ida Bagus Alit Swamardika, M.Erg
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Ir. Made Sudarma, M.A.Sc.
Managing Editor
Komang Oka Saputra, ST., MT., PhD.
/
1/14/2020 Editorial Team | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/about/editorialTeam 2/4
Editorial Board
Dr. I Nyoman Putra Sastra, ST., MT.
Dr. I B Manuaba, ST,. MT
Dr. Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra ST., MSc.
DM Priyantha Wedagama, ST, MT, MSc, PhD
Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP
Reviewers
Prof. Dr. I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, S.Kom., MT. (Indonesia)
Dr.Eng Bayupati, ST., MT. (Indonesia)
Prof. Ir. I.A. Dwi Giriantari, MEngSc., PhD. (Indonesia)
Ir. Linawati, MEngSc., PhD. (Indonesia)
Prof.Dr. Ir. I Wayan Surata, M.Erg. (Indonesia)
Ainul Ghurri, ST., MT., PhD. (Indonesia)
Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Arya Thanaya, ME., PhD. (Indonesia)
D.M. Priyantha Wedagama, ST., MT., MSc., PhD. (Indonesia)
Dr. Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra. ST., MA. (Indonesia)
Dr. Gusti Ayu Made Suartika, ST., MEngSc. (Indonesia)
Publication Ethics
Statistic Counter
1/14/2020 Editorial Team | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/about/editorialTeam 3/4
MAKE A SUBMISSION
INFORMATION
For Readers
For Authors
For Librarians
IJEET Template
INDEXED BY
IJEET | p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X
1/14/2020 Editorial Team | International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ijeet/about/editorialTeam 4/4
International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, January—June 2019
(p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X) 69
Hardness Characteristics of Hybrid Composite Brake Lining
on Olie's Absorption Media
I Ketut Adi Atmika1*, IDG.Ary Subagia2, I Wayan Surata3 and I Nyoman Sutantra4
1Doctoral Study Program of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Kampus Sudirman, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. 1,2,3,4 Study Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,Udayana University
Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Badung-Bali, Indonesia
[email protected] 4 Study Program of Mechanical Engineering, Institut of Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya-Indonesia
Abstract – Brake lining technology is
developing rapidly to adjust the absorption
media in which the vehicle's braking system is
operating. Material commonly used as a brake
lining is asbestos and its alloys, but this material
is very dangerous to the environment and
health. This research was developed to
overcome these problems, namely finding
alternative brake lining pads material that has
good mechanical and physical properties.
Brake lining material is made from a hybrid
composite reinforced basalt, shellfish, alumina,
and phenolic resin (PR-51510i) as a binding
matrix. This brake lining material is produced
through a process of sintering at a temperature
of 150 ° C with a load of 2000 kg for 30 minutes.
These hybrid composites are made in as many
as three variations, each of which is tested for
olie absorption at several variations of
immersion time. Immersion 3 days hardness of
hybrid composite and asbestos brake lining
material is still quite high between 24-28 HVN.
The highest hardness at that time was an H1
specimen of 28.00 HVN. Then the hardness of
the brake lining material decreases with the
addition of immersion time and is close to stable
at the 24-day immersion time between 5.48-7.12
HVN.
Keywords: hybrid composite, sintering, olie
absorption, hardness.
I. INTRODUCTION
The braking performance of a vehicle is very
dependent on the reliability of the brake lining
material as the main component of the system,
both the disc type and drum system. Previously,
brake lining materials were mostly made of
asbestos materials because their performance was
still good until high temperatures reached 800˚C
[1], [2]. However, asbestos material has been
discontinued because it has bad properties or has a
negative impact on the environment and human
health [3], [4].
Then many researchers developed asbestos-
free brake lining material. In 2014, C. O.
Mgbemena et al. Palm kernel shell (PKS) based
non-asbestos material for friction plates especially
for brake lining material. This material is produced
containing fibrous reinforcing constituents,
additives, and elastomeric additives, flame
retarding components and thermosetting resins.
The results showed that there was a temperature
degradation in the Palm kernel based friction
coating material obtained at 53.84°C with a final
degradation temperature of 634.87°C [5].
Then other researchers also developed a shell-
based brake pad material with a grit size of 600
µm. The material was tested still at speeds below
100 km/h [6]. Yawas et al conducted a
morphological test of shellfish granules for friction
plate material. The development of asbestos-free
automotive brake linings using periwinkle shell
particles as friction filling material is presented.
The research aims to obtain the characteristics of
the periwinkle shell, which is largely obtained
from waste, to replace asbestos which has been
found to be toxic and carcinogenic. [7], and the
thermal test of shell material for rubbing material
has also been carried out and has quite good
properties [5]. Research to review the ability of
brake lining pads to absorb fluid has also been
carried out [8].
However, the results achieved at this time
have not been able to maintain mechanical
properties, especially on wear resistance and
material performance against fluid absorption.
This paper presents the characteristics of
hardness of brake lining material on olie
absorption media. The brake lining material
International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, January—June 2019
(p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X) 70
developed was made from a hybrid composite
reinforced with basalt, shellfish, alumina and
bonded using a polymer matrix phenolic resin (PR-
51510i).
Basalt is material obtained from volcanic
eruptions. This material has heat resistance up to
15000C [9], has very good corrosion resistant
physical properties, low in fluid absorption and
resistant to chemical and non-toxic treatment [10].
Properties of basalt have excellent physical and
mechanical properties, high ductility, and high
wear resistance [11], and can replace glass fibers
[12]. Then the most important characteristic of this
material is that it has low thermal conductivity and
good fluid absorption.
II. METHOD
This research was conducted by mixing or
hybridizing 3 types of material as reinforcement
and one material as matrix. The reinforcing
material is basalt powder, shellfish powder, and
alumina powder in the form of solid particles with
a size of 60 mesh, then as a composite matrix
material used phenolic resin (PR-51510i). Basalt
properties are shown in table 1, while the shell
powder content is shown in table 2.
Table 1. Mechanical properties of basalt material
Element Percentage
SiO2 48.59 – 60.49
TiO2 0,48 – 1.00
Al2O3 16.47 – 21.76
MnO 0,11 - 0,19
MgO 2.37 – 8.84
CaO 5.57 – 11.47
Na2O 1.83 – 3.32
K2O 0.31 – 1.67
P2O5 0.14 –1.21
Tabel 2.Element of shellfish
Element Percentage
CaO 66.70
SiO2 7.88
MgO 22.28
Fe2O3 0.03
Al2O3 1.25
The process of making a specimen is done by
mixing reinforcing material and matrix material in
the dry phase. The variation of weight fraction of
brake lining material studied is shown in table 3.
Table 3. Weight fraction ratio of hybrid composite
Variation
Basalt
powder
(%)
Shellfish
powder
(%)
Alumina
powder
(%)
Phenolic
resin
(%)
HC1 30 40 10 20
HC2 40 30 10 20
HC3 50 20 10 20
The stages of making composite hybrid
material systematically are shown as in Figure 1.
Figure 1 (a) shows the equalization and
measurement of basalt powder, shellfish powder
and alumina powder. Then the three powders were
mixed with the composition in Table 3, by mixing
the reinforcement and phenolic resin matrix in
Figure 2 (b). After that the mixture is
manufacturing using a hot press machine with a
constant temperature of 1500C for 30 minutes and
a pressure of 2000 kg. After that, dry the brake pad
composite at room temperature for + 24 hours,
after it is completely dry, separate the composite
from the mold slowly.
Fig 1. The process of making hybrid composite
materials
This test method includes the hardness of the
specimen to withstand the load using the vickers
method using ASTM e384-99, while the olie
absorption ability is tested based on ASTM D 570-
98.
III. RESULTS
International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, January—June 2019
(p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X) 71
The results of the hardness test with the
variation of immersion length are shown in Table
4. Then a comparison of the amount of olie
absorption for the three variations of hybrid
composites being developed and the asbestos
brake pads material is shown in Figure 2 and
Figure 3.
Table 3. Hardness after olie absorption
Variation
of
Composite
Hardness (VHN)
3
days
14
days
24
days
30
days
60
days
HC1 28.00 7.41 6.77 6.61 5.74
HC2 28.50 7.09 7.09 6.75 6.10
HC3 27.78 8.11 7.12 6.80 6.14
Asbestos 24.52 6.96 5.48 5.32 5.47
(a)
(b)
Fig 2. Hardness vs Specimen variation
(a)
(b)
Fig 3. Hardness vs immersion time
The micro-morphological structure of hybrid
composite brake linings is shown in Figure 4 and
Figure 5.
Fig. 4. Micro structure before immersion
Fig. 5. Micro structure before immersion
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
HC1 HC2 HC3 Asbestos
Ha
rd
ness
(V
HN
)
Variation of Composite and asbestos
3 days
14 days
24 days
30 days
60 days
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
HC1 HC2 HC3 Asbestos
Ha
rd
ness
(V
HN
)
Variation of Composite and asbestos
3 days
14 days
24 days
30 days
60 days
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
3 14 24 30 60
Ha
rd
ness
(V
HN
)
Soaking time (days)
HC1
HC2
HC3
Asbestos
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
3 14 24 30 60
Ha
rd
ness
(V
HN
)
Soaking time (days)
HC1
HC2
HC3
Asbestos
International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, January—June 2019
(p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X) 72
IV. DISCUSION
Figure 2 shows a diagram of the hardness of
hybrid and asbestos composite brake linings
material on the variation of immersion time in olie
media. From the figure, it appears that in the
immersion time of 3 days the hardness of hybrid
and asbestos composite brake linings is still quite
high between 24-28 HVN [13], [14]. The highest
hardness at that time was an H1 specimen of 28.00
HVN. Then the hardness of the brake lining
material decreases with the addition of immersion
time and is close to stable in the 24-day immersion
period between 5.48-7.12 HVN [12], [15], as
shown in Figure 3. Then from Figures 2 and 3 it is
illustrated that the increase in the percentage of
basalt almost does not affect the hardness of the
break lining material hybrid composite brakes
were developed, but still higher than the hardness
of asbestos brake linings.
From the results of SEM observations, Figure
4 is a photo of SEM specimens before immersion
and Figure 5 shows micro structure photographs of
HC3 specimens after immersion in SAE 90 oil. In
the figure above, it can be seen that all the
constituent particles are completely mixed, but
there is still dislamination on the surface of the
specimen.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The hardness of the brake lining material
decreases with the addition of immersion time and
is close to stable at the soaking time of 24 days and
the increase in the percentage of basalt has almost
no effect on the hardness of the hybrid composite
brake lining material developed, but is still higher
than the hardness of asbestos brake lining.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author thanks the DRPM Ministry of
Research, Technology and Higher Education for
the research funding provided in accordance with
Research Contract No. 171.18 / UN 14.4.A / LT /
2018, dated February 19, 2018. Thank you also
goes to the Institute of Research and Community
Services at Udayana University for facilitating this
research activity.
REFERENCES
[1] M. A. Sivarao, M. S. Rizal, and A.
Kamely, “An investigation toward
development of economical brake lining
wear alert system,” Int. J. Eng. Technol.
IJET, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 251–256, 2009.
[2] N. M. Kinkaid, O. M. O’Reilly, and P.
Papadopoulos, “Automotive disc brake
squeal,” J. Sound Vib., vol. 267, no. 1, pp.
105–166, 2003.
[3] M. G. Jacko, P. H. S. Tsang, and S. K.
Rhee, “Automotive friction materials
evolution during the past decade,” Wear,
vol. 100, no. 1–3, pp. 503–515, 1984.
[4] L. St, “US Survey shows imports of
asbestos brake materials increasing,” St.
Louis, 2004.
[5] C. O. Mgbemena, C. E. Mgbemena, and
M. O. Okwu, “Thermal stability of
pulverized palm kernel shell (PKS) based
friction lining material locally developed
from spent waste,” ChemXpress, vol. 5,
pp. 115–122, 2014.
[6] P. C. Olele, A. C. Nkwocha, I. C. Ekeke,
M. O. Ileagu, and E. O. Okeke,
“Assessment of Palm Kernel Shell as
Friction Material for Brake Pad
Production,” Int. J. Eng. Manag. Res., vol.
6, no. 1, pp. 281–284, 2016.
[7] D. S. Yawas, S. Y. Aku, and S. G.
Amaren, “Morphology and properties of
periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad,”
J. King Saud Univ. Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp.
103–109, 2016.
[8] U. D. Idris, V. S. Aigbodion, I. J.
Abubakar, and C. I. Nwoye, “Eco-friendly
asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana
peels,” J. King Saud Univ. Sci., vol. 27,
no. 2, pp. 185–192, 2015.
[9] V. Dhand, G. Mittal, K. Y. Rhee, S. J.
Park, and D. Hui, “A short review on
basalt fiber reinforced polymer
International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, January—June 2019
(p-issn: 2579-5988, e-issn: 2579-597X) 73
composites,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol.
73, no. December, pp. 166–180, 2015.
[10] V. Fiore, G. Di Bella, and A. Valenza,
“Glass–basalt/epoxy hybrid composites
for marine applications,” Mater. Des., vol.
32, no. 4, pp. 2091–2099, 2011.
[11] A. A. Dalinkevich, K. Z. Gumargalieva, S.
S. Marakhovsky, and A. V Soukhanov,
“Modern basalt fibrous materials and
basalt fiber-based polymeric composites,”
J. Nat. Fibers, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 248–271,
2009.
[12] V. Lopresto, C. Leone, and I. De Iorio,
“Mechanical characterisation of basalt
fibre reinforced plastic,” Compos. Part B
Eng., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 717–723, 2011.
[13] C. Jiang, K. Fan, F. Wu, and D. Chen,
“Experimental study on the mechanical
properties and microstructure of chopped
basalt fibre reinforced concrete,” Mater.
Des., vol. 58, pp. 187–193, 2014.
[14] I. K. A. Atmika, I. D. G. A. Subagia, I. W.
Surata, and I. N. Sutantra, “Study of the
mechanical properties of hybrid composite
basalt/alumina/shells for brake lining
pads,” in IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, 2017,
vol. 201, no. 1, p. 12009.
[15] I. Suriadi and I. K. A. Atmika,
“Mechanical properties and fluid
absorption at the brake lining of hybrid
composite,” in IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, 2019,
vol. 539, no. 1, p. 12015.
