1450-1750 Compare Russia’s interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following

(Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West

Who is the “West” and why are they important?

Mughal (MOH-guhl) India1526-1761

Toleration – Akbar’s (r. 1556-1605) new “Divine Faith” (Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, Christian)

Nanak’s Sikhs (1469-1539)

1723-Fragmentation favors European intrusions

Lessons Not Learned From the West

Ottoman & Mughal decline/Changes in military tech & world economy- difficulty of basing land empire on military paid in land grants

Money not in agriculture but in trade Seafaring countries turn trade networks into

maritime empires (ship design, navigation, cannon)

Joint-stock companies (English East India Co. 1600-Dutch E India Co. 1602

Ming China 1368-1644

International demand for silk, lacquered furniture

Manufacturing: Assembly line production of porcelain (“china”)

16th c European merchants

Silverization

Demand for silver opens ports at Macao and Canton

Silver comes from “Manila Galleons” 16th Century Jesuits allowed to enter

(Matteo Ricci) China not interested in European

goods (clocks were like toys) Market gets glutted Manchu

invaders fall of Ming

Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New

Ideas Welcomes Jesuits Create European style maps Hold important offices Their medical knowledge

(quinine) saves him from malariaJesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

Chinese Influence on Europeans

Variolation (an early form of inoculation) Wealthy & aspiring middle classes

demanded silk, tea, carved ivory (African finished in China)

Wallpaper Voltaire proclaimed ChingEmperors model philosopher-kings who prevented aristocratic privilege-poems by EmperorQianlong(1770’s)translated into French 1694-1778

Russia’s Peter the Great1689-1725

At his enthronement, there were 100’s of western merchants in Moscow,

European soldiers trained army in new weapons & techniques, Italian architects changed look of city

1697-1698/travels to Europe-success due to trade (money for weapons) & toleration (talented fleeing persecution)

Modernizes & westernizes army, fashions, requires wives to end seclusion & attend functions, nobility educate their children

Russia’s “Westernization” was

limited Civil & foreign wars in late 16th early 17th transformed peasants to serfs

Tsars centralized power of expanding empire & rewarded nobles w/peasants

Peasants could change masters during a 2 week period each year-so were treated better

1649 peasants-serfs/tied to land-runaways had to be returned to master

Tokugawa Japanese1603-1853

Using guns within 30 yrs. of Portuguese landing in 1543

No interest in each other’s goods, so Dutch bought gold & silver in Japan to buy Chinese silk to resell

Tokugawa Japanese1603-1853

Catholic missionaries converted 300,000 non-elites by early 17th

1614-new Shogun persecutesChristians & ends European trade to end influence Dutch on Nagasaki’s island spread weapons tech, shipbuildingmath, astronomy, anatomy, geography

“Dutch studies”

Francis XavierDied in Japan in

1552

Ottomans1300-1922

1453-Use Hungarian cannon to take Constantinople

Conquest of Balkans (late 14th) provided them w/Christian POWs for military slaves (Janissaries)

1718-1730 “Tulip Period” craze for high priced tulips-experimented w/European clothing, furniture & printing