Group 1RAVAL,JASMEENBALDANIYA,ARJUNDODIYA,CHIRAGBARAD,PRATIKSINHDANADADIYA,DHARMIKIntroducingGenera !euar e"e!#$ o% ra&'a#'onRa&'a#'on ,()a# '$ '#* T)e +enera &e,n'#'on o% ra&'a#'on '$ ener+- #)a# !o.e$ %ro. a $our!e an& #ra/e$ #)rou+) $o.e .a#er'a or $pa!e0 Ener+- Be'n+ Tran$.'##e& !o.e$ 'n #1o %or.$ 2 'on'3'n+ ra&'a#'on2 Non4'on'3'n+ ra&'a#'on ()ere &oe$ '# !o.e %ro.* 5 Ou#er $pa!e 6#)e Co$.o$7 8Na#ura9 10Co$.'! Ra&'a#'on0:0 Na#ura- O!!urr'n+ Ra&'oa!#'/e Ma#er'a$05 Ma!)'ne$ 8Man4.a&e98%or .e&'!'ne9 5 Ma#er'a #)a# '$ Ra&'oa!#'/e 8Na#ura or Man4.a&e9 Man- ;oo& Pro&u!#$, 8e0+0, Banana$, Bra3' Nu#$, $#'#u#e$9 Con#a'n Rea#'/e- Lar+e ?uan#'#'e$ o% Na#ura- O!!urr'n+ Ra&'oa!#'/e Ma#er'a$ T)e$e are #a@en 'n#o our >o&'e$ $o a o% u$ are ra&'oa!#'/e an& e.'# ra&'a#'on We Live (And Have Always Lived) in a Sea of Radiation Ionising radiation: #ra/e$ 'n0 < (a/e$= o% Ener+- 8A ra-$, +a..a ra-$9 Mo/'n+ e#a par#'!e$, ee!#ron$, neu#ron$9 !arr'e$ /er- )'+) e/e$ o% ener+- #)a# !an a#er a#o.$0 T)e$e a#o.$ e.'# #)e eA!e$$ ener+- or .a$$ !rea#'n+ ee!#r'!a- !)ar+e& par#'!e$ or 'on$0 Nonionising radiation: 8ra&'o 1a/e$, )ea# , '+)#9 !arr'e$ enou+) ener+- #o eA!'#e a#o.$ >u# no# enou+) #o !rea#e !)ar+e& 'on$0 0 Radiation e!"osure is eit#er $!ternal%% eApo$ure %ro. ou#$'&e #)e >o&- Internal%% Ra&'oa!#'/e .a#er'a en#er$ >o&- >- ea#'n+B&r'n@'n+ 'n ra&'a#'on area, >- >rea#)'n+ /apor$Baero$o$, or $@'n a>$orp#'on In$'&e #)e >o&-, '# '$ #rea#e& '@e non4ra&'oa!#'/e ee.en#$ I% no# 'n!orpora#e& 'n#o or+an, rap'&- eA!re#e& an& .a- !au$e on- $'+)# )a3ar&0Actively dividing cells are &ost sensitive to radiation da&age%T'$$ue$ #)a# are .ore $en$'#'/e 'n!u&e $@'n, )a'r, ear- >oo& !e$, an& 'n'n+ o% #)e 'n#e$#'ne0T'$$ue$ #)a# are e$$ $en$'#'/e 'n!u&e .u$!e, >one, >ra'n, an& !onne!#'/e #'$$ue0'ell SensitivityRa&'a#'on!an!au$e'..e&'a#ee"e!#$8ra&'a#'on $'!@ne$$9,>u#a$oon+#er.e"e!#$1)'!).a-o!!ur .an--ear$8!an!er9or$e/era+enera#'on$a#er 8+ene#'! e"e!#$90B'oo+'!ae"e!#$o%ra&'a#'onre$u#%ro.>o#)&'re!# an& 'n&'re!# a!#'on o% ra&'a#'on0D're!#a!#'on'$>a$e&on&'re!#'n#era!#'on>e#1een ra&'a#'on par#'!e$ an& !o.peA >o&- !e .oe!ue$, 8%or eAa.pe &'re!# >rea@4up o% DNA .oe!ue$9T-pe$ o% !euar &a.a+eInterphase cell deathChanges ofmetabolism& functionMitotic cell deathNormarepairMutationBa$'! In#era!#'on o% Ra&'a#'on 'n CeIn&'re!# a!#'onD're!# a!#'on A4ra-$ p)o#on %ree ee!#ron 'on ra&'!a$

%ree ra&'!a$ !)e.'!a !)an+e %ro. #)e >rea@a+e o% >on&$>'oo+'!a e"e!#$RA(IA)I*N(IR$') I*NI+A)I*N*, (NA I*NI+A)I*N *,*)H$R -*L$'.L$S/ e%g%/H0*radiation 1 H0* H0*1 1 e H0*1 H1 1 *H2e 1 H0* H2 1 *H*3I(A)I*N *, (NA 45 *H RA(I'ALS N* $,,$') $N+5-A)I' R$6AIRCHEMICALRESTORATIONDNARESTORED6$R-AN$N) (A-A7$ IN (NA4I*L*7I'AL $,,$')S8% 7$N$)I' $,,$')S0% S*-A)I' $,,$')S'AN'$RS)$RILI)5Cell Death-One of the simplest effects to observe is cell death, it could occur in these possible ways which are following'ell deat# is recogni9ed :yU#ra$#u!#ura !)an+e$C)an+e 'n nu!eu$C)an+e 'n !-#opa$. Pyknosis:The nucleus becomes contracted, spheroidal, and filled with condensed chromatin. Karyolysis:The nucleus swells and loses its chromatin. Protoplasmic Coagulation: Irreversible gelatin formation occurs in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Karyorrhexis:The nucleus becomes fragmented and scattered throughout the cell. Cytolysis:Cells swell until they burst and then slowly disappear. Apoptosis:Programmed cell death, usually be fragmentationMorp)oo+'!a %or.$ o% !e &ea#)Normal cellReversible cell injury with cytoplasmic & organelle swelling, blebbing & ribosome detachmentIrreversible cell injury with rupture of membrane & organelles, & nuclear pyknosisKaryorrhexisKaryolysisP-@no$'$P-@no$'$ 6y;nosis, or;aryo"y;nosis, '$ #)e 'rre/er$'>e !on&en$a#'on o%!)ro.a#'n'n #)enu!eu$o% a!eun&er+o'n+ne!ro$'$ orapop#o$'$0I# '$ %oo1e& >-@ar-orr)eA'$, or %ra+.en#a#'on o% #)e nu!eu$0 P-@no$'$ 8%ro. Gree@pyknono.ean'n+ D#o #)'!@en up, #o !o$e or #o !on&en$eD9 '$ a$o o>$er/e& 'n #)e .a#ura#'on o% er-#)ro!-#e$ 8are& >oo& !e9 an& #)eneu#rop)'8a #-pe o% 1)'#e >oo& !e90 T)e .a#ur'n+ .e#aru>r'!-#e 8a $#a+e 'n RBC .a#ura#'on9 1' !on&en$e '#$ nu!eu$ >e%ore eApe'n+ '# #o >e!o.e are#'!uo!-#e0 T)e .a#ur'n+ neu#rop)' 1' !on&en$e '#$ nu!eu$ 'n#o $e/era !onne!#e& o>e$ #)a# $#a- 'n #)e !e un#' #)e en& o% '#$ !e '%e0 P-@no#'! nu!e' are o%#en %oun& 'n #)e3ona re#'!uar'$o% #)e a&rena +an&0Nor.a P-@no$'$ Kar-orr)eA'$ Kar-o-$'$@ar-o-$'$-@ar-orr)eA'$an& o!!ur$ .a'n- a$ a re$u# o%ne!ro$'$, 1)'e 'napop#o$'$a%#er @ar-orr)eA'$ #)e nu!eu$ u$ua- &'$$o/e$ 'n#oapoptotic bodies0Kar-o-$'$Pro#opa$.'! !oa+ua#'onIrreversible gelatin formation occurs in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Pro#opa$.'! !oa+ua#'on8Acute or c#ronic in=a&&ationI&&unologicalreactionstosu:cellular co&"onentsreleased:ydeadtissueorselfantigens altered :y denaturation% lysis and a:sor"tion Isolation and disc#arge: ulceration and cavity for&ation organi9ation enca"sulation/ calci>cation0 C-#o-$'$Cells swell until they burst and then slowly disappear.'ytolysis o!!ur$ 1)en a !e >ur$#$ &ue #o ano$.o#'! '.>aan!e#)a# )a$ !au$e& eA!e$$ 1a#er #o .o/e 'n#o #)e !e0 I# o!!ur$ 'n a)-po#on'!en/'ron.en#, 1)ere 1a#er .o/e$ 'n#o #)e !e >-o$.o$'$an& !au$e$ '#$ /ou.e #o 'n!rea$e #o #)e po'n# 1)ere #)e /ou.e eA!ee&$ #)e .e.>raneQ$ !apa!'#- an& #)e !e >ur$#$0 T)e pre$en!e o% a!e 1apre/en#$ #)e .e.>rane %ro. >ur$#'n+, $o !-#o-$'$ on- o!!ur$0This is an example of coagulative necrosis. This is the typical pattern with ischemia and infarction (loss of blood supply and resultant tissue anoxia. !ere, there is a wedge"shaped pale area of coagulative necrosis (infarction in the renal cortex of the #idney. Coagulative necrosis of the left ventricularwall;ro. ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY :RRS O#)er e"e!#$ o% Ra&'a#'onS;in da&ageNausea and vo&iting-alaise and fatigueIncreased te&"erature4lood c#anges4one &arrow da&age(a&age to cells lining t#e s&all intestine(a&age to :lood vessels in t#e :rain 819 Ha'r T)e o$'n+ o% )a'r Tu'!@- an& 'n !u.p$ o!!ur$ 1'#) ra&'a#'on eApo$ure a# :RR re.$ or )'+)er0 8:9 Bra'n S'n!e >ra'n !e$ &o no# repro&u!e, #)e- 1onQ# >e &a.a+e& &'re!#- une$$ #)e eApo$ure '$ U,RRR re.$ or +rea#er0 L'@e #)e )ear#, ra&'a#'on @'$ ner/e !e$ an& $.a >oo& /e$$e$, an& !an !au$e $e'3ure$ an& '..e&'a#e &ea#)0 8S9 T)-ro'& T)e !er#a'n >o&- par#$ are .ore $pe!',!a- a"e!#e& >- eApo$ure #o &'"eren# #-pe$ o% ra&'a#'on $our!e$0 T)e #)-ro'& +an& '$ $u$!ep#'>e #o ra&'oa!#'/e 'o&'ne0 In $uV!'en# a.oun#$, ra&'oa!#'/e 'o&'ne !an &e$#ro- a or par# o% #)e #)-ro'&0 B- #a@'n+ po#a$$'u. 'o&'&e, one !an re&u!e #)e e"e!#$ o% eApo$ure0 8W9 Boo& S-$#e. ()en a per$on '$ eApo$e& #o aroun& 1RR re.$, #)e >oo&Q$ -.p)o!-#e !e !oun# 1' >e re&u!e&, ea/'n+ #)e /'!#'. .ore $u$!ep#'>e #o 'n%e!#'on0 T)'$ '$ o%#en re%ere& #o a$ .'& ra&'a#'on $'!@ne$$0 Ear- $-.p#o.$ o% ra&'a#'on $'!@ne$$ .'.'! #)o$e o% Xu an& .a- +o unno#'!e& une$$ a >oo& !oun# '$ &one0A!!or&'n+ #o &a#a %ro. H'ro$)'.a an& Na+a$@', $)o1 #)a# $-.p#o.$ .a- per$'$# %or up #o 1R -ear$ an& .a- a$o )a/e an 'n!rea$e& on+4#er. r'$@ %or eu@e.'a an& -.p)o.a0 8U9 Hear# In#en$e eApo$ure #o ra&'oa!#'/e .a#er'a a# 1,RRR #o U,RRR re.$ 1ou& &o '..e&'a#e &a.a+e #o $.a >oo& /e$$e$ an& pro>a>- !au$e )ear# %a'ure an& &ea#) &'re!#-0 8Y9 Ga$#ro'n#e$#'na Tra!# Ra&'a#'on &a.a+e #o #)e 'n#e$#'na #ra!# 'n'n+ 1' !au$e nau$ea, >oo&- /o.'#'n+ an& &'arr)ea0 T)'$ '$ o!!ur$ 1)en #)e /'!#'.Q$ eApo$ure '$ :RR re.$ or .ore0 T)e ra&'a#'on 1' >e+'n #o &e$#ro- #)e !e$ 'n #)e >o&- #)a# &'/'&e rap'&-0 T)e$e 'n!u&'n+ >oo&, GI #ra!#, repro&u!#'/e an& )a'r !e$, an& )ar.$ #)e'r DNA an& RNA o% $ur/'/'n+ !e$0 8Z9 Repro&u!#'/e Tra!# Be!au$e repro&u!#'/e #ra!# !e$ &'/'&e rap'&-, #)e$e area$ o% #)e >o&- !an >e &a.a+e& a# re. e/e$ a$ o1 a$ :RR0 Lon+4#er., $o.e ra&'a#'on $'!@ne$$ /'!#'.$ 1' >e!o.e $#er'e0S;inLungs*varies)esticles'ancer inductionIn utero(wit#in t#e wo&:) e@ects on #u&an develo"&ent)ransgenerational genetic da&age 4one &arrow deat# 'entral nervous syste& deat# /o.'#'n+ nau$ea &'arr)ea &ro1$'ne$$ e#)ar+- #re.or$ &e'r'u. ;reTuen#$e'3ure$ !on/u$'on$ pro$#ra#'on !o.a re$p'ra#or- %a'ure &ea#)$Bone.arro1!on$'$#$o%pro+en'#or an&$#e.!e$,#)e.o$# ra&'o$en$'#'/e!e$'n#)e)u.an >o&-an)e.o$#'.por#an#'n !on#ro'n+ 'n%e!#'on D-$en#er-T-p)o'&In%e!#'ou$ )epa#'#'$Sa.oneo$'$C)oeraMen'n+o!o!!a .en'n+'#'$Tu>er!uo$'$ D'p)#)er'a()oop'n+ !ou+)Po'oPneu.on'a(oes anyone #ave a AuestionB4ravoC)#an; you