Basics of Biosafety
Working Safely with Biological Materials
Principles and practices employed to protect laboratory personnel (& others in the area) and the environment from exposure or infection while working with living organisms, biological materials, or agents. Included are any materials that may be potentially
infectious. Includes recombinant DNA research
What is Biosafety?
The “agent” is the what creates risk
Risks to the worker or environment are often unknown
Determining “acceptable risk”?
Agents and Risks
Assessment is conducted by a Biosafety Professional in partnership with and based on information provided by the Principal Investigator
The assessment is presented to the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) for approval
Who Determines Acceptable Risk?
Understand the biology of the agent Susceptibility and transmission within the
host Hazards associated with equipment and
procedures Goal:
Provide the highest practical protection and the lowest practical exposure
Identifying Risk
Worst case scenario -What might happen?
Likelihood of an event
Seriousness of the incident
Actions needed to resolve the problems
Evaluating Risk Acceptability
Agents Assigned Risk Groups
RG-1 Unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals low individual or community risk
RG-2 May cause disease but typically not serious individual risk, low community risk, treatable
RG-3 May cause serious disease, usually treatable High individual but low community risk, serious respiratory agents
RG-4 Serious or fatal, often not treatable, Easy transmission, high individual and community risk
WHO-World Health Organization
Different than the Risk Groups!! Risk groups used in risk assessment BSL are used in risk management
BSL are ways to control the agent facilities, safety equipment, practices, PPE, etc.
Once risk is assessed then the appropriate BSL is determined
Biosafety Levels (BSL)
Well characterized, non-pathogenic organisms or agents
Open bench- no containment
Use good laboratory practices, waste disposal, and aseptic techniques
Example: E. coli K-12 strains
BioSafety Level 1
Agents of moderate hazard to personnel or environment
Basic lab, but restricted access, containment during certain processes (i.e. aerosols, large volumes, etc.)
Autoclave and Biological Safety Cabinet desired
Use good laboratory practices, waste disposal, and aseptic techniques
Example: most non-respiratory, non lethal, agents
BioSafety Level 2
Agents of high hazard to personnel or environment
Respiratory exotic or indigenous agents which are easily transmissible causing serious or lethal disease
All work is contained, engineering controls and controlled environments we currently do not have the facilities to handle.
Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SARS, etc.
BioSafety Level 3
FORGET ABOUT IT!!!
Hemorrhagic fever, deadly viruses, etc.
Total containment, airtight labs, “submarine” doors, air pumps, water treatment, HEPA filtration, etc.
Positive pressure “moonsuits”
BioSafety Level 4
Bacterial:76% from clinical labs8% from research labs
Exposure:60% acquired from inhalation
Other exposures include: digestion, sharps, splashes, direct and indirect contact
Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI)
Viral 16% from clinical labs 70% from research labs
32% from animal related activities
Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI)
Biohazardous/Medical Waste
Waste that is potentially infectious to humans, animals or plants. It includes:
Medical Waste according to MMWRARegulated Waste by MIOSHARegulated Waste by CDC/NIH
Michigan Medical Waste Regulatory Act (MMWRA)
Defines “medical waste” Requirements for waste handling and
disposal Requires generators to register with
DEQ and implement a Medical Waste Management Plan
Biohazardous Waste Management Plan
Must outline how generating facility complies with the MMWRA: Types of wastes generated Storage and disposal of wastes Contingency plans Training
Biohazardous Waste Categories
a) Cultures and stocks of infectious agents and associated biologicals
laboratory wastebiological production wastediscarded live and attenuated vaccinesculture dishes and related materialscontaminated PPE
Biohazardous Waste Categories
b) Liquid human and animal waste liquid or semi-liquid blood and blood
products and body fluidscontaminated items that would release
blood or items that are caked with blood or other potentially infectious materials; NOT including urine or materials stained with blood or body fluids
infectious animal waste (research)
Biohazardous Waste Categories
c) Pathological waste tissuesbody parts other than teethproducts of conception fluids removed by trauma or during
surgery or autopsy/necropsy or other medical procedure and not chemically fixed.
…And More Biohazardous Waste Categories
Animal and plant pathogen waste Recombinant DNA waste Sharps
Biowaste vs. Trash3 basic questions to differentiate:1. Is it contaminated with viable
biological material or recombinant DNA?
2. Can blood or other regulated body or biological fluids be released?
3. Is it a sharps hazard?
If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then you have a biowaste.
#1Is it contaminated with viable biological material or recombinant DNA?
Examples:• Contaminated lab waste• Personal protective equipment used
for handling potentially infectious materials (including handling infected animals or their products)
• Wastes from infectious disease research (carcasses, body fluids…)
#2Can blood or other (regulated) body fluids or viable biological materials be released?
Some Examples…
Tubes of blood
Vacuum flasks containing body fluids or cell line waste
Managing Liquid Biohazardous Waste
Storage: Label and secure bulk
vessels if not disposed of immediately
Treatment: Chemical disinfection OR AutoclaveDisposal: THEN Flush to sewer Use proper PPE!
10% bleach solution good for general disinfection High organics use 20% Needs to be made weekly Test contact time*
Ethanol Use 70% solution (most effective) Longer contact time and flammable
*Researchers should investigate and know effectiveness and contact time for the best disinfectant against your agent!
Disinfection
Managing Non-Sharp Biohazardous Solid Waste
labeled container
lined with a biohazardous waste bag
equipped with a lid.
The Autoclave or Steam Sterilizer
Moist Heat Sterilization Proper autoclaving is important
All air must be flushed out of the chamber The chamber should not be overpacked with solids Large volume of liquids may take longer to autoclave
due to the high specific heat of water. To determine if the proper conditions have been
met, we use indicators Tape – indirect indicator Biological indicator – paper strip covered with
Geobacillus spores
Effective Waste Autoclaving
Leave bag open during autoclaving or loosely closed
Add water to bag prior to autoclaving if primarily dry materials
Steam must contact materials
Place bag in autoclavable tray with sides
Treated Waste Bag Disposal
Allow waste bag to cool Use fume hood to reduce
odors Securely tie bag shut Place bag in a non-
transparent black bag for regular disposal
Remember: NO ORANGE BAGS IN DUMPSTER!
#3 Is it a sharps hazard?
Examples:– needles– syringes– scalpels– all biologically contaminated objects that
can easily penetrate skin (Pasteur pipettes,razor blades, etc.)
Place sharps in approved sharps container for disposal!
…Syringes in research settings should be disposed of as a sharp to avoid public relations concerns!
Sharps Containers Containers must be leak-proof,
puncture-resistant, closable & labeled with the biohazard symbol.
Proper sharps containersmust be used forboth clinic andfield work.
Proper Use of Sharps Containers
Place tops on containers before use on lab bench
Don’t forget to date the container when first put into use
Remember: sharps containers are aone-way disposal system
Proper Use of Sharps Containers
Use sharps containers for sharps ONLY!• No solid biohazardous waste (i.e.
gauze, un-broken pipettes, gloves)• No mercury
thermometers
What’s wrong with this picture?
Sharps Container Disposal Containers must be permanently closed
and disposed of via our hazardous waste companyWithin 90 days
of first useWhen ¾ full
Disposal methods:Landfill IncinerationWe use waste hauler
Safety Notes on Sharps Use Do not re-cap sharps Keep sharps container in
close proximity to point of use (i.e. limit handling) for easy disposal
Do not leave needles in pockets of coveralls or smocks
Carcasses and Body Parts Human tissues
Unfixed tissues are medical waste Make waste unrecognizable!
Animal tissues, carcasses When generated in infectious disease or recombinant
DNA research, these are medical waste
These items must be stored in biolabeled, leakproof containers for incineration.
Managing All That Other Waste…
Drain bottles of non-hazardous materials before disposal in trash
<3% of volume is considered empty Higher volumes must not be thrown
in the trash
Managing All That Other Waste…
Do NOT discard medications in the trash.Treat as chemical waste.
Any Questions?