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MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM
Functions:Functions:
1. Movement of body parts1. Movement of body parts
2. Provide form and shape2. Provide form and shape
3. Heat production3. Heat production
MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM
General ClassificationGeneral Classification
Skeletal Muscle - striated, voluntarySkeletal Muscle - striated, voluntary
Cardiac Muscle - striated, involuntaryCardiac Muscle - striated, involuntary
Smooth Muscle - non-striated, involuntarySmooth Muscle - non-striated, involuntary
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES General Characteristics:General Characteristics:
I. AttachmentsI. Attachments
Origin InsertionOrigin Insertion
II. StructureII. Structure
BellyBelly
Tendon orTendon or AponeurosisAponeurosis
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for NomenclatureCriteria for Nomenclature1. Attachment1. Attachment
ex) Sternocleidomastoidex) Sternocleidomastoid
TemporalisTemporalis
2. Function2. Function
extensor or flexorextensor or flexor
abductor or adductorabductor or adductor
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES Criteria for NomenclatureCriteria for Nomenclature
3. Length3. Length
longus or brevislongus or brevis
4. Relative Position4. Relative Position
lateral or mediallateral or medial
superior or inferiorsuperior or inferior
internal or externalinternal or external
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for NomenclatureCriteria for Nomenclature
5. Size5. Size
maximus or minimusmaximus or minimus
major or minormajor or minor
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
Criteria for NomenclatureCriteria for Nomenclature
6. Orientation of Fibers6. Orientation of Fibers
rectus, oblique, or transverserectus, oblique, or transverse
parallel or fusiformparallel or fusiform
convergentconvergent
pennate (uni, bi, or multipennate)pennate (uni, bi, or multipennate)
circularcircular
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscle GroupingsMuscle Groupings
Prime Movers/AgonistsPrime Movers/Agonists
AntagonistsAntagonists
SynergistsSynergists
FixatorsFixators
Shunt Muscle – resists dislocationShunt Muscle – resists dislocation
Spurt Muscle – rapid & effectiveSpurt Muscle – rapid & effective
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
Associated Connective TissuesAssociated Connective Tissues
1. Endomysium1. Endomysium
2. Perimysium2. Perimysium
3. Epimysium3. Epimysium
3. Fascia – Superficial3. Fascia – Superficial
DeepDeep
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES InnervationInnervation
Muscle FiberMuscle Fiber
Motor Unit = Motor Motor Unit = Motor NeuronNeuron
Muscle FiberMuscle Fiber
Coarse MovementsCoarse Movements
Fine MovementsFine Movements
Muscle ToneMuscle Tone
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
OrganizationOrganization
A. Muscles of the Axial SkeletonA. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
1. Muscles of Head & Neck1. Muscles of Head & Neck
Facial ExpressionFacial Expression
MasticationMastication
Extraocular MusclesExtraocular Muscles
Lingual MusclesLingual Muscles
Muscles of the NeckMuscles of the Neck
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
OrganizationOrganizationA. Muscles of the Axial SkeletonA. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
2. Muscles of the Torso2. Muscles of the Torso Respiratory MusclesRespiratory Muscles Abdominal Wall MusclesAbdominal Wall Muscles Muscles of the BackMuscles of the Back Muscles of the Pelvic Muscles of the Pelvic
FloorFloor
SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES
OrganizationOrganization
B. Muscles of the Appendicular SkeletonB. Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton
1. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle1. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
2. Muscles of the Upper Extremity2. Muscles of the Upper Extremity
3. Muscles of the Buttocks3. Muscles of the Buttocks
3. Muscles of the Lower Extremity3. Muscles of the Lower Extremity
CARDIAC MUSCLESCARDIAC MUSCLES(MYOCARDIUM)(MYOCARDIUM)
CARDIAC MUSCLESCARDIAC MUSCLES
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
behaves as a single unitbehaves as a single unit
all-or-none contractionall-or-none contraction
pacemaker stimulatedpacemaker stimulated
under autonomic under autonomic innervationinnervation
possess intercalated discspossess intercalated discs
SMOOTH (VISCERAL) MUSCLESSMOOTH (VISCERAL) MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLESSMOOTH MUSCLES Classification:Classification:
A. Arrangement of FibersA. Arrangement of Fibers
1. Circular1. Circular
2. Longitudinal2. Longitudinal
3. Oblique3. Oblique
SMOOTH MUSCLESSMOOTH MUSCLES
Classification:Classification: B. FunctionB. Function
1. Single-unit = myogenic electrical1. Single-unit = myogenic electricalactivityactivity
ex) Uterine Contractionsex) Uterine Contractions Peristalsis of GIT & GUTPeristalsis of GIT & GUT
SMOOTH MUSCLESSMOOTH MUSCLES Classification:Classification:
2. Multi-unit = individual stimulation of2. Multi-unit = individual stimulation of
muscle fibersmuscle fibers
ex) Arrector Pili Musclesex) Arrector Pili Muscles
MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM
Clinical ConditionsClinical ConditionsA. Symptoms of Muscular DisordersA. Symptoms of Muscular Disorders
1. Weakness or Paresis1. Weakness or Paresis
2. Muscle Pain2. Muscle Pain
3. Loss of Muscle Mass 3. Loss of Muscle Mass
MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM
Clinical ConditionsClinical ConditionsB. Functional Muscular ConditionsB. Functional Muscular Conditions
1. Strain1. Strain
2. Atrophy2. Atrophy
3. Hypertrophy3. Hypertrophy
4. Cramps4. Cramps
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
FunctionsFunctions
1. Transport = Respiration1. Transport = Respiration
NutritionNutrition
ExcretionExcretion
2. Regulation 2. Regulation
3. Protection3. Protection
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ComponentsComponents
1. Heart1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels2. Blood Vessels
a) Arteriesa) Arteries
b) Capillariesb) Capillaries
c) Veinsc) Veins
3. Blood3. Blood
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
HeartHeart
2 Sides:2 Sides: Right Side = Venous BloodRight Side = Venous Blood
Left Side = Arterial Left Side = Arterial BloodBlood
4 Chambers: 2 Atria4 Chambers: 2 Atria
2 Ventricles2 Ventricles
4 Valves: Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valves4 Valves: Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valves
Mitral & Aortic ValvesMitral & Aortic Valves
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood VesselsBlood VesselsA. LayersA. Layers
1. Tunica Externa/CT Layer1. Tunica Externa/CT Layer
2. Tunica Media/Muscular 2. Tunica Media/Muscular LayerLayer
3. Tunica Intima/Endothelial 3. Tunica Intima/Endothelial LayerLayer
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM Arterial SystemArterial System
Characteristics:Characteristics:
- carry blood from heart to - carry blood from heart to tissuestissues
- divide into “branches”- divide into “branches”
- arterioles- arterioles
- anastomosis- anastomosis
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arterial SystemArterial System
Major Arteries:Major Arteries:
1. Aorta = Arch, Thoracic & Abdominal1. Aorta = Arch, Thoracic & Abdominal
2. Arteries of Head & Neck2. Arteries of Head & Neck
3. Arteries of the Upper Extremities3. Arteries of the Upper Extremities
4. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities4. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Arterial SystemArterial System
Anatomical End ArteriesAnatomical End Arteries
- branches do not - branches do not anastomoseanastomose
Functional End ArteriesFunctional End Arteries
- branches anastomose but- branches anastomose but
insufficientinsufficient
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous SystemVenous System
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
- convey blood to heart from - convey blood to heart from tissuestissues
- possess valves- possess valves
- venules- venules
- formed by “tributaries”- formed by “tributaries”
- “venous plexuses- “venous plexuses
- vena comitantes- vena comitantes
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous SystemsVenous Systems
A. Systemic Venous SystemA. Systemic Venous System
B. Portal Venous SystemB. Portal Venous System
- interposed between two capillary - interposed between two capillary bedsbeds
- sinusoids- sinusoids
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous SystemVenous System
Factors that assist blood flow:Factors that assist blood flow:
1. Gravity1. Gravity
2. Muscular 2. Muscular ContractionsContractions
3. Presence of Valves3. Presence of Valves
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous SystemVenous System
Major Veins:Major Veins:
A) Tributaries to Superior Vena CavaA) Tributaries to Superior Vena Cava
1. Veins draining the Head & Neck1. Veins draining the Head & Neck
2. Veins of Upper Extremities2. Veins of Upper Extremities
3. Veins of the Thorax3. Veins of the Thorax
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM Venous SystemVenous System
Major Veins:Major Veins:
B) Tributaries to Inferior Vena CavaB) Tributaries to Inferior Vena Cava
1. Veins of the Abdominal Wall1. Veins of the Abdominal Wall
2. Veins of the Kidneys2. Veins of the Kidneys
3. Veins of the Lower Extremities3. Veins of the Lower Extremities
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Venous SystemVenous System
Major Veins:Major Veins:
C) Tributaries to the Portal VeinC) Tributaries to the Portal Vein
1. Veins of the Gastrointestinal Tract1. Veins of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2. Veins of the Spleen & Pancreas2. Veins of the Spleen & Pancreas
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CapillariesCapillaries
Types: Types:
a) Continuous (muscles, lungs, fatty tissues)a) Continuous (muscles, lungs, fatty tissues)b) Fenestrated (kidneys, small intestines)b) Fenestrated (kidneys, small intestines)c) Sinusoids (liver, spleen)c) Sinusoids (liver, spleen)
Arteriovenous AnastomosesArteriovenous Anastomoses
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Functions:Functions:
1. Transport1. Transport
2. Fat Absorption2. Fat Absorption
3. Defense3. Defense
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ComponentsComponents
1. Lymph Capillaries1. Lymph Capillaries
2. Lymph Ducts2. Lymph Ducts
a) Thoracic Ducta) Thoracic Duct
b) Right Lymphatic b) Right Lymphatic DuctDuct
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ComponentsComponents
3. Lymphatic Organs3. Lymphatic Organs
a) Lymph Nodes a) Lymph Nodes
filters lymphfilters lymph
produce produce lymphocyteslymphocytes
b) Spleenb) Spleen
c) Thymusc) Thymus