13348_Basics of Biosafety

8/7/2019 13348_Basics of Biosafety

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Basics of Biosafety

Working Safely with Biological Materials


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Principles and practices employed to protect

laboratory personnel and the environment from

exposure or infection while working with livingorganisms, biological materials, or agents.

Included are any materials that may be potentially

infectious.

Includes recombinant DNA research

What is Biosafety?


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The agent is the what creates risk

Risks to the worker or environment are

often unknown

Determining acceptable risk?

Agents and Risks


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There is always risk!

The risk must be identifiedThe risk is evaluated

The risk must be measured

Plan to minimize the risk

Assessing Risk


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Assessment is conducted by a Biosafety

Professional in partnership with and based

on information provided by theP

rincipalInvestigator

The assessment is presented to the

Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) for

approval

Who Determines Acceptable Risk?


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Understand the biology of the agent

Susceptibility and transmission within the

host

Hazards associated with equipment and

procedures Goal:

Provide the highest practical protection and

the lowest practical exposure

Identifying Risk


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Worst case scenario -What might happen?

Likelihood of an event

Seriousness of the incident

Actions needed to resolve the problems

Evaluating Risk Acceptability


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Since there is no such thing as no risk

Safe means risk has been judged acceptable

Judging risk is a subjective- humans make

decisions

Measuring risk is objective- use available

guidelines, data, and documentation Keep records of how determinations were made

due to subjective nature of the process

What is Acceptable Risk?


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Agents Assigned Risk Groups

RG-1 Unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals

low individual or community risk

RG-2 May cause disease but typically not serious

individual risk, low community risk, treatable

RG-3 May cause serious disease, usually treatable High individual but low community risk, serious respiratory agents

RG-4 Serious or fatal, often not treatable,

Easy transmission, high individual and community risk

WHO-World Health Organization


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Different than the Risk Groups!!

Risk groups used in risk assessment

BSL are used in risk management

BSL are ways to control the agent

facilities, safety equipment, practices, PPE, etc.

Once risk is assessed then the appropriate BSL

is determined

Biosafety Levels (BSL)


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Well characterized, non-pathogenicorganisms or agents

Open bench- no containment

Use good laboratory practices, wastedisposal, and aseptic techniques

Example: E. coli K-12 strains

BioSafety Level 1


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Agents of moderate hazard to personnelor environment

Basic lab, but restricted access, containment during

certain processes (i.e. aerosols, large volumes, etc.)

Autoclave and Biological Safety Cabinet desired

Use good laboratory practices, waste disposal, andaseptic techniques

Example: most non-respiratory, non lethal, agents

BioSafety Level 2


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Agents of high hazard to personnel or environment

Respiratory exotic or indigenous agents which areeasily transmissible causing serious or lethal disease

All work is contained, engineering controls and

controlled environments we currently do not have thefacilities to handle.

Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SARS, etc.

BioSafety Level 3


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FORGET ABOUT IT!!!

Hemorrhagic fever, deadly viruses, etc.

Total containment, airtight labs, submarinedoors, air pumps, water treatment, HEPA

filtration, etc.

Positive pressure moonsuits

BioSafety Level 4


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Bacterial:76% from clinical labs

8% from research labs

Exposure:

60% acquired from inhalation

Other exposures include:

digestion, sharps, splashes, direct and indirect contact

Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI)


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Viral

16% from clinical labs

70% from research labs

32% from animal related activities

Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI)


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Biohazardous/Medical Waste

Waste that is potentially infectious to

humans, animals or plants. It includes:

Medical Waste according to MMWRA

Regulated Waste by MIOSHA

Regulated Waste by CDC/NIH


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Michigan Medical Waste Regulatory Act

(MMWRA)

Defines medical waste

Requirements for waste handling and

disposal Requires generators to register with

DEQ and implement a Medical WasteManagement Plan


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Michigan Medical Waste Regulatory Act

(MMWRA)

Defines medical waste

Requirements for waste handling and

disposal Requires generators to register with

DEQ and implement a Medical WasteManagement Plan


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Biohazardous Waste Management Plan

Must outline how generating facility

complies with the MMWRA:

Types of wastes generated Storage and disposal of wastes

Contingency plans

Training


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Biohazardous Waste Categories

Cultures and stocks of infectious

agents and associated biologicals

laboratory waste biological production waste

discarded live and attenuated

vaccines

culture dishes and related materials

contaminated PPE


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Liquid human and animal waste liquid or semi-liquid blood and blood

products and body fluids

contaminated items that wouldrelease blood or items that are cakedwith blood or other potentiallyinfectious materials; NOT includingurine or materials stained with bloodor body fluids

infectious animal waste (research)


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Pathological waste

tissues

body parts other than teeth

products of conception

fluids removed by trauma or during

surgery or autopsy/necropsy or other

medical procedure and not chemicallyfixed.


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And More Biohazardous

Waste Categories

Animal and plant pathogen waste

Recombinant DNA waste

Sharps


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Biowaste vs. Trash

3 basic questions to differentiate:

1. Is it contaminated with viable

biological material?2. Can blood or other regulated

body or biological fluids bereleased?

3. Is it a sharps hazard?


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#1

Is it contaminated with

viable biologicalmaterial?

Examples:

Contaminated lab waste

Personal protective equipmentused for handling potentiallyinfectious materials (includinghandling infected animals or theirproducts)

Wastes from infectious diseaseresearch (carcasses, bodyfluids)


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#2

Can blood or other(regulated) body fluids or

viable biological materials bereleased?

Some Examples

Tubes of blood

Vacuum flasks containing body

fluids or cell line waste


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Managing Liquid Biohazardous Waste

Storage:

Label and secure bulk vesselsif not disposed of immediately

Treatment: Chemical disinfection OR

Autoclave

Disposal: THEN

Flush to sewer

Use proper PPE!


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10% bleach solution good for general disinfection

High organics use 20%

Needs to be made weekly

Test contact time Ethanol

Use 70% solution (most effective)

Longer contact time and flammable

*Should research and know effectiveness and contact time for thebest disinfectant against your agent!

Disinfection


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WRAPPERS/NON-

ABSORBE

NT MATE

RIAL

SCONTAMINATED WITH

BLOOD


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BANDAGES/OTHER

ABSORBENTS

SATURATED OR CRUSTED

WITH BLOOD


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STAINED?.

or SATURATED?


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Managing Non-Sharp Biohazardous Waste

labeledcontainer

lined with abiohazardouswaste bag

equipped with a

lid.


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Managing Non-SharpBiohazardous Waste

Securely tie bags fortransport totreatment/collection

site. When moving wastes,

use secondarycontainment; avoid

using public halls andelevators.


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Breakable Non-sharps Biowaste

Store in labeled containersthat are puncture-resistant,closable and will captureleakage, BUT.

Do NOT use

SHARPS containers!


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Effective Waste Autoclaving

Leave bag open duringautoclaving or loosely closed

Add waterto bag prior toautoclaving if primarily drymaterials

Steam must contactmaterials

Place bag in autoclavabletray with sides


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Treated Waste Bag Disposal

Allow waste bag to cool

Use fume hood to reduceodors

Securely tie bag shut Place bag in a non-

transparent black bag forregular disposal

Remember: NO ORANGE

BAGS IN DUMPSTER!


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#3

Is it a sharps hazard?

Examples:

needles

syringes scalpels

all biologically contaminated objects thatcan easily penetrate skin (Pasteur pipettes,

razor blades, etc.)Place sharps in approved sharps container

for disposal!


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Sharps Containers

Containers must be leak-proof,puncture-resistant, closable & labeledwith the biohazard symbol.

Proper sharps containersmust be used forboth clinic andfield work.


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ProperUse of Sharps Containers

Place tops on containers before useon lab bench

Dont forget to date the containerwhen first put into use

Remember: sharpscontainers are a

one-way disposalsystem


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ProperUse of Sharps Containers

Use sharps containers for sharpsONLY!

No solid biohazardous waste (i.e.

gauze, un-broken pipettes, gloves)

No mercurythermometers


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Whats wrong with this picture?


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Sharps Container Disposal

Containers must be permanently closedand disposed of through the animal facilitymanager:

Within 90 days

of first use When full

Disposal methods:

Landfill

Incineration

We use waste hauler


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Safety Notes on Sharps Use

Do not re-cap sharps

Keep sharps container inclose proximity to point of

use (i.e. limit handling) foreasy disposal

Do not leave needles in

pockets of coveralls orsmocks


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Carcasses and Body Parts Human tissues

Unfixed tissues are medical waste

Make waste unrecognizable!

Animal tissues, carcasses When generated in infectious disease or recombinant

DNA research, these are medical waste

These items must be stored in biolabeled,leakproof containers for incineration.

Waste service- see Audrey Brown


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Managing All That Other Waste

Drain bottles of non-hazardous

materials before disposal in trash


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Managing All That Other Waste

Do NOT discardmedications in thetrash.

Return to source fordisposal or seekassistance fromyour campus wastegroup.

See Jaime Stock!

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13348_Basics of Biosafety

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