1,4-DIOXANE REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION · 1,4-DIOXANE REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION. Keefe...

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SDMS DocID 000232799

14-DIOXANE REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION

Keefe Environmental Services Epping New Hampshire

December 2004

WOODARDampCURRAN Engineering bull Science bull Operations

35 New England Business Center Andover MA 01810

(978)557-8150

wwwwoodardcurrancom

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION

1 INTRODUCTION

2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OXONE DESTRUCTION - APT - HIPOXTM

2 1 Operational Requirements 2 2 Design Requirements 2 3 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 2 4 Advantages 2 5 Disadvantages 26 Cost Evaluation 27 Availability

3 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE UV DESTRUCTION - CALGON CARBONS RAYOX

31 Operational Requirements 32 Design Requirements 33 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 34 Advantages 35 Disadvantages 36 Cost Evaluation 37 Availability

4 PHOTOCATALYSIS - PURIFICS PHOTO-CATreg

4 1 Operational Requirements 4 2 Design Requirements 43 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 4 4 Advantages 4 5 Disadvantages 4 6 Cost Evaluation 47 Availability

5 CALGONS ACTIVATED CARBON

51 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 5 2 Cost Evaluation

6 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES

6 1 Effectiveness and Availability 62 Cost to Implement 63 Recommendation

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Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) i Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE NO

Table 2-1 - HiPOx Capital Cost Evaluation 2-3

Table 3-1 - Rayox Capital Cost Evaluation 3-2

Table 4-1 - Photo-Cat Capital Cost Evaluation 4-3

Table 6-1 - Summary of Capital and Operating Costs 6-3

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE NO

Figure 2-1 - 1000 Gallon HiPOx System 2-1

Figure 2-2 - HiPOx In-Lme Continuous Flow Oxidation System 2-1

Figure 4-1 - Photo-Cat Chemistry Diagram 4-1

Figure 4-2 - Photo-Cat - 25kW Model 2004 4-1

Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) n Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004

1 INTRODUCTION Woodard amp Curran conducted an evaluation of four treatment alternatives for the removal of 14-dioxane from groundwater at the Keefe Environmental Services (KES) site in Epping New Hampshire These alternatives included hydrogen peroxideozone destruction hydrogen peroxideUV destruction photocatalysis and activated carbon The vendors and equipment selected to carry out these remedial alternatives included Applied Process Technologys HiPOx Calgons Rayox Purifies Photo-Cat and Calgons activated carbon respectively Further discussion on each of the alternatives is presented in the follow sections and a recommendation on the remedial technology most technically and cost effective is provided at the end of the evaluation Each alternative was evaluated based on

bull Compliance with remedial objectives

bull Technical feasibility to determine if the alternative will reduce the toxicity mobility andor volume of compounds of concern be protective of the community workers and the environment during the remedial action have a reasonable remedial timeframe have long-term reliability and reasonable long-term performance leave a significant amount of post-treatment residuals

bull Ability to perform the alternative including the ability to permit construct and operate the technology regulatory acceptance risk of system failure during construction or operation availability of necessary equipment andor specialists and

bull A cost evaluation including purchase or lease of equipment and operation of the unit

Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) 1-1 Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Reportdoc December 2004

2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OXONE DESTRUCTION - APT - HIPOXtrade

The High Pressure Oxidation (HiPOxtrade) system is designed and manufactured by Applied Process Technology (APT) of Pleasant Hill California The HiPOxIM technology is a continuous inline at pressure advanced oxidation process utilizing ozone and hydrogen peroxide in an oxidation reactor A photograph of a large scale version (1000 gpm) of the system and a diagram of the HiPOx system are shown below as Figures 2-1 and 2-2 respectively Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide are injected into extracted groundwater at controlled rates resulting in the generation of hydroxyl radicals These radicals break down the contaminant and any resulting intermediate byproducts to benign end products (CO and HO) There is no transfer of contaminants to a different media (ie air) nor is there any hazardous waste to dispose

Figure 2-1 -1000 Gallon HiPOx System

1000 upm HiPOx S sum

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Figure 2-2 - HiPOx In-Line Continuous Flow Oxidation System

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Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) 2-1 Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004

The HiPOx system proposed for the KES treatment system upgrade the HiPOx Cabinet Unit (HCU) is manufactured fully wired and piped and is tested at APT prior to shipment This system includes hydrogen peroxide storage and delivery system oxygen delivery system ozone generation and delivery system integrated control system and process cooling system The reactor skid contains plug flow reactors ozone and hydrogen peroxide injectors and gasliquid separation system The system is controlled automatically by a PLC and linked to a SCADA system The system measures 45 feet wide by 8 feet long by 8 feet high and weighs approximately 3500 pounds

21 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

The power and electrical requirements for the KES treatment system upgrade are 25 kW at 208 volts 3 phase 60 Hz Based on the chemical makeup of the extracted groundwater at Keefe APT estimates that approximately 05 cfm of oxygen and less than 1 gallon of hydrogen peroxide wi l l be required to operate this system each day

22 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

A bench scale test is recommended by APT during the design phase to validate HiPOx efficacy and ensure optimum performance and effectiveness of the full scale system Samples of the influent to the existing treatment system would be collected and sent to APT and the EPA lab in Chelmsford Massachusetts The samples sent to APT would be processed through a HiPOx bench scale reactor utilizing varying ozone and hydrogen peroxide rates to aid in the design the full scale system Once the sample(s) were process by APT the effluent samples would be sent to the EPA lab in Chelmsford Massachusetts for 14-dioxane analysis to evaluate the treatment systems effectiveness

23 TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESSCASE STUDY

The HiPOx system is in use to treat 14-dioxane in several communities in California The following table illustrates one facility where 14-dixoane is being removed with the HiPOx technology

Site Application Coatemfcunl Inta Efflwait Coimnart gpm ppb ppb _

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In 1996 a HiPOx unit was installed in South El Monte California as pretreatment to an existing carbon system to remediate drinking water impacted by PCE TCE and 14-dioxane in the San Gabriel Basin (provides drinking water for approximately 3 million people placed on the EPA Superfund clean up list in 1984) The HiPOx unit at South El Monte has run continuously since October 2000 with over 98 uptime Prior to implementation of the HiPOx unit the 20000 pound carbon beds were recharged once every three months Since the addition of the HiPOx unit carbon life was extended to greater than twelve months (httpvvaptvvatercom productshipox easel html)


24 ADVANTAGES

bull No hazardous byproducts are produced

bull No transfer of contaminant to a different media (ie groundwater to air) therefore no air treatment required

bull Lower operating costs than the other remedial alternatives evaluated

bull Not affected by high turbidity or high TDS water streams

bull The technology is self-contained on a skid retrofitted easily to existing systems is equipped failshysafe for operator safety and is readily available

25 DISADVANTAGES

bull Although controlled below the MCL bromate can be formed during the process

bull Requires the addition of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide which may necessitate more oversight than other alternatives such as liquid phase carbon

26 COST EVALUATION

The HiPOx system can be purchased or leased on a monthly basis Pricing for both options were obtained to evaluate the most cost effective solution Shown in Table 2-1 below if the system is to operate for a duration of only 2 years it is more cost effective to lease rather than purchase this unit APT estimates that it will cost approximately $500 a month to operate the system This includes electricity fat $012kWh) and chemical (oxygen and hydrogen peroxide) costs

Table 2-1 - HiPOx Capital Cost Evaluation

Option Unit price Total Cost

Purchase Unit $ 130000 S 130000

Lease Unit (per month) $ 3500 S 84000

assumes lease of 24 months and does not include shipping costs or installation

Additional costs including bench scale testing and operatingmaintenance costs are summarized in Table 6-1 below Further discussion is provided as well

Additional costs that will be accrued include shipment of the unit installation of the system any required permitting liquid oxygen (dewars cylinders) and hydrogen peroxide supply and electricity to operate the system APT recommends polishing the effluent from the HiPOx unit with a catalyst to remove the residual hydrogen peroxide The need for a catalyst such as activated carbon will be evaluated based on field conditions It is anticipated that a polishing step will not be required during the effluent spray application


27 AVAILABILITY

According to APT once the order is placed for the system it will take approximately 2 to 6 weeks to be assembled and shipped to the Site The availability of a leased unit will likely take less time approximately 2 to 4 weeks


3 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE UV DESTRUCTION - CALGON CARBONS RAYOX The Rayox system supplied by Calgon Carbon Corporation of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania utilizes hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light to destroy 14-dioxane in groundwater Hydrogen peroxide is added to the influent groundwater as high powered medium pressure ultraviolet lamps (up to 30 kW) emit high energy UV radiation through a quartz sleeve Hydroxyl radicals are formed oxidizing dissolved contaminants By-products of the technology are water and carbon dioxide There is no transfer of contaminants to a different media (ie air) nor is there any hazardous waste to dispose

The Rayox system proposed for the Keefe upgrade 30 kW unit includes the Rayox reactor with quartz cleaner and power supply as well as a modem autodialer programmable logic controller (PLC) system controller and the hydrogen peroxide dosing system The system measures 49 inches long by 47 inches wide by 88 inches high and weighs approximately 7000 pounds Additional space is required around and above the system for maintenance


The power and electrical requirements for the KES treatment system upgrade are 30 kW at 480 VAC volts 3 phase 60 Hz Based on the chemical makeup of the extracted groundwater at Keefe Calgon estimates that approximately 9 Ibs of hydrogen peroxide (507c solution) will be required to operate this system per day


A Rayox bench scale test is required by Calgon to confirm the design of a full scale Rayox system Approximately 30 gallons of the influent to the existing treatment system would be collected and sent to Calgons laboratory in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania as part of this design test Upon completion of the test Calgon would provide an assessment on which Rayox systemmodel that would be appropriate for the facility as well as provide a hard cost for the equipment and estimated operating costs The bench scale design test takes three to four weeks to be completed


This technology has been shown to be successful in effectively breaking down 14-dioxane Three 90 kW Rayox systems in series have been in operation since 1994 at a chemical manufacturing facility in Salisbury North Carolina for the treatment of 14-dioxane (influent- 1 to 25 ppm) and biphenyl ether (influent - lt1 ppm) The system has operated successfully treating up to 615 gpm of extracted groundwater to standards less than 10 ppb The estimated OampM costs for this system are $0767 1000 gallons Woodard amp Curran has extensive experience operating and maintaining the Rayox system

34 ADVANTAGES



bull According to Calgon the technology is flexible in design retrofitted easily to existing systems and is fail-safe for operator safety


35 DISADVANTAGES

bull Requires the addition of hydrogen peroxide which will necessitate more oversight than other alternatives

bull UV lamp replacement required every 3000 hours (3 per year)

bull Even with their Patented Field Proven Lamp Cleaning Device maintenance of the UV lamp could potentially result in some system down time

bull High power requirements maintenance requirements and operating costs

36 COST EVALUATION

The Ravox system can be purchased or leased on a monthly basis Pricing for both options were obtained to evaluate the most cost effective solution Shown in Table 3-1 below the cost to purchase and lease the system for a duration of 2 years are comparable with the purchase price slightly higher than the cost to lease for 24 months Should the system run for a longer duration (27 months or longer) purchasing the unit would be the most cost effective path Calgon estimates that it will cost S31200 a year or approximately $2600 month to operate the system (unadjusted) This includes electricity fat $010kWh) replacement of UV lamps and chemical (hydrogen peroxide) costs

Table 3-1 - Rayox Capital Cost Evaluation


Purchase Unit $ 84 000 $ 84000

Lease Unit (per month) $ 3200 $ 76800

assumes lease ot 24 months and does not include shipping costs or installation


Additional costs that will be accrued include shipment of the unit installation of the system any required permitting hydrogen peroxide supply replacement of UV lamps and electricity to operate the system

37 AVAILABILITY

According to Calgon once the order is placed to purchase a system it wil l take approximately 15 to 17 weeks for arrival to the Site Currently Calgon has two units that they lease The availabil i ty and condition of these units is unknown as of September 24 2004 However if leasing the Rayox system is the selected alternative and a lease unit is not available at the time Calgon w i l l build a new unit for lease which would take the 15 to 17 weeks for arrival

Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) 32 Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004

4 PHOTOCATALYSIS - PURIFICS PHOTO-CATreg The Photo-Cat system is designed and manufactured by Purifies of Ontario Canada This technology utilizes photocatalysis activating titanium dioxide (TiOi - catalyst) with light energy Organic pollutants are destroyed when mixed with the titanium dioxide slurry and exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light A diagram of the process is shown below in Figure 4-1 This process occurs within the reactor where photocatalytic racks are linked together in series andor parallel Chemical injections are not required for this process as the catalyst is completely recaptured and reintroduced into the influent stream due to the continuous TiO separation process

Figure 4-1 - Photo-Cat Chemistry Diagram iaeofcv

Adsorbed Oxygen Superoxide

Oxygen adical

Hydroxyl V^ IDesorbed Ion Oxygen

Hydroxyl Radical Radical

From i f f i Am u pniitii s ngtmPC-Cht nun html

The Photo-Cat system proposed for the Keefe upgrade the 25 kW Model 2004 is shown in Figure 4-2 below This system contains 10 photocatalytic racks and has a flow capacity of 0 to 25 gpm pH and temperature are monitored by the system both upstream and downstream of the reactor The system is controlled automatically by a PLC with an integral link to the SCADA system

Figure 4-2 - Photo-Cat- 25kW Model 2004


A Material Safety Data Sheet for titanium dioxide can be found at the following link

httpwwwhealthy-communicationscommsdstitaniumdioxidehtml


The power and electrical requirements for the KES treatment system upgrade are 285 kW at 230 volts 3 phase with 100 amp disconnect There are no chemicals to add and the only component that should be replaced on a regular time frame is the UV lamp The UV lamp has an operational lifetime of at least 16000 hours approximately 18 years Should the KES treatment system require additional operation past this time the UV lamp will need to be replaced According to product literature the SCADA system documents the lamp usage and notifies the user when it needs replacement Cleaning of the UV lamp is not required Some applications have required the addition of hydrogen peroxide however this is not anticipated to be the case at the KES site

The range of water temperature that the system will operate within is 5 to 50 degC


An on-site pilot test is recommended by Purifies during the design phase to ensure optimum performance and effectiveness of the full scale system A mobile Photo-Cat system is brought to the site with a Purifies technician The mobile system is operated for approximately one week in duration varying operating parameters to determine full scale treatment rates Effluent samples can be collected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system


The technology has been proven to effectively destroy 14-dioxane in groundwater Purifies has a local installation treating 14-dioxane since July 2002 with influent concentrations of 2500 ppb Discharge levels to surface water are non-detect (less than 5 ppb)

44 ADVANTAGES

bull Replacement of lamp required after 16000 hours (18 years)

bull No catalyst cost system continuously recovers catalyst

bull Low noise


bull Insensitive to dissolved solids

bull Not inhibited by turbidity or pH levels

bull No fouling operates with water containing iron

bull Instant onoff capability no warm-up or cool down period

bull No quartz tube wipers or quartz tube service required


45 DISADVANTAGES

bull Replacement of lamp is costly ($12000) and will require some system downtime (approximately 4 hours)

bull Elevated operating costs (see Section 5 for more details)

46 COST EVALUATION

The Photo-Cat system can be purchased or leased on a monthly basis Pricing for both options were obtained to evaluate the most cost effective solution Shown in Table 4-1 below it the system is to operate for a duration of only 2 years it is more cost effective to lease this unit However should the system run tor over 33 months purchasing this unit would be the most cost ettective route to follow Purifies estimates that it will cost approximately $1300 a month to operate the system (unadjusted) This includes electrical costs at $0 06kW-h UV lamp replacement after 16 000 hours of use is extra

Table 4-1 - Photo-Cat Capital Cost Evaluation


Purchase Unit $ 180000 $ 180000 Lease Unit (per month) $ SiOO S H2000


Additional costs including pilot testing and operatingmaintenance costs are summarized in Table 6-1 below Further discussion is provided there as well

47 AVAILABILITY

According to Purities once the order is placed to purchase a system it wi l l take approximately 60 to 90 days to be built and shipped to the Site There is currently a 10 rack system available tor lease (September 2 2004) however it may be purchased and not available tor the KES site It it is purchasedleased Purities would have to build a new unit tor us to lease which would take the 60 to 90 days to be built and shipped to the Site The 10 rack system is oversized tor the KES site application

Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) 4 3 Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004


The evaluation of using activated carbon for treatment of 14-dioxane was limited due to findings from a literature review and discussions with Calgon regarding the effectiveness and resulting cost of implementation Although this alternative is effective in treated other contaminants it is not recommended for this application removal of 14-dioxane due to its ineffectiveness and resulting increased costs to implement Calgon ran through their model to evaluate the amount and cost of carbon required for the KES site With the reduced effectiveness of this alternative the costs provided are included here for comparison basis


Due to 14-dioxanes low KtK and Henrys Law Constant 14-dioxane does not adsorb to carbon efficiently Two 20000 pound liquid granular activated carbon units were ineffective at reducing 14shydioxane influent levels of 14 ug1 to the goal of 3 ug1 at a site in El Monte California (Mohr 2001)

52 COST EVALUATION

Based on a flowrate of 25 gpm and an average influent 14-dioxane concentration of 50 ppb Calgons model recommended using two 20000 pound granular activated carbon units in series to reduce levels below 3 ppb Capital costs for this equipment would be approximately $180000 The time between carbon change-outs was estimated to be 144 days for the two units requiring replacement of the carbon approximately 25 times per year Each carbon replacement including removal of spent carbon transportation services etc was estimated to cost $50000 for a yearly cost of $ 125000



61 EFFECTIVENESS AND AVAILABILITY

As discussed in Section 5 activated carbon is the least effective 14-dioxane treatment technology evaluated The remaining alternatives hydrogen peroxideozone destruction hydrogen peroxideUV destruction and photocatalysis have all been shown to be effective in reducing levels of 14-dioxane In addition they all breakdown 14-dioxane into benign by-products with no waste to dispose of off-site

Although more costly to operate discussed in the following section the Photo-Cat system is advantageous in that minimal oversight is required since there are no chemicals to monitor and handle However the HiPOx technology has been well documented and used extensively in California where there is a strong 14-dioxane regulatory movement The HiPOx system is widely used in 14-dioxane treatment applications

In purchasing this equipment the Rayox and Photo-Cat systems will take longer to deliver (3 Vi to 4 Vi months and 2 to 3 months respectively) in comparison to the HiPOx system (i to 1 Vi month) If the HiPOx system is leased APT estimated 2 to 1 month for delivery depending on what was in stock at the time A Photo-Cat system is currently available for lease however the unit may be purchased and unavailable at a later date If purchased by another customer it wi l l take 2-3 months for Purifies to build a new unit for lease A Rayox unit may be available however as of September 24 2004 future availability of the two lease1 units was unknown Manufacturing of a new lease1 unit would take 3 Vi to 4 2 months

62 COST TO IMPLEMENT

All of the evaluated remedial systems can be purchased outright The HiPOx Rayox and PhotoCat systems can also be leased on a monthly basis As discussed previously if the system is to operate for a duration of 2 years leasing of the equipment appears to be the most cost effective solution for the HiPOx Rayox and PhotoCat systems Should the system operate for a longer period of time (HiPOx - 37 months Rayox - 27 months and PhotoCat - 33 months) purchasing the unit would be more cost effective Cost estimates were obtained from each of the vendors and are summarized in Table 6-1 below

Overall the purchase price of Calgons Rayox system and the operating costs for APTs HiPOx system are the least expensive The cost to lease the HiPOx system for a period of 2 years is the same to purchase Calgons Rayox System (S84000) however the operational costs of the Rayox system are significantly higher than the HiPOx system

As discussed in Section 5 the cost to implement activated carbon as the remedial solution is significantly higher than the other alternatives Specifically although the capital costs are comparable to the PhotoCat system (if system is purchased not leased) the operating costs for activated carbon are considerably higher

The operational costs including electricity UV lamp replacement and chemicals for the remaining three alternatives (excluding activated carbon) range from $500 to S2600 per month (unadjusted) and $500 to $3100 (adjusted) The lower operational cost for the HiPOx system ($500) is due pnmanlv to the electrical requirements in comparison to the other systems As mentioned in the notes below Table 6-1 Punfics $1900 estimate of monthly operation cost includes replacement of UV lamp once during a 2 year period and was based on an electricity rate of $006 per kW-h Since APT provided the monthly estimate


for electricity and chemicals combined and with a rate of $012 per kW-h the monthly operating cost for the Photo-Cat system was adjusted to reflect the same rate as the HiPOx system at $012 per kW-h This increased the operating cost from approximately $1900 to $3200 as shown in Table 6-1 In addition Calgons Rayox systems operating cost was based on an electrical rate of $010 per kW-h Adjusting this to compare with the other alternatives ($012 per kW-h) raises the monthly operating cost from $2600 to $3000

Therefore based on the total costs leasing of the HiPOx system is the most cost effective solution Should the system operate over 3 years (37 months) the system should be purchased and not leased


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63 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the evaluation of technical feasibility effectiveness availability and cost of the selected remedial alternatives Woodard amp Curran recommends the implementation of APTs HiPOx system at the Keefe Environmental Services Site for the removal destruction of 14-dioxane from site groundwater This alternative was selected based on the following rationale

bull 14-dioxane is destroyed not transferred to a different media

bull No waste will be generated for disposal all by-products are benign

bull Technology is well documented extensive use in California who is leading the 14-dioxane regulatory movement

bull Quick turnaround to have built and shipped to site

bull Low operational costs compared to other alternatives and

bull The overall most cost effective solution

Woodard amp Curran has recommended the selection of APTs HiPOx unit for the KES site and has with the approval of the NHDES and USEPA proceeded with bench scale testing design and implementation of the selected remedy for 14-dioxane treatment Based on our knowledge of all systems compared Woodard amp Curran feels the selected system 1) can achieve the treatment goal of lt3 ppb for 14-dioxane 2) will have the lowest operation and maintenance costs 3) is most capable of meeting the timeframe for implementation and 3) is the most advantageous system for the KES site


TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION

1 INTRODUCTION

2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OXONE DESTRUCTION - APT - HIPOXTM

2 1 Operational Requirements 2 2 Design Requirements 2 3 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 2 4 Advantages 2 5 Disadvantages 26 Cost Evaluation 27 Availability

3 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE UV DESTRUCTION - CALGON CARBONS RAYOX

31 Operational Requirements 32 Design Requirements 33 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 34 Advantages 35 Disadvantages 36 Cost Evaluation 37 Availability

4 PHOTOCATALYSIS - PURIFICS PHOTO-CATreg

4 1 Operational Requirements 4 2 Design Requirements 43 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 4 4 Advantages 4 5 Disadvantages 4 6 Cost Evaluation 47 Availability


51 Treatment Effectiveness Case Study 5 2 Cost Evaluation


6 1 Effectiveness and Availability 62 Cost to Implement 63 Recommendation

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Keefe Environmental Services (project 93424) i Woodard amp Curran Phase 54 Keefe Dioxane Evaluation Report doc December 2004

LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF FIGURES

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LIST OF TABLES

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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







47 AVAILABILITY







52 COST EVALUATION

















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11 1 1 4 1 - bull i i i - i i i i i




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25 DISADVANTAGES



26 COST EVALUATION










27 AVAILABILITY











34 ADVANTAGES





35 DISADVANTAGES





36 COST EVALUATION









37 AVAILABILITY






Oxygen adical
















44 ADVANTAGES



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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







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52 COST EVALUATION

















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24 ADVANTAGES






25 DISADVANTAGES



26 COST EVALUATION










27 AVAILABILITY











34 ADVANTAGES





35 DISADVANTAGES





36 COST EVALUATION









37 AVAILABILITY






Oxygen adical
















44 ADVANTAGES



bull Low noise








45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







47 AVAILABILITY







52 COST EVALUATION

















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27 AVAILABILITY











34 ADVANTAGES





35 DISADVANTAGES





36 COST EVALUATION









37 AVAILABILITY






Oxygen adical
















44 ADVANTAGES



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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







47 AVAILABILITY







52 COST EVALUATION

















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34 ADVANTAGES





35 DISADVANTAGES





36 COST EVALUATION









37 AVAILABILITY






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44 ADVANTAGES



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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







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52 COST EVALUATION

















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35 DISADVANTAGES





36 COST EVALUATION









37 AVAILABILITY






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44 ADVANTAGES



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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







47 AVAILABILITY







52 COST EVALUATION

















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44 ADVANTAGES



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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







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46 COST EVALUATION







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45 DISADVANTAGES



46 COST EVALUATION







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52 COST EVALUATION

















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63 RECOMMENDATION










Date post:	19-Mar-2019
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