145969171 New Method for Port Logistics

8/10/2019 145969171 New Method for Port Logistics

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EGBERTO FIORAVANTI RIBEIRO

NEW METHOD FOR

PORT LOGISTICS

1st

Edition

Rio de Janeiro Bra!i"E#$erto F Ri$eiro

%&1'



Egberto F Ribeiro

A()no*"ed#+ents

I *ant to t,an) o-r God .or t,is $ri#,t t,e+e and .or +/

,ea"t, and ti+e to de0e"o t,is .ast +ean o. trans ortation2 *,i(, I ,o e

to $e ,e" in# t,e reser0ation o. ("ean en0iron+ent3

5



NEW METHOD FOR PORT LOGISTICS

Dedi(ation

I *ant to dedi(ate t,is *or) to +/ .a+i"/2 $/ t,e s- ort and

,e" in so ,ard tas) to de0e"o and to $rin# to inner 0ie* *,at sti""

doesn4t e5ist3

6



Egberto F Ribeiro

Internationa" data Cata"o# $/ t,e P-$"is,er3 Res onsi$"e Li$rarian6 Mara Re7ane Vi(ente Tei5eira3

Ri$eiro2 E#$erto F3 8E#$erto Fiora0anti92 1:;&<

Ne* Met,od .or Port Lo#isti(s=E#$erto Fiora0anti Ri$eiro>trans"ated into internationa" En#"is, $/ t,e a-t,or3 <

Rio de Janeiro2 RJ 6 A-t,or P-$"is,er2 %&1'3 %%? 3 > %1 (+3

13 Container trans ortation3 %3 Port "o#@sti(s3'3 Internationa" trade3 I3 T@t"e3

CDD 8 %% ed39?; 3 ;

Co /ri#,t %&1'E#$erto Fiora0anti Ri$eiro

T,e A-t,or is t,e on"/ ,o"der o. t,e A-t,or Ri#,ts o. t,is *or) Ne*Met,od .or Port Lo#isti(s and t,e +et,ods and ro7e(ts des(ri$ed3 T,e A-t,or

ro,i$its a"" and e0er/ )ind o. rintin# re rod-(tion2 sa"es o. ro7e(ts $/

,/si(a" or di#ita" +eans2 +e+or/ .i"es2 ,oto(o /2 e"e(troni( (o++er(e2

distri$-tion $/ ta e2 $road(ast2 TV (a$"e2 CD2 ,one SMS2 *ire"ess or an/

e"e(troni( +eans2 *it,o-t t,e *ritten a-t,ori!ation si#ned $/ t,e A-t,or3

R3 Sen E-! $io2 '& A t 1&? F"a+en#o < Rio de Janeiro<RJ<Bra!i"3 %%%;&<& &P,one6 8;;9 %1<&%1<'1 ?? 1 e+ai"<to e#.ior ,ot+ai"3(o+

ISBN 978-85-906811-7-5

7




INDEX

CHAPTER Pre.a(e333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333Introd-(tion3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

&1 G"o$a" Lo#isti(s3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1&% Port C,a""en#e333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333&' S,i s333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333& H-+an Reso-r(e333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 %;&; Mariti+e Frei#,t333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ''&? Container Wei#,t 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1& Mariti+e Ins-ran(e33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ;& THC Ter+ina" Hand"in# C,ar#es3333333333333333333333&: E -i +ents .or Container3333333333333333333333333333333333 ;1& C"ean Trans ortation33333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ?;11 Container Mode33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333331% Bonded Ware,o-se3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 :'1' In0oi(e3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333331 Container St-..in#333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1&&1; Pra(ti(e o. St-..in# 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1&%1? Sa.e Containeri!ation3333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1&1 ISO Containers33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 111 H-$ Ports333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333331: Car#o P"an333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333%& Moorin#3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333%1 Port O eration333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 1%% Ware,o-sin#33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333%' Genera" Car#o Loadin#3333333333333333333333333333333333 1?% Container4s Ter+ina"33333333333333333333333333333333333333 1 ?%; Tra/tainer3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333%? Statisti(s3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333% Con("-sion3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

Bio#ra ,/333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

8



Egberto F Ribeiro

Preface

A ne* +et,od o. s,i in# ,as to ser0e s,i s ea(, ti+e "ar#er t,an

e0er2 t,at4s *,/ t,ere is t,e need o. a ne*est s/ste+ o. orts and s,i s2

.o""o*in# t,e reasona$"e t,in)in# .or an on"/ (o+ an/ or (or orations to o*n

and +ana#e t,e s,i in# ser0i(es .ro+ orts to (arriers3 T,e $ert,in# o. s,i s

s,o-"d $e $-i"t o-t o. t,e strea+ (-rrents to o erate Me#a<s,i s and Feeders

s/n(,rono-s"/3 T,e traditiona" s,i str-(t-re o. t,e .ra+es2 .ro+ t,e ,o"ds tode() and - *ard ,as to $e (,an#ed to s,e"0es2 it *i"" rein.or(e t,e s,i 3 T,is

ne* ("ass o. s,i (an $e (a""ed DiaMa#<s,i 8dia+a#neti(93 T,ere is te(,ni(a"

s- ort and arts .or ,er i++ediate (onstr-(tion3 T,e #antr/ (rane ind-stries

don4t need to - date t,eir (ranes to o erate .aster *it, Feeders2 $e(a-se t,e

(ontainers *i"" $e stored in s,e"0es and t,ere *i"" ,a0e an eas/ *or) $et*een

$ot, to .o""o* t,e s eed o..ered $/ DiaMa#<s,i s3T,e ne* +ode" o. ort needs 1%&+ o. -a/ to insta"" a $rid#e *it,

retra(ti"e "at.or+ in order to (onne(t t,e re<sta()in# at t,e s,i 2 .o-r (o"-+ns

are si+i"ar to a etro"e-+ "at.or+3 T,e $rid#e is near ?&+ *ide2 $-t +-st

,a0e so+e s a(e on t,e *,ar. to +o0e aside to #i0e ("ean area .or s,i 4s

9




+oorin#3 T,e Tri "e<e s,i *i"" $e +oored $/ ,er stern2 o ened ,er doors and

(onne(ted to t,e re<sta()in# $/ a $rid#e to trans.er (ontainers on Tra/tainers3

T,e s/ste+ o. s,e"0es in H-$< orts is t,e sa+e .or Me#a<s,i s2 .eeders2 or

s+a""er 0esse"s3 Ea(, $a/ and ro* *i"" $e -n"oaded and "oaded t,ro-#, t,e

s,i 4s #ates to t,e $rid#e3 T,e Tra/tainers are sent .ro+ s,e"0es in t,e s,i and

t,ro-#, t,e $rid#es *i"" $e sent to s,e"0es in t,e ort3 T,e $rid#e *or)s at t,e

sa+e tier to +o0e t,e Tra/tainers2 .ro+ ,i#, to "o*er tiers3 T,e .irst -estion

I40e re(ei0ed is ,o* +an/ eo "e *i"" *or)K I sa/ t,e sa+e *,i(, are

*or)in# toda/2 $e(a-se t,is s/ste+ does not ("ose an/ 7o$2 $-t *i""

in(rease t,e de0e"o +ent o. ot,er +eans *it, "o* .-e" (ons-+ tion3 In

a *or"d o. near :& (ontainer s,i s2 t,ere are on"/ .e* -nities o. Tri "e<

e s,i s3 T,at4s eno-#, to $e#in2 *,en ne* s,i s +a/ $e $-i"t in t,is

sa+e +et,od in t,e ne5t /ears3As soon as a "ar#er DiaMa#<s,i anno-n(es ,er arri0a" to an/

ort2 ,er +et,od o. o eration a""o*s a"" DiaMa#<s,e"0es orts to $e

- dated 0er/ easi"/3 It #i0es #ood (ontri$-tion to t,e *or"d*ide Port

Lo#isti(s to o erate .riend"/ *it, a"" "iners3

10



Egberto F Ribeiro

INTRODUCTION

T,e re(ent internationa" +eetin# in Rio %& ,a ened in J-ne %&1%2

in Rio de Janeiro Bra!i"2 t,e #o0ern+ents o. a ,-ndred nations ,a0e

dis(-ssed t,e *a/ to de0e"o a ne* +ode" o. ind-str/ *it,o-t a##ression to

nat-re2 to rote(t2 to de.end t,e en0iron+ent2 to red-(e t,e e+ission o. (ar$on

and a $etter -se o. ener#/3 T,at4s t,e (o++it+ent o. t,ese nations and its

(iti!ens to (o+e to#et,er to t,e #reen ener#/3

T,e e+ission o. CO (a-sed $/ ind-str/ ,as do-$"ed its $ad e..e(t

-nder 0e,i("es (ons-+ers o. ,/dro(ar$ons .-e"3 To red-(e t,e da+a#e on

en0iron+ent2 t,e -se o. a"(o,o" to (ars in ,/$rid en#ines ,as o..ered a #reat

,e" to red-(e t,e oisono-s e+ission o. #ases3 Bra!i" ,as introd-(ed t,e -se o.

a"(o,o" .or +ore t,en t,irt/ /ears2 no* *it, ne* te(,ni -es and +ateria"s non

(orrosi0es2 t,e rod-(t is $ein# -sed o0er t,e entire *or"d3 T,e st-dies one..e(ts (a-sed on en#ines $/ a"(o,o" ,as $een de0e"o ed in Bra!i"ian ind-stries

and -ni0ersities and to (on0in(e in0estors is $een ,ard t,an e0er3 W,i"e t,e

*ood a"(o,o" *as de0e"o ed $/ Ger+an/ in WWII2 Bra!i" ,as t,e s-#ar (ane

ind-str/ in o eration .or .i0e (ent-ries2 it *as t,e .irst Bra!i"ian rod-(t in t,e

11




E-ro ean +ar)et3 T,e )no* ,o* $orn *it, t,is .-e" in t,e So-t, He+is ,ere

is no* $ein# a "ied on t,e entire *or"d3 So+e st-dies and +et,ods o. *or)

are $ein# de0e"o ed on se0era" (o-ntries to dri0e a"" t,e ,-+anit/ on a $etter

*a/ o. "i.e3 T,e de0e"o +ent o. na0a" trans ortation ind-str/ (an4t do

e0er/t,in# a"one2 $-t to#et,er *it, orts and t,e #o0ern+ents at t,e N3 T,e

.aster +o0e+ent o. (ontaineri!ed (ar#oes $/ roads2 rai"s and s,i s2 ,e" ed $/

ne* te(,no"o#ies2 ,as t,e need to $e a "ied -nder t,e sa+e +et,od o. *or) a""

o0er t,e *or"d3

Bra!i"ian ant,e+ sa/s t,e nation is Giant $/ O*n Nat-re 3 T,e

(o-ntr/ is t,e ; t, in territor/ e5tension and its in"and doesn4t ,a0e deserts as

Sa,ara2 +o-ntains as Hi+a"a/a2 or sea as t,e Cas ian2 or 0o"(ani( Rid#e as t,e

Andes2 nor sno* in t,e *inter2 $-t ,as rain and #reen .ie"ds o0er t,e /ear3 A""

t,ese .a(ts e"e(ts Bra!i" as a nat-ra" a#ri(-"t-re ro0ider o. .ood to t,e *or"d

and it ,as to $e sent to (ons-+ers $/ a"" +eans3W,en Bra!i" *as dis(o0ered2 t,e Port-#-ese $e"ie0ed it *as an

is"and2 .e* +ont,s "ater d-rin# t,e .irst e5 "orations2 t,e/ rea"i!ed it *as

a"+ost a (ontinent3 T,e na+e Bra!i" (a+e .ro+ a tree *it, t,e $"a!e4s (o"or and

0er/ -sed in E-ro e to d/e in red t,e ("ot,es2 t,at *as an e o(, .as,ion (o"or3

T,e se(ond +ain rod-(t *as t,e s-#ar (ane *,i(, "ast "on#er t,an .i0e

(ent-ries3 T,e rod-(tion o. a"(o,o" a"on# t,e s-#ar and a 0ariet/ o. #rains aree5 orted $/ So-t,ern orts3 T,e +e(,ani!ation ,as en(o-ra#ed .ar+ers to

e5 and t,eir "and to ot,er states2 *,ere t,ese +et,ods *ere not -sed in t,e

a#ri(-"t-ra" e(ono+/ o. #rain3 No* t,ese rod-(ts are a"so e5 orted 0ia t,e

Nort,ern orts o. t,e (o-ntr/ to t,e *,o"e *or"d3

1



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,e rod-(tion o. .r-its as oran#e and a "e2 asso(iated *it, so/a

+i") in "on# "i.e a()in# ,as $een a ne* +ar)et .or ind-stries3 T,e ,ea0/

ind-str/ o. iron and a"-+in-+ are resent on t,e entire *or"d3 A"" t,at

rod-(tion is sent to (ons-+ers in (ontainers3 T,e rod-(tion o. (att"e2 +i")2

o-"tr/ are a"so e5 orted $/ (ontainers and .or t,at a""2 t,ere is t,e need o.

orts s e(ia"i!ed in (ontainers2 t,e *e"" )no*n Port Containers Ter+ina"s3

T,e s e(ia"i!ed orts to e5 ort (ontainers o-#,t to $e read/ .or

s,i in# a"" t,e in"and #oods3 Sin(e t,e se0ent/4s2 t,e )no*"ed#e on orts2

s,i s and +et,ods ,a0e s-..ered se0era" -ns-((ess.-" e5 erien(es3 T,e N ,as

#i0en a rea" "ine o. t,in)in# *,i(, is $ein# .o""o*ed $/ se0era" (o-ntries and a

(o++on +e(,anis+ o. e..i(ien(/ ,a0e rea(,ed /ear a.ter /ear3 To ser0e t,e

internationa" $-siness on #oods e5(,an#e2 .ro+ east to *est2 t,ere are so(ia"

r-"es t,at +-st $e o$e/ed2 .or eo "e do not )i"" t,e .-t-re o. t,eir sons3

1!




1- GLOBAL LOGISTICS

T,e .irst E-ro ean sear(, to t,e Orienta" +ar)et *as *it,o-t do-$t

t,e Mar(o Po"o4s .a+i"/3 In 1 1 2 t,e In.ant Do+ Pedro .ro+ Port-#a" did a

tri o. ten /ears t,ro-#, E-ro e to t,e Midd"e East *,ere ,e #ot t,e ne*s

$ro-#,t $/ t,e +er(,ant o. Veni(e3 Mar(o Po"o $ro-#,t a sa+ "e o. o*der

.ro+ C,ina and in ,is $oo) a 0er/ i+ ortant in.or+ation> ,e ,ad $een to t,e

"ast is"and $e.ore t,e "ar#e o(ean Pa(i.i(2 a "a(e .ro+ *,ere t,e Po"ar star *as

not seen3 T,e $oo) *as read on a"" E-ro e and (onsidered +ere ,antas/2 $-t

0er/ 0a"-a$"e to t,e Port-#-ese )in#2 ,is sons and to t,e $is,o s2 t,e/

(o+ ared t,e Po"o4s ne*s to t,e is"ands s,o*n in Danie"4s $oo)3 T,e (onstant

*ar $et*een I$erian (o-ntries and Sara(en in0asion on Port-#a" territor/

.or(ed t,e (orre(t ada tion o. o*der Q #-n3 T,e )no*n (annons in t,ose da/s

*ere too ,ea0/ and did not resist +ore t,an t*o or t,ree s,ots3 T,e ,ea0/

(annons ,ad to $e rod-(ed near t,e *ar .ie"ds and +o0ed $/ a"+ost %&&

,orses2 *,i"e Port-#a" de0e"o ed "i#,t (annons to $e +o0ed $/ ten +en3

Port-#a" )ne* t,e Sara(en se(ret6 t,e +a""ea$"e stee" and -sed it to +a)e "i#,t

(annons and to insta"" t,e+ on "ar#e $oats $-i"t to de.end t,e Te7o and ot,er

ri0ers3 Later2 t,is $oat4s .ra+es *ere t,e +ode" .or t,e (ara0e"3 T,is "ar#e s,i

1"



Egberto F Ribeiro

.or (ar#oes *as a$"e to sai" $et*een anti odes re#ions3

Port-#a" and t,e Sara(ens *ere in *ar .or (ent-ries and t,e o.ten

es(a e o. Ara$ian *arriors to t,e desert $e,ind t,e +o-ntains o. Ce-ta ,ad

ta)en t,e In.ant Do+ Henri -e to .i#,t $e,ind t,e desert3 T,e ne* strate#/

de0e"o ed $/ t,e rin(e *as (a""ed t,e India4s P"an3 T,e "an *as to ("ose t,e

rear#-ard .or do not a""o* t,e Sara(ens to es(a e3 To rea(, t,at osition o. *ar

t,ere *as t,e need o. a ne* ."eet as sai"ors2 $oats*ain2 i"ots and (a tains to

sai" on -n)no*n seas3 T,e Port-#-ese rin(e ,ired Ita"ian +asters2 te(,ni(ians2

(os+o#ra ,ers2 (arto#ra ,ers and +ade a s(,oo" o. na0i#ation in ,is o*n

,o-se in t,e A"#ar0es3 T,e ne* na0i#ators (o-"d ne0er to sto t,e Sara(en4s

es(a e ro-te2 $-t t,e/ dis(o0ered t,e ,a". o. t,e -n)no*n "ands o. t,e *or"d3

Toda/ t,ere is t,e sa+e (,a""en#e2 *,en a ne* ti+e needs a ne*

+et,od o. *or)3 T,e s,i o*ners ,a0e $-i"t s,i s .o-r t,o-sands ti+es "ar#er

t,an a (ara0e"3 W,i"e t,e *or"d e(ono+/ s"o*s do*n2 it4s ti+e to (reate ne*)ind o. s,i s2 orts2 +et,ods and e -i +ents .or TE s3 On +/ e<$oo) *ritten

in %&&% Lo#isti(a de Container I ,a0e *ritten a ,ase -sed in ("ass For t,e

e..e(ti0eness o. a trainin# is re -ired e5 erien(e o. t,ose *,o tea(, and

s ontaneo-s deter+ination o. t,ose *,o *is, to "earn2 so e0er/one (an

o0er(o+e t,e initia" attern to esta$"is, ne* and a-da(io-s tar#ets3

15




2- PORT CHALLENGE

Lar#er 0esse"s ,a0e $een e5 e(ted to $e $-i"t .or +ore t,an si5t/

/ears2 sin(e t,e .irst s- ertan)er ,ad $een ordered $/ t,e s,i o*ner Mr

Onassis3 T,ere is no *a/ to ada t a ort $-i"t .or #enera" (ar#o s,i s to a((e t a

Tri "e<E s,i as in a H-$ Port3 Lar#e s,i s ,a0e too +an/ (ontainers to +o0e

t,ro-#, a $ott"ene() to a "ar#e (ontainer ter+ina"3 T,ese s,i s are not a ro0ed

.or (on0entiona" orts2 *,ere t,e s -are +eter o. "and is too e5 ensi0e3 T,e ort4s -a/ is narro* and dan#ero-s "a(e .or *or)ers2 e0en *,en t,ere are

so+e (ontainers .or ins e(tion3

T,ere *as a ti+e2 *,en t,e (a tain *anted to sta/ +oored at t,e

-a/ *it,o-t o eration2 on"/ to #i0e a .ree ti+e to ,is (re*+en in do*nto*n3

Toda/2 t,in#s are -ite di..erent2 t,ere is no "a!/ ti+e at -a/ a.ter +oorin#3

J-st .e* /ears a#o2 se0era" s,i /ards ,a0e de0e"o ed t,e Pana+a52 *it, t,e ro osa" to red-(e t,e e5 enses on .-e" and to red-(e t,e (osts o. .rei#,t2

*,i(, are a"read/ o-tdated in si!e3

A"" t,e rod-(ti0e (,ain is en#a#ed in t,e sa+e t,in)in# on t,e

entire *or"d2 to in(rease t,e rod-(tion *it, t,e red-(tion o. (osts3 At .i.t/

/ears a#o2 an Ita"ian s(ooter (ost t,e sa+e ri(e o. a $"a() and *,ite ,o+e

16



Egberto F Ribeiro

te"e0ision3 T,e ,i#, te(,no"o#/ e5istin# on"/ in 0er/ e5 ensi0e (ars are no*

$ein# a "ied in o -"ar (ars3 T,e orts didn4t ,a0e #ood ers e(ti0e to attend

ea(, ne* )ind o. s,i s2 *,ere so+eti+es t,e 0esse" is "ar#er t,an t,e ort3 T,e

Pana+a Cana" *or)in# .or a ne* *idt, to re(ei0e s,i s ;' "ar#er t,an its

o*n ear"ier *idt,3 Ho*e0er2 it see+s not to $e eno-#,2 t,e ne* ro7e(t ,as

$een s-r assed $/ "ar#er s,i s3 For s-(, tar#et2 it ,as $een *or)in# ,ard to

en"ar#e t,e #ates and re(ei0e s,i s ea(, ti+e *ider2 it see+s to e5ist a s,i /ard

ra(in# to *in a TE s re(ord on t,e G-inness Boo)3

Sear(,in# t,e G"o$a" Lo#isti(s to red-(e (osts2 s,i o*ners are

- datin# t,e trans ort ro-tes and t,e (onne(tin# *ater*a/s2 rai"*a/s2 roads

and orts2 no +atter ,o* distant t,e/ are2 i. .ro+ s+a"" to "ar#e (ities3 T,e

e(ono+i(a""/ and 0ia$"e trans ortation +-st $e ."e5i$"e2 $e(a-se it re -ires

se0era" a((ess roads and rai"s to a roa(, t,e distan(e $et*een t,e +inera" to

orts and t,e r-ra" rod-(ers to t,e ind-stries ti"" t,e orts3 T,e +ost i+ ortanta((ess roads *i"" $e t,ose *,i(, o..ers t,e s,ortest distan(e $et*een t*o

oints2 no +atter *,i(, +eans o. trans ort *i"" $e -sed> ,i#,*a/2 rai"road or

*ater*a/3

In a G"o$a" Lo#isti(s .or ISO (ontainers2 t,e $-/er and t,e s,i er

+-st to de.ine t,e $est a ro riate +eans .or trans ortation> .ro+ t,e rod-(er

(o-ntr/ to t,e i+ orter (o-ntr/3 S,i ers +-st ,a0e t,e dis(i "ine re -ired $/"o#isti(s to enter in a #"o$a" trans ortation3 T,at4s *,/ t,e NCTAD ,as as)ed

.or trainin# t,e orts and ind-stries *or)ers to $-i"d t,eir +ind as on"/ one3

T,e ort "o#isti(s doesn4t $e#in at t,e ort2 $-t inside t,e ind-str/ or

ter+ina" *,ere t,e (ontainer is st-..ed3 Tea(,in# orts4 *or)ers is t,e on"/ *a/

17




to in(rease t,e s eed on s,i +ents2 or to a-to+ati!e a"" t,e ro(ess .ro+

sta()in#2 "oadin#2 re(ei0in# and de"i0er/3 There is no collective mind, where

people don't know what to do 3 Prote(tion and se(-rit/ .or transit $et*een

(o-ntries are t,e +ost i+ ortant a""ied on internationa" trade3 T,e rote(tion o.

(ar#oes inside ea(, (ontainer +-st $e added in t,e DNA o. a"" *or)ers2 no$od/

,as to sa/ to t,e+ *,at to do2 t,e/ +-st $e en(o-ra#ed to "earn2 so t,e/ *i""

)no* e5a(t"/ *,at to do3 A"" t,e (osts *it, arran#e+ent o. (ar#oes +-st $e

ana"/!ed and to tea(, t,e+ a"" t,e ser0i(es o..ered $/ t,e (o+ an/3

T,e (ontainer ter+ina" (o+ an/ *,i(, +ana#es #oods .ro+ t,e

State or re#ion +-st to in0o"0e t,eir e+ "o/ee *it, t,eir o"iti(s to en"ar#e t,e

-a"it/ o. ser0i(es3 T,e (o+ an/ ,as to $-i"d t,e o*ners4 +ind on t,e

e+ "o/ees2 trainin# t,e ,i#, sta.. on ne#otiation and internationa" tradin# and

sear(,in# .or ea(, re#ion4s ne(essities3 T,e *or)ers o. t,e "ast "e0e" +-st

-nderstand a"" t,e ro(ess o. internationa" trans ortation3 T,e/ +-st to )no**,at does t,e ind-str/ e5 e(ts o. t,e+ and *,at is t,e i+ ortan(e o. ea(, one

o. t,e+ in t,e rod-(ti0e (,ain3 T,e +oti0ation +-st o..ers t,e+ t,e

ossi$i"it/ to ("i+$ t,e ste s o. a #reat (areer in t,e (o+ an/2 e5 "ainin# t,eir

res onsi$i"ities2 to assist t,eir ("ients *it, #ood treat+ent2 i+ ro0in# t,e

+-t-a" res e(t a+on# a"" t,e e+ "o/ees3 T,e *or)ers +-st $e (o+ ared to

*at(,ers2 so t,e (o+ an/ ,as to ro0ide te"e ,one or $"a() $oard .or noti.i(ations3 T,e *or)ers are in to-(, to a"" t,e insta""ations and +-st to

(o++-ni(ate an/ +a".-n(tions on e -i +ents3 T,e/ ,a0e to .i"" t,e $"an)s on

dai"/ (,e()in# "ist to noti./ t,e +aintenan(e tea+ t,e e -i +ents o erationa"

state3 I. t,e re0enti0e +aintenan(e is in order2 or it needs to sto t,e o eration

18



Egberto F Ribeiro

to do t,e (orre(ti0e +aintenan(e3 T,e *or)ers (an noti(e inside t,e .a(i"ities

t,e e5isten(e o. se(-rit/ .ai"in#s *,en ,a ens in0asions3 T,e *or)ers (an see

t,e (onditions o. st-..in# into t,e (ontainers2 $e.ore t,e "oadin# o. (ar#oes and

a.ter t,e "oadin#2 i. t,e (ar#oes need to $e ro er"/ tied inside t,e (ontainers or

not3 A"" +ateria" ne(essar/ +-st $e s-##ested to $"o() t,e (ar#o2 as *ooden

.ra+es2 "asti( $a#s o. air2 or ot,er reso-r(es to )ee t,e (ar#oes stead/ and

se(-re2 .or do not ro"" or s"i in t,e (ontainer3 A"" +-st $e a*are o. t,e

+andator/ ti()et o. *ei#,t to $e added to its o*n do(-+ents2 $e.ore t/ in# its

Bi"" o. Ladin#3

T,e se(-rit/ on "o(ation desi#nated .or stora#e o. (ontainers in orts

or ter+ina"s +-st ,a0e (are to o..er eriodi( trainin# .or its e+ "o/ees2 e0er/

ti+e a ne* e -i +ent is a( -ired3 T,e +ain +ar)etin# is to s,o* to ("ients

t,ro-#, sites2 t,e -a"it/ o. ser0i(es o..ered $/ t,e (o+ an/3 T,e (are *it,

("ient4s #oods and t,e (ontin-o-s trainin# o. its e+ "o/ee3 T,e ,-+an reso-r(eis t,e +ost 0a"-a$"e ri(,ness o. t,e (o+ an/3 T,e ("ients +-st to )no* a$o-t

t,e +ost ad0an(ed s/ste+s are a "ied $/ t,e (o+ an/ and t,e ,ea0/ e5 enses

*it, te(,ni(a" trainin# o. e+ "o/ees on ind-str/ o"iti(s and se(-rit/2 $e/ond

+edi(a" and so(ia" assistan(e and e5(e""ent se"e(tion o. s)i""ed *or)ers3 T,e

se(-rit/ a"so i+ "ies in t,e rote(tion o. t,e .a(i"ities *it, ,i#, *a""s2 #ates

*it, 5<ra/ and s(anners2 ."at s(a"es2 (a+eras and ser0i(e o. (o++-ni(ation on"ine to t,e -sers *it, internet and SMS3 As a i(t-re ,as t,e 0a"-e o. a t,o-sand

*ords2 a *ord o. i+ a(t a*a)es t,o-sand o. (-sto+ers3 T,e s/ste+ o. (ar#oes

trans ortation in (ontainers is $ein# a "ied 0er/ *e"" in t,e internationa"

+ar)et .or o0er & /ears2 *it, so"id e(ono+/ and #ood er.or+an(e3

19




A ne* s/ste+ o. sea trans ortation o. (ontainers +-st $e o$7e(ti0e

and +ana#ed $/ t,e sa+e s/ste+ and=or t,e sa+e s,i Q ort o*ner3 T,e sea

orts4 )no*<,o* +-st to assi+i"ate ne* +et,ods o. s,i in# and storin# o.

(ontainers3 T,is is t,e Green Cent-r/ 2 *,en se0era" +eans o. trans ortation

*i"" $e +o0ed on +a#neti( s/ste+3 T,e (ent-r/ *as t,e a#e o. t,e rotar/

ind-(tion +otor2 t,e .irst -art o. t,e I (ent-r/ is t-rn o. t,e "inear ind-(tion

+otor *it, +a#neti( "e0itation3 O0er t,e ne5t '& /ears *i"" $e t,e en#ines $/

nanote(,no"o#/ "e0itation2 *,en Eart,4s +a#neti( e..e(ts *i"" $e (ontro""ed $/

a "itera" ("o-d o. "i#,t rod-(ed at t*i(e t,e s eed o. "i#,t o*ered $/ t,e

ro erties o. nanot-$es3 T,ese are so+e reasona$"e *a/s to red-(e CO

e+issions and t,e rod-(tion o. ("ean e"e(tri(it/ to (o+ ensate t,e ind-stries

o""-tion

0



Egberto F Ribeiro

3- SHIPS

Too +an/ o"d in"and orts *ere $-i"t to re(ei0e sai"in# $oats and its

"itera""/ ,and"in# o. (ar#oes into $arre"s on ra+ s to "oad at ten tonnes er da/3

Later t,ese orts *ere ada ted to re(ei0e t*een<de()s stea+ s,i s *it, ne*

s/ste+ o. stea+ *in(,es Q $oo+ *it, (oa" and *ater s- "/2 8*ater at t,e ort

s- "/ *as tons=,2 a#ainst a (ons-+ tion o. %&tons=,93 T,e e5istin# *ater nets

*ere +odi.ied2 as t,e (ar#o "oadin# s eed (,an#ed .or t*o ,-ndred tonnes er da/3 W,en e"e(tri(a" (ranes and s,i s +o0ed $/ oi" en#ine a eared2 t,e orts

,ad to ada t its .a(i"ities to re(ei0e t,ese +odern 0esse"s2 "oadin# "ar#e "ots o.

(ar#oes in .aster ti+e3 Fro+ t,e "ast si5t/ /ears2 ne* ind-stries ro7e(ts and its

s,i /ards re+o0ed t,e t*een<de()s inside t,e ,o"d to insta"" t,e ne*est

str-(t-ra" $-"),eads2 a )ind o. *a"" .ro+ t,e dee <tan) to t,e de()2 a "ied on

$-") #rain and ore=oi" trans ortation3T,e +ost ad0an(ed s,i ind-str/ de0e"o ed "ar#er $-") (arriers .or

%; tons2 *it, $rid#e (ranes .or se". "oadin# and dis(,ar#e3 A s,i in t,at si!e

*as "oaded *it, "-+$er .ro+ Parana#-a in Bra!i" to Ma"ta3 T,e o eration on

*a#ons *as done $/ a #antr/ (rane on $oard .or %;tons3 T,e +o0e+ent o. '&

tons=,o-r in ot,er s,i s +oored at t,e ort *as dra+ati(a""/ s-r assed $/ %;&

1




tonnes er ,o-r2 at a s eed o. si5 +in-tes er *a#on3 E0er/t,in# ,as a ri(e2 at

t,at s eed and *it,o-t e5 erien(e2 o..i(ers on $oard2 Mariti+e A#ent2 .ore+en

and ste0edores (a-sed a (o+ "ete disaster> t,e (ar#o on $oard *as s+as,ed $/

,ea0/ .or)"i.ts3

T,e A+eri(an s,i $-i"din# en#ineer Jero+e Go"d+an de0e"o ed at

si5t/ /ears a#o t,e Las, < Li#,ter A$oard S,i *it, $ar#es .or ' &tons ea(,

one2 to $e "i.ted as a (ontainer $/ a stern #antr/ (rane .or && tons2 $-t it didn4t

s-((eed3 T,e De"ta Line4s Las, S/ste+ ,ad a ."eet o. % %+ s,i s *it, en#ine at

t,e side a"on# t,e ,-"" and one ro e""er3 S,e ,ad a *ide o en stern door at t,e

*ater"ine to a""o* ,er $ar#es to $e "oaded $/ ,-#e #antr/ (rane on rai"s to "oad

and -n"oad t,e -nits3 T,e $ar#es a"*a/s ,ad to $e +o0ed .ro+ -a/ $/ t-#

$oats to t,e an(,ored s,i and $e/ond t,e too e5 ensi0e ,and"in# (ar#oes2

t,ere *ere t,e stea"in# o. (ar#oes2 *,en t,e "oaded $ar#es *ere on t,e

an(,ora#e $a/2 *aitin# .or t,e +ot,er s,i arri0a"3 T,is s/ste+ *as .o""o*edon t,e entire *or"d2 $-t toda/2 t,ere are .e* s,i s in t,e Las, s/ste+ sti"" in

o eration2 0er/ *ea) o eration3 T,ere is anot,er Las, (a""ed Sea<$ee2 t,is

0esse" ,as $a""ast tan)s to $e i++ersed -nder t,e s-r.a(e as a dr/<do()2 *,ose

$ar#es are "oaded ."oatin# in t,ro-#, a sa.e stern door3

In t,e +idd"e o. t,e se0entiet,s2 Be"#i-+ and Den+ar) s,i /ards

,ad sent a s-r0e/ $/ "etter to se0era" orts to )no* t,eir .a(i"ities to de.ine a $etter s,i .or t,ese orts3 T,e Gear B-") is one o. t,e .irst s,i o*ners *,i(,

in0ested on 0esse"s *it, #antr/ (ranes .or o eration at &&t=,3

S,i o*ners Gri+a"di .ro+ Ita"/ a"so 0isited t,e orts to s,o* t,e+

t,eir +et,od o. s,i in# and t,eir 0esse"s *it, o*n e -i +ents ne(essar/ .or



Egberto F Ribeiro

o eration2 to *or) *it,o-t t,e ort4s e -i +ents3 Toda/2 t,e Gri+a"di Lines are

t,e ro""<on=ro""<o.. "iners do()in# dai"/ at se0era" orts2 *,ere t,ere is no

eno-#, (ranes to s- "/ t,e .aster "oadin# at && tons=,o-r -nti" no*3 T,ere is

an inter.a(e $et*een t,e orts and t,e s,i s *,i(, raise - a -estion6 ,o* to

ade -ate t,e+ to o erate in red-(ed ti+e at "o* (ostK T,e ans*ers are6 ne*

e -i +ents and ne* +et,ods2 $e(a-se t,ere is a (ost to (o-nter$a"an(e *it,

$i# e5 enses3 T,e a(t-a" ro#ra+ o. $i# s,i s (,a""en#es t,e ind-stries to

rod-(e s-ita$"e ne* e -i +ents .or orts2 $-t it st-+$"es in ti+e and (ost to

re+o"d t,e ort str-(t-re to $ear s-(, ,ea0/ e -i +ents and to re eat t,e

dred#in# .or se0era" ti+es d-rin# t,e /ear3

T,ere are orts aro-nd t,e *or"d *,i(, (eased t,eir in0est+ents to

*at(, t,eir o*n ,istor/ #o a*a/ at .-"" s eed3 To - date its o*n ort4s .a(i"it/

i+ "ied in a (o+ "ete destr-(tion o. t,e en0iron+ent2 so t,e/ (,an#ed to ot,er

a(ti0ities as +-se-+2 t,eaters2 art #a""er/ or (o+ "ete"/ de+o"is,ed to raise ane* s,o in#2 a ne* $-i"din# or a (ondo+ini-+ o. o..i(es3

Mean*,i"e2 s,i o*ners o. "ar#er 0esse"s *ere (,oosin# .or

e5("-si0e -a/s2 none5istent ti"" no*2 e0en t,e/ don4t )no* e5a(t"/ ,o* s,o-"d

$e t,ese -a/s3 T,e/ a"" )no*2 t,ere is a *or"d need to red-(e t,e e+issions o.

(ar$on2 to red-(e t,e en0iron+ent a##ression2 to red-(e t,e .ree a((ess o.

eo "e on orts2 to red-(e t,e (ost o. .rei#,ts2 to red-(e t,e n-+$ers o. +oorin#2 to red-(e t,e ti+e o. t,eir tri 2 to red-(e t,e e5 enses in se(-rit/ and

ins-ran(e2 to red-(e t,e ira(/ and to .o""o* internationa" "a*s a#ainst

terroris+3

!




T,ere are se0era" e5 enses .o""o*in# ea(, ort2 as t-#$oats2 i"ots2

$-o/ ta5es2 "ane dred#in# ta5es2 Pana+a and S-es ta5es and se0era" s-r(,ar#es3

T,e s,i o*ners )no* t,e/ +-st ,a0e artners at seas,ore2 as (o+ anies2 -sers2

a#ents and ter+ina"s3 S,i o*ners a"*a/s send +one/ to t,eir A#ents a$road to

a/ a"" ser0i(es .or t,eir s,i s3 In ti+es o. ,i#, in."ation2 A#ents *ere -sed to

in0est in s,ort ter+ t,at +one/ t,e/ re(ei0ed to a/ *or)ers and ser0i(es2

*,en se0era" a#ents *or) at 0er/ "o* ri(e or .or .ree2 on"/ to #et t,ese ro.its3

B/ t,e end2 at t,e .ina" a((o-nt2 t,e A#ent s,o*s t,e +ain de osit in $an)s2 $-t

t,e/ ,ide t,e ro.its3 S,i o*ners +-st ,a0e .-"" s- ort .ro+ #o0ern+ents2

*it,o-t t,e nationa" in."-en(e o. rote(ti0e "a*s2 $-t a"" 7oined in a #"o$a" and

a(t-a"i!ed t,in)in#2 *,i(, de+ands deter+ination2 dis osition and (o-ra#e3

"



Egberto F Ribeiro

4- HUMAN RESOURCE

T,ere is a se". de.ense ina(tion ro+oted $/ ri(, nations to do *,at

t,e/ need3 T,e ,i#, (ons-+ tion o. etro"e-+ rod-(es +ono5ide o. (ar$on2

*,i(, destro/s t,e o!one "a/er red-(in# t,e *or"d rote(tion a#ainst S-n

,ar+.-" ra/s and t,e #"o$a" *ar+3 Wit,o-t rain2 t,e dro-#,t anni,i"ates t,e

0e#eta$"e rod-(tion and t,e (att"e3 T,e ind-stries are destro/in# t,e air -a"it/

and #i0e - t,e oor nations to "i0e a"one2 $/ t,eir 0er/ s+a"" reso-r(es3 T,einternationa" .or-+s +-st r-"e on a .riends,i *or"d2 $-t so+e (o-ntries "i0e

-nder e5tre+e e5(e tion2 ("osin# t,e +ar)et to so+e (o-ntries3 E0er/ nation

re(ei0es .orei#n ersons as i++i#rants2 *,i"e ot,er (o-ntries ("ose t,eir

$orders .or a"" eo "e2 in("-din# .or to-rists3

Sin(e o"d ti+es2 .a+i"ies +o0e aro-nd t,e entire *or"d2 .ro+ one to

anot,er (o-ntr/2 or e0en (ontinent to ,a0e a $etter o ort-nit/ .or t,e+3So+eti+es2 t,ese eo "e too) *it, t,en so+e )no*"ed#e t,at *as a "ied in

ot,er nations3 W,en Port-#a" #ot its inde enden(e2 t,e Sara(en )no* ,o* to

rod-(e +a""ea$"e stee" *as -sed to rod-(e "i#,t (annons3 T,e 7-st in0ented

#-nner/ *as -t on (ara0e"s to sea" t,e L-sitania (on -ests d-rin# t,e #reat

dis(o0eries3

5




Ho* to dea" in a so rote(ti0e +ar)etK T,e $-siness se(ret d*e""s in

t,e art o. )no*in# t,at t,e +ost i+ ortant is to $-/ t,an to se""3 T,is is an o"d

Ara$ian tea(,in# .ro+ .at,er to son .or (ent-ries2 $-t toda/2 t,e +ost i+ ortant

is to )no* ,o* to de"i0er t,e #oods -nder "o*er (osts3 T,e ne*s o. *ar in

Constantino "e arri0ed to t,e Si") Road on"/ se0era" seasons "ater3 T,e Si")

Road *as t,e +ost i+ ortant and +ost dan#ero-s ro-te in t,e *or"d2 *,en

na+es as Gen#,is ,an2 Atti"a #re* - a+on# t,ose +o-ntains o. Centra"

Asia2 dread.-" na+es to +ena(e t,e Ro+an E+ ire3 In se0era" ot,er nations

t,ere *ere ,istori(a" na+es t,at i+ "anted .ear e0er/*,ere3

One o. t,e +ost i+ ortant .-nda+enta"ist "a*s in t,e M-s"i+ *or"d

is no* dist-r$in# t,e ea(e on t,e "ast ten /ears2 *,en s,ei)s (an raise ne*

Ua,id e0er/*,ere3 W,en t,ese "a*s are a "ied $/ ersons *it, (ri+ina"

$e,a0ior2 t,e .orei#n #o0ern+ents *i"" $e .or(ed to ta)e ,ard +eas-res> to

.or$id t,e rea(,in# o. t,e Is"a+is+ in t,eir (o-ntries2 *,ere toda/ it is .ree3 Int,is *a/2 a"" t,e e5 ansionis+ *on $/ t,e Is"a+is+ in (ent-ries are in ris) to

$e "ost in .e* de(ades3 It ,as ,a ened in t,e o"d E-ro e2 *,en t,e Is"a+is+

$e(a+e a re"i#ion not *e"(o+e and M-s"i+s .a+i"ies *ere sent $a() to A.ri(a3

It a"so ,a ened in Port-#-ese and S anis, (o"onies *,en t,e/ (ast o-t t,e

(at,o"i( .at,ers Jes-its3 It +a/ ,a en a#ain (a-sed $/ t,e a(tion o. a ,a".

do!en o. $ad "eaders3 T,e ro+ise o. s,arin# s oi" a+on# $e"ie0ers ,as#at,ered ar+ies o. ad0ent-rers in A.ri(a and Asia3

A+id a ti+e o. internationa" re(ession t,e .rei#,ts ,a0e risen2 it

see+s t,at t,ere is a 0er/ ("ear +ind "eadin# t,e ira(/ to raise t,e ins-ran(es

and .rei#,ts3 T,e rea(tion o. #o0ern+ents sendin# *ar s,i s to (o+$at

6



Egberto F Ribeiro

ira(/ is t,e sa+e o. Midd"e A#es )in#do+s a#ainst t,e Is"a+is+ $e.ore t,e

Cr-sades2 $-t *it, +-(, +ore o*er3

T,e e+er#in# nations ,a0e a $asi( "e0e" inde5 o. rod-(tion *,i(,

in(reases e0er/ /ear3 It is not (a-sed $/ t,eir (o+ anies se""in# a ers in t,e

Sto()s E5(,an#es2 $-t $e(a-se t,e ri(,est nations are see)in# .or #oods

rod-(ed $/ e+er#in# nations in astrono+i( "e0e"s3 W,en *e see a rod-(t

.ro+ an/ E-ro ean or Asian (o-ntr/2 t,ere is ,i#, er(enta#e o. t,eir e5 orts

t,i()enin# t,e "o(a" GDP3 T,e de0e"o ed (o-ntries rod-(e #oods *it,

a##re#ated 0a"-e2 .e* rod-(ts (osts too +-(,3 T,is is t,e added 0a"-e o. ,i#,

te(, +a(,ines so"d to e+er#in# nations3 B-t at t,e sa+e ti+e2 oor nations

,a0e ,i#, rod-(tion o. #oods2 ,and(ra.ted at "o* (ost3 W,en t,e ri(, nation

se""s one +a(,ine2 t,e oor nations rod-(e +i""ions o. a sin#"e arti("e t,at is

.o-nd .or a"" o0er t,e *or"d3 W,en t,e +ar)et is restri(ted $/ an/ o"iti(a"

reason2 t,e de0e"o ed nations sto t,eir rod-(tion .or "a() o. $-/ers2 *,i"e t,e oor nations #o on rod-(in# as a"*a/s and se""in# .or se0era"3

T,at ,i#, rod-(tion o. (,ea #oods ,as $een +o0in# .or t,ree

de(ades t,e $ran(,es o. se0era" ind-stries2 .ro+ .a+o-s trade +ar)s to ,i#,

te(,no"o#/ +i(ro (o+ -ters2 sent $/ ri(, (o-ntries to t,e Asian (ontinent3 In a

.irst +o+ent2 t,ere *as an i+ ortant *a0e o. e(ono+ists *,o s-##ested to

rod-(e a$road2 *,ere ,and o. *or) *ere (,ea er3 T,e .irst *a0e o. dea"srea""/ s,o*ed t,e a+a!in# (oin4s .a(e> to rod-(e *,ere t,ere *as no s)i""ed

*or)ers (a-sed dis(redit $/ (ons-+ers3 T,e de0e"o ed nations $e#an to $-/

t,eir o*n traditiona" #oods and +ar)s rod-(ed a$road3 It (a-sed a (on.-sion

in ot,er (o-ntries *,ere t,ere are "a*s to rote(t trade +ar)s3 W,en Bra!i"ian

7




C-sto+s .ind in a (ontainer4s ins e(tion2 so+e #oods as ("ot,es or s,oes *it,

trade +ar) .ro+ one (o-ntr/ rod-(ed in anot,er (o-ntr/2 t,e ins e(tor

-nderstands t,ere is a trade +ar) 0io"ation and a"" (ar#o is arrested2 *it, "osses

to i+ orters3 Se0era" trade +ar)s rod-(ed o-t o. t,e ori#in (o-ntr/ ,a0e "o*

-a"it/ and are no +ore so"d in #reat -antit/ in Bra!i" as it *as at t,irt/ /ears

a#o3 Cons-+ers sto ed $-/in# .orei#n ("ot,es +ade o. (otton and t,e

e+er#in# "o(a" ind-stries entered in t,e +ar)et *it, ne* #oods rod-(ed *it,

t,e sa+e ro* +ateria"3 T,e $etter -a"it/ o. ("ot,es rod-(ed in"and .ro+

Nort, to So-t, ,as (reated a ne* .as,ion in $ea-t/ and ,i#, te(,no"o#/3 T,is is

a s,o*(ase to t,e *or"d2 .ro+ astonis,in# desi#n ("ot,es (reated and de0e"o ed

in se0era" st/"ists (o-rses in -ni0ersities to (o+ ete on t,e entire *or"d3 E0en

t,o-#,2 t,e "a() o. -a"i.ied ,ands o. *or) is noti(ed on e0er/ 7o$ o..er3

Dan#ero-s arti.i(e to red-(e t,e .a(tor/ (ost rod-(in# a$road is a

do-$"e<ed#ed s*ord3 T,e rod-(tion o. a traditiona" rod-(t in anot,er (o-ntr/erts t,e es(a e o. (ons-+ers $/ dis(redit on t,e rod-(t4s -a"it/3 It is *orst

t,an to .ree!e its o*n trade +ar) .or a restoration ti+e2 to $e#in "ater -nder

ne* te(,no"o#ies and tenden(ies3

T,e ("assi(a" e5a+ "e is t,e .i"+ ind-str/ .or +o0ies .a(in# t,e ne*

te(,no"o#/ o. +i(ro<(,i 3 W,en t,e e+-"sion #ran-"ation *as 0isi$"e on a

.ra+e2 t,e ind-stries on t,e entire *or"d *ere in rod-(tion3 No*2 t,e(,a""en#e is to red-(e t,e #ran-"ation or a (o+ "ete (,i at nano si!e3 T,e .i"+

(a+era ind-stries .or "ar#e #ran-"ation disa eared2 #i0in# t,eir "a(e to +i(ro<

(,i -nder so+e stora#e s/ste+s3 Ho*e0er2 o"d o*ners o. e5 ensi0e

e -i +ents are in "atent sta#e on t,e entire *or"d2 *aitin# .or a re0i0a" o.

8



Egberto F Ribeiro

te(,no"o#/ to .-".i"" t,eir +a(,ines3 So2 it ,as 7-st (o+e T,e sin#"e (e"" is no*

so s+a"" t,at (an (a t-re in a -arter o. in(,2 +-(, +ore i5e"s t,an a ';++

.i"+3

T,e ne* ind-stries o. i(t-res (an rod-(e an e"e(troni( (artrid#e to

s- "/ ++ (a+eras as it *as at ;& /ears a#o2 .ro+ sin#"e ei#,t to s- er ei#,t

or 1?++3 T,ere are +i""ions o. t,irst/ (ons-+ers *aitin# .or s-(, rod-(t on

t,e entire *or"d3 B-t t,e ind-stries are in dead .ire 2 as it *as said in Bra!i"

*,en an o"d ind-str/ o. s-#ar *as o-t o. ser0i(e3 Se0era" *e"" )no*n and

res e(ted A+eri(an ind-stries o. i(t-res ,a0e ("osed t,eir doors2 $e(a-se t,eir

ear"s are rod-(ed and asse+$"ed in ot,er (o-ntries3

T,e sto ."a# s"o*s ti"" t,e ,/si(s +o+ent-+ and to start a#ain

*i"" de+and ti+e and ener#/3 Into trade +ar)s2 t,e ro"i.eration o. ne* (enters

o. rod-(tion a$road (reated a "a() o. *or) "a(e into its o*n nation and t,e

*or"d dis -a"i.i(ation o. its trade +ar)3 T,ere is no +ore ti+e to re(- erate t,e"ost (-sto+er2 +ost o. t,e+ are o-t o. .as,ion 2 ne* te(,no"o#/ (ons-+ers 2

or dead 3 T,e +ost reasona$"e order no* is to re(on -est its o*n (redi$i"it/2

in0estin# ,ea0i"/ in +ar)etin#2 in $e,a". o. its o*n trade +ar) .or t,e ne5t ;

/ears3

W,en i+ orters (,ose /o-r rod-(t2 t,e/ )no* e5a(t"/ *,at t,e/

*ant> *,is)e/ .ro+ S(ot"and2 er.-+e .ro+ Fran(e2 S-n #"asses .ro+ Ita"/3T,ere is no +ar)et .or S(ot(, rod-(ed in Bra!i"3

Was t,e o"iti(a" o*er on ind-str/ on"/ to (reate #ood re"ations,i

$et*een nationsK O. (o-rse not2 t,at ,a ened $/ $ri""iant ideas2 *it, (a"(-"-s

$/ on"/ one in(o#nito> ,o* to #et +ore +one/2 a/in# "ess 3 T,e ri(,est

9





Egberto F Ribeiro

Sin(e %&&;2 *,en Bra!i" #ot .-e" rod-(tion to #ro* - to se".

s-..i(ient "e0e"2 t,e e(ono+/ $e(a+e +ore (o+.orta$"e and $e#an a ne* *a0e

o. in7e(tion on de0e"o +ent in (o++er(e2 ind-str/2 a#ri(-"t-re and ser0i(es3

For s-(, -ne5 e(ted r,/t,+ o. #ro*t,2 t,e in"and +ar)et ,as s,o*n t,e "a() o.

s)i""ed te(,ni(a" "a$orer3 T,e a(t-a" o..er .or *or)ers ran#e .ro+ :&& to one

+i""ion ne* 7o$s2 $-t ne* o ort-nities *i"" in(rease t,ese n-+$ers .or t,e

ne5t t,ree /ears2 *,en ind-stries *i"" $e see)in# .or ei#,t +i""ion te(,ni(ians

.or e"e(tro+e(,ani(s2 +eta""-r#/2 #eo"o#/2 (o++-ni(ation2 (,e+i(a"s2

+edi(ine2 etro"e-+2 .orests2 "asti(2 r-$$er2 en0iron+ent2 .ood and se0era"

ot,ers3 A((ordin# t,e IBGE2 t,e Bra!i"ian Instit-te o. Statisti(s2 t,e *or).or(e

in %&1% ,ad a"+ost .i0e +i""ion -ne+ "o/ed2 or 2? o. t,e nationa" rod-(ti0e

o -"ation3 So .ar e5ists t,e need o. t,ree +i""ion *or)ers to $e in0ited .ro+

a$road2 as +edi(a"2 en#ineers2 +at,e+ati(ians3 For +ore t,an .i0e /ears2 ,a".

o. t,e o..ers .or ro#ra++ers on e<(o++er(e *as not .i""ed and t,ose *,o ,ada eared *ere not so s)i""ed to *or)3 T,e .irst ste .or t,ose *,o *ant to *or)

in Bra!i" is to 0isit t,e E+$ass/ or Cons-"ates in /o-r (o-ntr/ to #et t,e

Federa" re#ister and ot,er do(-+ents2 in("-din# t,e 0isa .or *or)3 B-t it doesn4t

,a en on"/ in Bra!i"2 se0era" (o-ntries ("ai+s .or s)i".-" ,ands o. *or) and

te(,ni(ians in Canada2 A-stra"ia and so on3 T,ere are o..ers o. e+ "o/+ent .or

te(,ni(ian2 $-t t,ere are no s)i""ed "a$orers3 T,ere are ?2; +i""ion o. st-dents inBra!i"ian -ni0ersities to #et .-"" s(,o"ars,i $/ t,e #o0ern+ent and ri0ate

-ni0ersities3 Ho*e0er2 +ost o. t,e+ *i"" ne0er *or) into t,eir #rad-ation2

$e(a-se t,eir di "o+a is a"*a/s #otten on"/ .or stat-s3 Less t,an %& o.

La*/er $a(,e"ors *i"" ,a0e t,eir ro.essiona" re#ister e0er/ /ear3 T,e

!1




ro.essiona"s (o-rses ,a0e :&& st-dents at te(,ni(ian s(,oo"s in %&1%2 *,en

:& o. t,e+ are e+ "o/ed e0en $e.ore t,eir #rad-ation3

T,e rea"it/ in Bra!i" in %&1' is t,at +ost o. t,e ri0ate 7o$s a/ $etter

*a#es to *or)ers *it, te(,ni(ian "e0e"2 t,an t,e -$"i( 7o$s a/ to en#ineers and

,/si(ians3 T,at4s an -n,a / o"iti(s o. *a#es in #o0ern+ent ser0i(e2 *,i(,

.eeds t,e es(a e o. ro.essiona"s .ro+ -$"i( ,os ita"s to ri0ate initiati0e3 T,e

-$"i( +edi(a" ser0i(e a/s "o* *a#es to ro.essiona"s2 *,ose (ost .or

#rad-ation is .ro+ t*o to .o-r ti+es ,i#,er3 T,e re(ent sear(, as)ed $/ t,eNESCO )no*n as St-dents in Bra!i" s,o*ed t,e red-(tion o. ; on t,e

n-+$er o. st-dents .or tea(,in# in t,e "ast se0en /ears3

T,e Bra!i"ian (o+ anies .or t,e "ast ten /ears ,a0e ,ired retired

*or)ers .ro+ ;& to & /ears o"d3 In %&1%2 t,at s- "e+entar/ *or) .or(e ,as

rea(,ed to si#ni.i(ant "e0e" o. %1 2 +-(, +ore (a-sed $/ t,e "o*<in(o+e a.ter

retire+ent3 As t,at ,as not $een eno-#,2 (o+ anies *i"" ,a0e to ,ire te(,ni(ians,ands o. *or) .ro+ a$road nations3 nti" no*2 in Bra!i" t,ere is no (-"t-re to

.-t-rist 7o$s in Lo#isti(s2 $e/ond t,e ne*est Dri0ers La* to (arriers dri0ers to

rest ,a". ,o-r2 $et*een .o-r ,o-rs o. *or)3 T,e "a* ,ad to enter in o..i(e in "ast

J-"/2 %&1%2 $-t s-..ered a ,ea0/ stri)e $/ dri0ers2 (a-sin# a ,-#e "a() o. .-e"2

.oods and i+ orted and e5 orted #oods2 *,i(, .or(ed t,e #o0ern+ent to de"a/

t,e $e#innin# o. t,at "a* to ne5t /ear 8%&1'93 Bra!i"ian #o0ern+ent ,as a

ro#ra+ o. ?; $i""ion do""ars to e5 end on t,e ne5t t,ree /ears on roads2

rai"roads and & $i""ion do""ars .or orts and seas,ore ind-stries3 Bra!i" is

a+on# t,e +ost i+ ortant (o-ntries rod-(ers o. stee"2 a"t,o-#, t,e nation

ind-stries don4t rod-(e (ontainers or Hin#er *a#ons3

!



Egberto F Ribeiro

5- MARITIME FREIGHT

Frei#,t is t,e a/+ent $/ -ser or (ar#o o*ner .or a ser0i(e o.

trans ortation2 ,and"in#2 s,i in# and trans ort o. #oods $/ s,i s2 tr-()s2

*a#ons2 air "ane et(3 Frei#,t (an $e aid at t,e ort o. s,i +ent 8Pre aid9 or

"ater at t,e destination ort 8To Co""e(t93 T,ere are e5tra a/+ents on .rei#,ts

rate in se0era" (o-ntries2 in Bra!i" it is t,e AFRMM 8 aid $/ Bra!i"ianI+ orters93 T,at additiona" e5 enses and se0era" ot,ers *it,dra* i+ orters

.ro+ internationa" (o++er(e> it (osts +ore t,an '& at t,e .ina" $a"an(e3

W,en t,e .ina" rod-(t *i"" $e read/ to re<e5 ort2 it *i"" $e too e5 ensi0e> t,e

+ar)et *i"" re.-te it3 I. s-(, ta5 o0er .rei#,t *i"" ,a0e not $een aid on ti+e2

t,e ori#ina" Bi"" o. Ladin# *i"" not $e re"eased3 T,e C-sto+s *i"" not +a)e

t,e ("earan(e o. t,at +er(,andise2 *,i(, *i"" (ontin-e "osin# +one/ e0er/ da/in De+-rra#e and stora#e (,ar#es in t,e ri+ar/ !one3 S,i <o*ners a/ t,e ta5

In.ra+ar 2 a s+a"" .ee t,at 0aries $et*een orts2 (a"(-"ated on t,e tonna#e

"oaded on t,at ort3 T,is rate re.ers to t,e -se o. +ariti+e in.rastr-(t-re $e/ond

t,e $-o/ ta5 a/+ent .or Na0/3 T,e s,i <o*ners a/ t,e ort -a/ o((- ation

rate2 (a"(-"ated on t,e "en#t, o. t,e s,i er da/3 T,ese rates2 ser0i(es and ta5es

!!




are di..erent .ro+ ort to ort and +a/ rea(, && 3 Frei#,t is toda/ t,e +ost

i+ ortant reso-r(e to red-(e t,e (ost o. #oods into a (o++on +ar)et o. ri(es3

T,e #o0ern+ent in se0era" (o-ntries are a/in# a"" e5 enses o. .rei#,t to in0ite

.orei#ner i+ orters to $-/ t,eir rod-(ts3

5 1- Mar!"!#e Fre!$%" C&'(!"!&'

T,e internationa" (o++-nit/ ,as a#ree+ents to r-"e t,e #enera"(o++er(e3 O$0io-s"/ it does not r-"es o0er a"" (o-ntries2 "ess t,an %&&

(o-ntries tr/ to -t order in t,e internationa" trade3 T,e Wor"d Trade

Or#ani!ation WTO and its asso(iations2 as GATT2 TRIPs dis(-ss di..eren(es

$et*een nations in Internationa" Co-rt3 T,e (ontra(ts .or +ariti+e trans ort in

(a$ota#e .rei#,t and .or "on#<,a-" 0esse"s +-st ,a0e (onditions 0er/ ("ear"/

s e(i.ied2 re#ardin# t,e (o0era#e o. e5 enses and "ia$i"ities o. re(ei0in#2"oadin#2 -n"oadin# and de"i0er/ o. (ar#oes3 An/*a/2 t,e s,i s ta)e t,e (enter

o. a"" .rei#,t ne#otiations2 $e(a-se in0o"0e se0era" e5 enses dire(t"/ (,ar#ed on

t,e o*ners3 T,e ter+s s,a"" de.ine t,e nationa" seas,ore "iners2 .ro+

internationa" "iners3 A+on# a -ni0erse o. ossi$i"ities2 "et4s -nderstand so+e o.

t,ese ter+s6 Ca$ota#e2 Lon# Ha-"2 F-"" Liner Ter+s and Basi( Frei#,ts3

;3131 Ca$ota#e

Ca$ota#e is t,e sea trans ort o. (ar#oes and assen#ers $et*een

orts at t,e (oast2 "a)e and ri0er orts *it,in t,e sa+e (o-ntr/3 In a (a$ota#e2

t,e #oods are in do(-+ents o. ea(, (o-ntr/ and *ritten on its o*n "an#-a#e3

!"



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,ere isn4t need o. internationa" Bi"" o. Ladin# .or (ar#oes in transit *it,in on"/

one (o-ntr/2 t,is do(-+ent is 0a"id on"/ $et*een (o-ntries3 W,en a (ar#o is

sent .ro+ an in"and ind-str/ to its ort .or a$road s,i in#2 t,e a ers -sed are

t,ose (o++on to s-(, (o-ntr/3 E0en t,o-#,2 t,e e5 orters +-st ro0ide a""

a ers (o++on to internationa" trade3 T,e se0era" a ers as In0oi(e2 $an)

de("aration o. Letter o. Credit2 Bi"" o. Ladin#2 Contra(t o. Frei#,t Moda"it/2

*it,=o-t Ins-ran(e2 Ori#in De("aration2 Certi.i(ate o. Wei#,t and Y-a"it/2 or

an/ ot,er a er re -ested $/ t,e .orei#ner *,o"esa"er3 As in Ca$ota#e t,ere are

no .orei#n #oods on $oard2 t,ere is no C-sto+s ro(ed-re2 t,ere are on"/ t,e

states or ro0in(es ins e(tions o. ta5es3 An e5(e tion ,a ens *,en .orei#ner

(ar#oes are #-ided to one ort2 $-t .or an/ reason are dis(,ar#ed on anot,er

ort3 T,en2 .orei#ner #oods are +o0ed to t,e re#istered ort in t,e B=L2 $/ sea2

air or "and2 -nder C-sto+s (are3 T,e a/+ent o. state or ro0in(e ta5es +-st $e

o$ser0ed $/ e5 orter on"/ on t,e +er(,andise and .o""o* t,e r-"es o. ea(,State or Interstate tra..i(3 To ro+ote (a$ota#e2 en(o-ra#in# t,e seas,ore

na0i#ation2 se0era" (o-ntries e5e+ t or red-(e ort ta5es and ste0edore *a#es3

;313%3 Lon#<,a-"

Lon#<,a-" tri is t,e na0i#ation $/ sea2 air or "and $et*een t*o or

se0era" (o-ntries3 T,e a$road tri is ro0ided *it, internationa" ro(ed-res2

e0en i. t,ese (o-ntries ,a0e (o++on $orders3 So+eti+es2 t,ese (o-ntries *it,

(o++on $orders ,a0e re#iona" a#ree+ent .or trade and (-"t-re3 T,e +ost

(o++on in internationa" trade is t,e ro0ision o. #oods t,at ea(, nation needs3

E0er/ ort in an/ (o-ntr/ is a Go0ern+ent "a(e 8R-"ed $/ Constit-tion9 and

,as C-sto+s to re(ei0e .orei#ner #oods to nationa"i!e t,e+3 T,e resident

!5




di..i(-"t to in"and (o-ntries is *,en t,ere is no seas,ore ort2 so t,e/ ,a0e to

re#ister t,eir o*n s,i s in ot,er (o-ntries to ,a0e a((ess to +ar)ets t,e/ need

to $-/ #oods dire(t"/2 *it,o-t inter+ediar/3 T,e s,i s a "ied to "on#<,a-"

tri s +a)e -se o. "a)es2 ri0ers2 seas and o(eans3 A"+ost a"" orts in t,e *or"d

,a0e inter(onne(tion $et*een t*o or +ore (o-ntries3 T,e internationa"

do(-+ent -sed in Lon#<,a-" tri s is t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#3 W,en a s,i is in a

.orei#ner (o-ntr/ and ,as (ar#oes *it,o-t Bi"" o. Ladin#2 t,at +er(,andise is

irre#-"ar and +-st $e arrested $/ a-t,orities o. t,at ort3 W,en 0ario-s Bi""s o.

Ladin# are (ontained in t,e sa+e (ontainer2 t,e s,i ro0ides a ne* Bi"" o.

Ladin# (a""ed Master3 Bi"" o. Ladin#s and Masters on t,e sa+e 0esse" are

re(orded into t,e Car#o Mani.est to .a(i"itate t,eir Identi.i(ation3 It is

(o++on to s,i s2 air "ane2 train2 tr-()s et(3 W,en t,e (ar#o arri0es .ro+ t,e

ind-str/ to its ort .or s,i in#2 t,e a ers -sed *it,in t,at (o-ntr/ are

(,an#ed to Internationa" Bi"" o. Ladin#3 A (ar#o s,i .or .orei#ner orts or -nder Internationa" Co0enant Ware,o-ses in ot,er (o-ntries2 *,en na0i#atin#

in internationa" *aters2 or in ot,er (o-ntries2 s,o-"d $e ro0ided *it, Bi"" o.

Ladin#3 T,ere is no State ta5 in(iden(e $e.ore t,e nationa"i!ation o. t,e

+er(,andi!e in an/ (o-ntr/2 $e(a-se t,e (ar#o is -nder Internationa"

A#ree+ents2 o-t o. rea(, o. t,e state or ro0in(e3 T,e i+ ort ta5 is a 0aria$"e

er(enta#e a((ordin# to t,e t/ e o. t,e #oods2 a((ordin# internationa"a#ree+ents3 In Bra!i"2 t,e 0a"-e o. #ood *i"" $e added to .rei#,t and ins-ran(e

0a"-es2 t,en (a"(-"ated as a sin#"e 0a"-e3 On t,is .ina" 0a"-e *i"" $e (o+ -ted

t,e ort (,ar#es 8THC9 and State ta5es3 A .rei#,t rate -a"i.i(ation is a

(o++on a#ree+ent $et*een se""er and $-/er to de.ine t,e +eans o.

!6



Egberto F Ribeiro

trans ortation to de"i0er t,e (ar#o3 It +a/ ,a en *it,in a (o-ntr/ or $et*een

ot,er nations3

;313'3 F-"" Liner Ter+s

A .-"" "iner s,i +eans t,at a"" ,o"ds *i"" $e -nder (ontra(t3 T,e

s,i <o*ner is res onsi$"e .or "oadin# and -n"oadin# o. t,e #oods trans orted3

T,is is t,e (ondition re0ai"in# in .rei#,t (on.eren(es2 as t,e o..ers o. #ross ri(e .or a trans ortation o. a (ar#o to a de.ined destination3 Noti(e t,at *,o

si#ns t,e (ontra(t is t,e res onsi$"e to a((o+ "is, a"" e5 enses3 W,en t,e s,i

doesn4t ,a0e en#a#ed (ar#oes eno-#,2 t,e e+ ties ,o"ds are o..ered to t,ird

e5 orters2 $-t as t,e/ )no* a$o-t t,is s,i on"/ *,en s,e is near t,e ort2 or in

a *aitin# "ine2 t,e in0ited e5 orter doesn4t ,a0e ti+e to re are t,e "oadin# and

it a"*a/s (a-ses de"a/ and De+-rra#e3;313'31 FILO 8Free In Liner O-t9

T,e s,i <o*ner is .ree .ro+ res onsi$i"it/ o. t,e s,i +ent *,en t,e

ter+ina" is a-to+ated3 S,i <o*ner ass-+es t,e (osts o. -n"oadin# at t,e

destination3

;313'3% FIO 8Free In and O-t9

T,e s,i <o*ner is .ree .ro+ "ia$i"it/ in s,i +ents and dis(,ar#es3

T,e .rei#,t on"/ (o0ers t,e tri 3

!7




;313'3' FIOS 8Free In2 O-t and Sto*a#e9

T,e s,i <o*ner is .ree o. "oadin# e5 enses2 sto*a#e on $oard and

-n"oadin# at t,e destination3

;313'3 FISLO 8Free In2 Sto*a#e and Liner O-t9

T,e s,i <o*ner is .ree o. "oadin# (osts and sto*a#e on $oard3 T,e

s,i <o*ner is res onsi$"e .or -n"oadin# at t,e destination3

;313'3; LIFO 8Liner In and Free O-t9

S,i <o*ner is res onsi$"e .or "oadin# and .ree .ro+ -n"oadin# (osts3

;313'3? FIST 8Free in2 sto*a#e and tri++ed to 0esse"96

T,e s,i <o*ner is .ree o. s,i in# (osts3 T,e sto*a#e and tri++in#

8"oadin# $a"an(e9 are at t,e e5 ense o. t,e s,i <o*ner3

;313'3 FIOT 8Free in2 o-t and tri++ed to 0esse"96

T,e s,i o*ner is .ree o. "oadin# (,ar#es3 T,e e5 enses *it,

tri++in# 8$a"an(e9 and -n"oadin# (,ar#es are $/ s,i 4s a((o-nt3

;313 3 Basi( Frei#,t

S,i in# is $ased on re"ati0e o((- ation o. *ei#,t and s a(e rate

(a"(-"ated $/ tonna#e 5 (-$i( +eters3 T,eoreti(a""/2 t,e .rei#,t .or a ton o. iron

ore does not (ost t,e sa+e .or a ton o. so/$eans2 it is (a-sed $/ t,e sto*a#e

.a(tor3 T,e o*ner o. a s,i o..ers a n-+$er o. (-$i( +eters inside t,e ,o"ds

and a +a5i+-+ tonna#e .or t,at sa+e "a(e3 T,e $est .a(tor s,o-"d $e one ton

e -a"s one (-$i( +eter *it, 1&& .or -se3 To )no* t,e sto*a#e .a(tor .or

!8



Egberto F Ribeiro

so+e #oods /o- ,a0e2 7-st di0ide t,e (-$i( s a(e /o- ,a0e .or its #ross *ei#,t3

T,at4s *,/ t,e sto*a#e .a(tor .or so/a $eans is not t,e sa+e .or iron ore3

S -are #oods *i"" o((- / "ess s a(e t,an ro-nd or s ,eri(a" #oods2 in t,is (ase2

t,e e+ ties "a(e *i"" $e aid as i. it *ere in -se3 So2 #oods *it, ,i#, sto*a#e

.a(tor are "oosin# s a(e and +-st $e ana"/!ed a $etter -se o. its "a(e3 I. t,e

(ar#o +-st $e ro(essed to red-(e t,e s a(e2 t,e #oods +-st $e .itted .or "o*

(ost in trans ortation3 T,e (ar#o ,as to $e .ra(tionated in se0era" arts to

red-(e t,e (ost o. .rei#,t3 One ie(e o. an aeo"ian #enerator is "ar#er t,an t*o

.ort/ .eet (ontainers and *ei#,ts ;&tons and (a-ses serio-s tro-$"e .or

trans ortation .ro+ .a(tor/ to t,e ort3 It s,o-"d $e di0ided in .o-r ie(es and

-t inside ."at ra() (ontainer *it, a "itt"e (ost o. .rei#,t3

Ho*e0er2 t,ere are se0era" ot,er .a(tors t,at in."-en(e t,e (ost o.

o(ean .rei#,t> e56< s e(ia" (ar#oes as 1&+ *ide $e"t ree"s .or +inin# ind-stries2

$"ades .or aeo"ian #enerators and ot,ers3 Des ite o. a "o* sto*a#e .a(tor2

s e(ia" (ar#oes are a"*a/s a ris) .or t,e entire s,i 2 *,i(, ,as to $e (ontro""ed

$/ $a""ast3 T,ere are ta$"es *it, sto*a#e .a(tor .or a"" #oods2 t,e -ser s,o-"d to

(o+ are i. ,is rod-(t is in t,e a0era#e (ost o. .rei#,t or not and *,at s,o-"d

$e done to ada t ,is (ar#o inside a ."at ra() (ontainer3

;313 31 Ad<0a"ore+3 In(rease on .rei#,ts a$o0e X12&&&=ton3

;313 3% Port Addition A "ied on s,i Zs +oorin# *it,o-t de.ined

"ine or e5tra ort ser0i(es3 8S,i arri0a" *as not anno-n(ed93

;313 3' F-e" s-r(,ar#e3 Variation in t,e (-rren(/ (ontra(ted

a$o-t (,an#e in .-e" s- "/3

!9




;313 3 O0er *ei#,t3 Frei#,t on ,ea0ier (ar#oes3

;313 3; O0er "en#t,3 Goods +eas-rin# +ore t,an 1% + in "en#t,3

;313 3? Port Con#estion S-r(,ar#e3 De+-rra#e $/ *aitin# "ine3

;313 3 Ad7-st+ent o. e5(,an#e rates3 Variation (a-sed $/

in."ation or de0a"-ation o. t,e (-rren(/ in t,e (ontra(t3

"0



Egberto F Ribeiro

)- CONTAINER *EIGHT

T,e Wor"d Trade Or#ani!ation and ot,er internationa" asso(iations

"in)ed to .orei#n trade are so"0in# a (o++on ro$"e+ at orts2 s,i s2 rai"s and

tr-()s on ,i#,*a/s2 t,e (ontainers sta$i"it/ on t,e entire *or"d3 T,e .o(-s o.

t,e dis(-ssions is on t,e *ei#,t2 $a"an(e and e -i"i$ri-+ o. (ontainers and its

do(-+ents2 *,i(, are (a-sin# +an/ a((idents2 so"e"/ $/ .a"se in.or+ation o.

t,e -nitZs *ei#,t3 T,e *orst is t,at it -n$a"an(es t,e s,i 4s $a/s2 do-$"e<sta()

*a#ons and (,assis on ,i#,*a/s3

So+e s,i ers e5 ort (ontainers *it,o-t (on.ir+in# t,e *ei#,ts o.

so+e -nits are t,e sa+e as t,ose rinted on ea(, B=L3 T,is is $e(a-se too +an/

e5 orters re -est .or rintin# a()a#es *it, an esti+ated *ei#,3 T,e ind-str/

rints on .i0e .a(es o. ea(, (artoon *it, in.or+ation not a"*a/s (orre(t as6

e5 orter2 i+ orter2 "ot n-+$er2 a() n-+$er2 "ot -antit/2 $-/er2 ort o.

destination2 net *ei#,t2 #ross *ei#,t and its +eas-res3 At a sta#e o. a()a#in#2

t,e #ross *ei#,t in.or+ation are not (,e()ed2 (a-sed $/ t,eses "a$e" rinted on

t,e $o5es3 W,en t,e "ots are re(ei0ed at t,e ort ter+ina"2 s,i ers *i"" $e

ind-(ed to add t,e *ei#,ts re orted and to t/ e t,e+ on Bi"" o. Ladin#s o. ea(,

"1




"ot inside ea(, (ontainer .ro+ ea(, In0oi(e3 T,e tota" *ei#,in# o. a()a#es are

on a"" do(-+ents and +-st ne0er $e (,an#ed3

Prod-(ts +an-.a(t-red *it, t,e sa+e +ateria"2 t,e a()a#in# o. a

.-"" "ot ,as t,at in.or+ation rinted on ea(, side3 Ho*e0er2 *,en t,e rod-(ts

are +an-.a(t-red *it, di0erse +ateria"s2 0ario-s +eas-res and di..erent

ind-stries2 (ertain"/ t,ere *onZt ,a0e t,e sa+e *ei#,t3 So2 *,en t,e #oods are

s,i ed in (ontainers2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e #reat di0er#en(e $et*een *,at is rinted

on $o5es and on t,e do(-+ents3 W,en t,e "ots ,a0e s+a"" -antit/ o. -nits2 it is

ossi$"e to +a)e t,e ne(essar/ (orre(tions2 $-t *,en t,e "ots are .ra#+ented in

di..erent +eas-res and *ei#,ts2 t,e o eration is ti+e<(ons-+in# and too +-(,

e5 ensi0e3 T,e e5 orter +-st o..er t,e (orre(t *ei#, and e5a(t +eas-res and

*ei#,ts2 $e.ore rintin# its B=L and a"" .o""o*in# a ers3 Let4s re+e+$er t,at

t,e +ain in.or+ation is *ritten on t,e Ne#otia$"e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 so it (an $e

easier or not to (orre(t t,e In0oi(e2 $-t it +a/ de"a/ t,e de"i0er/3 T,e e5 orter

+-st ,a0e ti+e eno-#, to as) .or a ne* one *it, a"" t,e *ei#,ts #otten on t,e

s(a"e3 T,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to (orre(t *ron# *ei#,ts2 *,en t,e (ar#o is 7-st

i+ orted and in re#-"ar ins e(tion is .o-nd t,e n-+$er o. -nits2 or *ei#, not

e5a(t"/ as in t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#3 T,e i+ orter ,as to send to t,e C-sto+s a

do(-+ent (a""ed Additi0e2 it is internationa""/ a((e t3 Last /ear2 Bra!i"ian

C-sto+s ,as a((e ted +ore t,an .i0e +i""ion o. t,ese do(-+ents3

I. t,e do(-+ents s-$+itted do not re(ord t,e (orre(t *ei#,t o. t,e

#oods2 it *i"" (ertain"/ (a-se t,e -n$a"an(e o. t,e tr-()s2 as soon as t,e/ "ea0e

t,e (onso"idation area3 A((idents are (a-sed $/ in(orre(t in.or+ation o.

*ei#,t2 $e(a-se t,ese +ista)es a"ter t,e #ra0it/ (enter o. t,e 0e,i("e *,ere t,e

"



Egberto F Ribeiro

(ontainer is "aid on3 Go0ern+ents +-st ,a0e A(ts to r-"e on t,e *ei#,in# o.

e5 ortin# (ontainers "oaded *it, (ar#oes3

W,en a "oaded (ontainer is -t on a (,assis *it,o-t "o()in# $/ an/

*a/2 t*o .eet o-t o. its (orre(t "a(e2 $a()*ard or .or*ard2 (a-sed $/

dis "easin# or "a() o. attention2 it *i"" $e eno-#, to "i.t - 2 or to di0e t,e tr-()4s

(a$in2 i+ edin# t,e (orre(t dri0in#3 So+eti+es2 t,e *ron# *ei#, is #i0en $/

t,e e5 orter order to ,ide ro.it e0asion to an/ .orei#n (o-ntr/3 T,e/ don4t

+ind i. it is dis(o0ered on"/ *,en t,e (rane (an4t to ,oist t,e (ontainer $/

o0er*ei#,t at destination3 So+eti+es2 t,e *ron# *ei#,t is -r ose.-"> .or

e5a+ "e an e5 orter ind-str/ ,as *ood .or s,i in# and ,ires se0era" tr-()s .or

.-"" (ar#o .rei#,t3 In t,at *a/2 t,e tota" *ei#, is di0ided $/ t,e n-+$er o.

tr-()s and t,e a ers are t/ ed .or ea(, tr-() *it, t,e sa+e *ei#,t3 W,en an/

(ar#o is "oaded in a (ontainer2 itZs aid .or one -nit2 i#norin# a s(a"e to )no*

t,e (orre(t *ei#,t o. ea(, $o53

S,i ers are -sed to (onsider a sa+e *ei#,t .or a"" tr-()s "oaded

*it, a .-"" (ar#o o. %; tons2 t,e/ don4t +ind ,o* di..erent it is .ro+ t,e (orre(t

*ei#,in#3 T,e s,i ers s,o* t,e sa+e *ei#,t .or o..i(ia" do(-+ents and a"so

.or t,e sea .rei#,t3 At t,e ter+ina" #ate2 t,e tr-() *it, (,assis is dri0en to a

s(a"e to (,e() t,e rea" *ei#,t o. '& tons3 W,o "oses is t,e dri0er .or $rin#in#.i0e tons .or .ree2 *,i"e *astes ,is +one/ *it, .-e"2 tires2 ena"ties2 ta5es et(3

Let4s t,in) on *,at *i"" ,a en *,en t,e "ot ,as one ,-ndred tr-()s3

T,e ste0edores *i"" "oose t,eir (o++ission3 A"so t,e S,i <o*ner2

$e(a-se ,e *i"" trans ort .i0e ,-ndred tones .or .ree and $e(o+es an inno(ent

"!




0i(ti+2 $e/ond t,e ris) to ,a0e a s,i *re() $/ *ron# (ar#o "an3 In addition2

so+e a((idents on roads +a/ ,a en to inno(ent eo "e2 *it,o-t an/ "in) *it,

t,ese (arriers3 In t,is stor+ o. irres onsi$i"it/2 t,ere is t,e *a/ to identi./

(orre(t"/ t,e *ei#,t o. ea(, (ontainer and its (ontents3 O..i(iate t,e (ontainer

*ei#,in# at ea(, #ate o. t,e (ontainer ter+ina"3 T,e ter+ina" s,a"" rint one

ti()et o. *ei#,in# .or ea(, (ontainer and non<in0asi0e ins e(tion $/ s(anner

and re(ord on .i"es to t,e (orre(tion o. ea(, B=L3 For s-(, ser0i(e t,ere *i"" $e

a (ost2 near SX1&2&& er (ontainer3 It is a ne(essar/ +atter to re0ent not a

(o+ -"sor/ ena"t/ on (ontainer<(arriers2 $-t an a0oida$"e a((ident3

""



Egberto F Ribeiro

+ , MARITIME INSURANCE

Mariti+e ins-ran(e *as ori#inated in an(ient Gree(e and Ro+e to

rote(t ri0ate s,i s a "ied to *ars3 Later t,e ins-ran(e a eared in Genoa

and En#"and to rote(t (ar#o 0esse"s .ro+ stor+ and "oss o. (ar#oes ta)en $/

ira(/ in t,e Mediterranean Sea3 A.ter t,e Great Dis(o0er/2 t,e At"anti( O(eans-..ered .or +ore t,an t,ree ,-ndred /ears t,e a(tion o. ira(/ and t,eir

ins-ran(e "a*s .or $od/ +e+$ers "ost in ser0i(e 3 T,e Pri!e Mone/ in t,e

1 t, (ent-r/ *as an En#"is, A(t to arrest s,i s3 Be/ond irate4s s,i s2 t,ere

*ere t,e ri0ateers 2 (i0i"ian s,i s *it, #o0ern+ent4s a-t,ori!ation to sai" as

,-nter s,i s to en"ar#e t,eir na0/ ."eets in *ar3 T,e ri0ateer s,i *as a #reat

dea"2 $e(a-se ,ad #enerated ,i#, ro.its to in0estors2 as t,e s,i s ,ad re(ei0ed"etters .ro+ #o0ern+ent2 t,e/ *ere "e#a" and .e* +ont,s "ater2 a sin#"e s,i

(o-"d #et a ."eet3 At t,e $e#innin# o. t,e 1:t, (ent-r/2 t,e rote(tion *as $/

es(ort o. 0esse"s a#ainst (o-ntries in *ar2 see)in# .or ne* s,i s to add to t,eir

."eet3 T,e e5 ansion o. t,e Britis, E+ ire2 t,e e+er#in# S anis, (o+ etitor in

t,e ins-ran(e +ar)et $/ U$eri(a Co+ an/ *as *on $/ Lo/dZs Re#ister2 *,i(,

"5




de0e"o ed a (o+ "ete in.rastr-(t-re *it, e5 erts2 7-d#es2 Ro/a" Ad+ira"t/2

$an)ers and $ro)ers3 E0en t,o-#, En#"and does not ,a0e a"" s,i s on t,e

*or"d2 t,e/ earn ann-a""/ art o. t,e ro.its o. a"" t,ose s,i s3 S,i in# .rei#,t

and ins-ran(e ,a0e risen t,e e5 ort (osts .or e0er/ internationa" dea"er3 Des ite

o. t,e ins-ran(e $e o tiona" .or o*ner o. #oods2 it is i+ erati0e .or s,i <

o*ners2 $e(a-se it +a/ not on"/ rote(t ,is s,i 2 $-t se0era" ot,er near ,er3 T,e

(ost o. ins-ran(e on #oods *i"" in(rease t,e 0a"-e o. #oods> t,e ta5 tri##erin#

en"ar#es t,e #rand tota" s-+ on (on(-rrent +ar)ets3 Ot,er*ise2 t,e s,i 4s ,-""

ins-ran(e or t,ird art/ +a(,ine is not a tri##erin# e0ent2 $e(a-se t,ere is a

)no*n ree5istin# 0a"-e and t,e (ost o. t,e 0esse"3

T,e +arine (ar#o ins-ran(e is intended to rote(t t,e trade .ro+ "oss

and da+a#e s-..ered $/ dan#ero-s #oods d-rin# a tri 3 T,e ins-ran(e a"so +-st

$e a "ied to an/ (arria#e to *,i(, t,e +er(,andises *ere trans.erred3 It is a

sa.e +ode to )ee t,e dea"in# #ains $et*een t,e ori#ins to t,e .ina" destination3

T,e +arine (ar#o ins-ran(e rote(ts /o-r tri 2 i. /o-r s,i *i"" (o+e to (a-se

an/ da+a#e on Eart, or at t,e sea3 T,e 0esse" *i"" $e -nder in0esti#ation $/

+ariti+e a((idents or#ans to de.ine t,e res onsi$i"it/3 I. t,e #oods and t,e

(ontainer are not (o0ered $/ ins-ran(e2 t,e s,i er or o*ner o. t,e #oods s,a""

ass-+e .-"" res onsi$i"it/ .or t,e ("ai+s2 e0en i. it ,as $een (a-sed $/ $ad

*eat,er3 T,e ins-ran(e +a/ $e o..ered $/ a nationa" (o+ an/2 $-t t,e *arrant/

is on *,o *i"" ro0ide $etter assistan(e in t,e e0ent o. "oss or da+a#e3

Man/ ins-ran(e (o+ anies ,ire .ree"an(e a#ents or ser0i(es

(o+ anies re resentin# t,e+ in 0ario-s orts *or"d*ide or to PQI Prote(tion

and Inde+nit/ C"-$s3 T,ese asso(iations or +-t-a" ins-ran(e (oo erati0es

"6



Egberto F Ribeiro

ro0ide t,ese ser0i(e $/ its +e+$ers> s,i o*ners2 o erators2 (,arterers2 on

("ai+s *,i(, are +entioned in 0ario-s orts o. t,e *or"d3 It is ne(essar/ to $e

"e#a" and te(,ni(a" e5 ertise2 $e(a-se t,is (o+ "e5 area in0o"0es 0ario-s

internationa" en0iron+ents in its rin(i "es and ter+s> sin)in#2 strandin#2

(o""ision et(3 S,i s are too ,ea0ier t,an *e t,in)2 a sin#"e to-(, (a-ses #reat

da+a#es3

31< T,e (o+ ensation o. in7-red 0esse"s is ; o. t,e tota"3

3%< T,e +ariti+e ins-ran(e on (ar#o (o0era#e starts at ; a.ter t,e

0a"-e3

3'< To "a-n(, (ar#o o0er$oard to sa0e t,e s,i re -ires t,e

arti(i ation o. ot,er ins-ran(e (o0era#e6 H-"" en#ine (ontainer $o5es

#oods3

3 < Co""ision6 S,o() $et*een s,i s sai"in# a#ainst ea(, ot,er3

3;< A""ision6 S,o() o. s,i a#ainst o$7e(ts or stationar/ 0esse"s3

3?< Re+o0a"6 Re+o0e de$ris .ro+ s,i s in t,e ort2 *,ar.2 a((ess

(,anne"2 Ba/ o. e0o"-tion et(3

"7




- THC - TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGES

1 *are%&./!'$ Ser0!ce Pr&0!(er/

T,e area *,ere s,i s are +oored to "oad and -n"oad (ar#oes2 is

(a""ed $/ A-t,orities as t,e First [one2 it +eans t,at t,e area is t,e .irst

or#ani!ed "a(e .or eo "e and #oods to enter in a (o-ntr/3 First [one aredeno+inated t,e orts2 air orts and #ates at t,e $o-ndaries2 *,ere eo "e and

0e,i("es are ordered to enter and to "ea0e a (o-ntr/3 Persons +-st ,a0e t,eir

ersona" a ers to identi./ t,e+2 as ass orts or ersona" ID3 E0er/ (ar#o +-st

,a0e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 Internationa" Mani.est o. Car#oes2 Si+ "i.ied De("aration

o. I+ ort or E5 ort2 or ot,er a er in (on0ention $/ $ot, (o-ntries3

T,e Pri+ar/ [one is a 0er/ sensi$"e "a(e2 $e(a-se a"*a/s t,ere are

eo "e2 ideo"o#ies and #oods not a""o*ed $/ t,e ot,er (o-ntr/2 $-t a"*a/s t,ere

are ersons tr/in# to (ross ,idden #oods into t,e nei#,$or (o-ntr/ *it,o-t .ees2

or *it,o-t er+it2 t,is is (a""ed s+-##"in#3 T,is is not a re(ent e0ent2 $-t it

,a ens .or (ent-ries and #o0ern+ents ,a0e to e5(,an#e t,eir e5 erien(es to

"8



Egberto F Ribeiro

.i#,t s+-##"in#3 T,e #o0ern+ents are .i#,tin# a#ainst s+-##"in# o. dr-#s and

#-ns2 t,at4s *,/ t,ere are ins e(tors2 o"i(e2 s(anner2 5<ra/ .or (ontainers3 In

orts2 a"" t,e e+ "o/ees and *or)ers .ro+ s/ndi(ates are (ontro""ed $/ t,e

Na0/ and C-sto+s A-t,orities3 No*ada/s2 t,e internationa" trade is (are.-"

a#ainst t,e trea(,ero-s terroris+3

T,e stora#e $e.ore s,i +ent and trans ortation to t,e s,i +-st $e

(ontra(ted *it, (o+ anies *,i(, o..er stora#e .a(i"ities in a a()a#e o.

ser0i(es2 at reasona$"e ri(es3 T,e #oods .or e5 ort are ,eaded to t,e .o""o*in#

ste s $e.ore $ein# st-..ed into a (ontainer6

3131 T,e #oods *i"" $e at an EADI2 Dr/ Port or Container Ter+ina"

8In"and *are,o-sin# -nder C-sto+s (ontro"93 T,e stora#e +-st $e t,e nearest

as ossi$"e o. t,e ort2 or t,e nearest ossi$"e to its e -i +ents o.

trans ortation3313% T,e -n"oadin# o. t,e tr-()2 $oat2 *a#on et(3 T,is (ost +-st $e

(a"(-"ated on rea" ti+e o. -se t,e e -i +ents3 Do not a((e t to a/ .-"" ,o-r o.

e -i +ent .or on"/ 1; +in-tes o. rea" ti+e o. -se3

313' T,e stora#e o. t,e (ar#o .or se aration3 T,is is a "a(e o.

o eration *,ere t,ere are se0era" "ots to $e "oaded in .e* (ontainers3

313 T,e st-..in# o. t,e (ontainer and dis at(,in#3 T,e ser0i(es onstore</ard or *are,o-sin# are done $/ (o+ anies *,i(, o..ers (o+ "ete

ser0i(e at (o+ etiti0e ri(es3

313; Trans ortation to re<sta()in#3 T,e (o+ an/ re(ei0es t,e

(ontainer into its store</ard and de"i0ers .or "oadin#3 So+eti+es t,ere is a ri(e

o. .ree (ost o. stora#e3

"9




T,ese ste s (an $e er.or+ed $/ se0era" (o+ anies or 7-st a sin#"e

(o+ an/ t,at *i"" o..er t,is ser0i(e a()a#e3 T,e s,i in# o. (ontainers .ro+

t,e re<sta()in# to t,e s,i is d-e to t,e ter+ina" t,at *i"" (,ar#e t,e THC

8Ter+ina" Hand"in# C,ar#es93

T,e ser0i(es ro0ided $/ *or).or(e on "and is aid $/ t,e -ser to

Port O erator 8Co+ anies a((redited to ro0ide ser0i(es inside t,e ri+ar/

!one93 T,e ser0i(es o. t,e (ontainer re(ei0in# and -n"oadin# into t,e re<

sta()in#2 stora#e and trans ortation to t,e s,i are aid $/ e5 orters or

i+ orters to Container Ter+ina"s3 T,e (ost o. t,ese ser0i(es a ear in t,e B=L

as e5 enses *it, THC3

2 S"e0e(&re A$e'"

Ti"" Fe$r-ar/ %;2 1::'2 t,e +ariti+e ser0i(e in Bra!i"ian orts *as

done $/ t,e Ste0edore A#ents3 T,e A#ent *as res onsi$"e .or "annin# *it,

Ports A-t,orities t,e s,i 4s o eration to t,e .o""o*in# da/3 T,e edition o. t,eLa* ?'&2 )no*n as t,e A(t o. Port Moderni!ation (,an#ed t,e Ste0edore

A#ent ser0i(e to Port O erator3 T,e La* a"so ro0ided a non ro.it

Or#ani!ation (a""ed OGMO .or t,e +ana#in# o. Hand o. Wor)3 Sin(e t,en2

se0era" Port O erators *ere $ein# (,an#ed2 *,en t,ere *as an/ .a-"t3 B-t in

tr-t,2 t,is "a* ai+ed to trans.er to t,e ri0ate se(tor t,e ser0i(es o. ort

*or)ers done $/ a se(-"ar -nion o. Ste0edores3 To +a)e ossi$"e t,etrans.errin# o. ri#,ts *as esta$"is,ed a a/+ent on t,e tonna#e +o0e+ent to

esta$"is, a (o+ ensation .-nd2 *,i(, *as s- orted $/ i+ orters and e5 orters

$/ 1::;3 Most -nion +e+$ers did not 7oin t,e inde+nit/ "an2 $-t t,e +one/

*as not ret-rned to i+ orters and e5 orters and a"+ost t*ent/ /ears "ater2 none

50



Egberto F Ribeiro

ans*er *as #i0en to *or)ers in se0era" (o-rts o0er t,e nation3 T,is La* *as

(eased on De(e+$er &?2 %&1% and a ne* #o0ern+ent +eas-re *as si#ned *it,

so+e ne* r-"es2 $-t t,e President .or#ot to #i0e an ans*er a$o-t t,e retained

+one/3

T,is is t,e ro(ed-re o. #o0ern+ents ro7e(ts in0est+ents said to

.a0or *or)ers and (iti!ens in -$"i( ser0i(es .ro+ (ities to states and e0en t,e

.edera" #o0ern+ent3 I. so+eone ana"/!es t,e GDP 8Gross Do+esti( Prod-(t9

on -$"i( *or)s2 *i"" noti(e t,at t,e "e0e" s,o*n doesn4t (orres ond to t,e

e5istin# ser0i(es3 So+eti+es t,e *or) doesn4t rea(, t,e ,a". o. t,e ro7e(t2

so+eti+es2 none o. t,e aid *or)s *ere done2 or it (ost t,e do-$"e o. its

startin# $-d#et3 T,e (osts o. ,and o. *or)2 $-i"din# +ateria" and e -i +ents

are t,e sa+e d-rin# t,e /ear2 $-t ,o* did t,e en#ineers ,a0e (o++itted so

#reat +ista)e3 T,e a(t-a" e5 enses on .oot$a"" stadi-+ .or Nations C- and

Wor"d C- are a"" o0er ri(ed3 A Bi""ion Do""ars is a $i# +one/2 *,ere *as -tso "ar#e a+o-nt o. +one/ s,o*n on GDP2 disa eared2 or ne0er e5istedK Is t,e

GDP a ne* $-$$"e on t,e entire *or"dK

3 Pr&"ec"&r Mar!"!#e A$e'"

Prote(tor A#ents are t,ose *,o re resent t,e 0esse" o*ners at e0er/

ort2 to attend t,e 0esse"s need3 T,e/ are t,e re(ei0ers o. i+ ort do(-+ents and

ro0ide t,e de"i0er/ o. (o ies to #o0ern+ent a#en(ies at t,e ort3 T,e/ )eedai"/ (onta(t *it, ort4s a-t,orities to noti(e t,e ETA=ETD 8Esti+ated Ti+e o.

Arri0a" and Esti+ated Ti+e o. De art-re93 Prote(tor A#ents are t,e .rei#,t

se""ers to .i"" a"" ,o"ds and (e""s o. t,e s,i s3 T,e/ t/ e a"" "etters #i0en to IRS

and re resent t,e 0esse"s (o++andant3 T,e/ re -est t,e 0esse" to entr/ into t,e

51




ort at t,e Na0/2 $ert,in#2 .-e"2 s- "/ o. *ater2 .ood and a/+ents .or (re*3

T,e Mariti+e A#ent de"i0ers t,e B=L to t,e $ro)er to .i"" .or (a"(-"ations o.

.rei#,t3 T,e/ resent it to t,e s,i 4s Ca tain a.ter t,e (ar#o "oadin#2 d-e to t,e

si#nin# o. B=L ta)in# on $oard .or de"i0eran(e o. t,e Letter o. Credit3 T,e

A#ent (ontro"s a"" ser0i(e re -ests to t,e s,i a"on# t,e ,ar$or3

4 P&r" O era"&r

T,e on<$oard sto*a#e ser0i(es are er.or+ed $/ -nion o. ste0edores

8s/ndi(ates9 or e+ "o/ees o. t,e ort ter+ina"3 T,e ste0edores are re -ested $/

Port O erators dire(t"/ to OGMO .or (ar#o ,and"in# ser0i(es in t,e s,i 4s ,o"d2

.ro+ #oods2 .erti"i!er2 #rain or (ars at Ro"" on=Ro"" o.. s,i s3 T,e ser0i(es is $/

da/ o. *or) o. ? ,o-rs (a"(-"ated on -nits o. (ar#o2 tonna#e ,and"ed or $-")

(ar#o tri++in#3 T,e ste0edores are aid $/ t,e s,i o*ner to t,e Port O erator

*it, t,e reso-r(e #otten $/ t,e .rei#,t3

T,e Port O erator a"so does ser0i(es at si"os on dis(,ar#e o. tr-()sand *a#ons3 T,e Port O erator a"so does ser0i(es at *are ,o-ses to -n"oad

(ar#oes .or e5 ort as a er2 "-+$er et(3 Port O erator a"so does ser0i(es .or

(ar#o ,and"in# .or (ontainer ins e(tions $/ C-sto+s3

5 F&re#a'-/%!

A"" t,e *or).or(e .or s,i s and .or ri+ar/ !one is ro0ided $/

OGMO3 T,e ser0i(es in *are,o-ses2 /ards and at t,e s,i 4s ,-"" are +ade $/*or)ers -nioni!ed .or a (ent-r/ $e.ore t,e A(t o. Port Moderni!ation3 T,e

a(ti0ities er.or+ed on t,e -a/ are (a""ed Fore+an<s,i and it e5ists sin(e t,e

Bra!i" (o"on/3 T,e Fore+an<s,i ser0i(e is a/a$"e $/ t,e i+ orter or e5 orter

to t,e O erator $/ t,e OGMO t,e sa+e *a/ as t,e ste0edores3

5



Egberto F Ribeiro

) ar!a e C&/" &f Car$& Ha'( !'$

T,e 0aria$"e (osts on ,ands o. *or) and renta" o. e -i +ent .or

s e(ia" (ar#oes2 and to "oad and -n"oad (ar#oes *it, "ar#e n-+$er o. *or)ers

rise t,e 0aria$"e (ost3 T,e (osts *i"" $e +ore e5 ensi0e i. ,and"ed $/

ste0edores2 or (,ea er i. +o0ed $/ +a(,ines2 $etter is *,en t,e (ar#oes are

-niti!ed3 T,e (osts *i"" $e +ore e5 ensi0e *,en t,e (ar#oes are +o0ed $/

e -i +ents *,i(, $e"on# to t,e s,i 2 or (,ea er *,en are +o0ed $/

e -i +ents .ro+ t,e ort .a(i"ities3 T,e .i5ed (ost o. .rei#,t is $ased on t,e

sa+e (a"(-"ation6 distan(e2 t/ e o. 0esse"2 (ar#o (a a(it/2 e -i +ent on $oard

and s-..er t,e sa+e e5tras (osts *or"d*ide3

+ *%ere Ec&'&# Fa! /

Be.ore t,e Wor"d War II2 t,e 0aria$"e (osts ,ad rea(,ed at ' o.

sea .rei#,t3 In t,e ost*ar eriod2 t,ese (osts rose to ?& o. .rei#,t3 T,isin(rease in (ost *as d-e in art to in."ation o((-rred at t,at ti+e and a"so t,e

#ro*t, in n-+$ers o. air "ane .or assen#ers instead o. -s-a" s,i s3

Fro+ t,e an(ient Ro+an E+ ire2 t,ere ,as $een (onstant ro(ed-res

to red-(e .rei#,t (osts3 T,e (onstr-(tion o. t,e Corint, "ane $/ t,e Ro+ans2

*it, s"a0e "a$or .or(e o. Je*is, risoners2 is an e5 ensi0e e5a+ "e to so"0e t,e

*e"" )no*n ratio6 distan(e and (ost3 Ot,er "anes $-i"t (ent-ries "ater as> S-e!and Pana+a s,o* t,e (on(ern o. t,e Britis, and A+eri(ans in t,e red-(tion o.

t,e .rei#,t (osts3

Go0ern+ents and (o+ anies ,a0e de0e"o ed +et,ods and

te(,ni -es to red-(e t,e (osts o. rod-(tion3 T,e *,o"e in.rastr-(t-re o. an

ind-str/ .ro+ t,e .a(i"ities2 ersonne"2 ra* +ateria"s2 rod-(tion2 en0iron+ent

5!




and ta5es are s-$7-#ated to t,e ."a0or o. .rei#,t *,i(, tries to anni,i"ate t,e

(o+ etition3

T,e distri$-tion (osts +-st $e -nderstood as in0est+ent to red-(e its

o*n e5 enses and to red-(e t,e *or)in# ti+e3 One Distri$-tion Center (an

$e"on# to one (o+ an/ and $e ,ired to anot,er3 T,e $est e -i +ent is t,at

a "i(a$"e in t,e o*n (o-ntr/ and a$road3 It re -ires as/++etr/ o. +et,ods

a "ied on trans ort $/ sea and "and2 on ne* o erationa" te(,ni -es and ne*

.a(i"ities at seas,ore or in"and3 A"" o. t,at is a "ar#e e..ort to red-(e (osts2

,o*e0er2 t,e di0er#in# "ines o. t,in)in# a ear *,en in0estin# are 0er/ ,i#,

and in(o+es are too "o*3

Initia""/2 no$od/ )ne* e5a(t"/ *,at to do *it, t,e .irst (o+ -ters2

e0en toda/2 e<(o++er(e is so o$s(-re *,i(, needs (onstant +ana#e+ent o. its

s/ste+3 T,e -n)no*n o*ners o. a ne* e"e(troni( #o"d +ine *ere s-##estin#

,-#e #ains s,arin# a ers .ro+ (o+ anies o eratin# t,ro-#, t,e internet3T,ese (o+ anies *ere ta")in# a$o-t a +i""ionaire ro+isin# (a ita" in a nearest

.-t-re2 $-t t,e (o+ an/ didn4t *ort, ten t,o-sand do""ars3 T,is e5 e(tation o.

eas/ #ain *as a tra .or in(a-tio-s in0estors2 *,ose e(ono+ies ,a0e

e0a orated .ro+ ni#,t to da/3 In t,is sa+e tri() ,ad .a""en in0estors on *ooden

,o-ses +ade o. taeda ine2 a$-ndant *ood .ro+ t,e East Coast to t,e Mid

West in t,e SA3T,ere are toda/ aro-nd 1&& +i""ion *ooden ,o-ses in t,e SA2 '

+i""ion are rented and 1 +i""ion are ("osed2 in("-din# 1& o. ne* ,o+es

a*aitin# sa"e .or o0er a /ear3 T,e ,o-ses and a art+ents are $-i"t a"" o0er t,e

*or"d2 0er/ a re(iated are t,ose +ade o. $ri()s and (on(rete3 In E-ro e2 Asia

5"



Egberto F Ribeiro

and So-t, A+eri(a2 t,e *ooden ,o-ses are o -"ar and ine5 ensi0e3 In 3S3 a

ne* *ooden ,o-se *it, t,ree $edroo+ (ost an a0era#e o. SX && 2 *,i(,

*ere easi"/ .inan(ed -nder +ort#a#e in "on# ter+3 A.ter ten /ears2 t,e .inan(ia"

(osts *ere too ,i#, and t,e ,o-ses needed to re airs at t,e ,a". o. its 0a"-e3

T,ese .antasti( *ooden +ansions *ere $-i"t in t*o +ont,s and so"d

o0er ri(ed2 .ro+ 1& to a ,-ndred ti+es o0er t,e 0a"-es o. +ateria"s and ot,er

(osts a "ied on its (onstr-(tion3 In "ess t,an ten /ears2 t,ese ,o-ses *ere rot

and "ent/ o. ter+ites and ot,er ."/in# inse(ts in.estin# e0er/ art o. t,ese

a"a(es3 C-rrent"/2 a t,ree<$edroo+ ,o-se needs .o-r da/s to re "a(e t,e

s/nt,eti( *a"" ane"s2 PVC *indo*s and t,er+a" ins-"ation2 at an a0era#e (ost

o. X%; 3 Des ite o. a"" s-(, e5 enses on t,e entire ,o-se2 no one *i"" a/ +ore

t,an X1&& 3 S-(, .or+-"a rises t,e nationa" GDP to -nrea" "e0e"s2 $-t (a-ses

se0ere da+a#es to t,e entire *or"d e(ono+/3 T,e s"o#an o. a ter+ite (ontro"

(o+ an/ ane"s at t,e roads6 Ter+ites *or) % ,o-rs a da/2 *e too3 T,eseo osin# 0a"-es $et*een de$ts and rea" state +ar)et ind-(ed t,e o*ners to #i0e

$a() t,eir ro erties to t,e $an)s2 #eneratin# a $oo) "oss o. X? tri""ion do""ars3

T,e ro(ed-re to rise - easi"/ t,e GDP o. an/ (o-ntr/ to a+a!in# ,ei#,ts *as

(a""ed $-$$"e $/ e(ono+ists3

W,en a (orr- t (o-ntr/ ,as se0era" in0est+ents $-d#et o. $i""ion o.

do""ars2 t,e (osts rise -i()"/ o0er ;& a((ordin# t,e "a* and $/ ana"/sis o. t,e nion Co-rt o. A((o-nts3 No$od/ -nderstands *,at ,a ened to t,at risin#

o. (osts2 i. t,e en#ineers +ade an/ +ista)e in t,e str-(t-ra" (a"(-"-s2 or i. t,ere

*as an/ reason .or t,ose +ateria"s a ear *it, a ne* ri(e3 So+eti+es2 it is

(a-sed $/ (orr- tion2 $-t so+eti+es it see+s to $e t,e $-$$"e e..e(t on GPD3

55




Bi""ion o. do""ars is a so ,-#e a+o-nt o. +one/ t,at it is easi"/ ana"/!ed2 *,en

t,e GPD is (o+ ared to t,e er(enta#e o. t,e #o0ern+ents re0en-es3

56



Egberto F Ribeiro

6- E7UIPMENTS FOR CONTAINERS

6 1 S!(e- &a(er La'cer

In t,e $e#innin# o. t,e 1: & de(ade2 t,e Bra!i"ian #o0ern+ent

.o""o*in# t,e "an o. de0e"o +ent PND12 ,ad sent to t,e Parana#-a Port 1?

(ranes .ro+ Ger+an/2 one ."oatin# (rane .or 1&& tons +ade in H-n#ar/2 .o-r "o(o+oti0es .ro+ Ja an2 a (o+ "ete #rain (o+ "e5 .or 1&&) tons2 "oadin# (ar#o

e -i +ent *it, .o-r s,i "oaders .ro+ Ja an and t*o Side<"oader Lan(er .or

(ontainer2 .ro+ a "ot o. .i0e +ade in En#"and3 T,e +ain reason *as to attend

t,e $-i"din# o. t,e #iant "ant o. Itai - at t,e Parana Ri0er in asso(iation *it,

t,e Para#-a/an Go0ern+ent3 T,e t*o Lan(ers ,ad ser0ed t,e Port 0er/ *e"" .or

a"+ost t*ent/ /ears3 T,e t*o Lan(ers ,ad ser0ed t,e Port 0er/ *e"" .or a"+ostt*ent/ /ears3 Ste0edore and *or)ers ,ad seen at ni#,t2 ,o* t,e dis(,ar#e t-$es

,ad #otten red2 a"+ost +e"ted $/ its e5tre+e ress-re to e"e0ate a (ontainer ti""

ta"" t,ree3 E0en .o""o*in# t,e +aintenan(e +an-a"2 t,e "i0es o. $ot, +a(,ines

,a0e rea(,ed at t,e end a.ter 0er/ o.ten "oss o. oi"2 t,ese e -i +ents *ere

re aired and sent to anot,er ort o. Re(i.e in t,e Nort,east o. Bra!i"3

57




6 2 Rea( "& M&0e

Containers (an $e +o0ed $/ stationar/ or +o$i"e (ranes on rai"2

"i.ted $/ .o-r (orner .ittin#s ro0ided *it, "o()ers3 Containers o. %&4 ,a0e t*o

o enin#s t,ro-#, "o*er $ars .or ,and"in# $/ .or) "i.t or ,ea0/ (ar#o "i.t3 On"/

%&4 (ontainers *it, (ar#o (an $e +o0ed $/ t,ose o enin#s3 Containers &4 *ere

not +ade to $e +o0ed *,en "oaded $/ t,ese o enin#s3 So+e &Z (ontainers are

not ro0ided *it, o enin#s2 e5a(t"/ .or do not a""o* an/ +ista)e3

T,e (ontaineri!ation s/ste+ ,as $een t,e +ain (enter o. attention o.

#o0ern+ents a"" o0er t,e *or"d2 *,en t,e treat+ent is on trans ortation3 To

attend t,e ne* s/ste+ sin(e t,e se0enties2 t,e NCTAD ,as de0e"o ed a

+et,od o. *or) (o++on in se0era" (o-ntries3 At t,e APPA Port2 so+e

e+ "o/ee2 in("-din# +e ,a0e $een trained in t,is +et,od to *or) on e -a"

o eration *it, (ontainers in re<sta()in#2 st-..in#2 do(-+ents2 s,i in# ande -i +ents3 To #i0e a *ide 0ie* on ort o eration2 t,e Port in0ited so+e

e+ "o/ees to re are t,eir o*n dida(ti( +ateria" to tea(, t,eir do+inated areas

o. *or) in ort ser0i(e as> *are,o-sin#2 ort o eration2 ort in(o+e2 a/+ents2

ort .inan(es2 ersona" re"ations,i 2 ersona" se(-rit/2 i+ ort Q e5 ort ro(ess2

e -i +ents and Container Ter+ina" Ad+inistration3 A"" *or) (o""ea#-es ,a0e

$een trained in t,is ne* s/ste+2 )no*in# t,e (ontaineri!ation and orto eration a((ordin# t,e "ast st-dies to #i0e t,e+ t,e $est )no*"ed#e2 (o+ ared

*it, $i# *a#es +ana#ers in ri0ate (o+ anies3 T,e trainin# *as ne(essar/ to

raise t,e (o++on )no*"ed#e o. t,e e+ "o/ees to an ad0an(ed "e0e" .or

ana"/sis o. +et,ods and "e#a" ro(ed-re in a *,ar. *,i(, *or)s % = 3

Ot,er*ise2 t,e (o+ an/ *o-"d ,a0e to ,ire s)i""ed eo "e to so"0e tro-$"es

58



Egberto F Ribeiro

an/ti+e3 T,e "e0e" o. st-d/ o. a"" *or)ers *as t,e ,i#, s(,oo"2 $-t in ort

o eration t,e *or)ers didn4t )no* eno-#, t,e +et,ods and a"*a/s .o""o*ed t,e

A#ents s-##estions3 W,en se0era" ser0i(es *ere in(orre(t"/ done2 t,e

res onsi$i"it/ *as a"*a/s $/ t,e (o+ an/4s a((o-nt3 A.ter t,e trainin#2 t,e

*or)ers $e#an to ,a0e t,e (o+ an/4s oint o. 0ie* and se0era" ser0i(es

(onsidered *it,o-t $i""s2 $e(a-se it *as to a .riend2 $e#an to $e a/ed $/ -sers3

To a $etter -nderstandin#2 t,e ort *as -s-a" to do .or .ree ser0i(es not

ro0ided in t,e (ost "ist> e56 .or)"i.t .or (ar#o ins e(tion> (rane to re+o0e a re<

sta()in#3 Be/ond to )no* ,o* to *or) *it, (ontainer2 t,e trainin# *as added

to o"d +et,ods $/ Port Nationa" De art+ents and Port Go0ern+ent Co+ an/

.or (ar#oes in $-")2 as (ar#o "an2 (ar#o ins e(tions2 ort se(-rit/2

*are,o-sin#2 ,o* to identi./ (ontainer2 ,o* to identi./ t,e ("asses o. .ire and

,o* to o erate (orre(t"/ t,e e -i +ents3

A.ter se0era" /ears2 t,e #"o$a" s/ste+ o. *or) ,as $een .ra#+ented

and t,e (o-ntries are no +ore a(t-atin# a((ordin# t,e sa+e r-"es3 T,at4s *,/

t,ere are a"+ost 1; o. #oods $ein# rod-(ed o0ersi!ed .or (ontainer

+eas-res3 B-t *,en it needs to $e +o0ed $/ (ontainers2 t,e o eration is "a!/

and "ent/ o. a((idents3 I40e $een #i0in# s- ort to tea(,ers and st-dents at

Ad+inistration (o-rses2 ind-stries and rod-(ers a""o*in# t,e+ to read or

do*n"oad +/ $oo) Lo#isti(a de Container and E"e+ents o. Port Lo#isti(s

.or .ree3 I $e"ie0e t,e/ ,a0e to #et )no*"ed#e on ort o eration .or do not .ai"

in internationa" tradin#3 T,e Port O eration is a t,e+e not e5 "ained at t,e

-ni0ersities o. Ad+inistration3 T,is is t,e sa+e as to tea(, "a*s2 si#ns and r-"es

to so+eone to #et a (ar dri0e "i(ense2 *it,o-t tea(,in# ,i+ ,o* to dri0e3 In t,e

59




"ast t,ree /ears2 +/ $oo)s and i(t-res ,a0e $een read and seen $/ t,o-sand o.

st-dents in Bra!i" and o0er t,e entire *or"d t,ro-#, t,e sites $e"on#ed to s(ri$d

and iss--3 T,e interest o. readers .ro+ A+eri(as2 E-ro e2 A.ri(a2 India and

Asia ,as en(o-ra#ed +e to *rite t,is $oo) and to trans"ate it to se0era"

"an#-a#es2 to #i0e t,e+ so+e )no*"ed#e in (ontaineri!ation and ne* +et,ods3

6 3 C&'"a!'er &' C%a//!/

T,e a+o-nt o. (ontainers to $e +o0ed on an/ ort2 (ontainer ter+ina" or store</ard *i"" deter+ine t,e t/ es o. e -i +ents3 Ports or ri0ate

store</ards .or e+ t/ (ontainers *,i(, +o0e .e* (ontainers2 "ess t,an .i.t/

-nits2 don4t ,a0e an/ reason to $e ro0ided o. ,ea0/ and e5 ensi0e e -i +ents3

T,e .or)"i.ts *it, (a a(it/ .or - to 1&tons are e(ono+i(a""/ 0ia$"e to +o0e

e+ t/ (ontainers o. %&42 *it, s read (an +o0e &4 -i()"/3 W,en t,e s,i 4s

ETA is t,ree da/s2 e+ t/ (ontainers in *are,o-se .or st-..in# +-st $e read/8(ar#o and do(-+ents9 .or s,i +ent and ,as to $e sent to t,e ort3 T,e ort re<

sta()in# *i"" ,a0e as +-(, "oaded (,assis as t,e ne(essar/ .or s,i in#3 T,e

(ontainer ter+ina" a"so +a/ ,a0e a ar)in# .or (ontainers on (,assis2 a""

a"on#side ea(, ot,er at ;\ o. .or+ation2 to enter $/ one road o. t,e ar)in#

and #o o-t $/ t,e .irst .ront road3 T,at is a .or+ation .or an/ one (ontainer $e

+o0ed an/ti+e3 T,e (,assis *i"" $e +o0ed a"on#side t,e s,i $/ tr-()s at t,eti+e to "oad on $oard3 T,e dis(,ar#e o. (ontainers *it, i+ orts LCL2 *i"" $e

sent to *are,o-sin# at t,e C-sto+s (are3 T,e e+ ties (ontainers on (,assis *i""

$e sent $a() to t,e s,i 2 or *i"" $e sent to store /ard3 T,e e+ t/ For)"i.ts .or

ten tons *it, s reader are a"so .itted .or $ot, TE s on ISO +eas-res2 *,en

e+ ties (an rea(, ta"" t,ree3

60



Egberto F Ribeiro

6 4 C%a!'/ a'( S"ee Ca e/

Do not -se (,ains to "i.t a (ontainer2 $e(a-se *,en t,e (,ain is "oose

on t,e #ro-nd2 t,e rin#s are a"*a/s t*isted and t,e/ s-..er a s-dden $-+

-nder ,ea0/ *ei#,t and *,en #et a"i#ned $rea)s itse".3 Loo) (are.-""/ t,e stee"

(,ain to see i. it is in #ood (ondition> *,en t,e rin# is "i)e a #ro-ndn-t2 it

+eans t,at is a"+ost $ro)en3 T,e $est *or) is #otten *it, stee" (a$"es2 $-t it

+-st ne0er $e -""ed on t,e #ro-nd2 it s-..ers t,e a$radin# e..e(t and $e(o+es

-se"ess in +in-tes3 Stee" (a$"es +-st ne0er rea(, its e5tre+e resistan(e2

$e(a-se it "oses t,e 0a"idit/ and *i"" $rea)3 For "oads o. 1&tons -se (a$"e .or

1%tons> .or ;&tons2 -se (a$"es .or ?&tons3

6 5 Da#a$e/

Da+a#es in (ontainers are a"*a/s (a-sed $/ dri0ers2 $-t so+eti+es

t,e ste0edore e -i +ents are not ade -ate .or s-(, *or)3 W,en a .or)"i.t

dri0er rises - a &Z (ontainer $/ t,e "o*er ane"2 ,e *i"" (a-se serio-s da+a#e

on its "o*er str-(t-re2 $rea)in# t,e stee" $ars and t,e "/*ood on t,e ."oor3

Anot,er +ista)e done $/ .or)"i.t dri0ers2 *,i(, (a-se da+a#es on an/

(ontainer ,a ens *,en ,e "a/s do*n on t,e - er ane" 8roo.9> (a$"es2

"o()ers2 arts o. s reader or ste0edore arti("es3 Later2 t,e dri0er -ts anot,er

(ontainer o0er t,at one *it, stee" arti("es and t,e roo. *i"" $e dri""ed and t,e"o*er ane" *i"" $e $ro)en3 Anot,er (ase2 t,e dri0er ,as to +o0e t,e (ontainer

and .or#ets t,ere are "oose ie(es "aid on t,e - er ane"2 *,i(, +a/ .a"" do*n

on so+eone or o0er ,i+se".3 T,e .or)"i.t or #antr/ (rane s reader .or (ontainer

,as a-to+ati( (orner #-ides to "o() it2 *,i(, is dan#ero-s and +a/ (a-se

61




se0ere in7-r/ on *or)ers at t,e (orner o. t,e (ontainer3 T,e e -i +ents .or

(ontainers are t,e sa+e on t,e entire *or"d2 sin(e t,e sa+e s- "iers are

+a)in# t,e +ost o. t,is +a(,iner/ .or (ontainers3 For)"i.t to trans ort sea

(ontainer o. &4 *it, te"es(o i( s reader +a/ ,a0e "at(,es to raise t,e (ontainer

$/ its .ront ane" or $/ t,e to ane"3 So+e -sers "ea0e *ooden a()in# or art

o. "oads in e+ t/ (ontainers t,at e5(eed t,e no+ina" *ei#,t o. t,e -nit and

a"*a/s (a-se a((idents3 A .or)"i.t .or 1& tons is stead/ eno-#, to +o0e an

e+ t/ &Z (ontainer2 *,ose *ei#,t is near ton and t,e s read is no +ore t,an

% tons3

6 ) P&r" F&r8 !f" 9 Reac%-/"ac8er 9 S"ra(( e Carr!er

Containers o. %&4 and &4 "oaded +-st $e +o0ed $/ s e(ia" 0e,i("es

$-i"t to trans ort t,e+2 as a r-$$er<tired Stradd"e Carrier3 T,ese are t,e t,ree

#enerations o. (ontainer "i.t +a(,ines2 a.ter t,e Lan(er s/ste+3 T,e on"/tro-$"e in0o"0in# t,ese +a(,ines is t,e *ide area to +o0e t,e+ and t,e "o*

,ei#,t t,e+ (an sta()3

W,en a s,i *it, e -i +ents arri0es to o erate in a ort *it,o-t

(ranes2 t,e A#ent ad0i(e is to (ontra(t re0io-s"/ ri0ate tr-()s *it, (,assis .or

%; tons to ser0e t,e o eration3 Container Ter+ina" *it, .a(i"ities to attend t*o

s,i to s,ore #antr/ (ranes +-st ,a0e a re<sta()in# /ard near t,e s,i 3 T,e ort .a(i"it/ +-st ,a0e (rane *it, ,oo) to +o0e $ars .or %&4 and &4 (ontainers2

.itted *it, e/e"ets .or atta(,in# stee" (a$"es3 E0en t,o-#,2 a #ood *or) at "o*

(ost is a sta() rea(,er *it, .or)"i.t .or '&tons .or %&4 and &42 *it, te"es(o i(

s reader3 T,e s readers *it, a-to+ati( (ontro" e5tends t,e $ars *it, "o()ers

6



Egberto F Ribeiro

.or (ontainers .ro+ %&4 to &43 Des ite o. se0era" +eas-res .or (ontainers2 on"/

t,ese +eas-res are *or"d*ide a((e ted3 So+e s readers are ro0ided *it,

(orner #-ide to osition (orre(t"/ on t,e (orner .ittin# to "o() t,e (ontainer2

*or)ers +-st )ee ("ear .or do not s-..er an/ in7-r/3

6 + I'"er#&(a Ter#!'a /

Inter+oda" a"so -ses e -i +ents .or (ontainers o0er rai"s or tires2

*,i"e t,ese are +ore 0ersati"e t,an t,ose2 $ot, re -ire a "ot o. ti+e .or +ane-0ers3 T,e (ontainer /ard .or Stradd"e (arrier *it, tires +-st ,a0e t,e

#ro-nd an#"e at % .or rain*ater draina#e3 T,e (on(rete on stee" s-r.a(e s,o-"d

$e +e(,ani(a""/ s+oot,ed to re0ent re+at-re tire *ear3 T,e train *it,

(ontainers (o+es into t,e Inter+oda" /ard .or *ei#,in# and non<in0asi0e

ins e(tion $/ <ra/3 A.ter t,at2 *a#ons *it, (ontainers are ositioned .or

-n"oadin#3 T,e Stradd"e Carrier dri0es on its road .or o eration a$o0e t,e*a#ons3 T,e tr-()s $rin#in# (,assis sto a"on#side t,e *a#ons3 T,e (ontainer

is trans.erred .ro+ t,e *a#on to t,e (,assis *,i(, ,eads to #ate .or *ei#,in#

and s(annin# to re(ei0e t,e order o. .ree o-t -t> it isn4t to *or) t*i(e2 $-t to

(on.ir+ t,at t,e sa+e (ontainer and (ontents *,i(, ,a0e entered in t,e

Inter+oda" are t,ese *,i(, are $ein# de"i0ered3 T,is tr-() *i"" (arr/ t,e

(ontainer to its destination in t,e re#ion2 store2 ,/ er+ar)et or ort ter+ina"3Stationar/ (rane on *,ee" is *ide eno-#, to ,a0e $e"o* it one

*a#on rai" and one road .or tr-()s to trans.er a (ontainer .ro+ one +eans o.

trans ort to anot,er3 Stradd"e Carriers o erate to "oad and -n"oad tr-()s or

*a#ons and to ta)e t,e (ontainer .or sta()in#3 To +o0e t,e *a#ons *i"" $e

6!




ne(essar/ one "o(o+oti0e2 +-(, +ore e5 ensi0e t,an a tr-()2 $-t a train *it,

ten *a#ons (an $e -""ed $/ t*o a/<"oaders *it, stee" (a$"es3 To sta()

(ontainers in a n-+$ered s -are o. t,e /ard2 *,ere t,ere is ,i#, +o0e+ent2 t,e

$est e -i +ent is t,e Transtainer 8se+i< orta" (rane9 on rai"s3 It ,as te"es(o i(

s read .or %&4 and &4 and is *ider t,an t,e s -are o. t,e /ard to "i.t and "o*er

(ontainers on an/ "a(e3

6"



Egberto F Ribeiro

1:- CLEAN CONTAINER TRANSPORTION

A((ordin# internationa" st-dies and a "ian(e o. i+ erati0e r-"es on

("ean trans ortation2 s,i o*ners and te(,no"o#/ (o+ anies ,a0e de0e"o ed

so.t*are to i+ ro0e t,e $etter (ondition o. na0i#ation .or t,eir 0esse"s3 T,e

$est e..i(ient en#ines2 ,/drod/na+i(s desi#ns2 $a""ast (ontro" and se0era" ot,er reso-r(es -nder st-dies to o$e/ t,e #o0ern+ents r-"es3

In Bra!i"2 sin(e 1:?& t,e -ni0ersities are .o""o*in# se0era" "ines o.

t,in)in# as in Fran(e2 Ger+an/2 C,ina2 Ja an and se0era" ot,er (o-ntries2

sear(,in# .or ,i#, )no*"ed#e on "inear +a#neti( trans ortation and its $ene.its3

I. t,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to e"i+inate .-e" (ons-+ tion on an/ s,ore e -i +ent2

it *i"" $e ,e" in# t,e na0i#ation on #"o$a" red-(tion o (ar$on e+issions3

T,e te(,ni(a" +ode"s o. +a#neti( de0i(es a "ied on trans ortation

o. assen#ers and no* to +o0e (ar#oes in (ontainers3 T,ese ad0an(ed ro7e(ts

are a0ai"a$"e *,en *e ana"/!e t,e #ross *ei#, o. a sea (ontainer di0ided $/ a""

s -are +eters o. its "o*er ane"3 W,i"e a (,assis o0er *,ee" di0ides t,e sa+e

65




(ontainer4s *ei#, $/ its a5"es and=or $/ its *,ee"s *,i(, re(ei0e a"" t,e

(on(entrated *ei#,t o. (ar#oes on "ess t,an one s -are +eter3 T*o TE s *it,

#ross *ei#,t o. % tons on a tr-() o. t*o a5"es and ei#,t tires2 *,en ea(, one

re(ei0es '2;&tons2 or t,e tota" o. % tons=+ 3 T,at4s an e -ation *,i(, (an $e

so"0ed $/ a de0i(e (a""ed Tra/tainer 3 It4s a set o. a stee" .ra+e .or

trans ortation o. t*o %&4 (ontainers or one &4 (ontainer on a ,ori!onta"

+a#neti( "ane2 .or stora#e o. (ontainers in ,ori!onta" dra*ers and .or

trans ortation on in("inin# ra+ s .ro+ to 1; 2 a((ordin# t,e *ei#,t3

T,e #ro-nd str-(t-re .or +a#neti( s/ste+ is :& "i#,ter t,an

(on0entiona" rai"3 A"so t,e radi-s (an $e s+a""er> ?&+ dia+eter .or

e"e(tro+a#neti( s/ste+2 a#ainst %;&+ dia+eter .or (on0entiona" rai"3 Let4s ,a0e

a #"i+ se on ne* +et,ods and s/ste+s .or sea (ontainers storin# *,i(, +o0e

-nder ,i#, rai"s on orts and ter+ina"s2 $e/ond se0era" st-dies on Port

O eration on t,e entire *or"d3

1: 1 H!$% Ra!

In t,is +et,od2 t,e (ontainer is "i.ted $/ a s reader $e"o* a ,i#, rai"

and +o0ed $/ e"e(tri( en#ine -nder a stee" str-(t-re t,ro-#, t,e ter+ina"3 It

+o0es (ontainers .ro+ t,e ter+ina" to t,e s,i 2 in a tri near to one +i"e3 T,is

s/ste+ (a-ses +ateria" .ati#-e on t,e (ontainer (orner "o()ers and on its "o* ane"2 $e/ond t,e s reader (a$"es and "o()ers3

1: 2 Tr.c8/

T,e (ontainer (an $e +o0ed $/ tra(tor tr-()s at t,e s,i 3 T,is is t,e

+ost -s-a" s/ste+ in a"" orts2 $-t t,ere is "ar#e .-e" (ons-+ tion2 *,i(, is

a"*a/s re eated on a"" s/ste+3

66



Egberto F Ribeiro

1: 3 A."&#a"e

T,e (ontainer is +o0ed .ro+ t,e store</ard to t,e s,i on (,assis $/

tra(tor tr-()s or t-#s +o0ed $/ re+ote (ontro" at 0er/ "o* s eed #-ided $/

sensors o. (o++and insta""ed into t,e #ro-nd3

1: 4 *a$&'

T,e (ontainer on *a#ons are +o0ed $/ diese"<e"e(tri( trains3 T,is

s/ste+ +-st o..er (ontro" on *ei#,in# and s(annin# $/ t,e rai" (o+ an/3

1: 5 Cr &$e'!c Le0!"a"!&'

In 1:112 t,e D-t(, ,/si(ist Dr3 Hei)e 3 Onnes $e#an to st-d/ t,e

,eno+enon *,i(, (-ts o.. t,e e"e(tri(a" resisti0it/ on +ateria"s2 )no*n as

s- er(ond-(tors2 *,en (oo"ed at (riti(a" te+ erat-res3 T*ent/ /ears "ater2 t,e

Ger+an ,/si(ists Dr Frit! Wa"t,er Meissner and Dr Ro$ert O(,sen.e"d ,a0e

(ontin-ed t,e st-dies on dia+a#neti( a(tions o. s- er(ond-(tors2 or t,e

Meissner<Os(,en.e"d e..e(t3 So+e e5 eri+ents *it, "i -id Nitro#en at <1:?\,a0e $een done sin(e t,en to -nderstand *,/ s- er(ond-(tors ,a0e e5("-ded

its +a#neti( o*er and ,o* to -se it3 T,e (o"d a(tion o. t,e "i -id Nitro#en on

+a#nets +ade o. (era+i( rare<eart, +ateria"s2 *it, ro erties *,i(, don4t

s-..er an/ str-(t-re da+a#e2 $-t $-i"ds a dia+a#neti( .ie"d3 T,is is a .ie"d *it,

,-#e stren#t, to ."oat so.t"/ an - er +a#net and to attra(t it at t,e sa+e ti+e3

T,e do-$"e a(tion done $/ t,e s- er(ond-(tor to re e" and to attra(t t,eo osite $odies ,as a sin#-"ar $ene.it2 t,e ."oatin# $od/ (an4t .a"" do*n2 *,en it

is -""ed - 2 it o..ers sta$i"it/ to t,e ."oatin# $od/3 T,e dia+a#neti( .ie"d re e"s

$ot, $odies2 t,e s- er(ond-(tor and t,e +a#net2 $-t at t,e sa+e ti+e )ee $ot,

attra(ted to t,e+se"0es3 A.ter .e* se(onds *it,o-t (o"d s- "/2 t,e

67




s- er(ond-(tor $e(o+es de+a#neti!ed ti"" to "ose its ro erties and t,e - er

+a#net .a""s do*n3 T,ese ro erties o..er t,e ossi$i"it/ to dri0e a $od/ on a

(,osen .rost "ane $et*een se0era" "anes in nor+a" te+ erat-re2 .ro+ one "ane to

ot,er *it,o-t to "ose t,e s eed3

To re0ent t,e "oss o. (o"d2 t,e .ro!en s- er(ond-(tor +-st $e

"a(ed on t,e "ane to ,a0e (ontro" s- "/ o. "i -id Nitro#en3 T,e "i -id is

distri$-ted $/ t-$es and (ontro""ed $/ a Center o. O eration3 T,is +et,od (an

$e a "ied on Tra/tainers as s- ort .or (ontainer trans ortation on +a#neti(

+attress3 As t,e s,e"0es s/ste+ .or sta()in# is near to t,e (r/o#eni( (enter2 t,e

s/ste+ is a0ai"a$"e .or i++ediate a "i(ation3 Peo "e +a/ sa/6 O "etZs -se

"i -id nitro#en2 $-t *,ere to #et it in "i -id stateK T,ere are at+os ,ere air

ro(essor (enters in e0er/ $i# (it/ to s- "/ o5/#en to ,os ita"s2 +eta""-r#/

ind-stries2 or dr/ i(e2 *,ere t,e nitro#en is a s-$< rod-(t3

T,e e"e(tri(a" reso-r(es are e5 ensi0e2 ,o*e0er2 t,e (ost o. t,e(r/o#eni( s/ste+ is e5 e(ted to $e "o*er3 It is a0ai"a$"e in $ot, re#ions>

tro i(a" (o-ntries and (o"d re#ions2 *,ere t,e stee" .ra+es are $"o()ed $/ sno*

.or .e* da/s2 or *ee)s3 It is to rea"i!e t,at a (o+ "ete tri ta)es t*o *ee)s to

$rin# (ontainers .ro+ t,e tro i(s to (o"d re#ions3 B-t it +a/ ,a0e e..e(ti0e

("eanse *it, ,ot air t-$es $e"o* t,e .ra+es2 .or $ot, s/ste+s o. +a#neti(

+attress2 )no*in# t,at s,i s .or s,e"0es don4t need ,at(, (o0er2 $e(a-se t,e/*i"" $e (o0ered at side and to 3 T,e (r/o#eni( s/ste+ .or +a#neti( +attress is

s-ita$"e2 $e(a-se it .ree!es so .ast as t,e ti+e o. +o0e+ent s ent $/ ea(,

Tra/tainer to #o .ro+ t,e s,i to t,e s,e"0es3

68



Egberto F Ribeiro

1: ) Ma$Le0

T,ere are t,ree )no*n te(,no"o#ies to +o0e a $od/ on +a#neti(

s/ste+> t,e Ma#"e0 in C,ina is in o eration .or se0era" /ears a "/in#

e"e(tro+a#net .or "e0itation -nder 0e(tor<(ontro"3 T,e se(ond te(,no"o#/ is t,e

e"e(trod/na+i( )no*n as t,e HSST in Ja an2 *,i(, needs so+e s eed to $e#in

t,e "e0itation2 so it +-st ,a0e *,ee"s and rai"s .or "o* s eed3 T,e t,ird s/ste+

is t,e (r/o#eni( *it, (era+i( s- er(ond-(tors at (riti(a" te+ erat-re *it,

er+anent +a#net2 or e"e(tro+a#net (oi"s +o0ed $/ "inear +otor3 T,is is t,e

s/ste+ in de0e"o +ent in Bra!i" at t,e Federa" ni0ersit/ o. Rio de Janeiro $/

t,e ,/si(ist Dr Ri(,ard Ste ,an3 T,e ro.essor "eads a tea+ o. *or) *it,

ot,er instit-tes2 t,e/ ,a0e +ade rotot/ es .or st-dents2 0isitors and o$ser0ers

to ,a0e a #enera" #"i+ se o. t,e .-t-rist a "i(ation o. t,at ne* +et,ods o.

+a#netis+3 T,e (r/o#eni( trans ortation is one o. t,e +ost attra(ti0e

e5 eri+ents in t,e (a+ -s3 Ho*e0er2 t,e ad0an(ed state o. )no*"ed#e is*idenin# t,e ind-str/ ,ori!on and o*er "ants to red-(e its si!e and to

e"i+inate its $earin# s/ste+s3

T,e need o. dee orts .or Post Pana+a5 s,i s is a $rainstor+ to

#o0ern+ents and in0estors t,ro-#,o-t t,e *or"d3 T,e (ontainers +o0ed on

+a#neti( s/ste+ sea+s to $e t,e so"-tion .or trans ortation o. (ontainers on t,e

SA2 .ro+ West Coast to East Coast on a str-(t-re .or t*ent/ "anes to onedire(tion and t*ent/ "anes a$o0e to (ontrar/ dire(tion *it, "o* (ost o.

+aintenan(e3

69




1: + Ca e Car

T,e (ontainer is "i.ted $/ a s reader and +o0ed $/ stee" *ire

e"e0ated $/ to*ers .or "on# distan(es $et*een +o-ntains3 T,is s/ste+ (a-ses

+ateria" .ati#-e on t,e (ontainer (orner "o()ers and on its "o* ane"3

1: Sea Tr.c8 3

Ea(, (ontainer sai"s as a $oat and is se". ro e""ed $/ re+ote (ontro"

to "and on a ort or $ea(,3 T,is s/ste+ is di..i(-"t to -se *,en #ro-nded at a

$ea(,2 $e(a-se t,ere are t,e e..e(ts o. *a0es2 sand and tides to *in3

1: 6 D!0e"a!'er

T,e Di0etainer is t,e -nder*ater s/ste+ o. trans ortation idea"i!ed

to ta)e ad0anta#e o. t,e !ero #ra0it/3 T,is is a ,er+eti( (odi.ied (a s-"e2

(ontro""ed -nder s-$+arine rin(i "es2 an o enin# on its to to $e "oaded *it,

t*o TE s 8one (ontainer &4 or t*o %&4 (ontainers93 T,e Di0etainer +o0es

itse". inside an o en stee" .ra+e asse+$"ed *it, t,ree rai"s *it, e"e(tro+a#net "ates .or ro -"sion and to #-ide t,e -nit/3 T,is is a s/ste+ to o erate as a .ree

*a#on in dee sea at s eed near 1 +i"es=, 8''2'')+=,9 at red-(ed (ost er

,o-r o. tri 3 T,e Di0etainer ,as a (ontro" (enter *,i(, +onitors $/ sensors

d-rin# a"" t,e tri 3

T,e -nit doesn4t ,a0e (re*2 nor na0i#ation instr-+ents as GPS2

(o+ ass2 ro e""er2 radar2 and a"" e -i +ents seen in s,i s3 T,e Di0etainer is'2;+ ,i#, and 1;2&&+ "on#3 It ,as ,/drod/na+i( desi#n to s"ide at !ero<#ra0it/

*it, "o* ener#/ (ons-+ tion3 It *or)s a"one2 *it,o-t an/ "in) to t,e ne5t

Di0etainer3 Ho*e0er2 sets o. sensors are insta""ed on t,e .ra+es2 .or )ee in# in

to-(, t,e -nit/2 t,e "ine o. o eration2 t,e (ondition o. se(-rit/2 t,e (ontro"

70



Egberto F Ribeiro

(enters .ro+ t,e de artin# ort and a"" orts a"on#side t,e "ine ti"" to t,e ort o.

destination3 T,e Di0etainer *or)s inside a trian#"e .ra+e *it, t,ree rai"s to

#-ide and e"e(tri(it/ s- "/ +ade o. (o er<$ase a""o/ and (ar$on2 sa+e

+ateria" .o-nd in $r-s,es .or e"e(tri( de0i(es2 .or do not s-..er t,e e"e(tro"/sis

erosion2 0er/ (o++on in +eta""i( arts3 T,ere is #reat ossi$i"it/ to i+ ro0e

t,e -se o. *ire"ess o*er inside t,e *ater3 T,e Di0etainer ,as do-$"e .ront to

red-(e t,e t-r$o *,ir"in# o. *ater and (an #o $a() *it,o-t t,e need to t-rn

aro-nd to*ard (,an#in# its dire(tion2 so it (an s"ide .or*ard and $a()*ard $/

"inear e"e(tro+a#neti( o*er (ontro""ed $/ an o erationa" (enter3

T,e (ontainers o. %&4 or &4 (an $e "oaded at a -a/ in s,a""o*

*aters2 $-t *it, de t, eno-#, to o erate in "o* tides and to "oad t,e TE s into

t,e Di0etainer3 T,e (ontro" o. e -i"i$ri-+ is needed .or TE s2 *it, ,ea0/

*ei#,ts o. (ar#o2 or e0en "o* *ei#,t o. (ar#oes2 *,i(, +-st $e stead/ in t,e

(enter on t,e (ontainers3 T,e *ater tan)s are (ontro""ed $/ sensors and(o+ -ter to )ee t,e $a"an(e at !ero *ei#,t3 T,e Di0etainer is to-#, to $e

("osed ti#,t"/ and a$"e to $e +o0ed $/ e"e(tro+a#nets (oi"s insta""ed in t,e

.ra+e asse+$"ed in a "ine "aid on t,e sea$ed .ro+ s,a""o* *aters to dee

*aters3 T,e .ra+e is +ade $/ stee" $ars and e"e0ated $/ stee" (o"-+ns on

(on(rete to "aid on t,e sea $otto+ *it, ,ei#,t and "en#t, a((ordin# t,e soi"

#eo#ra ,/ to $e .ree .ro+ o$sta("es as dred#in#2 ,ea0/ tra..i( "anes2eart, -a)es2 .is,in#<nets2 *ater strea+s3 T,e ener#/ s- "/ is #otten t,ro-#,

t,e - er an#"e *,ere t,ere is a (,a+$er to a(t-ate as $e"" to (a t-re ener#/

and to re"ease t,e ,/dro#en #otten $/ t,e e"e(tro"/sis2 *,i(, (an $e (a t-red

and sent to +ain"and3 T,e *ire"ess s/ste+ to trans.er e"e(tri(it/ is idea" .or a""

71




o eration2 as it o erates in +ono ,ase at "o* tension3 To re0ent a((idents and

+a".-n(tion a se(ond set o. +onitorin# (a$"es and a((essories +-st $e

insta""ed3

Be/ond t,e trans ortation o. (ontainers2 t,e Di0etainer is s-ita$"e as

s-$+arine .or assen#ers or to-risti( s,ort tri s3 T,is s/ste+ (an +o0e

(ontainers $et*een orts2 (o-ntries and (ontinents3 T,e s/ste+ o. Di0etainer

,as .ra+e to o erate *it, a +ini+-+ o. t,ree "ines6 13 For*ard3 %3 Ba()*ard3

'3 Maintenan(e3 A((ordin# t,e need2 a ,-$ (an $e insta""ed *it, se0era" "ines to

ser0e nearest orts .or se aration o. "ines *,i(, "ea0es and arri0es to t,e +ain

"ine and .or +aintenan(e3 T,is is t,e end o. ira(/ on ,i#, sea3

1: 1: S%&re-"&-/%! Ga'"r Cra'e

R. er T re Ga'"r Cra'e

T,e #enerations o. Gantr/ Cranes #re* - a.ter t,e $rid#e (ranes

*,i(, s,o*ed t,eir #ood sto*a#e into *are,o-ses3 Sin(e t,an2 7i$<(ranes ,a0e $een de0e"o ed .or s,i s2 orts2 ind-stries and $-i"din#s3 T,e s/ste+ o. #antr/<

(rane .or s,i /ards *ere a "ied on ort -a/s2 -s-a""/ o0er stee" *,ee" to

+o0e o0er rai"s2 or tires .or a .ree (ir(-"ation on ort ter+ina"s3 Be/ond t,e

te(,ni(a" o. ind-stria"i!ation to +a)e t,ese (ranes2 t,ere are t,e s)i".-"

o erators2 *it, t,eir $i# a/(,e()s3

1: 11 C%a//!/ T,e (,assis are -sed $/ tra(tor2 tr-()s or t-#s2 it ,as t*o a5"es and

ei#,t *,ee"s to +o0e one .ort/ .eet (ontainer or t*o t*ent/ .eet (ontainers3

T,e (,assis are ade -ate .or trans ortation o. e+ ties (ontainers or *it,

(ar#oes3 Its "o* *ei#,t o..ers .ast o eration o. "oaded (ontainers to $e sent to a

7



Egberto F Ribeiro

re<sta()in#2 Inter+oda" or (enters o. de"i0er/3 T,e (ontainer ter+ina"s ,a0e

,-ndreds o. (,assis to +o0e (ontainers3 W,en t,ere is no (ontainer .or

trans ortation2 t,e (,assis are stored on a i"e2 one o0er t,e ot,er3 Ver/ o.ten2

t,ere are too +an/ (,assis stored on o en s)/2 t,an in -se3 T,e "ar#e n-+$er o.

(,assis $e"on#s to +-"ti+oda" ter+ina"s2 in0est+ents $an)s2 dri0ers or

trans ortation (o+ anies3 T,e *ei#,t o. a (,assis 0aries .ro+ '2;tons to ;tons2

t,e/ are (a""ed "o* *ei#,t (,assis2 $e(a-se t,ere are ot,er ,ea0ier *it, 1%

*,ee"s *ei#,in# a"+ost 1&tons2 to (arr/ ';tons o. #rains3 W,en e+ ties

(,assis are +o0ed2 *e ,a0e to (onsider t,at its o*n *ei#, is +o0ed se0era"

ti+es2 #enerated $/ a ne(essar/ re"o(ation and (osts3 I. t,e *ei#, o. a )ind o.

(,assis *it,o-t *,ee"s is aro-nd ,a". ton and i. ten o. t,e+ (an $e +o0ed in a

sin#"e $-nd"e2 (ertain"/ it s,o-"d o..er a #reat e(ono+/ in a /ear o. o eration2

t,is is t,e +ain tar#et *it, t,is *or)3

1: 12 Ra! f&r S rea(er

T,is is a s/ste+ *,ere t,e (ontainer is "i.ted $/ s reader and +o0ed

$/ e"e(tri( en#ine or e"e(tro+a#neti( s/ste+ -nder a stee" .ra+e *it, rai"

,an#ed as (a$"e<(ars3 T,e (ontainer is a ,ea0/ (ar#o and (a-ses +ateria"

.ati#-e o. t,e (orners "o()ers on t,e to ane" and t,e inner $ase o. t,e in.erior

ane" o. t,e (ontainer3 T,e +o0e+ent o. s reader *it, (a$"e is not a"*a/s so.t2

$-t s,a)es and tre+$"es t,e (ontainer2 t,at +a/ (a-se an/ da+a#e to its (ar#oor to t,e (ontainer str-(t-re3

1: 13 Tra "a!'er

W,i"e t,e ,ea0/ ind-stries on t,e entire *or"d are $-i"din# s,i s

ea(, ti+e "ar#er to (arr/ (ar#oes in (ontainers3 T,e Ports A-t,orities ,a0e to

7!




de0e"o ne* +et,ods2 to $-/ ne* "ands .or $ert,s2 to $-/ "ar#e e -i +ents to

.o""o* t,e .ast e0o"-tion on ne* te(,no"o#ies3 Sin(e t,e "ast ten /ears2 #iant

s,i to s,ore #antr/ (ranes are risin# as rain .orest at seas,ore3

Des ite o. t,e Tra/tainer ro7e(t ,as $orn as a ne* s/ste+ o. *or)2

it isn4t so +odern at a""2 $e(a-se .or +ore t,an t*o t,o-sand /ears2 t,e #oods

*ere $ein# "oaded on $oard o. sai"in# $oats o0er ra+ s3 Car#oes *ere "oaded

in "eat,er $o5es to $e +o0ed on +en s,o-"ders2 $a#s or $arre"s *,i(, *ere

ro""ed $/ *or)ers .ro+ t,e *,ar. to $oats4 de() and ,o"ds3 On"/ $/ t,e

$e#innin# o. t,e "ast (ent-r/2 t,e ,and"in# o. (ar#oes *it, ro es and $oo+s

*ere $ein# i+ ro0ed $/ stea+2 ,/dra-"i( ress-re and e"e(tri(it/ to +o0e

(ranes and *in(,es a "ied to "oad (ar#oes on 0erti(a" trans ortation3 T,e

,ori!onta" +et,ods o. trans ortation on $oard are sti"" in .-"" *or) in s,i s as

ro""<on=ro""<o..2 .err/<$oats and $/ $e"ts .or #rain $-") (ar#oes2 ore and -s,ed

$/ ,ands on air "anes3So+eti+es2 *e ,a0e t,e so"-tion near to -s .or a $etter +et,od o.

s,i in#2 $-t *e don4t see it3 E56 W,en /o-4"" #o to a -a/ *it, a $o/2 *,ere

t,ere are .is,in# $oats *,ose *ei#,t is near 1; tons2 tr/ to as) ,i+ to -s, one

o. t,e+3 Uo-4"" see ,o* ,e does it easi"/2 no* as) ,i+ to tr/ to "i.t - t,e sa+e

$oat2 /o-4"" see ,e (an4t3 T,at4s t,e *a/ ,o* t,e Tra/tainer and s,e". s/ste+

*or)3 Uo- ,a0e to )ee t,e set o. Tra/tainer and s,e". on t,e sa+e "e0e" and*it, "o* (ons-+ tion o. ener#/2 /o-4"" +o0e a (ontainer on a "ane2 as t,e $oat

on t,e sea3 A-to+ati!in# t,e (ontainer o eration on t,e sa+e "e0e" red-(es t,e

(ontin-o-s e..ort to "i.t and to "o*er a sin#"e (ontainer3

7"



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,in)in# on t,at2 I ,a0e de0e"o ed t,is ne* e -i +ent to (arr/ t*o

TE s and so red-(e to ,a". t,e +o0e+ents o. (ontainers and a ne* +et,od o.

s,i in# to i+ ro0e t,e o eration t,ro-#, t,e -niti!ation +et,od3 T,is s/ste+

o. o eration in(reases t,e s eed .or -n"oadin# and "oadin# "ar#e s,i s2 +edi-+

s,i s2 .-""<(ontainers and s+a""er s,i s3 T,is +et,od needs a ne* s/ste+ .or

(ontainer stora#e2 *,i(, red-(es t,e "and area .or ter+ina" .a(i"ities2 *it,o-t

e5 ensi0e e -i +ents2 "and.i"" nor streets3 T,e trans ortation o. (ontainers

*on4t $e done on t,e #ro-nd2 $-t o0er o-r ,eads3

T,e Tra/tainer o erates in a s,e". s/ste+ .or (ontainer stora#e on

$oard o. s,i s2 in t,e re<sta()in# or in (ontainers ter+ina"s to )ee t,e

(ontainers in t,e sa+e "e0e"2 .ro+ t,e re<sta()in# to t,e s,i 4s (e""3 To +o0e a

(ontainer .ro+ store to s,i on t,e sa+e "e0e" red-(es .ro+ ei#,t +o0e+ents>

to "i.t - and to "o*er to on"/ t*o +o0e+ents3

A"" Tra/tainers +-st ,a0e +a#nets *it, t,e sa+e o*er to e"e0atean area o. '&+ .or one &4 (ontainer or t*o %&4 *it, a +a5i+-+ *ei#,t o.

'&tons3 As t,e Tra/tainer o erates in s,ort ti+e and t,e +a#nets are .ed $/

(ontin-o-s (-rrent o. ener#/2 t,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to s- "/ t,e

e"e(tro+a#nets (oi"s and "o()s *it, re(,ar#ea$"e $atter/3 W,en t,e Tra/tainer

is a "ied on "on# tri 2 ot,er (,oi(e is to ener#i!e t,e -nits $/ *ire"ess s- "/

or $r-s, (onne(tors3 Per+anent +a#net are a""o*ed .or "on# distan(es *it, rote(tion .or do not attra(t -ndesira$"e o$7e(ts3 T,e "anes *,ere t,e

Tra/tainers *i"" s"ide on *i"" $e s- "ied $/ (r/o#eni( s/ste+ to )ee t,e

dia+a#neti( e..e(t in order to o..er s eed2 sta$i"it/ and eas/ (,an#in# o. "anes

to #-ide -nits .ro+ one destination to anot,er3 T,e ind-stries *,ere t,e (oi"s

75




.or "inear +otor *i"" $e +ade +-st $e (erti.ied $/ its (o-ntr/ te(,ni(a"

asso(iations3

T,e Tra/tainer *i"" *or) in s,e"0es at an/ "a(e2 .ro+ (ontainer

ter+ina"s to s,i s and a"" .a(i"ities +-st to asse+$"e t,e str-(t-re *it, t,e sa+e

)ind o. +ateria" and +eas-re at -a/s and .or "on# distan(es3 T,e Tra/tainer

,as t,e sa+e +eas-re o. t,e &4 (ontainer4s $otto+ rai"2 *,ose str-(t-re ,as t,e

sa+e t,i()ness3 T,e .ra+e ,as t,ree +ore rai"s to s- ort t,e +a#nets and t,e

sa+e -antit/ o. (ross$ars3 T,e Tra/tainer4s $rid#e2 s,e".2 str-(t-res and t,e

(onne(tion s/ste+ .or e"e(tri(a" s- "/ +-st $e t,e sa+e3 T,e +et,ods .or

asse+$"in# t,e s,e"0es $/ *e"din# at t,e ter+ina" and s,i 4s ,o"ds2 it *i"" $e

a""o*ed to o erate on"/ a.ter (erti.i(ation3

T,e Tra/tainer is +o0ed $/ itse".2 *it,o-t s,i to s,ore -a/ (rane3

On"/ -nder e5tre+e (a-se a -a/ (rane *i"" $e -sed3 T,e #antr/ (rane on rai" at

t,e ter+ina" /ard *i"" $e -sed to (arr/ (ontainers .ro+ tr-()2 *a#ons or $oatsto t,e s,e".3 Ea(, -nit/ o. Tra/tainer is +o0ed on a "ane2 ."oatin# on

e"e(tro+a#neti( .ie"d2 *it,o-t "in) to ot,er -nits in .ront or $e,ind it3 T,e "anes

are $-i"t on t,e s,e"0es .ra+es and on a $rid#e to +o0e Tra/tainers .ro+ re<

sta()in# to s,i s3 T,e Brid#e is not .oreseen to "i.t - or to "o*er t,e

Tra/tainers2 it4s on"/ a $rid#e *,ere t,e -nits *i"" (ross o0er it2 .ro+ one side to

ot,er3 T,e Tra/tainer o erates at "o* s eed and #rad-a" (ontro" .or "i.tin# -and do*n2 *it,o-t to (a-se an/ da+a#e to t,e (ar#oes into t,e (ontainers3

T,e trans ortation on +a#neti( .ie"d (an s-((eed *it, e"e(tri(a"

o*er .ro+ $atteries to s- "/ Tra/tainers2 or (era+i( +ade o. rare<eart, .or

er+anent +a#nets *it, ro ert/ o. dia+a#neti( .ie"d $/ (r/o#eni( "e0itation2

76



Egberto F Ribeiro

s- "ied $/ "i -id nitro#en $e"o* t,e "anes3 T,e +a#net .ie"d (an $e rod-(ed

$/ e"e(tro+a#net (oi"s2 at "o* (ons-+ tion o. ener#/ and a"so #otten $/

er+anent +a#net3 W,en t,e Tra/tainer is e+ t/ *it,o-t *or)2 it *i"" $e

sta()ed on ot,er -nits2 as t,e er+anent +a#net (an attra(t "oose +eta""i(

ie(es2 it +-st $e stored in sa.e "a(e2 as t,e )no*n ,ea0/ so-nd s ea)ers3 For

do not (a-se da+a#es and a((idents2 it +-st ,a0e a rote(ti0e (o0erin#3

Per+anent +a#nets (anZt $e atta(,ed dire(t"/ -nder an/ (ontainer4s $ase ane"2

$e(a-se it *asn4t $-i"t .or s-(, -se3 T,e (ontainer +-st $e "aid on t,e

Tra/tainer and "o()ed on its .o-r (orners2 .or do not .a"" do*n2 t,e dia+a#neti(

a(tion a""o*s t,e sa.e +o0e+ent on t,e "ane and dri0e (ontro"3

77




11 - CONTAINER MODE

T,e (ontainer is a -nit/ .or o eration $/ a"" +eans o. trans ortation2

.ro+ (ar#oes to "oad and se"e(ti0e .rei#,ts3 nder t,is *or"d o. ossi$i"ities2

t,e -ser (an rent a (ontainer .or a ri0ate tri 2 or to s,are a (o++on (ontainer

a+on# se0era" -sers2 at a 0er/ "o* (ost to e0er/one3 T,e s,i o*ner (an a"so

o..er #ood .rei#,t in ,is s,i .or a (ontainer *,i(, $e"on#s to one ("ient3 T,e

s,i 4s (a tain a"*a/s ,a0e a (ontainer to s,are at "o* .rei#,t to se0era" -sers3

W,en an/one o. t,is (ases a ear2 t,ere is a (ode *,i(, is *ritten on t,e

In0oi(e and on t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#3 T,e si#n = 2 +eans t,at t,e "e.t side o. t,e

$ar is t,e ort o. de"i0er/ and t,e ri#,t side is t,e ort o. destination3

11 1 A6 FCL F-"" Container Loadin# 8one -ser er (ontainer93

11 2 B6 LCL Less t,an Container Loadin# 8+-"ti "e -sers er

(ontainer93

T,ere is t,e (o+$ination o. -se> FCL=FCL T,e sa+e de"i0er and

re(ei0er3 LCL=FCL Se0era" de"i0erers to one re(ei0er3 LCL=LCL Se0era"

de"i0erers to se0era" re(ei0ers3 FCL=LCL One de"i0erer to se0era" re(ei0ers3

78



Egberto F Ribeiro

11 3 Contra(ts .or trans ortation in (ontainers s,o-"d (ite its +ode>

H=H Ho-se to Ho-se2 FCL=FCL2 LCL=LCL3 It4s an o erationa" in.or+ation2

re#ard"ess t,e transa(tion s,a"" $e FOB2 CIF or an/ ot,er +ode $/ In(oter+s3

P=P Pier to Pier and SC S,i 4s Con0enien(e3 T,ese are t,e on"/

+ode *,i(, are not *ritten on In0oi(es and Bi"" o. Ladin#s2 $e(a-se t,is +ean

t,at t,e (ar#o arri0ed at t,e ort *it,o-t an/ (ontainer and t,at *i"" $e

de"i0ered at t,e ort o. destination *it,o-t an/ (ontainer3 W,en t,ere is t,is

)ind o. (ar#o in (ontainer2 t,e ro(ed-re is to -n"oad t,e (ontainer i++ediate"/

and to ro0ide a re(ei t o. (ar#oes3

11 4 To o..i(ia""/ -nderstand t,e +oda" o. a (ontainer at ea(, ort2

t,e In0oi(e and B=L -se a $ar se aratin# t,e t*o sides o. $ot, a$$re0iations3

T,e "e.t side re.ers to t,e ort o. s,i +ent and t,e ri#,t side re.ers to t,e ort o.

destination> FCL=FCL3 T,e -s-a" in a"" orts *or"d*ide is to a""o* (ontainersto $e dis at(,ed $/ i+ orter to anot,er (it/2 or to anot,er in"and (o-ntr/ -nder

C-sto+s orders3 T,at is to ass-re trans orters and ort o erators .or do not

$rea) its sea" to o en t,at (ontainer3 I. $/ an/ o((-rren(e2 t,at (ontainer s,o-"d

$e o ened2 t,e ort C-sto+s +-st $e noti(ed $/ "etter to ro0ide an ins e(tion3

T,e a$$re0iation FCL +eans F-"" Container Loadin#2 and de("ares t,e

(ontainer -nder t,is +ode $e"on#s to on"/ one ,irer3 W,en a (ontainer in t,e+ode FCL arri0es to an/ ort2 a((ordin# t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 and a.ter t,e

noti.i(ation to i+ orter to ro0ide t,e dis at(,2 t,ere is no ans*er3 A.ter t,ree

+ont,s2 t,e ter+ina" *,ere t,e sea"ed (ontainer is2 +-st send a "etter to t,e

C-sto+s to de("are t,e a$andon+ent o. (ar#o3 T,at4s .or (ar#o not $e stored

inde.inite"/ at t,e (ontainer ter+ina"3

79




11 5 T,e a$$re0iation LCL +eans Less t,an Container Loadin#2

it de("ares t,e (ontainer -nder t,is +ode ,as #oods $e"on#in# to se0era"

i+ orters3 T,is +ode is -sed *,en se0era" e5 orters ,ire one (ontainer to send

#oods to anot,er ort2 *,ere se0era" i+ orters *i"" re(ei0e t,e #oods *it,o-t

t,e (ontainer3 W,en (ontainers -nder t,at +ode LCL arri0e at a ort *it,

i+ orted #oods2 a((ordin# t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 t,e/ +-st $e sent to $e

-n(onso"idated in "ess t,an % ,o-rs to $e dis at(,ed $/ i+ orters and t,e

e+ t/ (ontainer $e sent to its o*ner3

11 ) T,e a$$re0iation SC +eans S,i 4s Con0enien(e2 it de("ares

t,e (ontainer is -nder t,e s,i o*ner res onsi$i"it/3 T,is +ode is a "ied *,en

t,ere is se0era" s+a""<0o"-+e "ots to e5 ortation3 T,e (arrier4s A#ent o..ers

(ontainers .or a"" s+a"" "ots to $e "oaded into t,e ort or Container Ter+ina"2

-nder t,e C-sto+s4 a-t,ori!ation3 T,ese (ontainers +-st $e dis(,ar#ed at t,e

ort o. destination and $e sent to $e -n(onso"idated in "ess t,an % ,o-rs3 T,e

+ode SC ,as tota" -n"oadin# re.eren(e at t,e ort o. destination2 *,ere t,e

#oods *i"" $e stored2 *,i"e t,e i+ orter ro0ides t,e dis at(,in# at t,e

C-sto+s3 For t,is reason t,e ort ter+ina"s o. (ontainers s,o-"d osition t,e+

i++ediate"/ .or -nst-..in#3 T,e e+ t/ (ontainer +-st $e de"i0ered $a() to t,e

sa+e s,i 2 or to anot,er (ontainer /ard3 T,at order +-st $e -nder "etter $/ t,e

A#ent and distri$-ted to ort4s a-t,orit/ and C-sto+s3

11 + FCL=LCL +eans t,at t,e #oods *ere "oaded into t,e e5 ort

.a(tor/ and s,o-"d $e -nst-..ed at t,e ort o. destination3

80



Egberto F Ribeiro

11 LCL=FCL +eans t,at t,e #oods *ere "oaded at t,e ort o.

ori#in and +-st $e -nst-..ed on"/ in t,e i+ orter4s esta$"is,+ent3

11 6 A (ontainer FCL=FCL (annot $e o ened d-rin# t,e transit

$et*een t,e e5 ort .a(tor/ and t,e i+ ort4s esta$"is,+ent3

11 1: T,e ter+ o. (ontainer "easin# starts *it, t,e de"i0er/ to t,e

e5 orterZs address .or st-..in#3 T,e end o. -se ,a ens at t,e ort o.

destination or in t,e i+ orterZs address2 *,en t,e e+ t/ (ontainer +-st $ede"i0ered to its o*ner2 or to ,is order2 a((ordin# t,e ter+s o. "easin#3

T,e De+-rra#e ,a ens $e.ore st-..in# or a.ter t,e end o. t,e tri at

t,e ort o. destination2 (a-sed $/ ro(ess tardiness3 Genera""/ t,e "a/<ti+e is

ne#otiated to 1; da/s a.ter t,e s,i 4s de art-re2 or t*ent/ da/s2 i. t,e (ontainer

is in transit to anot,er (o-ntr/3 Dai"/ ena"ties .or (ontainer de"a/ are X 3;& .or

t*ent/<.eet and X1;3&& .or .ort/<.eet3 T,ere are too +an/ (ases in *,i(, t,e

ena"ties .or de"a/ ti+e o0er(o+es t,e 0a"-e o. #oods2 t,e i+ orter is ind-(ed

to a$andon it in t,e ri+ar/ !one3 W,en ,a ens an/ tro-$"e to i+ orts2 t,e

(ontainer +-st $e -nst-..ed as soon as ossi$"e3

11 11 E0ent-a""/ so+e (ontainers +-st $e o ened .or ,/si(a"

ins e(tion2 i. t,ere is an/ te(,ni(a" ro$"e+2 t,e +er(,andise ret-rn dead"ine

ro$a$"/ *on4t $e +et3 T,ere *i"" $e .inan(ia" "osses *it, o erationa" de"a/

ti+e2 o enin# ser0i(es a/+ent2 stora#e2 "oadin# and -n"oadin# ea(, (ontainer3

W,en a ort or (o-ntr/ is ro$"e+ati(2 t,e +ost ad0isa$"e (ontainer +ode +-st

$e Port to Port3

81




11 12 T,e "e0/in# o. ort stora#e is a er(enta#e .or (a"(-"atin# t,e

CIF 0a"-e o. t,e #oods2 +-"ti "ied $/ t,e n-+$er o. da/s -nder #-ard3

11 13 Des ite t,e e5isten(e o. 0ario-s +eas-res o. (ontainers2

Bra!i"ian "a* re(o#ni!es on"/ t,e t*ent/ and .ort/ .eet "aid do*n $/ ISO

8Internationa" Standard Or#ani!ation9 Internationa" Or#ani!ation .or

standardi!ation3

11 143 T,e ,i#, in(iden(e o. s+-##"in# in Bra!i"ian orts o$"i#es t,eGo0ern+ent to ta)e a(tion2 not a"*a/s (ond-(i0e to ,onest i+ orters3 Nationa"

(i#arettes *ere .o-nd in (ontainers said to (ontain to/s> (o+ -ter arts *,ere

*as said to (ontain ("ot,es3

11 15 Go0ern+ents s,o-"d re -ire i+ orters or e5 orters o.

(ontainer (ar#o2 *ei#,t and -a"it/ (erti.i(ates ro0ided $/ internationa"

(o+ anies (ontro"2 in order to a0oid t,e o enin# o. (ontainers and disasters $/

o0er*ei#,t or in (ontainer "oads3 T,ese (o+ anies ,a0e s-$sidiaries *or"d*ide

and a((o+ an/ a"" o erations *it, t,e #oods (ontra(ted $/ interested arties3

T,e (erti.i(ation .or *ei#,t and -a"it/ is sear(,ed $/ -a"i.ied (ontro""ers2

ana"/!in# sa+ "es and noti./in# t,e o*ner o. an/ (,an#es t,at +a/ o((-r3

Certi.i(ate o. *ei#,t and -a"it/ (o++it+ent e5tends .ro+ ori#in to t,e

address o. de"i0er/3 on arri0in# at t,eir destination2 t,e *ei#,t o. t,e(ontainer *i"" $e re(,e()ed and t,e sa+ "es *i"" $e ana"/!ed to see a#ain t,e

sa+e (,ara(teristi(s o. t,e -r(,ased rod-(ts3 T,ese (o+ anies ,a0e #ood

internationa" (on(e t and (an $e -sed $/ Go0ern+ents on t,e entire *or"d3

T,at4s t,e *a/ to #et t,e $est +onitorin# o. #oods in (ontainers3

8



Egberto F Ribeiro

11 1) T,e i+ orters and e5 orters +-st $e (are.-" *it, t,e (orre(t

na+e o. ea(, "ot o. #oods2 $e(a-se an/ di0er#en(e *it, t,e NBM 8Bra!i"ian

No+en("at-re o. Goods9 *i"" $e (onsidered as .a"se de("aration and t,e

s-$se -ent sei!-re o. t,e #oods6 +ista)es as T<s,irt s,ort s"ee0ed $/ T<s,irt

"on# s"ee0ed2 or s,irt "on# s"ee0ed $/ s,irt s,ort s"ee0ed2 a"read/ ,a0e $een in

+an/ C-sto+s a-(tions3

11 1+ W,en #oods are .or#otten $/ t,e i+ orter in t,e ri+ar/

!one .or +ore t,an :& da/s2 it *i"" $e re"ated $/ t,e de ositar/ and

(o++-ni(ated to C-sto+s2 *,i(, ,as to enter in (onta(t *it, t,e ri#,t.-"

o*ners2 #i0in# t,e+ '& da/s to dis at(, its (ar#oes3 T,e ro(ess o.

a$andon+ent *i"" $e .inis,ed and t,e #oods *i"" $e re"ated in ter+s o.

Con.is(ation and -t - .or a-(tion3

11 1 I. an/ +er(,andise is in t,e (ontainer and $e so+e "e#a" iss-e2t,e -ser +-st re -est t,e i++ediate -n"oadin# to a0oid t,e (ontainer4s

De+-rra#e3 A.ter -n"oadin# t,e (ar#oes .ro+ ea(, (ontainer2 t,e -ser +-st

re+o0e t,e +er(,andise .ro+ t,e ri+ar/ !one and trans.er it to a C-sto+s

area2 in "atter (ase2 ret-rn t,e #oods .or e5 orter2 or se"" it to anot,er (o+ an/3

11 16 T,ere is a"so t,e ossi$i"it/ to e5 ort t,e #oods *,i(, ,as not

$een nationa"i!ed /et2 *,en t,ere is t,e e5e+ tion o. ta5es3 De endin# on t,e eriod2 t,is e5 ort on"/ *i"" ,a0e ,and"in# (osts2 "o*er t,an t,e i+ ort

dis at(,in#3

11 2: Anot,er ra(ti(e not re(o++ended2 $-t t,at +-st $e )no*n is

*,en s,i ers don4t ,ire +arine ins-ran(e on #oods and (ontainers2 in order to

8!




red-(e t,e 0a"-e o. t,e (a"(-"ation $asis3 It is not a -estion o. ta5 e0asion2 $-t

on"/ to es(a e a tri$-te "e0ied on ser0i(es a$road -nder ena"t/ o. ta)in# t,e

a$so"-te in7-r/ in an a((ident a$o-t +er(,andise2 (ontainer and t,ird arties3

T,e 0a"-es o. internationa" ins-ran(e re+i-+s s,o-"d $e re(orded in t,e DIs

to $e ta5ed a"on# *it, t,e 0a"-es o. t,e .rei#,t and #oods3

11 21 T,ere is one -estion2 *,et,er it is 7-st or not2 t,e ta5 a/+ent

on .rei#,t2 ins-ran(e and ser0i(es ro0ided o-tside t,e e5 orterZs (o-ntr/

$order on internationa" *atersK I. t,e tri##erin# e0ent o((-rs a$road2 see+s to

$e a re -ired i+ ort o. ta52 .rei#,t and ins-ran(e ro0ided o-tside t,e nationa"

territor/3 Wo-"dn4t it $e +ore #ood *a/ to red-(e a er(ent a+o-nt o. .rei#,t

and ins-ran(e .or %&& +i"esK It is +ore reasona$"e2 *,en a #o0ern+ent a "ies

its nationa" "a* o. ta5es on .rei#,t2 on"/ into its territor/2 not o0erseas3 T,e

(oast "ine o. ea(, (o-ntr/ is "e#a" .or ta5in#2 $-t $e/ond t,at "i+it2 t,ere is on"/

internationa" *aters3 T,is a/+ent raises t,e ri(e o. #oods2 *,i(, $e(o+e

ea(, ti+e +-(, +ore e5 ensi0e3

11 22 T,e ,/si(a" s-r0e/ (onsists to o.."oad t,e (ontainer .ro+ t,e

sta() at a (ertain ti+e s(,ed-"ed $/ C-sto+s A-ditor2 *,o s,a"" a-t,ori!e t,e

o enin# $/ t,e dis at(,er3 T,e re#-"ar ro(ed-re is to e5a+ine a sa+ "e o. t,e

(ontents to (on.ir+ t,e rod-(t as t,ose de("ared $/ t,e In0oi(e and B=L311 23 A.ter (,e()in# in "o(o t,e #oods and t,eir (orres onden(e

*it, t,e In0oi(e and B=L2 t,e A-ditor o..i(er s,a"" a-t,ori!e to ("ose and ret-rn

t,e (ontainer to t,e sta()in#3

8"



Egberto F Ribeiro

11 24 A.ter ana"/!in# t,e (orre(t #o0ern+ent in(o+e a/+ent

ser0i(e> t,e A-ditor *i"" a((ess t,e Sis(o+e5 t,at iss-es t,e re(ei t (o+ "etin#

t,e nationa"i!ation and #ettin# t,e DI N-+$er3

11 25 I. t,ere is an/ (,an#e *it, t,e *ei#,t o. t,e (ontainer2 sea"2

di..eren(e in t,e n-+$er o. sea" or si#n o. stea"in#3 T,ese ("-es are (,e()ed

-i()"/ at t,e oint o. t,e 0esse" dis(,ar#e or at t,e ti+e o. ,/si(a" ins e(tion

at t,e stora#e2 it *i"" +oti0ate t,e i+ orter or t,e C-sto+s to re -est an

O..i(ia" Ins e(tion3

11 2) T,e O..i(ia" Ins e(tion3 T,e A-ditor res onsi$"e .or t,e

s-r0e/ *i"" re -ire in *ritin# t,e resen(e o. a Co++ission (o+ osed $/ t,e

(arrier2 t,e i+ orter2 t,e ins-rer and t,e de ositar/ to a ear in date2 ti+e and

"a(e3

11 2+ At t,e ti+e o. t,e s-r0e/2 t,e a-ditor s,o-"d (on.ir+ t,e

resen(e o. a"" t,ose s-++oned3 Personne"2 e -i +ent and "o(ation .or t,e

"a(e+ent o. t,e #oods to $e -n"oaded +-st $e ro0ided $/ t,e de ositar/3

11 2 T,e A-ditor a-t,ori!es t,e s-r0e/2 initiatin# *it, t,e

0eri.i(ation o. t,e sea" and t,e #enera" (onditions o. t,e (ontainer3 I. a"" is

(orre(t and t,ere is no do-$t2 t,e A-ditor a-t,ori!es to $rea) t,e sea"s and to

o en t,e (ontainer3 T,e In0oi(e2 t,e B=L or t,e a()in# "ist are t,e do(-+ents

t,at *i"" #-ide t,e se aration o. #oods on a""ets3 T,e se -en(e o. se aration

+-st $e re#istered on a note$oo) to a""o* t,e (orre(t "oadin#2 ot,er*ise2 t,e

(ar#o *on4t $e "oaded as it *as3

85




11 26 Genera""/ t,e a-ditor re -ests t,e resen(e o. a te(,ni(ian

.ro+ ,is o..i(e to do t,at (o-nt2 *,i"e at t,e end> t,e A-ditor *i"" e+it t,e .ina"

re ort3 Read (are.-""/ t,e re ort done $/ t,e A-ditor3 I. t,ere is an/ e5 ression

t,at +eans /o- ,a0e .o-nd not,in#3 Uo- a"*a/s ,a0e .o-nd an/t,in#2 ri#,t or

*ron#3

11 3: A.ter (o+ "etin# t,e s-r0e/2 t,e A-ditor s,a"" a-t,ori!e t,e

"oadin# o. t,e (ontainer and *i"" rint t,e Ter+ o. Ins e(tion to $e si#ned $/

,i+ and $/ a"" ot,er +e+$ers o. t,e Co++ission3 Me+$ers s,o-"d read

(are.-""/ t,is Ter+ o. Ins e(tion2 *,en t,e/ +a/ a#ree or not3 B/ t,e *a/2 it is

.or t,e/ donZt si#n t,eir o*n senten(es3

11 31 I. t,ere is an/ di0er#en(e *it, t,e .a(t t,at it +a/ in0o"0e

-nd-e $"a+e to an/ +e+$er2 an/ -estions s,o-"d $e reso"0ed *,i"e t,e

Co++ission is sti"" at t,e ins e(tion3 Tr/ to reso"0e or ("ari./ an/ -estions"ater2 it *i"" $e 0er/ di..i(-"t2 $e(a-se t,e re ort *i"" $e iss-ed ro$a$"/ on t,e

sa+e da/3 Ta)e (are *,en /o- +-st as) .or (orre(tion o. t,e re ort2 as t,is +a/

rise s-s i(ion o. t,e A-ditor o..i(er2 or ot,er +e+$ers o. t,e Co++ission3 B-t2

a"*a/s t,ere are so+e dis -tes ro0en to $e .a0ora$"e .or /o-r (o+ an/3

11 32 A.ter ins e(tion2 a"" "oaded (ontainers s,o-"d $e sea"ed $/ t,e

e5 orter *it, +ateria" ro0ided $/ a#ent and=or $/ C-sto+s3

11 33 Do(-+ents .or trans ortation o. (ontainers does not *arrant

t,e e5isten(e o. t,e de("ared #oods2 and .or t,is2 s,i ers -se t,e ter+s Sa/in#

Contain or Said to Contain t,at (an $e t/ ed in (a ita" "etters2 or sta+ on

its B=L3 S-(, ro(ed-re is a((e ted *or"d*ide3 To e5e+ t t,e res onsi$i"it/ o.

86



Egberto F Ribeiro

trans orters and *are,o-se o*ners2 *,o "e#a""/ (annot o en t,e (ontainers to

0eri./ t,e 0era(it/ o. de("ared (ontent3 On"/ on t,e INVOICE i. t,e #oods

(ontained t,ereon stated3 T,at de("aration ass-+es .-"" res onsi$i"it/ .or t,e

(ontent3 T,e s,i 4s Co++ander re(ei0es t,e B=L and (,e()s *,et,er t,e

o$ser0ation Said to Contain is on t,e do(-+ent2 to rint t,e sta+ C"ean o$

Board 3 T,e (arrier is res onsi$"e .or t,e trans.er o. t,e (ontainer sea"ed and

sa.e .ro+ one "o(ation to anot,er3

11 34 Bra!i"ian "a*s ,a0e so+e di..i(-"t/ in re(on(i"in# itse". *it,

t,e internationa" and soon arise .ro+ t,e $asi( iss-es o. (o+ "aints in t,e (o-rts

o. London or Ha+$-r#3 At t,e ti+e o. t,e E+ ire and Co"on/ Bra!i"2 t,e

C-sto+s #-ard<+a/or *as res onsi$"e .or (,e()in# o. sea"s and "o()s in t,e

,o"ds o. s,i s in orts2 $e.ore and a.ter ea(, eriod o. "oadin# or -n"oadin#3

11 35 T,e +oda"ities t/ e Ho-se to Ho-se 8H=H9 r-"es t,e o eration*,ere t,e (ontainer is st-..ed in t,e address o. t,e e5 orter and to $e -n"oaded

at t,e ,o-se o. t,e i+ orter3 T,is is t,e *a/ to red-(e o eratin# (osts and to

"e0e" to !ero t,e ossi$i"it/ o. da+a#e or t,e.t3

11 3) In t,e (ase o. Bra!i"2 t,e (ontainer (an on"/ $e st-..ed in a

ri0ate *are,o-se (a""ed EADI 2 -nder t,e resen(e o. (-sto+s s- er0ision3

EADI In"and C-sto+s Station3 B/ t,at *a/2 t,e +oda"it/ Ho-se to Ho-se inBra!i" does not e5ist> (ontainers (o+in# o-t o. Bra!i" s,o-"d $e na+ed

EADI=Ho-se3 In ra(ti(e2 t,ere are .e* ins e(tors to so +an/ (ontainers2

res-"tin# in ine..i(ien(/ $ott"ene() (a-sin# .-ti"e e5 enses2 "a!/ "oadin# and

,-#e da+a#e on (ar#oes3

87





Egberto F Ribeiro

artners in se0era" -$"i( ser0i(es3 T,e/ are "-()/ to si#n se(ret (ontra(ts

on"/ in (ertain $-siness2 *it,o-t an/ ossi$i"it/ o. .ai"-re3

11 36 A((ordin# Bra!i"ian I+ eria" "a*2 a"" #oods on $oard o. s,i s

#oin# to2 or (o+in# .ro+ a$road nations2 s,o-"d $e -nder t,e (ontro" o. t,e

I+ eria" C-sto+s3 T,e I+ eria" #o0ern+ent *as (,an#ed to Re -$"i( at .e*

+ore t,an one (ent-r/3 Ho*e0er2 t,at sa+e "a* is sti"" in .or(e3 It s,o-"d $e

(,an#ed2 $-t t,e .ear o. "osin# .e* +i""ion do""ars in (ontra$and ("oses t,e

+ar)et to $i""ions o. do""ars e0er/ /ear3 T,e #oods in (ontainer (o+in# .ro+

an/ (o-ntr/ are .ree to enter2 $-t *,en are ,ead .or e5 ortation2 t,e/ are r-"ed

$/ se(-"ar "a*3

Bra!i"ian +er(,andise in (ontainer so"d to a$road nations s,o-"d $e

dis at(,ed *it,o-t an/ ins e(tion $/ C-sto+s3 T,e $-/ers are t,e nat-ra"

ins e(tors2 no$od/ retends .or "i.e2 ear"/ or "ater2 an/ (o+ an/ .a""s into itso*n tra 3 Bra!i"ian #o0ern+ent does not ,a0e sta.. eno-#, to s-stain

ins e(tion on t*ent/ +i""ion (ontainers /ear"/3 T,e a(t-a" +ode" "i$erates &

o. a"" (ontainers i+ orted and a sa+ "e o. %& .or ins e(tion +eans ,a".

+i""ion o. sea (ontainers3

W,i"e not,in# (,an#es2 t,e +er(,andise .or e5 ort st-..ed in

(ontainer2 *i"" ,a0e to $e ta)en o-t .or se aration2 (o-ntin# and stora#e at an/(on0entiona" C-sto+s ins e(tion3 nder s-(, (ondition2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e .i0e

ossi$i"ities o. da+a#es6

113':31 Ta)e o-t t,e #oods .ro+ t,e (ontainer3

113':3% Trans ortation .or stora#e o. #oods and (ontainer3

89




113':3' Hand"in# to se arate t,e "ots .or ins e(tion3

113':3 Brin# $a() t,e (ontainer .ro+ stora#e3

113':3; St-..in# t,e #oods into t,e sa+e (ontainer3

11 4: An/ (o+ an/ s-..erin# s-(, $reat,ta)in# $atter/ at e0er/

e5 ortation2 *o-"d ,a0e a$andoned t,e internationa" trade i++ediate"/3

T,ese di..i(-"ties are 0i(io-s t,at dis(o-ra#e se0era" Bra!i"ian

e5 orters3 T,e/ dee+ too e5 ensi0e t,ese ro(ed-res *,en t,e/ rea"i!e it4s

ina ro riate to in0est in e5 orts2 $e(a-se t,e/ don4t *ant to "end +one/ .ro+

$an)s to e5 end it *it, t,ird ersons *it,o-t an/ reason3 T,e/ re.er to se"" a""

t,eir rod-(tion in t,e do+esti( +ar)et2 in detri+ent o. t,e Bra!i"ian trade

$a"an(e2 instead o. to se"" +-(, +ore to a$road nations3

11 41 We (an see t,at too +an/ e5 orters are dis "a(ed .ro+ t,eroad<+a s o. t,e .orei#n trade3 T,e ind-stries s,o-"d $e insta""ed *it,in one

,-ndred )i"o+eters .ro+ t,e ri+ar/ !one2 .or do not re -ire e5(essi0e de"a/ in

s,i +ents o. +er(,andise3

11 42 In Bra!i" is ossi$"e to e5 ort dire(t"/ .ro+ .a(tor/ to s,i

*it,o-t inter+ediate stora#e3 J-st doin# t,e dire(t dis at(, .ro+ ind-str/4s

"o(a" C-sto+s and a ("ose re"ations,i $et*een t,e e5 orter and t,e s,i in#

a#ent3 T,e e5 orter needs to $e in.or+ed o. t,e e5a(t ti+e o. arri0a" o. t,e

0esse" and t,e ti+e at *,i(, t,e #oods *i"" $e re -ested on $oard3 B-t *,en

#oods are in (ontainer2 it doesn4t *or)3

90



Egberto F Ribeiro

11 43 A (ar#o 0esse" nor+a""/ o erates in ,o-rs2 d-rin# *,i(,

t,e (ar#o is "oaded in t,e se -en(e o. orts o. destination2 $ein# ossi$"e to

esta$"is, t,e e5a(t ti+e o. ea(, $at(,3

11 44 T*o da/s $e.ore t,e s,i arri0es at t,e ort2 it is ossi$"e to

)no* t,e ti+e o. s,i +ent o. ea(, "ot3 T,ere are s e(i.i( (a"(-"ations .or ea(,

t/ e o. #oods to $e +o0ed on ea(, s,i 8see ort o erations93 T,at4s t,e *a/ to

anti(i ate t,e rea" *aitin# ti+e in t,e ort *,en t,ere are ot,er s,i s a"so

*aitin# on a -e-e .or +oorin#3 T,ere is t,e in(on0enien(e o. rains2 sto s .or

+e(,ani(a" de.e(ti0e2 e"e(tri(a" .ai"-re2 or stri)es o. *or)ers t,at +a/ (a-se

e5(essi0e de"a/3

11 45 T,ese (a"(-"ations are er.or+ed dai"/ $/ +ariti+e a#ents

*,o ass on t,e in.or+ation to its (-sto+ers in E-ro e3 E5 orters t/ i(a""/

)no* "ess a$o-t t,eir #oods and (,arters2 t,an t,ose s,i o*ners and i+ ortersaro-nd t,e *or"d3

11 4) Se0era" (o-ntries ,a0e arti(i ated in ro-nds o. internationa"

a#ree+ents done $/ t,e GATT 8Genera" A#ree+ent on tari..s trade9 ro0idin#

t,e Go0ern+ents "e0ies3 Internationa" Trade ter+s 8In(oter+s9 des(ri$e t,e

0ario-s +oda"ities o. res onsi$i"it/ .or de"i0er/ and a/+ent6

nderstandin# t,e -r ose o. t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 *e note t,at in

.orei#n trade2 t,e nationa" do(-+ents ,a0e "itt"e or no one 0a"-e3 As t,e on"/

a((e ta$"e do(-+ents in t,e tar#et (o-ntries are t,e In0oi(e and t,e Bi"" o.

Ladin#2 Certi.i(ate o. Ori#in2 P,/tosanitar/ Certi.i(ate2 Forest Certi.i(ate2

Ani+a" Ins e(tion2 Wei#,t and Y-a"it/ Certi.i(ate2 et(3 A"" +er(,andise

91




re"eased .or e5 ort2 (annot $e +ar)eted into its o*n do+esti( +ar)et2 eit,er

*it, In0oi(e or Bi"" o. Ladin#3

T,e re"ease .or dire(t s,i +ent t,ro-#, an/ C-sto+s o..i(e s,o-"d

$e t,e In0oi(e and Bi"" o. Ladin# as sin#"e transit do(-+ent .ro+ t,e .a(tor/ to

t,e ort3 T,e C-sto+s a"so re(o#ni!es t,e need .or t,e In0oi(e in t,e ("earan(e

o. i+ orted #oods2 ,o*e0er2 does not a "/ as ri+ar/ and -ni -e do(-+ent

on e5 ort3 T,e In0oi(e and t,e Bi"" o. Ladin# are re#istered at (ons-"ates and

(,a+$ers o. Co++er(e o. t,e (o-ntries t,ro-#, *,i(, t,e #oods and

(ontainers *i"" $e (arried o0er3

T,e #oods or (ontainers tar#eted to (o-ntries *it,in (ontinents2

*,ere t,ere are no orts2 t,e In0oi(e and t,e Bi"" o. Ladin# are a((e ted and

sta+ ed at t,e (-sto+s entr/ and e5it o. ea(, (o-ntr/3 I. Bra!i" *ants to

e5 and t,e (a ita" reser0es and t,e nationa" .ra+e*or) .or 7o$s s,o-"d #o $e/ond ta5 e5e+ tions .ro+ t,e interna" +ar)et3 T,e in0oi(e as t,e do(-+ent

o. interna" -se in o-r (o-ntr/2 *,en it is -sed in t,e e5 ort2 resents 0ario-s

"a*s e5e+ tin# t,e e5 orter o. 0ario-s .edera"2 State and +-ni(i a" ta5es2

e"i+inatin# it (o+ "ete"/3 T,e In0oi(e2 as sin#"e do(-+ent *or)s to t,e ort2

/o- (an ,a0e t,e sa+e n-+$erin# o. o$tainin# in t,e Sis(o+e5 d-rin# t,e

re#istration ro(ess3 T,e ("osin# o. t,e sa"e2 E5(,an#e and t,e Federa" re#istr/o. In0oi(e *i"" $e si+-"taneo-s3

9



Egberto F Ribeiro

12 , BONDED *AREHOUSE

T,e s/ste+ o. Bonded Ware,o-se is Bra!i" is $ein# noti(ed as a *a/

to i+ ort and store t,e #oods and se"" #rad-a""/3 T,e .a(t is t,at it4s not *,at

see+s to $e3 T,e s/ste+ o. *are,o-sin# $/ C-sto+s )no*n as Bonded

Ware,o-se needs a (o-ntr/ to si#n a (o0enant a#ree+ent to insta"" in t,e

ri+ar/ !one a *are,o-se to t,e ot,er (o-ntr/3 T,e C-sto+s *are,o-sin#

ro(ed-re is an a#ree+ent $et*een t*o (o-ntries to a-t,ori!e one (o-ntr/ to

insta"" a *are,o-se in t,e (-sto+s ri+ar/ !one o. t,e ot,er (o-ntr/2 to -se it

as in its o*n (o-ntr/3 T,e Internationa" trans ortation o. #oods dire(ted to a

C-sto+s *are,o-se is done $/ e5 ortin# (o+ anies2 -nder t,e Go0ern+ent

+ana#e+ent o. t,e .-"" transit .ro+ one (o-ntr/ to ot,er3 T,e ro(ess is

t,ro-#, t,e ins e(tion o. (ar#oes and a "i(ation o. sea"3

T,e do(-+ent to $e -sed is a si+ "i.ied Internationa" Car#oMani.est ICM3 T,e *are,o-sin# re#i+en is (a""ed C-sto+s Transit3 Transit

0e,i("es *it, #oods +a/ $e tr-()s2 *a#ons or (ontainers *it, a "i(ation o.

C-sto+s sea"3 T,ere is no in(iden(e o. ta5es in t,e ort o. (on(ession2 on"/ to

a/ .or +a(,iner/ -se and ,ands o. *or)3 T,e si!e o. t,e *are,o-se in a

(o-ntr/ does not need to $e e5a(t"/ t,e sa+e si!e to ot,er3 An/ a(t2 a((ident or

9!




t,e.t o. #oods in (-sto+s transit s,a"" $e re orted to t,e Federa" Po"i(e and

C-sto+s o. t,e +-ni(i a"it/ o. o((-rren(e3 T,e C-sto+s *i"" send an A-ditor

to re ort t,e e5tension o. da+a#es in s-(, a((ident2 to "i$erate a ne* 0e,i("e

*it, t,e re+ainin# (ar#o to t,e C-sto+s Ware,o-se o. destination3 Goods

da+a#ed in a((idents s,o-"d $e ins e(ted2 "oaded and sea"ed as is and ret-rned

to ori#in2 or $ro-#,t to t,e tar#et C-sto+s Ware,o-se2 *,i(,e0er is t,e nearest3

T,e re(ent (onstr-(tion o. t,e Inter<o(eani( ro-te "in)in# Bra!i" to

Per- o..ers t,e o ort-nit/ .or Bra!i"ian Go0ern+ent to insta"" in t,e $est ort

o. t,at (o-ntr/2 a C-sto+s Ware,o-se3 Con0erse"/2 Bra!i" o..ers to Per- a ort

o. its (,oi(e to insta"" its C-sto+s Ware,o-se3 T,e internationa" a#ree+ent to

t,is Ware,o-se is an a#ree+ent at .-"" interest .or ea(, (o-ntr/ to esta$"is, a

ort ter+ina" in t,e ri+ar/ !one o. t,e ot,er3 Bra!i" ,as an a#ree+ent *it,

Para#-a/ .or +ore t,an ;& /ears and ,as one ort in t,at (o-ntr/> ,o*e0er2

Para#-a/ ,as t*o orts in Bra!i"> one in Santos and ot,er in Parana#-a3 T,e

ad+inistrati0e sta.. o. t,e ter+ina" in t,e (o-ntr/ *,i(, ro0ides t,e (-sto+s

*are,o-se is on"/ to (ontro" t,e (,ar#es .or ser0i(es rendered3 T,e entire

o eratin# str-(t-re is done $/ a((o-nt and ris) o. t,e (o-ntr/ t,at -ses t,e

*are,o-se3 In s-(, a#ree+ents2 t,e ri0ate (o+ anies *i"" o erate as i. t,e/

*ere in t,eir o*n (o-ntr/3 Ho*e0er2 t,e (o++er(ia" re"ations,i *it,

(o+ anies o. t,e ot,er (o-ntr/ are not a""o*ed> as to se"" and $-/ .ro+ an/

(o+ an/3

For ,istori(a"2 e(ono+i( and (-"t-ra" re"ations,i 2 Bra!i" s,o-"d

esta$"is, a (-sto+s *are,o-se in Asia2 +ore re(ise"/ in Ti+or<East3 T,e

(o-ntr/ needs a s- ort and its #eo#ra ,i(a" "o(ation is strate#i(a""/ .a0ora$"e

9"



Egberto F Ribeiro

.or (ontainers transs,i +ent *it, Bra!i"3 T,e e5tre+es $orders o. t,e o"d

Tordesi",as Treat/ "a/ on $ot, nations2 (a""ed anti odes3 S-(, "on# tri s 7-sti./

$i# s,i s to sai" *it,o-t sto s $et*een nations in .e* da/s3 Goods .ro+ .art,est

re#ions (an $e +o0ed $et*een Asia and t,e O((ident in "ess t,an a +ont,2

*it,o-t o0erta5es3

Bra!i" (an a"so esta$"is, a H-$ Port in t,e nort,ern ,e+is ,ere2 t,e

seas,ore re#ion .ro+ Oran#e Ca e to t,e A+a!on Ri0er3 T,e re#ion is ser0ed

$/ e"e(tri(it/ and roads3 A H-$ Port ai+s to e5 and t,e #eo o"iti(s o. Bra!i" in

t,e nort,ern ,e+is ,ere2 *,ere (o-ntries o. t,e Cari$$ean are e5 andin# t,eir

$-siness *it, t,e nited States and E-ro e3 T,e Bra!i"ian Go0ern+ent or

$-siness+en so .ar did not s,o* ro7e(ts or an/ interest in t,is area3 Bra!i"ian

arti(i ation in t,e Nort, At"anti( o"/#on *i"" ro0ide .aster $-siness $et*een

t,e A+eri(as2 E-ro e2 A.ri(a and Asia2 *it, t,e insta""ation o. re#-"ar "ines .or

.eeders and Me#a<s,i s3

T,e -r ose o. a H-$<Port in t,e At"anti( Nort, o"/#on ,o"ds a

so(ia" and o"iti(a" ro5i+it/ a+on# Nations2 $e/ond to arti(i ate dire(t"/

inside t,eir +ar)ets and Or#ani!ations3 Vesse"s Feeders (an +a)e a ro-nd<tri

.ro+ E-ro e or .ro+ t,e nited States to t,e H-$ Port in A+a a and ret-rn in

"ess t,an t*o *ee)s3 T,e ra idit/ o. t,is o eration *i"" ,e" E-ro ean $-siness2 $e(a-se t,ere *onZt ,a0e e5tra (osts in +ariti+e .rei#,t3 T,ere *onZt ,a0e

s-r(,ar#es .or na0i#ation in (ana"s2 er+issions .or tra..i( in *aters o. se0era"

(o-ntries2 .-e" s-r(,ar#es2 e5(ess o. i"ots and t-# $oats2 *ar and ins-ran(e

s-r(,ar#es and ris)s o. ira(/3

95




13 , IN OICE

13 1 T,is is t,e +ost i+ ortant and a((e ta$"e *or"d*ide trade

a#ree+ent3 A.ter t,e (onta(ts .or in.or+ation a$o-t a rod-(t2 t,e ri(e and

-a"it/ are de.ined on a"" ter+s o. tradin#3 T,e $-/er ("oses t,e dea" *it, t,e

se""er *,o ro0ides t,e In0oi(e3 T,is is a (o++on a er *,i(, ro0ides a""

in.or+ation .or dis at(,ers to $e#in t,e re#isters and to rint t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#

8Ori#ina" Ne#otia$"e9 to #et t,e re#ister into Cons-"ates2 Co++er(e C,a+$ers

and $an)s .or +one/ trans.er3

1'3131 N-+$er6 T,e se""er re#isters t,e In0oi(e n-+$er3

1'313% Date6 T,e date o. sa"e o. t,e rod-(t3

1'313' Address6 Lo(ation o. t,e se""er and t,e $-/er3

1'313 Bat(, desi#nation6 T,e $-/er or se""er (reates ,is (ode31'313; Prod-(t des(ri tion6 As t,e internationa" (ode o. #oods3

1'313? Y-antit/6 nits2 a()a#es2 $o5es2 (artons and a""ets3

1'313 T/ e o. a()a#in#6 Carton2 $a#s2 $ott"es2 $o5es2 s)ids2 et(3

1'313 nit Wei#,t6 0o"-+e 8"iter92 )i"o#ra+2 o-nds3

1'313: Gross *ei#,t6 Add t,e *ei#,t o. a"" #oods and a()a#in#3

96



Egberto F Ribeiro

1'3131& Pri(e o. #oods6 Pri(e o. ea(, -nit and t,e tota" (ost o. #oods3

1'31311 Certi.i(ates6 Ori#in2 *ei#,t2 -a"it/2 P,/tosanitar/ et(3

1'3131% For+ o. a/+ent6 Cas,2 Letter o. Card2 S,ort or Lon# ter+2

1'3131' Mode o. (ontainer6 To sa/ i. t,e (ontainer is LCL or FCL3

1'3131 N-+$er o. (ontainer6 T,e (orre(t n-+$er o. t,e (ontainer3

1'3131; Wei#,t o. (ontainer6 Wei#, o. e+ t/ (ontainer3

1'3131? Gross *ei#,t6 Add t,e *ei#,t o. t,e (ontainer and #oods3

1'3131 S,i in# +ode6 T,e +oda"it/ o. sa"e i. it is FOB2 CIF et(3

1'3131 S,i 6 S,i 4s Na+e and Vo/a#e2 8a.ter .rei#,t (a"(-"ation93

1'3131: Ori#in ort6 Port o. s,i +ent3 8Lo(a" ort o. t,e e5 orter93

1'313%& Destination ort6 Port o. -n"oadin#3

1'313%1 Port o. trans,i +ent6 Port *,ere (ontainers *i"" $e (,an#ed

.ro+ s,i to s,i and destination3

T/ e o. #oods and a()a#in# are in.or+ation .or t,e t/ e o. (ontainer to $e -sed3 T,e (ost o. t,e a()a#in# s,a"" not $e t,e (a-se .or

-estionin# t,e -a"it/ o. t,e rod-(t3 E0er/ o$7e(t o. sa"e o-#,t to ,a0e its

a()a#in#3 E0er/ o$7e(t o. sa"e o-#,t to ,a0e its o*n a()a#in# in a (o+ o-nd

o. -nits inside a "ar#er $o5 or a""et3 Bot, are distin(t rod-(ts2 $-t *it, e -a"

"o#isti(s 0a"-e3 Goods *it,o-t a()a#in# +a/ s-..er an/ da+a#e and it is

disa#reea$"e3 W,en #oods ret-rn to se""er .or da+a#es (a-sed $/ ,is .ai" or +ista)e2 a"" e5 enses *i"" $e $/ ,is a((o-nt3

13 2 - USA-*PM T,e nited States re -ired t,at a()a#es *it,

*ooden +ateria" 8WPM<Wood Pa()in# Materia"9 s,o-"d $e treated in

#reen,o-ses at ;?C] .or ,a". an ,o-r 8HT9 or .-+i#ated *it, Met,/" Bro+ide

97




8MB93 Wood a()a#in# +-st $e +ar)ed *it, t,e IPPC "o#o et(,ed on t,e

.a(es o. *ood a()a#in#3 O0ens .or t,is ,eatin# (an $e *it, ,ot air2

+i(ro*a0e et(3 T,is te+ erat-re .or t,e ti+e indi(ated is s-..i(ient .or

(o+ "ete steri"i!ation o. *ood a#ainst inse(ts and t,eir +eans o. re rod-(tion2

s-(, as $eet"es and ne+atodes3 T,e (o+ an/ re#istered .or treat+ent +-st

,a0e its re#istration n-+$er in t,e .edera" s- er0isor/ a#en(/ o. ea(, (o-ntr/3

T,e re(o++endation o. t,e INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR

PHUTOSANITARU MEAS RES 8ISPM1;92 *,ere t,e *oods are treated

s,o-"d $e a-dited e0er/ si5 +ont,s3

T%e !"e#/ e &; are re<.!re(=

6< t*o ,o-ses .or t,e )ind o. treat+ent a#ainst inse(ts ado ted6

t,er+a" 8HT9 or $/ .-+i#ation 8MB93

&&&6< t,ree ,o-ses to t,e ISO (ode o. t,e (o-ntr/3

UU6< t*o n-+$ers .ro+ t,e (o+ an/ t,at +ade t,e treat+ent o.

*ood3 IPPC Internationa" Con0ention "o#o o. IPPC "ants Prote(tion3

98



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,e #oods *it, *ooden a()a#in# t,at (a+e in t,e territor/ o. t,e

nited States2 .ro+ ?=;=%&&?2 t,e t,ird ste o. t,is re#-"ation2 i. t,e/ are in

disa#ree+ent *it, t,e "a* *i"" $e ret-rned to t,eir (o-ntr/ o. ori#in3

13 3 -Ge'era Car$&

T,is is t,e +ost (o++on (ar#o in t,e internationa" trade3 T,ese

(ar#oes are +ore e5 ensi0e t,an t,ose in $-") and t,e/ need s e(ia" a()in# in

se0era" +eans3

1'3'31 Bo5es6 Wooden $o5es .or ,ea0/ rod-(ts or "ar#e si!e +-st

$e on a""ets or $ea+s .or ,and"in# *it, (rane2 .or)"i.t or tr-()s3

1'3'3% Ba#s6 Pa()a#in# +ade o. (otton2 7-te2 ra..ia2 "asti(2 or ra.t

a er .or a()in# #rains2 s-#ar2 s/nt,eti(s2 (,e+i(a" or an/ ot,er rod-(t o.

+edi-+ si!e3

1'3'3' Carton6 Are a()a#es +ade o. ra.t a er (ard$oard .or

s+a"" rod-(ts *it, indi0id-a" a()a#es2 s-(, as .ood2 ("ot,in#2 e"e(troni(s et(3

T,e (artons are a()ed on a""ets and .i"+ .or trans ort in (ontainers3

1'3'3 Ba"es6 Are indi0id-a" a()a#es (ontainin# a (o+ ressed2

ressed and $o-nd $/ stee" ta e or *ire3 T,e $-rden (an $e (o0ered *it, so+e

.a$ri(2 *ood2 a er2 or *it, /o-r o*n st-.. "i)e> *ood2 or stee" "ate3 T,e *ired $a"es (an $e "i.ted $/ t,e $oards *it, .or)"i.ts3 Stee" ta es and *ires +-st $e

stron# eno-#, to *it,stand its "i.tin# $/ .or)"i.ts or (ranes3

1'3'3; Dr-+s6 T,ere are $arre"s or "asti( (ontainers -sed .or t,e

trans ortation o. (,e+i(a" rod-(ts2 (anned .ood2 oi"s and a"" )inds o. "i -ids3

99




14 - CONTAINER STUFFING

14 1 N&#e'c a".re Fro+ t,e En#"is, no-n st-.. $orn t,e 0er$ to

st-.. and its deri0ati0es as st-..in# 2 *,i(, +eans to .i"" - a (ontainer *it,

#oods3 A "ot is a (ertain -antit/ o. #oods $o-#,t $/ so+eone and is $ein#

s,i ed and is identi.ied $/ its In0oi(e3 T,e "ot ,as n-+$ers to identi./ it as6

se""er2 $-/er2 destination and so on3 T,is do(-+ent s- "ies t,e in.or+ation

*,i(, *i"" $e rint on t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#2 t,e B=L3 C-sto+s a "/ on B=Lsta+ s o. Federa" *arnin#2 t,e n-+$er o..ered to ea(, B=L .or De("aration o.

I+ orts t,ro-#, ersona" o..i(e or Internet S/ste+2 t,e s,i er a "ies sta+ s

*it, ad0ises et(3 T,is C-sto+s n-+$er is sent $/ $-/er to se""er and it s,o-"d

$e rinted on a"" *ooden $o5es2 In0oi(e and Bi"" o. Ladin# *it, t,e i+ orter

address3 T,is do(-+ent e5 "ains t,at t,e "ot *as a""o*ed $/ t,e #o0ern+ent3

14 2 Tec%'!<.e &f /".ff!'$ 3 To st-.. a (ontainer is not on"/ .i"" t,e

(ar#oes inside t,e -nit2 $-t to +a)e t,e (orre(t distri$-tion o. *ei#,t o. t,e

#oods a((ordin# to its (a a(it/3 A"" +eans o. trans ortation *i"" s-..er serio-s

ro$"e+s o. insta$i"it/2 i. t,e +er(,andise inside t,e (ontainer is not stead/3

100



Egberto F Ribeiro

14 3 I'/ ec"!&' 3 To st-..in# a (ontainer needs so+e (are6 )ee t,e

door .ra+e o en and on ,ori!onta" "e0e"3 Ins e(t it o-tside and inside t,e *a""s2

roo.2 doors2 $o"ts o. t,e "o()in# $ar #-ide 8Noti(e i. t,e $o"ts ,a0e si#n o. #"-e2

or i. t,e/ are "oose2 it4s a si#n o. t,e.t in t,e *are,o-se or ter+ina"93 Veri./ i.

t,e ."oor4s *ood is in #ood (ondition2 (,e+i(a" s+e""2 inse(ts or r-st3 P"a(e a

ie(e o. *ood $e"o* t,e (orner .ittin#s to re0ent de.or+ation *it, t,e (ar#o4s

*ei#,t3 Ta)e (are to ("ose (orre(t"/ t,e doors and a "/ /o-r ri0ate sea"3

14 4 R!/8 &f (a#a$e "& "%e c&'"a!'er I. t,e (ar#o is not *e"" "aid

on t,e (enter o. e -i"i$ri-+2 t,e (ontainer +a/ $rea) in t,e +idd"e3 It does not

a""o* so+eone to t,in) t,e (ar#o is "i#,t3 On"/ *it, a s(a"e is ossi$"e to ,a0e

t,e (orre(t *ei#,t3 To .i"" t,e (ontainer (orre(t"/2 (entra"i!e t,e *ei#,t o.

#oods .or do not +i5 -ne0en (ar#oes to trans ort on tr-()s and .or)"i.ts3 W,en

t,e (ar#o is in(orre(t"/ "aid inside t,e (ontainer2 t,e trans ort 0e,i("es *i"" ti"t

and .a"" do*n *it, t,e $o5es3 T,e e5(ess o. (ar#o2 or $ad osition o. t,e

(ontents2 +a/ (a-se r- t-re o. t,e to *,en "i.tin#2 or tear t,e "o*er ane" o.

t,e (ontainer3 I. t,ere is too ,ea0/ (ar#o in s)ids2 t,e $est "a(e .or t,e+ is

near t,e stron#er (orners as t,e $a() ane" and at t,e door2 to (o-nter$a"an(e

t,e (ontainer *it,o-t ris) o. a((idents3 I. t,e (ar#o is too ,ea0/2 don4t "a(e it

on t,e (enter o. t,e (ontainer2 $e(a-se it +a/ (a-se serio-s da+a#e to t,e $o5

str-(t-re or tear t,e (ontainer in t,e +idd"e3

101




15 , STUFFING PRACTICE

15 1 T%e . er %a/ $&&(/ ;!"% /a#e /!>e a'( ;e!$%"

T,ere are se0era" (o+ -ter ro#ra+s .or st-..in# (ontainers2 so2 /o-

+-st -nderstand ,o* does it *or)3 S,i ers ,a0e to )no* ,o* +an/

(ontainers *i"" $e st-..ed> t,e/ +-st o$e/ t,e "i+it o. (ar#o in (o-ntries and

$orders2 *,ere t,e (ontainer *i"" ,a0e to #o t,ro-#,3 T,e (ar#o and (ontainer

o. %&4 #ross *ei#, is 1%tons2 (ar#o and (ontainer o. &4 #ross *ei#,t is % tons3

Ma)e a "an on a a er or on t,e (o+ -ter3 Dra* a ta$"e o. 1%21;(+ 5

'&2&&(+ 8%3 '+ 5 ?+ %&4 (ontainer +eas-re9 and di0ide in (e""s *it, t,e

+eas-res o. t,e (artons o. /o-r "ot3 Dra* an L and "a(e t,e (ar#oes

a((ordin# t,eir rea" si!e2 t,en +-"ti "/ t,e "ar#er si!e o. t,e L $/ t,e s+a""er

side o. t,e L 3 Uo-4"" .ind t,e #rand tota" o. -nits .or t,e .irst "a/er2 it is

s-ita$"e .or (ontainers o. %&42 &42 *a#ons2 tr-()s2 $ar#es2 air "ane et(3 Di0ide

t,e ,ei#,t o. t,e (ontainerZs $a() ane" $/ t,e ,ei#,t o. one (arton to )no*

,o* +an/ "a/ers o. (artons (an $e -t one on t,e ot,er3 M-"ti "/ t,e (artons o.

10



Egberto F Ribeiro

t,e .irst "a/er $/ t,e n-+$er o. ossi$"e ,ei#,t to )no* ,o* +an/ (artoons

*i"" .it inside ea(, (ontainer3 Ca"(-"ate t,e *ei#,t o. (artons2 i. it is "ess t,an

1%tons or % tons2 /o- (an de.ine t,e n-+$ers o. (ontainer .or st-..in#3

15 2 T%e /a#e . er %a/ (!ffere'" &"/? /!>e/ a'( ;e!$%"/

Ma)e a "an on a a er or on t,e (o+ -ter3 Dra* a ta$"e o. %3 '+ 5

?+ and di0ide in (e""s *it, t,e +eas-res o. ea(, "ot3 Se arate t,e si!es and

(a"(-"ate t,e s -are +eas-re and *ei#,t o. ea(, "ot3 Add t,e *ei#,ts ands -are +eas-re o. a"" "ots to )no* t,e n-+$er o. (ontainers to "oad3 Ca"(-"ate

,o* +an/ -nits o. ea(, "ot (an .i"" ea(, (ontainer and *ei#,3 I. t,e "ot is

,ea0ier t,an t,e (ontainer *ei#,t2 $-t in t,e tota" t,ere is a "a() o. "ots to

(o+ "ete ot,er (ontainers2 di0ide t,e ,ea0ier "ot in e -a" arts .or ot,er

(ontainers3

Ta)e art o. ea(, "ot to (o+ "ete a"" (ontainers .or 1% tons and

re#ister on a"" a()in# "ists3 Re0ie* /o-r (a"(-"ations and $e#in t,e st-..in# in

ro*s .ro+ $a() ane" to door3 O en an/ ta$"e ro#ra+2 dra* t*o (ontainers

%3 '+ 5 ?+ seen side $/ side and .ro+ - side3 T,e ,ea0ier "ot s,o-"d $e

di0ided in e -a" arts and "aid on t,e +idd"e o. a"" (ontainers3 Paint t,e ta$"e

*it, $"-e (o"or .or ,ea0ier *ei#,t2 $ro*n .or +edi-+ *ei#,t and /e""o* .or

"i#,t *ei#,t3 P-t art o. t,e ,ea0ier "ot in t,e (enter o. a"" (ontainers2 not,in# att,e $a() ane" and not,in# at t,e door3 Part o. t,e +idd"e *ei#, *i"" -t on t,e

,ea0ier and near $a() ane" and door3 T,e "i#,ter *ei#,t *i"" $e -t on t,e

+idd"e *ei#,t ti"" (o+ "ete t,e st-..in#3 Re0ie* t,e (a"(-"ations .or 1% tons

and $e#in st-..in# in ro*s .ro+ $a() ane" to door3

10!




Be#in st-..in# *it, "i#,t *ei#,t at t,e $a() ane"2 a.ter .irst ro* "a/

+edi-+ and "i#,ter2 in t,e t,ird ro* at +idd"e "a/ ,ea0/2 +edi-+ and "i#,t3

Finis, at t,e door *it, "i#,t *ei#,t3 Do t,e sa+e in a"" (ontainers3 Re#ister

ea(, n-+$er o. (artons or $o5es and *ei#,t in a Pa()in#<List and )ee a (o /

in en0e"o e inside t,e (ontainer and ot,er in t,e en0e"o e ,o"der at t,e

(ontainer4s door3 It *i"" ,e" to (a"(-"ate t,e (orre(t *ei#,t and t,e in0entor/

inside ea(, (ontainer3 W,en it does not ,a en and t,e (ontainer is o ened $/

C-sto+s2 t,e $-/er *i"" .a(e a #reat tro-$"e to e5 "ain *,/ t,e (ar#o is not

(orre(t"/ de("ared2 or *,/ does t,e (ar#o said to $e in one (ontainer is .o-nd in

anot,er3 It is (onsidered .a"se de("aration and a"" t,e #oods *i"" $e arrested3

T,is ro(ed-re is an internationa" a#ree+ent ra(ti(ed on a"" t,e *or"d3

15 3 T%e . er %a/ ";& &"/ &f %ea0 $&&(/ !' 1: a e"/ ;!"% "%e

/a#e /!>e a'( &'e &" &f car"&'/ %a/ (!ffere'" /!>e/ a'( %a/ !$%" ;e!$%"

Ma)e a "an on a a er or on t,e (o+ -ter3 Dra* a ta$"e o. %3 '+ 5

?+ and di0ide in (e""s *it, t,e +eas-res o. ea(, "ot3 Se arate t,e si!es and

(a"(-"ate t,e s -are +eas-re and *ei#,t o. ea(, "ot3 T,e resistant a()a#e in

a""ets *i"" $e on t,e ."oor .ro+ t,e $a() ane" to t,e door3 T,e "i#,ter "ot *i""

$e -t on t,e a""ets ti"" (o+ "ete t,e st-..in#2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e s+a"" $"an)

"a(es3 Re0ie* t,e (a"(-"ations and $e#in st-..in#315 4 T%e $&&(/ are !' 2: a e"/ ;!"% /a#e /!>e? ." (!ffere'"

;e!$%"/ !' a "&"a &f 12 "&'/

Dra* a "ine o. %3 '+ 5 ?+ and di0ide in %& (e""s *it, t,e +eas-res

o. ea(, "ot3 T,e (ar#o ,as t,e sa+e si!e in %& a""ets *it, t,ree di..erent

10"



Egberto F Ribeiro

*ei#,ts3 Dra* on a a er or t,e si5 ,ea0ier a""ets to $e -t in t,e "o* +idd"e

o. t,e (ontainer3 Fo-r a""ets *it, +idd"e *ei#,t *i"" $e -t at t,e $a() ane"

and at t,e door3 T,e "i#,ter 1& a""ets *i"" $e -t on a"" 1& *it, ,ea0ier

*ei#,ts3 To -t so+e #oods inside a (ontainers2 t,e s,i er +-st ,a0e so+e

in.or+ation6

1;3 31< W,at )ind o. a()a#in# *i"" $e -t inside t,e (ontainer>

a""ets2 $a#s2 $o5es2 (artonsK

1;3 3%< Ho* +an/ -nits o. #oodsK

1;3 3'< W,at is t,e *ei#,t and resistan(e o. ea(, -nitK

1;3 3 < W,at is t,e tota" *ei#,tK

1;3 3;< W,at is t,e (ontainer #ross *ei#,t a((e ta$"e in t,e (o-ntr/

o. address .or trans ortation on tr-()sK

15 5 H&; #a' c&'"a!'er/ ;! e /".ffe(@

To $e#in t,e *or)2 /o- +-st ans*er a"" t,e -estions a$o0e3 To

)no* t,e *ei#, a((e ted in t,e (o-ntr/ o. destination2 t,e $-/er +-st o..er

t,at in.or+ation3 I. ,e doesnZt )no*2 (onsider .or e5a+ "e t,e *ei#,t a((e ted

in En#"and 1%tons .or (ontainer %&Z and % tons .or (ontainer &Z3

1;3;31< P"a(e so+e -nits on t,e (ontainerZs ."oor at t,e $a()3

1;3;3%< P"a(e so+e -nits at t,e (ontainerZs side ane" .ro+ $a() to

door .or+in# t,e "etter L 3

1;3;3'< M-"ti "/ t,e -nits on t,e $a() ."oor $/ t,e side -nits2 #ettin#

105




as a res-"t t,e tota" 0o"-+es to (o0er t,e ."oor 81st "a/er93

1;3;3 < T,e (ontainer "oadin# (a a(it/ is di0ided $/ t,e tota" (ar#o

o. t,e .irst "a/er3

1;3;3;< Di0ide t,e tota" n-+$er o. $o5es2 $a#s or a""ets $/ t,e 0a"-e

o. t,e $a""ast3

1;3;3?< De.ine ,o* +an/ -nits o. ,ei#,t *i"" $e "aid and (entra"i!e

t,e re+ainin# on t,e "ast "a/er3

1;3;3 < Start t,e de.initi0e o eration and -t t,e #oods as *as

(a"(-"ated to rea(, t,e (ei"in#3

1;3;3 < T,is ro(ed-re in (ontainers is e0en ra(ti(ed on $od/<tr-()2

0ans and *a#ons3

15 6 Pr&%! !"!&'/ !' /".ff!'$

1;3:313 Don4t "a(e .ra#i"e "oads *it, ,ea0/ "oads3

1;3:3%3 Don4t -t .oods *it, (,e+i(a"s3

1;3:3'3 Do not -t *et "oads *it, dr/ "oads3

1;3:3 3 Do not "a(e "oose ro-nd or (oni(a" or (/"indri(a" arts2 or

"oose ,ea0/ o0a"> "a(e t,e+ in *ooden $o5es on a""ets and tie<- t,e+3

1;3:3;3 Do not -t "oose stones or +ar$"es ."at ie(es3

106



Egberto F Ribeiro

1) 3 SAFE CONTAINERI ATION

1) 1 H&; "& I(e'"!f Da'$er&./ Car$&e/@

1?3131 Fo""o*in# t,e r-"es o. t,e Internationa" Or#ani!ation o.

OMCI +ariti+e (o++er(e and o$e/ t,e "a*s o. ea(, (o-ntr/ *,ere t,e

(ontainer #oes t,oro-#,2 not on"/ t,e (o-ntr/ o. destination31?313%3 Le#is"ation o. t,e (o-ntr/ o. ori#in3

1?313'3 T,e "e#is"ation o. t,e (o-ntr/ o. destination3

1?313 3 La*s o. t,e (o-ntries *,ere t,e (ontainer *i"" $e (arried3

1) 2 Ba/!c /"a'(ar(/ &f Pa e"!>a"!&'

1?3%31 Wooden $o5es and (ard$oard $o5es +-st dis "a/ t,e "a$e"s

ta#s2 "ots2 ort o. destination2 rea" *ei#,t 8ne0er -se esti+ated *ei#,t9 and t,e

t,ree di+ensions 8"en#t,2 *idt, and ,ei#,t93

1?3%3%3 T,e in0oi(es +-st to resent t,ese +eas-res to ena$"e t,e

desi#n o. t,e (ar#o3

107




1?3%3'3 Card$oard $o5es +-st ,a0e *ei#,ts and +eas-res

(o+ ati$"e *it, t,e Container3 It +eans t,at t,e $o5es or a""ets +-st to

o((- / a"" t,e (ontainer2 .ro+ side to side3 I. t,ere is an e5(ess in t,e +eas-re2

t,e $o5es *on4t .it inside t,e (ontainer2 t,e (ar#o *i"" "ose s a(e3 T,e *orst is

t,at t,e s,i er *i"" ,a0e to +a)e a *ooden *a"" to (o+ "ete t,e "a() o.

(ar#oes3 T%e #a!' r. e !/ (& '&" #a8e & e/ ar$er "%a' 1?1:#? &r 2?2:#

;!(e a'( 2?2:# !' %e!$%"

1?3%3 3 T,e "oadin# o. "oose (ar#oes or "oaded on a""ets2 a()ed

*it, stee" stra in# 8r-st s ots92 "asti( or "as,ed in +arino<s"in# +a/ ,a0e t,e

.o""o*in# +eas-res6 12&& + "en#t, $/ 12&&+ ,ei#,t $/ 12%&+ *ide3

1?3%3;3 W,en dra* t,e ro7e(t *it, a""ets2 "ea0e .ree s a(e in t,e

(ei"in# .or o eration *it, .or)"i.t and a((ess o. t,e "ast t*o -nits $e"o* t,e

s- erior "o()in# $ar )ee er3 Ta)e (are .or do not destro/ t,e (ontainer *it, t,e

.or)"i.t3

1?3%3?3 W,en t,e "ast .o-r a""ets don4t .it at t,e door> $rea) t,e

a""et *ooden $"o() and "a/ it on t,e .irst a""et and to "a(e t,e+ at t,e door3

Re eat t,e sa+e +et,od .or t,e se(ond a""et3

1) 3 U'!" G&&(/

1?3'31 Loose #oods inside a (ontainer (an $e se arated $/ "/*ood

and o0er"a ed as +an/ "a/ers as ossi$"e3 For e5a+ "e *,en t,e (ar#oes are

s+a"" "asti( dr-+s *it, (,e+i(a"s3 Ho* to do6 -t so+e dr-+s ti"" near %3&&+

.ro+ t,e $a() ane"2 (o0er it *it, "/*ood and re eat t,e o eration o. %2&&+

ea(, t-rn ti"" (o+ "ete t,e (ar#o3

108



Egberto F Ribeiro

1?3'3%3 T,ere are se0era" (orner .i5in# e/es inside t,e (ontainer to

atta(, (ar#oes3 Lar#e $o5es +-st $e tied on t,e ."oor and *a"" .or do not ti"t

and ,it a#ainst t,e (ontainer4s *a""s3 I. t,e #oods are "ar#e and 0er/ ("ose to t,e

*a""s2 t,ere is no need o. t/in#3

Containers are 0ia$"e to trans ort (ars2 *,i(, +-st $e $"o()ed $/

ie(es o. *ood in *ed#e s,a e as "ar#e as t,e tire2 t,e/ +-st $e nai"ed on t,e

."oor in t,e .ront and rear o. ea(, *,ee"3 T,e .ront and rear a5"es are tied *it,

ro es on .i5in# e/es2 -se a ie(e o. *ood .or ea(, ro e and inserted $et*een

t,e t*o "ines o. ea(, ro e at ^ near t,e ."oor on ea(, a5"e3 T*ist t,e *ood

se0era" ti+es ti"" it $e 0er/ *e"" ti#,tened and "et one side o. t,e *ood to sto

se(-re"/ a#ainst t,e ."oor3 T,e (ontainer in nor+a" +o0e+ent *on4t ,it t,e side

o. t,e (ar a#ainst t,e (ontainer3

1?3'3'3 T,e *ooden ."oor 7oists s,o-"d $e nai"ed on t,e ."oor to rote(t t,e $o5es3

1?3'3 3 T,e *ooden ra.ters (an $e do()ed on t,e sides o. (orr-#ated

(ontainer to t,e "o()in# o. s+a"" #oods3

1) 4 C&'"a!'er!>a"!&' ;!"% Pa e"

1?3 313 A %&4 (ontainer ,o"ds 1& a""ets %2%&+ *idt,2 "en#t, o. 121&+ and 121&+ o. ,ei#,t3

1?3 3%3 A %&4 (ontainer (an (arr/ %& a""ets o. 121&+ and tota" *ei#,t

not e5(eedin# road s(a"es2 in Bra!i" it is %;2;tons=' a5"es2 or 1% tons in

En#"and3

109




1) 5 Pa e" ar$er "%a' 2?2:# !' 2: c&'"a!'er

1?3;313 T,is is an in(orre(t o eration2 $e(a-se it *i"" (a-se t,e "itera"

destr-(tion o. t,e +er(,andise3 As t,e a()a#es are "ar#er t,an %2%&+2 t,ere is

no sta$i"it/ to t,e (ar#o on .or)"i.t ar+s2 so it4s -s,ed *it,o-t (are3 At

destination2 ,o* *i"" it $e -n"oaded2 *,ere t,ere is no "a(e to so+eone tie

*it, a ro eK

1?3;3%3 A %&4 (ontainer is ?2&&+ "on#2 it (an ,o"d % ro*s o. a""ets+eas-rin# .ro+ %2%&+ to '2&&+3 So+eti+es2 t,e a""et are ie(es o. *ood

"at(,ed *it, stee" $e"ts2 *,i(, a"*a/s $rea) *,en is dra##ed3

1?3;3'3 Peo "e *it,o-t e5 erien(e are a"*a/s doin# t,e easier *a/ to

"oad a (ontainer2 t,e/ are te(,ni(a" to a "/ .or$idden +et,ods t,at *i"" (a-se

da+a#es to t,e (ar#o3 So+eti+es2 t,e $-nd"es or $o5es are "aid on "on#

osition inside t,e (ontainer and -s,ed ti"" to s+as,3

Peo "e are -sed to "a/ one or t*o -nities o0er t,e ot,er *it, a

.or)"i.t in t*o *a/s6

First> t,e .or)"i.t "a/s one $-nd"e o0er t,e ot,er inside t,e (ontainer

*it, "on# ar+2 .ro+ $a() ane" to door3 At destination2 t,e (ar#o *i"" $e ta)en

o-t *it, (o++on .or)"i.t and *i"" (a-se da+a#es3

Se(ond> t,e s,i er -ses a .or)"i.t to "a/ t,e .irst tier and (o0ers it

*it, "/*ood to se arate t,e+3 For t,e se(ond tier2 ,e "a/s t,e - er a""ets

and -s,es *it, t,e .or)"i.t3 T,e (ar#o (an s"ide and to sto at t,e (ontainer4s

*a""3 W,en t,e "/*ood is not 0er/ *e"" "a(ed2 or +o0ed $/ t,e .or)"i.t2 t,e

110



Egberto F Ribeiro

(ar#o is $"o()ed3 W,en it ,a ens2 t,e .or)"i.t *i"" a "/ e5tra o*er to -s,

t,e (ar#o t,at *i"" $rea) t,e a()a#in# and #oods3 T,is +et,od isnZt

re(o++ended2 $e(a-se it destro/s t,e (ar#o and t,e a()a#in#3

1?3;3 se s e(ia" .or)"i.t .or 1&tons 8,i#,er t,an t,e (ontainer9 *it,

ar+s o. ? +eters "on# and *arn t,e re(ei0er to do t,e sa+e3 T,e i+ orter (osts

*i"" in(rease3

1?3;3; Wit,o-t t,is +a(,ine2 ti"tin# t,e a""et ti"" t-rn o0er or 7-st "a(e t,e $-rden and -s, *it, t,e ,e" o. a ie(e o. $ea+3

1?3;3? A.ter t,e .irst "a/er is read/2 (o0er it *it, st-rd/ *ood and

retr/ t,e o eration -s,in#2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e se0ere da+a#es3

1?3;3 T,e 0o"-+e and #ross *ei#,t +-st $e "ess t,an t,e tota"

(a a(it/ o. t,e (ontainer3

1) ) C&'c ./!&' a &." "%e & era"!& n3

1?3?31 We (an rea"i!e t,at t,e +eas-re %2 + *ide2 is not s-ita$"e to

.orei#n trade in (ontainer3

1?3?3% Sin(e 1: &2 t,e Para#-a/an e5 orts o. "/*ood ,a0e

+eas-res a ro riate .or (ontainer2 t,ro-#, its $onded *are,o-se at t,e

Parana#-a Port3

1?3?3' En0iron+ent3 T,e a((o+ "is,+ent o. en0iron+enta" "a*s

starts at t,e $e#innin#2 $e.ore t,e (-ttin# o. trees3 Certi.i(ates o. ori#in are

re -ired2 *it,o-t *,i(, t,e #oods are not re"eased3 T,e ro(ed-re .or

dis at(,in# and re"ease o. *ooden $-nd"es is t,e sa+e as .or (ontainers3 T,e

111




dis at(,in# o. *ood is inde endent i. it is in (ontainer or not3

1?3?3 Wood "ot is ins e(ted $/ IBAMA 8Bra!i"ian Instit-te o.

En0iron+ent9 in t,e *are,o-se3 T,is ro(ed-re is (o++on to a"" (o-ntries3

1?3?3; Wood in (ontainer is ins e(ted in "o(o 2 on a tr-() or

(,assis3

1?3?3? Ins e(tion *i"" identi./ t,e s e(ies o. *ood and +eas-res as

set o-t in t,e E5 ort De("aration3

1?3?3 A.ter ins e(tion o. t,e *ood in t,e *are,o-se2 t,e IBAMA

te(,ni(ian "a(es an ins e(tion "a$e" on t,e "ot3

1?3?3 3 A.ter t,e "a$e"2 t,e (ontainer is "oaded and ("osed2 sea"ed and

de"i0ered .or s,i +ent3

1) + T%e Sea Af"er I'/ ec"!&'

T,e sea" *it, n-+$er is ro0ided $/ t,e s,i 4s a#ent to $e re#istered

on t,e B=L and (an not $e (,an#ed3 I. t,e sea" *i"" (o+e to s-..er an/ da+a#e2

or so+e$od/ e"se $rea)s it to .i"" into t,e (ontainer anot,er art o. t,e "ot

.or#otten in t,e *are,o-se2 it *i"" $e a serio-s ro$"e+ at destination ort3 T,e

(ontainer *i"" $e ins e(ted a#ain and it *i"" (ost a "ot to i+ orter3 For s-(,

reason2 t,e sea" +-st $e a "ied on"/ a.ter t,e ins e(tion is done3 For s,i er

se(-rit/2 t,ere +-st $e one ri0ate sea" to )ee in sa.e t,e o eration3 T,e

(ontainer (an $e ste*ed on t,e 0e,i("e or on t,e ."oor3 T,e tr-() +-st a roa(,

at t,e *are,o-se door or "at.or+ *it, t,e (ontainerZs door .ree to o en3

11



Egberto F Ribeiro

1) P% "&/a'!"ar Cer"!f!ca"e T,e Ministr/ o. A#ri(-"t-re

ro0ides (erti.i(ation .or .res, or ro(essed (erea"s3 Re -ests are +ade dire(t"/

in t,e esta$"is,+ent o. t,is .edera" a#en(/ at ea(, ort2 to t,e (orres ondin#

iss-e o. t,e (erti.i(ate3

1) 6 Cer"!f!ca"e &f Or!$!' To 0eri./ t,e ori#in o. #oods .or e5 orts3

Nations ,a0e internationa" a#ree+ents re#ardin# rote(tions and (onstraints on

trade a..airs3 T,is do(-+ent is o. (o++er(ia" interest and s,a"" in.or+ t,e

i+ orter4s ri#,ts2 or *,i(, +at(, t,e standards in0o"0ed2 i. re.erentia" or non<

re.erentia"3 T,e resent Certi.i(ate o. Ori#in is re -ested dire(t"/ to ind-stria"

.ederations o. ea(, State3

1) 1: P% /!ca I'/ ec"!&' &f "%e C&'"a!'er 3 T,e s,i er ,as to

ins e(t ea(, (ontainer arri0ed to ,is *are,o-se3 T,is ins e(tion is ne(essar/2

.or do not re(ei0e (,ar#es .or da+a#es (a-sed $/ t,e "ast -ser3 T,e ter+ina"ins e(tion +-st s-r0e/ t,e o-tside o. t,e (ontainer2 its ."oor and roo.2 as *e"" as

t,e t/ e2 si!e2 ("ean"iness3 O en t,e doors to 0eri./ odors2 door sea" 8r-$$er92

door $ars2 s(re*s2 ri0ets2 $o"ts2 (r-+ "ed 8ti"" ;(+ is nor+a"92 s(rat(,es 8a"so

nor+a"92 $ro)en ."oor2 de.or+ation in t,e str-(t-re2 $ent or $ro)en $ars2 t,e

sa.et/ "o()ers ar+s and t,e #enera" state as is3 Don4t tr/ to re air an/ t,in#2 as

,o"es2 ier(ed or torn2 7-st order $a() to (,an#e .or a ne* one2 t,e ins-ran(e*on4t a((e t to (o0er #oods inside da+a#ed (ontainers3 To +eas-re a (r-+ "ed

side o. t,e (ontainer2 7-st -t a "ain ie(e o. *ood on it and *it, a r-"er see

t,e dee ness o. t,at da+a#e3 I. /o- don4t (are .or an/ da+a#e on t,e (ontainer2

t,e o*ner *i"" (,ar#e /o-r (o+ an/3

11!




1) 11 Re".r' &f C&'"a!'er I. t,e (ontainer is not in order2 t,e

ret-rn noti.i(ation +-st $e done $/ ,one2 t,e .astest as ossi$"e3 T,e (osts o.

t,ese (,an#es are aid $/ *,o #a0e t,e (ontainer -ns-ita$"e2 +is#-ided or

de.e(ti0e to $e "oaded *it, (ar#oes .or e5 ortation3

1) 12 E e'/e f&r De0& ."!&' T,e ter+ina" s,o-"d reser0e its

$est stora#e ser0i(e2 (,e()in# (are.-""/ ea(, s- "/in# o. (ontainer2 -nder t,e

ris) to "ose (redi$i"it/3 Ea(, (ontainer *i"" ,a0e t,e ret-rn .rei#,t aid $/ t,e

ter+ina" s- "ier3

1) 13 F&r8 !f" f&r C&'"a!'er T,e .or)"i.ts a "ied to (arr/ (ar#oes

inside t,e (ontainers *i"" ,a0e (a a(it/ .or %2 ; tons and +-st $e e -i ed *it,

"o* to*er3 T,e o erator +-st $e (are.-" .or doesnZt to ier(e t,e roo. o. t,e

(ontainer *it, t,e to o. t,e to*er3

1) 14 *e!$%" &f "%e Pa e" To "oad (ar#oes in a""ets into (ontainer

*it, .or)"i.t o. "o* to*er .or %2;tons2 ro$a$"/ at destination t,e a""ets *i"" $e

ta)en o.. $/ t,e sa+e +ode" o. .or)"i.t3 Ho*e0er t,e de"i0er/ *i"" $e done $/ a

dri0er *,i(, *i"" +o0e it *it, tr-()< a""et3 T,ere.ore2 t,e #ross *ei#,t o. ea(,

a""et s,o-"dnZt $e +ore t,an 1 ton3

1) 15 Pa e" ;!"% O0er;e!$%" T,e #oods *it, +ore t,an %&& )#

+-st $e .astened on a""ets and $o-nd *it, stra s o. +eta"2 "asti( or .i"+*ra ed3 A.ter t,e (ontainer is -n"oaded .or dis at(,in#2 t,e stra s *i"" $e

$ro)en and t,e de"i0er/ *i"" $e done *it, tr-()< a""et3

1) 1) B& e/ a'( Pa e"/ Wooden $o5es s,a"" $e sett"ed on t*o

$ea+s a*a/ ten (enti+eters .ro+ t,e ed#es2 i+itatin# a a""et3 T,ere is a

11"



Egberto F Ribeiro

statisti(a" data .ro+ t,e "ast (ent-r/ t,at is esti+ated a "oss o. 11 in s a(e

*it, a""eti!ed a()a#in# or t*o tons in a (ontainer or tr-()3

1) 1+ Rec c a e Pa e"/ T,e a""ets are resistant eno-#, to $e -sed

se0era" ti+es3 T,ere are $i""ions o. a""ets and do""ars $ein# re(/("ed e0er/ /ear

on t,e entire *or"d3 Ot,er (ar#oes a()a#es are a"so re(/("ed as n/"on stra s2

$i# $a#s2 stee" dr-+s2 "asti( dr-+s and $o5es3 Pa""ets (an $e +ade in *ood2

+eta"2 (ard$oard2 re(/("ed "asti( or *ood e""ets .or tra/s3 T,ere are se0era"

+eas-res o. a""ets2 t,e +ost -sed are 8E R1 ISO1 &3 &+ 12%&+9>

8E R% ISO% 12%&+ 12&&+93

1) 1 Pa e"/ a'( S8!(/ So+e (ar#oes s,o-"d not $e -sed "oosed on

a""ets2 as ro-nd +eta" rod-(ts2 ie(es o. iron2 (oni(a" s,a e2 s ,eri(a" -nits2

t,e/ are -nsta$"e and *i"" (a-se ,ea0/ da+a#es into t,e (ontainer3 T,ese

rod-(ts +-st $e a()ed in s+a"" *ooden $o5es2 rein.or(ed *it, 7oists andstee" stra s 8s)ids92 so t,e/ (an $e -t on a""ets and "oaded in (ontainers3

1) 16 Pa e"/ (r!0!'$ (&;' c&/"/ T,e -se o. a""ets is not so ne*2

$-t it is o"der t,an a (ent-r/3 Sin(e t,e Wor"d War III2 t,e -se o. a""ets in t,e

nited States ,a0e $een #ro*in# /ear a.ter /ear3 T,e .irsts statisti(s s,o*ed t,e

.ood trans ort on a""ets ,ad red-(ed its o eratin# (osts at X1;3&&=tones3 T,e

ti+e .or "oadin# and -n"oadin# o. (ar#oes .or trans ortation *as red-(ed to 1='o. t,e -s-a" and t,e da+a#es *ere red-(ed to '& o. t,e tota"3

1) 2: T%e C%a//!/ Ce'"er &f $ra0!" T,e res onsi$i"it/ .or

)no*in# t,e (orre(t (enter o. #ra0it/ o. a (,assis $e"on#s to t,e dri0er3 T,e

(rane or transtainer o erator (an assist t,e dri0er *,i(, is "ess ,a$it-ated *it,

115




t,e (ontainer trans ort on (,assis3 T,e Center o. #ra0it/ o. a (,assis isnZt

e5a(t"/ t,e +idd"e o. t,e "at.or+2 $-t on t,e .irst o. t,e t,ree or t*o a5es3 For

t,is reason2 t,e #oods +-st $e (orre(t"/ "a(ed inside t,e (ontainer2 .or do not

(a-se an/ a((idents d-rin# t,e tri 3

1?3%&31 Front Di0in#3 I. t,e %&4 (ontainer is (orre(t"/ "oaded and is

"o*ered on t,e +idd"e o. t,e (,assis2 t,e *ei#,t *i"" .o(-s on t,e .ront2 +a)in#

t,e (a$in sta/ in di0in# osition3 It is rea""/ 0er/ di..i(-"t to dri0e a tr-() *,en

it is on .ront *,ee" (ar#o2 "i#,ts and +irror *i"" ,a0e to $e (orre(ted3

1?3%&3% Front raise3 I. a "oaded %&4 (ontainer is "o*ered on t,e

e5tre+e $a() o. t,e tr-()2 t,e #ra0it/ (enter *i"" +o0e to t,e rear o. t,e

(,assis3 T,e (ontainer *i"" raise t,e (a$in and t,e dri0er "oses t,e *,ee"in#

(ontro"3 T,e "i#,ts and +irrors *i"" ,a0e to $e (orre(ted3

1?3%&3' Is T,e Tr-() Dri0a$"e3 A.ter "oadin#2 t,e dri0er +-st

o$ser0e t,e dri0in# on ."at terrain2 i. t,ere is an/ di..i(-"t to dri0e3 T,e dri0er

(an noti(e i. t,e "oad is too $a() or .ront 3 W,i"e t,e dri0er is in t,e ter+ina"2

,e ,as ti+e to (,an#e t,e (ontainer osition3

116



Egberto F Ribeiro

1+ , ISO CONTAINERS

T,e identi.i(ation o. a (ontainer is on its re#istration n-+$er2 as t,e

"ate o. a 0e,i("e3 Ho*e0er2 t,ere is anot,er indi0id-a" en(odin# .or ea(, t/ e

o. (ontainer2 indi(atin# to *,i(, +er(,andise it is a ro riate3 On t,e doors

and on t,e sides o. (ontainers are ainted t,e en(odin# n-+$er o. ea(, -nit3 Ina .irst set o. t,ree "etters and .o-r n-+$ers2 *e identi./ t,e (o-ntr/ to *,i(, t,e

o*ner $e"on#s and t,e .o-r n-+$ers is t,e t/ e o. (ontainer3 A((ordin# t,e

ISO standard2 t,e t,ree "etters in - er(ase identi.ies t,e (o-ntr/2 $-t t,ere are

ot,er o*ners *,o doesnZt .o""o* t,e ISO r-"es3 T,e "a(e .or (o-ntr/ +a/ ,a0e

.e*er "etters2 $-t t,e re+ains to (o+ "ete t,ree "etters s,o-"d $e s- "e+ented

*it, 3 C-rrent"/2 so+e o*ners "ea0e $"an) t,e "a(e o. t,e "etter

FXX 221:

T,e (odi.ied t/ e and di+ension is dis "a/ed *it, .o-r di#its 8%%1&93

_ T,e .irst di#it % indi(ates t,e "en#t, %& .eet> i. it4s indi(ates & .eet3

_ T,e se(ond di#it % indi(ates t,e ,ei#,t3

117




_ T,e t,ird di#it 1 indi(ates t,e t/ e o. t,e (ontainer3

_ T,e .o-rt, di#it & indi(ates t,e (ontainer4s +ateria" stee" Corten 3

1+ 1 C&(e N.# er/ f&r T e/ &f C&'"a!'er

: , C &/e( 8dr/ (ar#o9 T,is (ontainer is .-""/ ("osed2 *it,o-t an/ air

in"et3 It is indi(ated to trans ort a rod-(t *,i(, e5,a"es so+e odor2 or

."a++a$"e #as3 Wit, s-(, se(-rit/2 t,ere *i"" $e no ossi$i"it/ o.

(onta+inatin# t,e en0iron+ent or set .ire3

1 , C &/e( 0e'"! a"e( 80ented dr/9

T,is (ontainer ,as .o-r s+a"" ,o"es on t,e ,i#, side o. t,e *a""s to

)ee t,e (ir(-"ation o. air .ro+ inside to o-tside3 T,e en0iron+ent (,an#es

*it, t,e (ontainer4s te+ erat-re2 .ro+ t,e ,ot to (o"d3 T,e te+ erat-re

0ariation res-"ts in t,e (on(entration o. +oist-re on t,e sides and on t,e roo.

*,i(, dro s on t,e (ar#o3 For t,is reason t,e #oods s,o-"d $e (o0ered *it,

"asti( .or rote(tion a#ainst -ndesira$"e ,-+idit/3

2 , T%er#a !'/. a"!&' 8dr/ $-")9

As *e"" as t,er+os $ott"e )ee s "i -ids in (o"d or ,ot te+ erat-re .or

se0era" ,o-rs2 t,ere are t,er+a" (ontainers trans orted $/ tr-()s *,i(, a"so

)ee t,e rod-(ts (,i""ed .or se0era" ,o-rs3 T,er+a" (ontainers are ,er+eti(a""/

sea"ed2 .or do not "ose te+ erat-re and are indi(ated .or t,e trans ortation o..rost .ood or ,eated #oods3 So+e (o"d (ar#oes are )e t at "o* te+ erat-re *it,

t,e reso-r(e o. (o"d a()s inserted inside ea(, $o53 T,e (o"d a() o.

3 , C&& e( refr!$era"e(

S,i ers +-st ,a0e #reat (are *,en re(ei0e ree.er (ontainers> t,e

118



Egberto F Ribeiro

.irst ins e(tion is +andator/2 $e/ond t,e .o""o*in# ite+s6 an/ si#n o. dirt/ or

s+e"" inside t,e -nit/2 $ro)en ane"2 s+as,ed (a$"es2 or "a() o. (o+ onents2 or

$ro)en arts at t,e $a() ane"2 don4t tr/ to ("ean or re air2 #i0e it $a() to t,e

s- "ier2 $e(a-se /o- are not res onsi$"e .or t,at3 T,e +er(,andises +-st $e at

its ro er te+ erat-re2 is i+ ossi$"e to *ait .or da/s -nti" it rea(, at t,e

re -ired te+ erat-re3 Ta)e (are *it, t,e osition o. t,e door $e.ore t,e

st-..in#2 to a0oid -n*anted o enin#s o. t,e door *,i(, *i"" (a-se "oss o.

te+ erat-re3 Re.ri#erated (ontainers are e -i ed *it, (o+ ressors to )ee

t,e (ar#o -nder (ontro""ed te+ erat-res2 as +eat2 .is,2 0e#eta$"es2 .r-its2 7-i(es

and se0era" )inds o. .oods3 T,e .ree!in# ro(ess o. .oods $e#ins .ro+ t,e *a""s

to t,e (enter at %;\C as in an/ ree.er *are,o-se3 To .ree!e .ro+ %&\C to 1%\C

an/ (ar#o into a (ontainer *i"" de"a/ t*o to t,ree da/s2 ti+e eno-#, to #ro* -

an/ .-n#-s3 T,ese e"e(tri( +otors a((e t 0o"ta#es ran#in# .ro+ %%&02 ' &02

&0 and t,e o*er so()ets (an $e (onne(ted to e5istin# ter+ina"s in ind-stries/ards2 or at trans ort (o+ anies /ards2 ,i#,*a/ #as stations or ter+ina"s3 T,ese

en#ines *or) a((ordin# t,e rod-(t to )ee t,e ro#ra++ed te+ erat-re .or

ea(, )ind o. .ood2 and noti(e t,e (o+ ressor r-ns .or +ore ,o-rs -nder t,e

s-n3 On t,e rear ane" o. t,ese (ontainers are t,e (onne(tin# (a$"es on a0era#e

o. ;&+2 a"so t,e di#ita" or ana"o# t,er+o+eters are e -i ed *it, data "o##ers

to (ontin-o-s"/ rint t,e 0ariations o. te+ erat-re *,en t,e (o+ ressor *or)sand sto s3 I. .or so+e reason2 t,e (ontainers are not (onne(ted to ener#/ s- "/

and t,e te+ erat-re rises too +-(,2 *i"" ,a en t,e "oss o. t,e rod-(t -a"it/2

it .ro!en .oods *i"" $e (,e()ed $/ t,e re#isters at t,e ane" and so+e sa+ "es

inside t,e (ar#o *i"" $e ana"/!ed at t,e "a$orator/3 I. t,e (ar#o is re7e(ted $/

119




$ad s- "/ o. ener#/2 t,e (ontainer *i"" $e ret-rned and t,e s,i er or t,e

(arrier *i"" $e res onsi$"e .or a"" e5 enses3 For do not .ai" in s-(, dea"2 .o""o*

(orre(t"/ t,e internationa" (ontra(t *it, a #ood (ontainer and er,a s2 /o- *i""

$e as)ed to "a(e se0era" t,er+o+eters a+id t,e (ar#o inside t,e (ontainer>

near t,e $a() ane"2 in t,e (enter and at t,e door3

4 , Refr!$era"!&' re#&0a e I'/. a"e(? c ! -&'

T,e re+o0a$"e (ontainer is ,er+eti(a""/ sea"ed and ,as t*o 0a"0es att,e $a() ane"> a "o*er entr/ .or ad+ission o. (o"d air .or (ir(-"ation inside o.

t,e (ontainer to $e -s,ed o-t $/ t,e - er e5,a-st i e3 Bot, o enin#s are

e -i ed *it, 0a"0es to re0ent t,e es(a e o. te+ erat-re3 T,e .ro!en #oods

are "oaded into t,e (ontainer and sent .or s,i in# in "ess t,an %& ,o-rs2

*it,o-t "osin# te+ erat-re3 A.ter t,is eriod2 t,e (ontainer +-st $e (onne(ted

to an inte#ra" -nit o. re.ri#eration s- "ier *it, .or(ed (oo"in#3 A (r/o#eni((entra" o. (oo"in# s- "ies t,e ins-"ated (ontainers3 T,is s/ste+ is t,e sa+e

-sed in s,i s2 store /ards2 roads2 rai"*a/s and ter+ina"s3 T,ere are ot,er

+eanin#s not -a"i.ied to attend t,is s/ste+ and +-st $e e5("-ded .ro+ nor+a"

-se2 as s+a"" e"e(tri( (o+ ressor atta(,ed on o enin# 0a"0es2 or diese" (oo"in#

en#ine on a (art to (ir(-"ate (o"d air into t,e (ontainer3

5 , Free Ce! !'$ & e' "& T,is is a s e(ia" (ontainer2 $e(a-se it *i"" not $e a((e ted in a""

s,i s3 Goods *it, ,ei#,ts or *ei#,ts t,at are in(o+ ati$"e *it, t,e ("osed

(ontainer s,o-"d $e (arried in O en To or Free Cei"in# 3 T,e #oods s,o-"d

$e rote(ted a#ainst $ad *eat,er2 *it, *ooden a()in# and (o0erin# $/ (an0as

1 0



Egberto F Ribeiro

or "asti(2 sin(e t,e (ontainer *i"" not o..er rote(tion a#ainst rain3 T,e si+ "e

(an0as (o0er +-st $e .astened *it, t,in stee" (a$"es2 .it to sea" it t,ro-#, rin#s

on t,e (o0erin# and t,e (ontainer *a""3 T,e door o. t,ese (ontainers +-st a"so

$e sea"ed and a"" n-+$ers +-st $e re#istered on t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#3

) , P a"f&r# C&'"a!'er f a" rac8

T,is is a s e(ia" (ontainer $e(a-se is not a((e ta$"e in a"" s,i s2 (a-se $/ its

,ea0/ *ei#,t2 it ,as t*o retra(ta$"e ,ead$oards t,at *,en are "i.ted t,e/ #et t,esa+e +eas-re o. a dr/ (ontainer3 W,en t,e +er(,andise is a "ar#e *ooden $o5

or a "ar#e +a(,ine2 it +-st $e (arried in (ontainers2 or ."at ra() 3 T,is

(ontainer ,as a (,assis to s- ort - to ?& tons and to +o0e it2 on"/ *it,

s e(ia" (ranes3 T,e +er(,andise or e -i +ent s,o-"d $e .i5ed $/ *ide stee"

$e"ts2 sea"ed and (o0ered *it, tar s3

+-Ta'8 C&'"a!'er "a'8 '&' (a'$er&./

T,e (ontainer tan) is s-ita$"e .or t,e trans ort o. "i -ids or #ases2

$e(a-se it ro0ides se(-rit/ .or t,e +-"ti+oda"2 $esides $ein# *ide"/ -sed $/

a"" (o-ntries3

-B. 8 ca"" e (r . 8

T,e (ode indi(ates t,e "i0esto() ser0i(e or a"so t,e $-")

trans ort2 a"t,o-#, t,e/ are -ite di..erent2 t,e n-+$er is t,e sa+e3 T,e

"i0esto() ,as "a(e .or ani+a" .ood2 *ater tan) and ("eanin# drains2 *,i"e t,e

$-") (ontainer is e -i ed *it, .-nne"s .or #rain re+o0a" dra*er $/ a(tion o.

#ra0it/3

1 1




6- e'"! a"e( 0e'"e(

Venti"ated (ontainer ser0es .or s,i in# o. rod-(ts t,at re -ire ,i#,

(ir(-"ation o. air2 "i)e .r-its2 0e#eta$"es or rod-(ts *,i(, e5,a"es stron# odor3

A"" sides .ro+ $otto+ to ,i#, ,a0e s+a"" re(tan#-"ar o enin#s to +a)e eas/ t,e

air (ir(-"ation and rote(t t,e "oad3

1



Egberto F Ribeiro

1 - HUB PORTS

H-$ Port is a s e(ia" ter+ina" to ro(eed t,e transs,i +ent o.

(ontainers $et*een anti odes orts> .ro+ one e5tre+e o. t,e Eart, to ot,er3

S-(, s/ste+ +-st $e a$"e to +o0e a .-"" (ar#o (arried $/ "ar#er s,i s t,an a

Ne* Pana+a52 "oadin# and -n"oadin# si+-"taneo-s"/ near 1?3&&& TE s

*ei#,in# %% 3&&& tons in a"+ost & ,o-rs o. *or)3 T,e Pana+a Cana" ta5 (osts

SX%&&2&& er TE and is $ein# en"ar#ed .ro+ '%+ to :+2 a"t,o-#, Me#a<

s,i s are *ider t,an ;:+3 A"" (ontainers -n"oaded $/ a(t-a" Me#a<s,i s2 a"so

(a""ed Tri "e<E 8E(ono+/2 E..i(ien(/2 En0iron+ent9 are +o0ed to s+a""er

0esse"s (a""ed .eeders3

T,at ,-#e s,i +ent o. (ontainer is .aster t,an a s,i +ent o. #rain in

$-") (arriers3 T,at4s $e(a-se #rain ter+ina"s o erate *it, t*o s,i "oaders at

s eed o. '3&&&tons=,2 *,i"e (ontainer 0esse"s "oad *it, ten #antr/ (ranes at t,e

sa+e ti+e near && TE s er ,o-r2 it +eans ;3?&&tons=,3 T,e a(t-a" -se o.

"ar#er #antr/ (ranes *it, do-$"e s readers +o0es t*o &42 or .o-r %&4(ontainer

at ea(, +o0e+ent2 % TE s 5 '+in ` %& +o0e+ents=, 5 %TE s ` &

TE s=,o-r3 I. ea(, TE *ei#,s 1 tons2 t,ere *i"" $e ;?&tons=, er (rane2

+-"ti "ied $/ ten (ranes2 t,e a+o-nt *i"" $e o. ;3?&&tons=,o-r2 its a"+ost t*o

1 !




ti+es .aster t,an a #rain (arrier *it, t*o s,i "oaders3 T,is is t,e drea+ o.

s+a"" .ar+ers to se"" t,eir rod-(ts is Asia2 *,ere in a dia+eter o. 3&&& +i"es

"i0es ,a". o. t,e #"o$a" o -"ation3 Traditiona" E-ro ean *,o"esa"ers *or) in

Bra!i" .or ,a". (ent-r/ and a"*a/s sa/

1 1 Or$a'!c Pr&(.c"/

Co..ee trade s,o-"d s- ort t,e #eneti( te(,no"o#/ to #et +ore

rod-(ti0e 0arieties o. (o..ee2 i+ "e+entin# +odern .ar+in# s/ste+s .ree o.

(,e+i(a" .erti"i!ers2 esti(ides et(3 Me(,ani!ed ,ar0estin# *it, .or(ed dr/in#

o..ers rod-(ts in t,e internationa" +ar)et *it, ri(es - to .o-r ti+es ,i#,er

t,an in BMQF3

G"o$a" (ons-+ers a"*a/s a/ +ore .or #ood or#ani( rod-(ts

*it,o-t (,e+i(a"s .erti"i!ers and to5i( rod-(ts3 T,is is a ne* +ar)et $ein#

e5 "ored $/ t,o-sands o. .ar+ers3 In t,e Ita"/ S,o in# in C-riti$a t,ere is t,eTerra Verdi Or#ani( Co..ee 2 t,e .irst store o. or#ani( (o..ee in t,e (o-ntr/3

At t,e standard "e0e" e5 orted to Ja an2 t,e taster e5 ert *i"" .ind rod-(ts

+ade -nder esti(ide<.ree te(,no"o#/3 T,e o*n roastin# (enter o..ers se0era"

(o..ees at t,ree "e0e"s o. (o"or a((ordin# to t,e standards o. internationa"

$"ends3 I. t,e (-sto+er *is,es to ta)e ,o+e t,e rod-(t re ared in .e*

+in-tes *i"" noti(e t,at t,e a()s are .itted *it, 0a"0es t,at #-arantee t,e0a"idit/ o. (ons-+ tion .or t*e"0e +ont,s3

Ot,er traditiona" rod-(ts as (r/sta" "i#,t and dar) s-#ar2 or

disti""ed (a(,asa2 a"" rod-(ed .ro+ or#ani( s-#ar (ane3 T,ere are .r-it 7e""ies

and (ara+e"s a"so $ein# rod-(ed in t,e or#ani( s/ste+ and 0a"-ed *it,

1 "



Egberto F Ribeiro

e"e#ant a()a#in#2 as t,e +ar)etin# on (ons-+ers a ea"3 T,e ,i#, -a"it/ o.

t,ese rod-(ts o en a 0a"-a$"e and se"e(t (o..ee s,o s +ar)et *or"d*ide2

+a)in# e5 orts o. t,e rod-(t read/ .or (ons-+ tion 8 rod-(tion (ost in Bra!i"

is in.erior to t,e .irst *or"d9 in -antities o. .i0e ,-ndred o-nds or 1 a""et

+eas-rin# 12&&+ 12%&+ 121&+ in a (ontainer LCL=LCL3

T,e Bra!i"ian rod-(tion o. s-#ar and (att"e are a((ordin# t,e

or#ani( re.eren(e o. -a"it/ on rod-(ts *it,o-t (,e+i(a"s .or #ro*in# or

esti(ides3 T,e s-#ar (ane is .ro+ s e(ies o. #rass2 as *,eat and (orn and

$e"on#s to t,e oa(eae .a+i"/ and #en-s sa((,ar-+3 T,e s-#ar (ane *as 0er/

*e"" ada ted to t,e *ar+ Bra!i"ian "ands .or its .a0ora$"e rain3 T,e s-#ar

rod-(tion *as re.erred $/ rod-(ers .or its erennia" re#ro*t, .or a"+ost

.i0e /ears2 *it,o-t t,e need o. a ne* "antation a.ter ea(, (ro 3 T,e sa+e

,a ens to t,e #rass to .eed t,e (att"e *,ose re#ro*t, is (ontin-o-s3 T,e .ar+s

*it, s-#ar (ane and .ie"ds *it, #rass .or (att"e are nat-ra" and .ree o.

(,e+i(a"s .or its rod-(tion3 T,e or#ani( +eat and s-#ar are o..ered $/

Bra!i"ian .ar+s .ro+ t,e in"and2 *,ere t,ere are no ind-str/ resid-a"s o.

(,e+i(a"s in t,e air2 *,ere t,e *ater are ("ean and nat-ra" ast-re3

1 2 T%e H. P&r"

T,e H-$ Port s,o-"d ,a0e .a(i"ities .or one or se0era" Me#a<s,i s too erate .-"" (ar#o o-t and in2 *it,o-t *astin# ti+e $et*een a"" #antr/ (ranes

81; +in-tes is t,e a((e ta$"e ti+e o. o eration .ro+ .irst to t,e "ast #antr/

(rane93 T,e (ar#o "an ,as to .o""o* t,e (orre(t ETA 8Esti+ated Ti+e o.

Arri0a"92 $e(a-se t,e tide +-st $e )no*n e5a(t"/ to deter+ine t,e $oard o.

o eration3 T,e a(t-a" +et,od o. s,i in# is ro#ra++ed .or t*o or si5 #antr/

1 5




(ranes3 A"" s,i s ,a0e a (ar#o "an to .o""o* t,e (orre(t re<sta()in# $a/s2 tiers

and ro*s3 E0er/ (a tain )no*s t,at2 $-t so+eti+es t,e s,i o*ner4s orders t,e

a#ent .or do not "ose ti+e on *aitin# "ine or t,e (orre(t tide2 $-t to do() t,e

s,i $/ an/ +eans2 so it (a-ses ani( to a"" (ar#o "annin#3

1 3 H. P&r"/ *!"% S%e f a'( Br!($e

W,i"e in a"" (o-ntries t,e de t, o. orts are near to '& .eet2 t,e H-$

Port +-st $e dee er t,an ;& .eet3 It is too e5 ensi0e to )ee dred#in# a "ane

/ear a.ter /ear3 A -i() (a"(-"-s sa/s t,at t,e dred#in# o eration (osts X;&3&&&

do""ars a da/3 A.ter ten /eas o. *or)2 a H-$ Port *i"" ,a0e e5 ended *it,

dred#in#2 as +-(, as its o*n (osts o. $-i"din#3 T,ere *i"" $e a ne* strate#/ .or

t,ese orts2 not on"/ to $e near t,e +ain to*n2 $-t on a #ood "a(e $et*een

(o-ntries3

T,e seas,ore "ands(a e o..ers #ood i(t-res2 aintin#s and +o0ies2

*it, *a0es (o0erin# ree.s and ro()s2 near dee *aters3 T,is is t,e er.e(ts(ener/ to $e (-t and to $-i"d a ne* H-$ Port3

A H-$ Port +-st $e ea(, ti+e +ore a-to+ati!ed t,an e0er3 T,ere

*i"" ,a0e .e* ser0i(e .or (o++on *,ee"ed +a(,iner/3 T,e o en to (ontainers

.or s e(ia" (ar#oes as o0er*ei#,t or o0er ,ei#,t *i"" not $e a""o*ed on Me#a<

s,i s3 Let4s -nderstand> s e(ia" (ontainer is not t,e sa+e as s e(ia" (ar#oes2 as

dan#ero-s rod-(ts *arned $/ IMO3S e(ia" (ontainers are t,ose t,at +a/ (a-se de"a/ and "osses .or

(arriers and +-st $e a$o"is,ed (o+ "ete"/3 E56 an ind-str/ "oads in a (ontainer

an o0ersi!ed $eer disti""er/ and *ants to de"i0er it to A+eri(a t,ro-#, a H-$

Port3 T,is )ind o. (ontainer *i"" not $e a((e ted $/ an/ .eeder to a H-$ Port2

1 6



Egberto F Ribeiro

$e(a-se t,e Me#a<s,i Zs Ca tain *i"" send it $a() and *i"" not si#n its B=L3 In

E-ro e t,ere is a ersistent -se o. 1; o. s e(ia" (ontainers> t,eir ind-stries

+-st to ada t t,eir rod-(t to t,e si!e o. a dr/ (ontainer3 I. a $eer disti""er/ (an

$e di0ided in t*o or t,ree arts to $e asse+$"ed at destination2 it *i"" $e a"ri#,t

.or .eeders to trans ort it to a H-$ Port3 So+e$od/ +a/ sa/ t,at t,e .rei#,t o.

s e(ia" (ontainer ,as t,e sa+e (ost o. dr/ (ontainers2 as it *i"" $e (,ar#ed

a((ordin# t,e n-+$ers o. "a(e -sed on $oard3 T,e tro-$"e isnZt t,e (ost2 $-t

t,e dist-r$an(e (a-sed to an/ ort o eration3 T,e ort o eration "an .or

"oadin# and -n"oadin# s e(ia" (ontainers re -ires e5("-si0e ti+e and "a(e .or

+o0in# e -i +ent3 It +eans t,at ot,ers (ontainers *i"" ,a0e to sto t,eir

o eration2 *,i"e a ri0ate (rane .or ,ea0/ (ar#o s"ides s"o*"/ on t,e *,ar.3 T,e

o eration *it, ,ea0/ e -i +ent is not *it, a-to+ati( s readers2 $-t *it, stee"

(a$"es ,and"ed $/ ste0edores3

T,e Tri "e<E s,i s need a *or"d*ide ort in.rastr-(t-re2 not on"/ tore+o"d t,e a(t-a" s/ste+2 $-t an e5i#en(e to $e#in a ne* s,a e2 .ro+ t,e re<

sta()in# to t,e -a/3 It4s an ad0i(e to *arn s,i s o*ners to t,e nearest da/s o.

,i#, te(,no"o#/ in +ariti+e trans ortation3 T,ere is a #enera" need to

a((e"erate t,e i+ ort and e5 ort o erations2 red-(in# t,e ti+e o. tri and (osts

o. .rei#,ts2 *it, s e(ia"i!ed 0esse"s and orts3 H-$ Port is a (ontainer ter+ina"

*it, a -ni -e str-(t-re .or o eration o. Me#a<s,i s t,at +o0e 1? t,o-sands or +ore TE s in ea(, tri 3 Man/ States in Bra!i" *ant to insta"" its o*n H-$

Ports2 so t,e/ "an a ter+ina" *it, roads2 rai"s in.rastr-(t-re to ser0e t,ese

orts3 Ho*e0er2 a H-$ Port is not a re#-"ar ort2 $-t a ne* ("ass o. ort2 ,i#,"/

s e(ia"i!ed *it, t,e on"/ (on(e t o. transs,i +ent3

1 7




1 4 H. P&r" !/ B.rea.crac Free

Ea(, Bi"" o. Ladin# ,as t,e (itation o. t,e H-$ Port .or trans,i +ent

and t,e na+e o. t,e s,i .eeder t,at *i"" ta)e t,e (ontainer to .ina" destination2

in anot,er (it/2 State or (o-ntr/3 T,ere is no need o. C-sto+s ins e(tion o.

(ontainers2 -n"ess t,ere is an/ a((ident and "oss o. (ar#oes2 or an/ (ontent o.

.or$idden #oods2 *,en t,e (ontainer *i"" $e re+o0ed and #i0en to #o0ern+ent

(are3 T,ere is no dis at(, .or transs,i +ent2 -n"ess t,e (ontainer *i"" #o to

in"and or ,as to ret-rn to its ort o. s,i in#3

1 5 H. P&r" !/ F. A."&#a"!>e(

Di..erent +ana#e+ent on trans,i +ent +-st $e t,e e"e(troni(

ins e(tion o. ea(, -nit/ $/ i(t-res .ro+ a"" .a(es and sea"s2 to re0ent an/

.-t-re de+and a#ainst t,e ter+ina"3 Ea(, -nit/ +-st $e <ra/ s(anned and

*ei#,ed at t,e re(ei0in# .ro+ $ot, arri0a"s> .eeders and Tri "e<E s,i s3 T,e

re(ei0in# o. (ontainers res-"ts in a re ort to $e send i++ediate"/ to its o*ner

$/ SMS3 S-(, )ind o. o eration is (o++on in a"" orts and are on"/ in.or+ed

$/ "etter to C-sto+s to #et a-t,ori!ation and ta5 .or+a"ities3

1 ) H. P&r" f&r Tra'//%! #e'"

T,e Anti odes Transs,i +ent ro(ess (annot $e (on.o-nded *it,

Te+ orar/ Ad+ission2 t,at is a er+ission .or an/ #oods .ro+ a$road to sta/

1 8



Egberto F Ribeiro

in a (o-ntr/ d-rin# .e* +ont,s3 T,e (ontainer in transs,i +ent does not "ea0e

t,e ri+ar/ !one o. t,e ort2 it is a""o*ed to #o on"/ to t,e s e(i.i( s,i *ritten

on its B=L3 T,e (ontainer4s (ar#oes arri0ed in ro(ess o. transs,i +ent don4t #o

to do+esti( +ar)et and +a/ not sta/ in t,e ort *aitin# .or nationa"i!ation3 T,e

-sers o. H-$ Ports *i"" .ee" (o+.orta$"e to re(ei0e t,eir (ar#oes in so s,ort

ti+e2 t,an in (on0entiona" tri s3 T,e (ost o. .rei#,ts *i"" $e 0er/ "o*er t,an

t,ose o..ered $/ (ontainers s,i s doin# 0o/a#es $et*een anti odes re#ions3

1 + H. P&r" a/ F!'a P&r"

Ho*e0er2 i. t,e H-$ Port is near a "ar#e (enter o. (ons-+ tion and is

t,e .ina" ort o. destination2 t,e H-$ ort $e(o+es an e5(e""ent reso-r(e to

i+ ort and re<e5 ort #oods3 Port .or Te+ orar/ Ad+ission to ot,er (o-ntries2

t,an t,ose .or transs,i +ent *ritten on its B=L is not a redi(ate o. a H-$ Port3

For t,is reason2 t,e H-$ Port ort str-(t-re doesn4t need to $e (onne(ted to an

eas/ a((ess s-(, as6 0e,i("es2 *a#ons2 $oats et(3 I. t,e H-$ Port ,as

(,ara(teristi(s o. .ina" ort2 *it, .e* s,i s .or transs,i +ent is ne(essar/

Stations o. Conso"idation and De(onso"idation2 $e/ond t,e ne(essar/

in.rastr-(t-re .or trans ortation3

1 H. P&r" !/ C./"&#/ Area Contrar/ to (on0entiona" orts2

*,ere t,ere are one or t*o *are,o-ses .or i+ orted #oods2 t,e H-$ Port is

.-""/ $onded2 $-t t,ere is no "a(e .or re#-"ar st-..in#2 e5(e t in (ases o.

a((idents on $oard or into t,e ter+ina"3 A"" (ontainers arri0ed and stored in a

1 9




H-$ Port2 e0en .or do+esti( +ar)et in ot,er nationa" ort2 or a$road (annot $e

o ened2 $-t a"" *i"" $e s-r0e/ed $/ s(anner3 T,e (ontainers to $e nationa"i!ed

in t,e ne5t ort (an $e trans orted in s,i s or $/ ot,er 0e,i("es2 -nder C-sto+s

Transit De("aration3 T,e (ontainers destined .or ot,er (o-ntries or ot,er

nationa" orts *i"" $e "oaded on Feeder s,i s2 #-aranteein# a#i"it/ in e0er/

trans,i +ent o eration3

1 6 H. P&r" !/ S"r!8e Free

I. t,ere *i"" ,a0e an/ stri)e $/ #o0ern+ent e+ "o/ees in t,e

(o-ntr/2 it *i"" not (a-se an/ de"a/ on a H-$ Port2 $e(a-se t,ere *on4t ,a0e too

+an/ #o0ern+ent e+ "o/ee eno-#, to s-stain a stri)e3 T,e C-sto+s O..i(ers

in a transs,i +ent H-$ Port de0e"o t,eir *or) in .ast ti+e2 $e(a-se t,o-sands

o. Bi"" o. Ladin#s are not ana"/!ed2 on"/ its Master Bi"" o. Ladin# *it, detai"s

o. ort o. arri0a" and de"i0er/ ort are (onsidered3 T,e resen(e o. C-sto+s

O..i(ers are needed at t,eir o..i(es on"/ in e..e(ti0e ins e(tion o. do(-+ents2

t,ere *i"" ,a0e .e* or a"+ost not,in# o. ,/si(a" ins e(tions o. #oods3 I. a

(ontainer *it, .or$idden #oods as #-ns2 dr-#s *i"" $e (a-#,t $/ s(anners2 t,e

C-sto+s O..i(ers *i"" ,a0e to e5a+ine2 to arrest t,ose #oods and to identi./ its

o*ners3 T,e (ontainers de"i0er/ in a H-$ Port ,as t,e (o+ "ete o eration done

is .e* da/s $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a"2 so t,ere *on4t ,a0e t,e need o. "ar#e

n-+$er o. C-sto+s O..i(ers3 T,ere *i"" ,a0e no de"a/ ti+e .or "oadin# t,e

arri0ed (ontainers2 $e(a-se its (ontents *on4t $e nationa"i!ed .or re<e5 ort3

1!0



Egberto F Ribeiro

1 1: P&r" Pre-S"ac8!'$ a'( I'"er#&(a Area

T,e s/ste+ o. (ontainers s,i +ent *it, e5 e(ted "o(ation .or

s,i +ent on $oard a""o*s t,e sta)in# o. t,e -nits in t,e 0i(init/ o. #antr/ (rane3

T,ese i"es are (a""ed re<sta()in# and do not a""o* (,an#es3 Ea(, (ontainer

*i"" $e (arried $/ (,assis2 Stradd"e Carrier or dire(t"/ "i.ted $/ t,e #antr/ (rane

s reader to $e ta)en on $oard a((ordin# t,e Car#o P"an3 T,is ro(ess in0o"0es

a((-ra(/ in t,e or#ani!ation o. (e""s in t,e re<sta()in# to re0ent re+o0a"s3

T,e re<sta()in# (an $e or#ani!ed o-tside t,e ter+ina"2 as ree.er (ontainers3

Ot,er (ontainers are de osited in areas near t,e s,i 2 $-t *it, a (ertain restraint

on t,e e -i +ent2 $e(a-se t,e/ are "oaded *it, s e(ia" (ar#oes> as o0er *ei#,t

or o0er "en#t,3 T,ese (ontainers *i"" $e s,i ed *it, on<$oard (ranes or ot,er

s,ore ,ea0/ e -i +ent3

1 11 Pre-S"ac8!'$

1 11 1 I'"er#&(a T,e re<sta()in# Inter+oda" is t,e inter.a(e

$et*een t,e +oda"s6 Rai"2 Road and Water*a/s3 T,is o eration (onsists o.

"oadin# t,e (ontainers on *a#ons2 or trans.er .or "i#,t tr-()s 8(,assis9 in

Ter+ina" and ar) t,e+ in t,e se -en(e o. arri0a"3 T,e (,assis are "a(ed side $/ side in ade -ate and n-+$ered ar)in#3 T,e "oaded (,assis *it, (ontainers

read/ .or s,i in# are ar)ed at an an#"e o. ; ] to ?& ] 8.is, s ine9 $et*een

t*o streets3 T,e (ontainers on (,assis (an $e (a""ed .or "oadin# in *a#ons2 or

s,i or to $e de"i0ered to t,e S- "/ C,ain an/ti+e3 T,is s/ste+ a""o*s .aster

1!1




s,i +ents and dis(,ar#es2 $e/ond it4s a$"e to re(ei0e and to send (ontainers

i++ediate"/3 T,e ar)in# s"ots are ainted on t,e #ro-nd and ea(, (ontainer

*i"" ,a0e its n-+$er o. de osit re#istered as 0a(ant3 W,en so+e (ontainers are

ro+ ted .or "oadin# on $oard2 t,e (ontainers on (,assis *i"" $e "o(ated in t,e

ar)in# and trans orted $/ tr-()s or tra(tors .or t,e -a/4s #antr/ (ranes3 T,is

t/ e o. stora#e is a0ai"a$"e .or Inter+oda" ter+ina"s2 $-t (an a"so $e a "ied in

t,e store</ards o. trans ort (o+ anies and ind-stries3

I. t,e ter+ina" -sin# Portainer tires on t,e (e+ent ."oor s,o-"d $e

stren#t,ened and "an3 W,en -sed Transtainer on rai"s2 one +-st ro0ide t,e

#a re(i itation o. % 3 T,e rai"*a/ ter+ina"s +-st ,a0e end<o.<"ines ara""e"

and *it, eno-#, s a(e .or Gantr/ Cranes +a)e t,e .re -ent (,an#es3

T,e re aration o. t,e o eration o. t,e 0esse" s,a"" $e as s e(i.ied

Ter+ina" to re(ei0e t,e (ontainers3 T,e de osits in t,e re<sta()in# *i"" $e

a((ordin# to t,e (riteria o. (ost and s eed3S e(ia" (are *,en ar)in# and -n(o- "e t,e (,assis on "e0e" #ro-nd6

1 Par)in# in t,e s -are indi(ated3

% En#a#e t,e ar)in# $ra)es o. t,e tr-() and (,assis3

' Sto t,e en#ine3

Loosen t,e s,oes and "o() t,e+ *it, ins3

; Dis(onne(t t,e e"e(tri( (a$"es and $ra)es ,oses3? n"o() t,e ; t, *,ee"3

Start t,e en#ine and re+o0e t,e 0e,i("e3

C,e() i. t,e (,assis is se(-re3

Conne(tin# t,e (,assis in t,e ar)in#2 t,e ro(ed-re is re0ersed -nti"

1!



Egberto F Ribeiro

t,e )in# in "o()in# in t,e ;t, *,ee"3 Do not raise t,e s,oes $e.ore

re(onne(tin# t,e $ra)e ,oses and e"e(tri( (a$"es and see i. t,e "i#,ts are

*or)in#3 A.ter t,ose (,e()s2 raise t,e s,oes and "o() it *it, t,e ins3

1 11 2 P&r" Pre-S"ac8!'$ T,e s,i 4s A#ent de"i0ers to t,e Ter+ina"

or O erator *,i(, *i"" do t,e "oadin#2 t,e Fi"e o. Car#oes to Load 8RDC93 T,e

do(-+ent is a data re"atin#6 t,e s,i and ,er e -i +ents2 t,e (ar#oes2 t,e

e5 orters2 t,e -antit/2 t,e ort o. destination and t,e (ontainers +eas-res3

T,at in.or+ation #-ides t,e (orre(t sto*a#e and t,e (o / o. a"" Bi"" o. Ladin#s

and "etters (on(ernin# to t,e dis(,ar#e6 Re+o0a"2 Dan#ero-s Goods2 e+ t/

(ontainers et(3 s-a""/ t,e ("osin# o. (ar#oes .or "oadin# is done $/ t,e A#ent

and it4s a "itt"e s"o*2 and da/ a.ter da/ t,e A#ent sends ne* en#a#e+ents3

T,e ter+ina"s *or) as t,e date and ti+e o. s,i 4s arri0a"2 so t,e/ (an

$oo) t,e s -ares and to +a)e t,e Car#o P"ans and deter+ine t,e start and end

ti+e .or re(ei0in# t,e (ontainers .or s,i +ent3 A.ter t,e A#ent de("ares t,e("osin# o. a"" DRC .or s,i +ents2 ,e sends a"" "etters re#ardin# t,e (ar#oes .or

"oadin# in t,e deno+inated s,i 6 Dan#ero-s Car#oes2 e+ t/ (ontainers2

Transs,i +ent2 re+o0a" o. (ontainers or ,at(, (o0er a$oard et(3 T,ese "etters

o. (onsent s,o-"d $e si#ned and sta+ ed $/ t,e C-sto+s3 T,e (ontainers +-st

$e "o##ed in t,e S,i in# Orders or E5e(-tion Order *,i(, is a do(-+ent

re ared $/ t,e Dis at(,er (ontainin# so+e data e5tra(ted .ro+ t,e Bi"" o. Ladin#3 T,e Order re#ards t,e (ar#o is in "e#a" .or "oadin#2 t,ro-#, *,i(,

+a)e s-re t,e (ar#oes *i"" $e re"eased $/ t,e C-sto+s in t,e ort o.

destination3 E0er/ ter+ina" is (o<res onsi$"e *it, t,e e5 orters or i+ orters

$e.ore t,e IRS3

1!!




A re<sta()in# area s,o-"d $e as ("ose as ossi$"e to t,e $ert,

8*,ar.9 .or +oorin# t,e 0esse"3 T,e arran#e+ent o. (ontainers on t,is "o(ation

s,o-"d $e a((ordin# to t,e e -i +ent o. ea(, ter+ina"2 ositioned in ara""e"

$"o()s or er endi(-"ar to t,e 0esse"3 T,e (ontainers *i"" $e ositioned

a((ordin# to t,e .o""o*in# +eas-re+ents6 s,i 2 ort o. destination and *ei#,t3

For se(-rit/ in t,e re<sta()in# d-rin# t,e "oadin#2 s,o-"d not $e #ro- ed in t,e

sa+e 8Ro*9 +ore t,an si5t/ (ontainers2 or ,a". $a/3 Be(a-se2 i. ,a ens an/

+e(,ani(a" .ai"-re at t,e ti+e o. s,i +ent2 a"" t,e ro* *i"" $e $"o()ed

i+ edin# t,e o eration $/ ot,er e -i +ents3 Li)e*ise2 do not arran#e in t,e

re<sta()in# di..erent orts2 or *ei#,ts2 or $a/s in t,e sa+e ro*3 Di0ersi./in#

t,e ro*s2 /o- (an ro(eed *it, t,e s,i +ent (ontainer .ro+ anot,er ro*3

T,e (ontainers *i"" $e de osited2 re(orded on t,e +a o. re<

sta()in# 8Ba/2 Ro*2 Tier and Hei#,t9 and (annot $e re+o0ed2 e5(e t *,en an/

re ositionin# is re -ired3 T,e s e(ia" (ontainers6 re.ri#erated2 o0ersi!e2o0er*ei#,t2 or *it, dan#ero-s (ar#o +-st $e in a ro riate areas near t,e

(ranes2 .ree and read/ .or s,i +ent2 in an/ (ase o. e+er#en(/ it (an $e dra##ed

a*a/3 T,e (ontainers *it, ,a!ardo-s (ar#o .or "oadin# on $oard or re+o0a"

s,a"" ,a0e t,e "etters (,e()ed $/ t,e te(,ni(ians to ta)e sa.et/ re(a-tions

d-rin# o eration3 I. /o- need t,e resen(e o. .ire tea+2 +-st $e re -ested in

ad0an(e in *ritin# to t,e PA3T,e LCL ,a0e to $e sent .or i++ediate -n"oadin#3 Ree.er (ontainers

s,o-"d $e sent to its e"e(tri( ane" to (onne(t .or +aintainin# t,e re(o++ended

te+ erat-re3 O$ser0e in t,e (ontainer4s .i"es2 or in (,i s2 (,e() "ists or $ar<

(ode6

1!"



Egberto F Ribeiro

S,i 4s B=Ls2 Container4s Meas-res2 I+ orters2 Car#oes2 Ba/s2 Ro*2

Tier2 Date2 Sea" et(3

T,e ositionin# o. (ontainers in t,e re<sta()in# *i"" a "/ t,e

.o""o*in# (riteria .or "oadin# on $oard6

1<S,i

%<Port

'<Wei#,t

T,e arran#e+ent o. t,e (ontainers *i"" $e de endin# on t,e t/ e o.

e -i +ent -sed2 i. t,e re<sta()in# +-st $e as ste ed3 T,ere s,o-"d $e an

o enin# o. ,a". +eter to a0oid da+a#in# t,e doors and se(-re es(a e .or

*or)ers3 Containers s,o-"d $e sta##ered .ro+ t,e +idd"e o. t,e ,ei#,t ti"" t,e

to 3 It +-st $e done in a"" tiers 8(o"-+ns9 .ro+ t,e street to t,e $a/4s end3 I. t,e

."oor and t,e e -i +ent are ade -ate2 t,e re<sta()in# (an $e raised to ta"" si53

C&'"a!'er Da"a= In t,e Car#o P"an and Car#o Mani.est2 t,e

(ontainers are +ar)ed as .o""o*s6 8Noti(e t,e #ross *ei#,t` tare (ar#o93

ST %&4

CTI ' ?;? <%

N3Uor) t

1;< %<&?

T,ere is a (o"or (ode to identi./ t,e *ei#,t o. ea(, (ontainer6

B"-e` Hea0/

Bro*n` Ha". *ei#,t

1!5




Ue""o*` Li#,t

Red` Dan#ero-s Car#o

Green` Ree.er

Is -s-a" t,e a$$re0iation to identi./ t,e )ind o. (ontainer6

ST` Standard2 Dr/

OT` O en To

R` Ree.erH[` Ha!ardo-s

OG` Ot,er Gro-

Ea(, (ontainer +-st $e ositioned as t,e se -en(e o. s,i +ent and

not a((ordin# t,e ti+e o. arri0a" at t,e ter+ina"3 T,-s2 *,en t,e (ontainers are

(a""ed .or ea(, ort 8order to s,i 92 t,ere is no need to +a)e re+o0a"s in t,e

ter+ina"3 T,is ro$"e+ ,as ,a ened in t,e Port sin(e t,e se0enties3 W,en t,ea#ents as)ed a s e(i.i( (ontainer2 it (o-"d not $e ro0ided2 as in t,at ti+e t,ere

*as no "an .or re<sta()in# and it *as in t,e +idd"e o. so+e ot,er sta()in#3

T,e A#ent *anted t,e Port to do t,e re+o0a" o. a (o+ "ete sta() .or .ree3 T,e

A#ent4s res onsi$i"it/ *as to ro0ide t,e (orre(t order .or sta()in#3

Anot,er ti+e2 an a#en(/ *anted to re are t,e re<sta()in# $e.ore

t,e s,i 4s arri0a"2 $-t did not *ant to a/ t,e re -ired re+o0a" at e0er/ ne*(ontainer rea(,ed at t,e sta()in#3

1!6



Egberto F Ribeiro

16 - CARGO PLAN

Car#o P"an or Dis(,ar#e P"an is a +a *it, "ots o. #enera" (ar#o

addressed to orts in se -en(e o. do()in#3 T,e "oadin# $e#ins .ro+ t,e "ast

ort to t,e i++ediate ort3 T,e +a des(ri$es t,e e5a(t dis osition o. t,e

(ar#oes in t,e ,o"ds and de()s o. t,e s,i 3

I. t,e Car#o P"an is desi#ned .or on"/ one ort o. destination2 one

"an *i"" $e +ade3 I. t,ere are +-"ti "e orts as art o. t,e sa+e "an2 t,iss,o-"d $e .or "oadin# and -n"oadin#3 T,is o((-rs *,en t,e "ast "ot is s,i ed in

t,e "ast ort o. de art-re to $e in("-ded in t,e "an .or dis(,ar#e at t,e ne5t ort

o. destination3 I. t,e tri is "oaded .or -n"oadin# in 0ario-s orts2 t,e A#ent *i""

+a)e on"/ a sin#"e "an o. "oadin# and -n"oadin#3 In t,is (ase2 t,e s,i s,o-"d

ret-rn e+ t/ .or a ne* s,i +ent3

A Car#o P"an (an $e +ade d-rin# t,e "oadin# or (an $e re ared $/

t,e s,i o*ner3 T,is +a .eat-res t,e ,at(,es on a s,i 4s desi#n2 t,e ,o"d4s ."oor

and t*in de()s2 *,ere are t,e 0ario-s #oods3 T,e 0erti(a" (o"-+ns 12 %2 '2 are

t,e ,o"d4s n-+$ers (o-nted .ro+ t,e .ore(ast"e to stern3 T,e ,ori!onta" "ines A2

B2 C2 D and E are t*in de()s .ro+ t,e to to t,e $otto+ o. ea(, ,o"d3 T,e

en(odin# o. ter+ina"s s,o*s t,e #oods2 t,e .rei#,t2 and 0o/a#e n-+$er3

1!7




In.or+ation (o++on are t,e A#ent2 s,i 2 ort o. de art-re2 ort o.

destination2 date o. de art-re and 0o/a#e n-+$er3 Car#o P"ans .or $-") (arriers

.o""o* t,e r-"es o. oo"3 In t,is s/ste+2 e5 orters ,a0e t,eir #oods +er#ed *it,

t,e ot,er arti(i ants3 T,e orts *,i(, o erate *it, #rain e5 ortation2 #enera""/

a "/ t,e s/ste+ o. oo" 2 *,en (orn .ro+ one re#ion is +i5ed *it, (orn .ro+

ot,er re#ions3 For t,is reason2 Parana#-a Port did t,e #reat e..ort ,/si(a" and

o"iti(a" to )ee se arated t,e trans#eni( "ots in t,eir o*n ter+ina"s2 .ro+ si"os

to s,i 4s ,o"ds2 )ee in# t,e+ iso"ated .or do not (onta+inate t,ose #rains not

#eneti(a""/ +odi.ied3 D-rin# t,e s,i +ent o. $-") (ar#oes in t,e ,o"ds2 t,e

se aration is on"/ no+ina"3 It is - to ea(, e5 orter to )no* t,e $e#innin# and

end and $ase+ents *,i(, are t,eir "ots3 So+eti+es t,e s,i is (,arter and

"essor o..ers "a(e .or se0era" e5 orters to (,ose t,e se -en(e o. "ots .or

"oadin#2 .ro+ t,e "ar#er "ot to t,e s+a""er one3 E5 ortin# (o+ anies do not

send t,eir e+ "o/ees to orts2 t,e/ "ea0e a"" t,e ser0i(e in (,ar#e o. t,e PortO erator and (erti.ied ins e(tors to #i0e t,e+ t,e Certi.i(ate o. Wei#,t and

Y-a"it/3

T,e s,i +ent o. #enera" (ar#o (o+ "ies a "ist o. "ots *it, #oods

identi.ied $/ ea(, e5 orter and ort o. destination3 T,e #oods are identi.ied $/

n-+$ered "ots assi#ned to ea(, $-/er3 In addition to t,is a oint+ent2 t,ere are

se arations $/ (o-ntr/ and ort3 A s+a"" "ot *it, ;tons2 or "ar#e "ot *it,1&&tons or +ore o((- / de.ined "a(es in t,e ,o"d3 I. t,e "ot is "ar#er2 a$o0e

1&&& tons2 it (an $e ,ea0ier t,an t,e ,o"d4s (a a(it/ and *i"" $e "oaded in +ore

t,an one ,o"d and *i"" #et a"" attention d-rin# t,e (ar#o "oadin#3

T,e Car#o P"an .o""o*s a s(ri t a((ordin# t,e orts *,ere t,e s,i

1!8



Egberto F Ribeiro

*i"" sto 3 T,e "ots are "oaded on $oard6 t,e "ast ort .or .irst2 "ots .or t,e

en-"ti+ate ort e+$ar) er se(ond2 "ots .or t,e .irst ort e+$ar) .or "ast3

E0ent-a""/2 it +a/ ,a en t,at a"" "ots .or +-"ti "e orts *i"" $e

sto*ed in a sin#"e ,o"d3 In t,is (ase2 t,e ,ea0ier "ots are sto*ed .or .irst in t,e

"o*er ,o"d and t,e "i#,ter "ots *i"" $e "a(ed o0er t,e ,ea0ier3 A$o-t #oods

tar#eted at re(ent orts are "a(ed "ots .or orts initia"s3

T,e (ar#oes to di..erent orts (an $e sto*ed in t,e sa+e "e0e" o. t,e

,o"d3 Its *ei#,t s,o-"d o$e/ t,e (enter o. t,e s,i 4s $a"an(e3 T,e "ast (ar#oes o.

t,e ro-te or .or inter+ediate orts (an $e sto*ed on t,e sides o. t,e ,o"d2 or

.or*ard or a.ter*ard3 Car#oes *,i(, *i"" $e -n"oad at t,e en-"ti+ate ort

s,o-"d $e in t,e (enter o. t,e ,o"d3 T,e (ar#oes to dis(,ar#e .or .irst ort

s,o-"d $e at t,e to o. t,e "oads2 7-st $e"o* t,e ,at(, (o0er3

1!9




2: , MOORING

T,e PA Moorin# A(t de.ines t,e r-"es .or re.erentia" $ert,in#3 T,e

F-""<Container 0esse"s are t,ose one t,at *i"" o erate on"/ *it, (ontainers3 T,e

-e-e .or re.eren(e $ert,in# o. 0esse"s .o""o* t,ese r-"es> #enera" (ar#o2 #rain

in $-") a((ordin# its ter+ina"2 Ro=Ro2 ree.ers2 a#ri(-"t-ra" .erti"i!ers2 0e#eta$"eoi"2 F-""<(ontainer3 F-""<(ontainer *it, di..erent (ar#oes t,an (ontainer2 does

not enter on a "ine .or re.erentia" +oorin#2 t,e s,i is dis -a"i.ied and "oses its

arri0a" date to $e (,an#ed to $e#in on a ne* "ine .or #enera" (ar#o s,i s3

2: 1 CF Car#o Fi"e is t,e do(-+ent s-$+itted $/ t,e s,i 4s a#ent to

noti./ t,e Port A-t,orit/ t,e e5isten(e o. (ar#oes .or "oadin# and re -est t,e

order .or +oorin#3 T,e CF is sent a.ter ea(, ne* "ot *as ("osed .or e5 ort3 T,eA#ent +a/ distri$-te se0era" CF d-rin# t,e da/s $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a"3 T,is

CF is sent in +-"ti "e (o ies distri$-ted to ter+ina"s2 sindi(ates2 #o0ern+ent

+inisteries2 s,i (,and"ers and -$"i( and ri0ate a#en(ies3 A (o / is sent to

PA Moorin# Pro#ra++in# a"on# t,e Re -est .or ort ser0i(es3 T,e s,i is

re#istered in t,e MDE 8Dai"/ Mo0e+ent o. Vesse"s92 arti(i atin# in a -e-e

1"0



Egberto F Ribeiro

*it, ot,er s,i s a((ordin# ,is (ar#o3 T,e CF re0ents t,e -se o. tr-()s and

*a#ons .ro+ in"and $/ e5 orters non re#istered2 *,ose (ar#oes are not "isted

on an/ *aited s,i s .or "oadin#3 T,e (ar#oes arri0in# to t,e ort *it,o-t s,i s

.or "oadin# "i+it t,e o..erin# o. 0e,i("es .or (ro trans ortation2 it is a"*a/s

-sed $/ .rei#,t s e(-"ators2 $-t it deno-n(es t,e intention o. s+-##"in# o.

(ar#oes3

2: 2 DM Dai"/ Mo0e+ent o. Vesse"s is a .i"e o. s,i s - dated

e0er/ +ornin# $/ t,e Port A-t,orit/ and ro0ides in.or+ation o. (ar#oes

a(ti0ities in t,e se -en(es6 E5 e(ted in Ne5t Ho-rs < S,i s at

An(,ora#e S,i s(,ed-"ed .or Moorin# Do()ed S,i s < Dis at(,ed

S,i s3

T,e ite+ Do()ed S,i in.or+s t,e #enera" data o. t,e s,i 2 t,e

+ain .rei#,t tonna#e +o0ed in t,e re0io-s da/2 t,e tota" a((-+-"ated and t,e

rest $a"an(e .or "oadin#3T,e MDE is (,e()ed dai"/ $/ n-+ero-s (o+ anies to e..e(t t,e

(a"(-"ation o. ETD to redi(t t,e e5a(t ti+e o. de art-re .ro+ t,e -a/ .or a""

s,i s and to s,are t,is in.or+ation to t,e s,i o*ners a$road3

2: 3 ETA ETD D-rin# t,e 0o/a#e2 a"" (ar#o s,i s or assen#er

s,i s2 (,arter or re#-"ar "ine2 *it, dire(tion to an/ ort in t,e *or"d2 +-st

in.or+ t,eir A#ents a$o-t t,e da/ and ,o-r o. arri0a"2 )no*n as ETA8Esti+ated Ti+e o. Arri0a"93 T,e "o(a" A#ent *i"" ro(eed a"" "e#a"

re -ire+ents at t,e Port A-t,orit/2 Na0/2 C-sto+s and #o0ern+ent ser0i(es to

s(,ed-"e $ert, .or +oorin#3 Sin(e t,e de art-re .ro+ t,e "ast ort2 t,e (a tain

anno-n(es $/ te"e#ra ,2 radio2 .a5 or e+ai"2 t,e ETA3 He re orts t,e e5 e(ted

1"1




date o. arri0a" to ,is a#ent2 )ee in# t,is in.or+ation - dated dai"/3 T,e

Prote(tor A#ent )ee s ("ose (onta(t *it, t,ose res onsi$"e .or +oorin# "an2

ana"/!in# t,e ro$a$"e $ert, at da/ and ti+e .or +oorin#3 Let4s -nderstand t,at

t,e PA ,as to re(ei0e se0era" s,i s2 so a"" Prote(tors A#ents a"so +-st to

(a"(-"ate t,eir s,i 4s ETA3 T,e PA ro#ra++ers are dai"/ - datin# t,e

in.or+ation o. s,i 4s o erations a"on# t,e *,ar.3 T,e +ain reason is $e(a-se

t,e (a tains noti.i(ation o. arri0a" are a"*a/s (orre(t2 $-t a"" o. t,e+ are

(a"(-"atin# t,e e5 e(ted ti+e o. de"i0erin# o. t,e s,i s in o eration3 W,en t,e

s,i s are +oored2 a"" +ariti+e a#ents in0o"0ed in t,e ort *ant to (a"(-"ate t,e

de art-re ti+e o. ea(, s,i 2 to ,a0e e"e+ents to (a"(-"ate t,e .ree $ert, .or t,eir

s,i s3 T,e ETD or 8Esti+ated Ti+e o. De art-re92 is t,e +ost ro$a$"e ti+e .or

0esse"4s de art-re2 a""o*in# -sers to in.or+ t,e S,i o*ners t,e/ re resent3 T,e

S,i o*ners a$road *i"" )no* i++ediate"/2 i. t,eir s,i *i"" $e do()ed as

"anned2 or i. t,e/ *i"" "ose t,eir +oorin# ri#,t to anot,er s,i 3T,e a#ent a"*a/s send .a5 or e<+ai" to e5 orters noti./in# t,e+

a$o-t t,e s,i 4s arri0a"2 as)in# t,eir en#a#ed (ar#oes to $e de"i0ered and to

ro0ide t,e (-sto+s ("earan(e .or "oadin# on $oard3 T,is ro(ed-re is re eated

-nti" .i0e da/s $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a"3 W,en t,e arri0a" o. t,e en#a#ed (ar#o

at t,e ort de"a/s too +-(,2 t,e +ariti+e A#ent iss-es an -"ti+at-+ to

e5 orters sa/in# t,at2 i. t,e en#a#ed (ar#oes *on4t arri0e *it,in t,ree da/s2 t,e"oadin# o. (ar#o on $oard *i"" $e (an(e"ed3 T,at4s t,e +ain e5 orter4s

res onsi$i"it/ to ro0ide t,e (ar#o *it, (-sto+s ("earan(e and read/ .or

"oadin#3

1"



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,e (a"(-"ation o. ETD is e+ "o/ed .or a"" )inds o. s,i s and

(ar#oes3 W,en t,e +ariti+e a#ent ,as to s(,ed-"e ,is s,i .or +oorin#2 ,e

(a"(-"ates t,e o erationa" ti+e o. *or) .or t,ose s,i s do()ed at t,e $ert, ,e

*ants3 T,e o erationa" ti+e in("-des t,e (rane +o0e+ents .or (,an#in# o.

,o"ds2 dis(,ar#e o. ,at(, (o0er2 or +o0e+ents o. (ontainers2 t,e ti+e .or

"oadin# 0ario-s (ar#oes and tonna#e er ,o-r2 $e(a-se so+eti+e a s,i does

not a((o+ "is, its s eed o. *or)3 Be/ond t,e o erationa" ti+e2 t,ere are so+e

e5tras to add as6 a((ident2 da+a#e2 rain2 "a() o. ener#/2 e -i +ent .ai"-re2 et(3

T,e -r ose o. t,is (a"(-"ation is to )no* a"" t,e *,ar. o((- ation2 to re ort

.or ,is ("ient3 T,e s)i""ed a#ents )no* e5a(t"/ t,e o eration2 in("-din# to 0isit

t,ose s,i s in o eration to $e ass-red a$o-t t,e ETD $e.ore t,e +ornin# re ort

$/ PA2 so ,e (an noti./ s,i o*ners in E-ro e2 A+eri(a or Asia3

T,is is t,e ra(ti(a" *or) .or a#ents to .o""o* t,e Moorin# A(t ite+

*,i(, ro,i$its t,e +oorin# o. t,e s,i *it,o-t ;& o. (ar#oes .ree .or "oadin#3 A((ordin# t,e A(t2 t,e s,i *it,o-t ;& o. (ar#oes read/ .or

s,i +ent re(ei0es a ena"t/6 to "ose ,is t-rn in t,e -e-e and #oes to t,e "ast

osition3 T,at4s *,/ t,e A#ent *rite dai"/ to e5 orters to ,a0e t,eir (ar#oes in

order .or "oadin#3 D-rin# t,is eriod2 t,e a#ent *i"" distri$-te a"" do(-+ents

re"atin# to t,e s,i +ent and dis(,ar#e to a"" a#en(ies in0o"0ed and *i"" +a)e

a"" ne(essar/ re -ests and "etters61<Pi"ots Asso(iation 8Pi"ot9

%< Na0/ 8Li#,t,o-se and $-o/ ta5es9

'< Ministries o. Hea"t, 8Disease on $oard9

< A#ri(-"t-re 8Ins e(tion o. ,o"ds .or (erea"s9

1"!




;< Federa" Po"i(e 8List o. Cre* and assen#ers9

?< IRS 8List o. Cre* and ersona" e..e(ts9

T,e s,i 4s arri0a" at t,e o(ean an(,ora#e2 at t,e $ar or into t,e $a/ is

sti -"ated $/ t,e Na0/ in $"o()s o. %&&+ se aration $et*een t*o s,i s3 W,en

a s,i arri0es on t,e $"o() and "a-n(,es irons near t,e sea *aitin# $-o/2 t,e

Pi"ot *rites on t,e Lo# Boo) 8Board Diar/9 t,e date2 ,o-r2 +in-te 8GMT9 and

t,e "o(a" an(,orin# (oordinates o$tained $/ GPS2 or ot,er instr-+ent .or

readin#3

T,is in.or+ation *i"" $e iss-ed $/ te"e#ra+2 te"e52 .a5 or e<+ai" 0ia

sate""ite to t,e a#ent3 T,e +ost (o++on +et,od *as $/ radio to ,is a#ent to

arran#e a .a5 statin# t,at t,e s,i is at t,e *aitin# $-o/ Read/ .or Loadin# 3

T,e a#ent sends a .a5 to t,e PA *,ere is re#istered t,e da/ and ,o-r o. arri0a"2

- datin# ,er osition in t,e -e-e *it, ot,er s,i s an(,ored in dis -te .or t,e

sa+e $ert,3 D-rin# t,e *aitin# da/s2 t,e s,i (an (arr/ o-t re airs2 ("eanin# or aintin# in t,e ,o"ds ti"" t,e s(,ed-"ed da/ .or +oorin#3

W,en t,e -e-e .or "oadin# is +ore t,an 1& da/s2 t,e Ca tain o. t,e

s,i 7-st arri0ed iss-es t,e State+ent o. Read/ .or S,i +ent to ens-re ,is t-rn

in t,e -e-e "ine2 *,i"e ,e orders to re air t,e +a(,ine ro -"sion3 T,e

(,an#in# o. istons2 rin#s2 or to t,e a"ternati0e are done at t,is ti+e3 A.ter t,e

(a"" .ro+ t,e s,i to enter in t,e $a/ and to "a-n(, an(,or2 t,e ,o"ds *i"" $eins e(ted $/ t,e Ministr/ o. A#ri(-"t-re3 I. t,e ,o"ds are -na$"e to re(ei0e

#rain in $-")2 t,e s,i "oses ,er $ert,in# ti+e to t,e ne5t s,i $e,ind3 A""

in.or+ation t,at de.ines t,e order o. $ert,in# $et*een a#ents are ana"/!ed in

t,e dai"/ +eetin#s o..i(e3 T,e (,an#in# data *i"" $e rinted in t,e MDE to

1""



Egberto F Ribeiro

e5 "ain a"" readers3

I. t,ere is no -e-e2 t,e s,i (an do() dire(t"/ *it,o-t an(,orin# at

*aitin# $-o/ or in t,e $"o() on t,e $a/ o. e0o"-tion3 T,ere are re.erentia"

$ert,s to ens-re e5("-si0e "a(e .or +oorin#> ree.er2 .-""<(ontainer2 #rains

ter+ina"s2 .erti"i!ers ter+ina"s2 s-#ar ter+ina"s et(3 So+eti+es2 a s,i needs a

$ert, *,i(, is o((- ied2 $-t t,ere is a re.erentia" *,i(, is e+ t/2 *aitin# .or

t,e arri0a" o. a s,i in .e* ,o-rs3 T,e S,i o*ner orders ,is A#ent to as)s .or

(onditiona" +oorin# .or ,is s,i 3 It +eans t,at *,en t,e s,i *it, re.eren(e

arri0es2 t,e S,i o*ner )no*s ,is s,i *i"" "ea0e t,e $ert, $/ ,is o*n e5 enses3

I. t,e (a"(-"ation o. s a(e is (orre(t2 t,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to +o0e t,e s,i s to

anot,er $ert, $/ t,e (,an#in# o. +oorin# $o""ards3 T,e s,i.tin# *i"" $e done in

one or t*o ,o-rs2 it *i"" $e done a"on#side t,e -a/2 re0entin# t,e (o+ "ete

se aration o. t,e s,i .ro+ t,e -a/2 *,i(, in0o"0es "oss o. ti+e and e5 enses

*it, i"ots and t-#s3 It isn4t ad0isa$"e .or s,i to -se ,er ro e""er2 $e(a-se it*i"" +o0e .aster t,an t,e #an# *it, (a$"es (an .o""o* ,er3

T,e r-"es .or +oorin# (onsiders a .ree s a(e o. %&+ or 1& o. t,e

s,i 4s "en#t, at -a/ $et*een t*o s,i s3 B-t t,e r-"e is o$e/ed on"/ d-rin# t,e

+oorin# o eration2 $e(a-se 7-st a.ter t,at2 t,e s,i s *i"" $e 7oined2 so+eti+es

in ne#ati0e +eas-res2 *,en t,e stern o. one s,i in do()ed $e""o* t,e

.ore(ast"e o. t,e ot,er3 T,is +et,od is so -s-a"2 t,at *,en t,ere are ten s,i s at-a/ *it, %&+ o. s a(e2 t,ere is "a(e .or s,i.tin# ti"" ne#ati0e +eas-res2 /o-4""

#et s a(e .or +oorin# anot,er one3

2: 4 S%!f"!'$ E0er/ ti+e *,en t,e s,i is do()ed2 t,e +oorin# #an#

*i"" +eas-re t,e distan(e $et*een t,e ne5t s,i s a,ead and at t,e ne5t s,i at

1"5




stern3 T,is +eas-re are #otten $/ t,e "en#t, o. (a$"es .ro+ ,ead sta()s3 W,en

t,ere is a 0a(ant $ert, .or do()in# a *aited s,i 2 $-t t,ere is no se(-rit/ s a(e

8%&+ at t,e $o* and %&+ stern92 t,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to (a"(-"ate a""

+eas-res to s,i.tin# 0ario-s s,i s -nti" t,ere is eno-#, s a(e .or sa.e $ert,in#3

At t,e end o. t,e s,i.tin#2 a"" s,i s *i"" ret-rn to ea(, $ert,3 T,is o eration is

one o. t,e ite+s .ro+ t,e "on# "ist o. O eratin# Standards A(t o. t,e PA2 *,ere

a"" -sers a()no*"ed#e and a((e t *it,o-t restri(tions3 T,e (osts res-"tin# .ro+

t,is +ane-0er *i"" $e aid on a((o-nt o. t,e $ene.ited s,i 3 T,e (on.ined s a(e

.or +oorin# s,a"" $e .ree2 *it,o-t (ranes or to*ers .or don4t (o+ ro+ise t,e

se(-rit/3 A"" s,i in# (ranes and to*ers s,o-"d $e re+o0ed to ret-rn "ater3 I.

t,ere is no s-ita$"e "a(e to osition t,e (ranes2 t,e o tion is to "et t,e+

a+ids,i s3 A.ter +oorin# t,e s,i 4s "adder *i"" $e "o*ered and insta""ed t,e

sa.et/ nets3 W,en t,e #an#*a/ "adder is "aid on t,e -a/ and t,e ste0edores are

a""o*ed to #o on $oard2 it (,ara(teri!es t,e end o. t,e do()in# and .ro+ t,is+o+ent2 t,e s,i is do()ed and starts t,e ("o() o eration2 a((ordin# t,e

(,arterin#3

T,ere are s,i s *,i(, +eet re#-"ar ro-tes $et*een (ontinents and

orts2 *it, dates s(,ed-"ed .or +ont,s or one /ear $e.ore3 T,ese s,i s ,a0e

a#ents at a"" orts t,at (an in.or+ ro-tes2 (ar#oes2 .rei#,t rates and o eratin#

(osts3 T,ere are (,artered 0esse"s .or e5 ortin# to on"/ one tri 2 *,i(, are t,e $-") (arriers .or s,i in# d-rin# t,e ,ar0est o. #rains3 T,e (,arter (ontra(ts

+ention t,e "a(e and ti+e t,e s,i *i"" $e read/ .or s,i +ent2 an/ o((-rrin#

o. rain de"a/2 or ro$"e+s on $oard *i"" $e ded-(ted .ro+ t,e ti+e o.

(,arterin#3 Ho*e0er2 (ontra(t-a" ena"ties ,a ens e0er/ da/ at t,e ort3 T,e

1"6



Egberto F Ribeiro

a+o-nt o. t,e .ine 0aries a((ordin# to t,e t/ e o. s,i 2 serio-s"/ (o+ ro+isin#

t,e #ains o. t,e (,arterer3 To a0oid t,ese "osses2 t,e (o+ an/ t,at (,arters a

0esse" .or s,i +ent o. t,eir rod-(ts2 s-$"eases 0a(an(/ in tonnes or (-$i(

+eters to ot,er (o+ anies2 di0idin# ro ortiona""/ a+on# a"" o. t,e+ t,e

0a"-es o. .ines to $e aid3

2: 5 3r( F a$ S%! E0ent-a""/2 t,ere is t,e a earan(e o. a s,i at

t,e *aitin# $-o/ *it,o-t t,e Noti(e o. Arri0a"3 So+eti+es2 it ,a ens (a-se $/

an/ ro$"e+ on $oard2 +a(,ine .ai"-re2 "a() o. .-e"2 .ood s- "/2 .res, *ater2

arri0a" o. (re* +e+$ers2 disease2 or si+ "/ *aitin# .or e5 orters2 or an

e5 orter (o+ an/2 or a $ro)er3 T,ese 0esse"s are )no*n $/ t,e na+e o. T,ird<

F"a# S,i s2 $-t as t,eir arri0a" are a"*a/s anon/+o-s2 t,e/ are .or$idden to

enter to t,e orts2 *it,o-t re0io-s er+ission $/ t,e Port A-t,orit/3 T,ese

s,i s +-st a oint an a#ent to re resent t,e+3 D-rin# t,is eriod2 t,e s,i

s,o-"d *ait on t,e an(,ora#e at t,e *aitin# $-o/2 *,i"e a +ariti+e a#ent o..ers,is ser0i(e3 T,e (ondition o. ' rd ."a# does not #i0e ri#,t on t,e s,i 4s "ine2 nor

art o. an/ ot,er -e-e2 e0en i. s,e is read/ .or s,i +ent3

2: ) M&&r!'$

A do()in# o eration is (ontro""ed $/ a P "ot on $oard2 assisted $/

t-#s and #ro-nd *or)ers *it, tra(tor .or t/in# (a$"es on $o""ards3 T,e Pi"ots

$e"on# to an asso(iation and ,a0e a -ni -e (o+ an/ t,at o..ers e5(e""entin.rastr-(t-re .or o erationa" s- ort2 .ro+ t,e da/s rior to t,e s,i 4s arri0a" to

t,e ort2 ti"" t,e ti+e o. t,e s,i 4s de art-re3 T,e Pi"ot ser0i(e ,as t,e e5isten(e

.or o0er a (ent-r/ and a ,a".2 *,en t,e/ *ere re -ested $/ (o++anders o. t,e

.irst stea+s,i s arri0in# at t,e ort3 T,e is"and .is,er+en at t,e $a/ entran(e

1"7




*ere (,osen as t,e .irst Pi"ots2 $e(a-se t,e/ )ne* 0er/ *e"" t,e $a/ and t,e

an(,ora#e and ,ad #ood )no*"ed#e a$o-t t,e (,anne" $ars2 t,e dan#ero-s

-ndersea *it, sand $an)s2 ro()s2 tides2 (,anne"s4 dee t,2 *ater strea+s2 *inds

et(3 For se0era" de(ades2 d-e to t,e ,-#e in(rease in t,e n-+$er o. s,i s

arri0in# to t,e orts2 t,e o"d Pi"ots in0ited ot,er .is,er+en to 7oin t,e ne*

asso(iation3 For +ore t,an si5t/ /ears2 t,e Na0/ (ond-(ts e5a+inations .or

ad+ission o. ne* Pi"ots3 Sin(e t,e "ast t,irt/ /ears2 t,e Na0/ ado ted a ne*

re -isite and (,an#ed t,e (,oi(e +et,od2 on"/ a""o*in# t,e a((ess .or t,ose

(andidates *,o *ere #rad-ated $/ t,e Mer(,ant Marine S(,oo"3

Fe* /ears a#o2 so+e (o+ anies ,a0e tried to -se t,eir o*n ersona"

as ri0ate Pi"ots to ro(eed t,e arri0a" and de art-re o. t,eir s,i s3 T,e e0ent

*as sent to t,e Tri$-na" and t,e (o+ anies ,a0e "ost t,e (a-se $/ t,e J-sti(e3

1"8



Egberto F Ribeiro

21 PORT OPERATION

T,e Port O eration in0o"0es ser0i(es o. "oadin# and -n"oadin# o.

(ar#oes3 S e(ia"i!ed ter+ina"s ,a0e dis(,ar#es o. .erti"i!ers and (,e+i(a"s

e0er/ /ear2 t,ese are t,e a#ri(-"t-ra" in -ts .or t,e s-stainin# o. e5 ortation o.

#rain in $-")3 Be/ond t,e #enera" (ar#o .or s,i +ents2 $-") (ar#o2 (ontainers2

.ro!en +eat2 .r-its and n-+ero-s ot,er #oods3 T,e ort o eration at seas,ore

,as di..erent r,/t,+ as at ri0er ter+ina"s2 *,ere t,ere isn4t re#-"ar tides2 $-tt,ere is t,e "on# - and do*n o. ri0ers2 *,i(, a"ter t,e (a"(-"ations in t,e ti+e

o. o eration3 T,e se(-rit/ d-rin# ti+es o. ."oods or dro-#,ts (an #-arantee

o erations .or se0era" da/s or re0ent to +o0e (ar#oes and e -i +ents3 T,e

re#-"ar Port O eration s,a"" $e de.ined as (ar#oes and e -i +ents6

Car#o P"an

Container B-") #rain

Genera" Car#o

Fro!en Car#o

E -i +ent

1"9




21 1 C&'"a!'er Car$& O era"!&'

T,e s,i o*ner +-st send a (o / o. t,e Car#o P"an to ,is a#ent at t,e

ort o. destination to or#ani!e t,e s,i 4s o eration3 T,is "an *i"" $e re0ie*ed

$/ sta.. Ter+ina"2 Port O erator2 S- er0isors or t,e ta""/ ("er)s (,ie.3 T,e

ser0i(es a"so in("-de t,e re -est on t,e da/ $e.ore t,e ser0i(e o. a"" ersonne"

and e -i +ent needed to *or) on $oard and as,ore3 T,e (ranes2 s,i "oaders or

#antr/ (ranes +-st $e o-t o. t,e +oorin# area and (orre(t"/ ositioned a.ter

t,at3 T,e start o. t,e o eration (onsists in t,e (ontainers -n"eas,in# and to

-n"o() t,e t*ist "o()ers $/ ste0edores3 T,e -n"oadin# o. (ontainers $e#in .ro+

t,e $orders o. ea(, $a/ to t,e (enter2 .o""o*ed $/ t,e re+o0a"s o. -nits and t,e

,at(, (o0er2 to $e#in t,e dis(,ar#e .ro+ t,e ,o"ds3

Loo)in# .ro+ t,e stern to t,e $o*2 ort side is t,e "e.t and Star$oard

is t,e ri#,t side3 On "and2 t,e i+ orted (ontainers ,a0e sea"s *,i(, +-st $eins e(ted $/ ta""/ ("er)s .ro+ t,e ter+ina"s and $/ t,e C-sto+s2 .or do not

#at,er too +an/ eo "e on dan#ero-s "a(e3 Da+a#es *i"" $e re#istered on t,e

Dis(,ar#e Re(ei t2 one .or ea(, "ot2 si#ned $/ t,e Ter+ina" and $/ t,e A#ent3

T,is re(ei t is a C-sto+s do(-+ent and is 0a"id on"/ i. si#ned in % ,o-rs a.ter

dis(,ar#e o. da+a#ed (ar#o3 So+eti+es t,e A#ent denies to si#n it2 t,e

Ter+ina" +-st -se a sta+ sa/in# T,e A#ent didn4t a ear to Si#n 3 For donot s-..er ena"t/ $/ C-sto+s2 t,e A#ent a "ies anot,er sta+ sa/in# T,e

Ter+ina" didn4t (a"" t,e A#ent to si#n 3 T,e #-i"t/ (ontin-es t,e sa+e3 T,e

o enin# o. t,e ,at(, (o0er is er.or+ed $/ t,e s,i 4s (re* and t,e re+o0a" o.

,at(, (o0er on t,e -a/ is a((o+ "is,ed $/ t,e ste0edore #an#3

150



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,e (a tain is t,e s,i 4s (o++ander2 ,e is t,e ,i#,est a-t,orit/ on

$oard and "e#a" res onsi$"e .or t,e (o-ntr/ o. re#istr/ o. t,e s,i 2 it is

(onsidered as a (o-ntr/2 or a (ons-"ar $-i"din#3 T,ere are 0er/ o.ten eo "e

erse(-ted in t,eir (o-ntr/ t,at r-n a$oard .or o"iti(a" as/"-+ re -est on

.orei#n s,i s3 T,e .irst o..i(er is t,e +ana#er o. o eration and ,as a-t,orit/ .or

t,e (orre(t ositionin# o. (ar#oes and (orre(t "oadin# on t,e s,i and s,o-"d $e

(ons-"ted *,ene0er di..i(-"ties arise3 I. an/ -n*anted (,an#e a ear in t,e

ori#ina" "an2 in s-(, ter+s is (a""ed .or t,e resen(e o. t,e A#ent to +ediate

t,e iss-e3 I. t,ere is an/ ersistent o. t,e Ca tain4s *i"" .or do not a""o* *or)ers

to enter on $oard2 or an/ disr- tion on t,e 0esse"4s o eration2 or i. t,e s,i is

dist-r$in# t,e nor+a" *or) and t,at *i"" res-"t in t,e sto in# o. t,e -e-e o.

s,i s2 t,e PA +-st to ado t se0ere +eas-res to order t,e s,i to "ea0e t,e -a/

at t,e an(,ora#e in t*o ,o-rs3 No attit-de *i"" $e ta)en $/ t,e Ca tain *,en

t,e s,i is at an(,or2 *,i"e t,e a-t,orities are dis(-ssin# .-rt,er de(isions3T,e (ontainers into t,e ,o"d are #-ided $/ (orners2 as a dra*er2 t,e

s,i +-st $e a"*a/s on er endi(-"ar3 Noti(e t,at a &4 (ontainer (an $e -t on

t*o %&4 (ontainers2 $-t ne0er -t one or t*o %&4 (ontainers on a &43 T,e

(ontainers into t,e ,o"d (an on"/ $e +o0ed on er endi(-"ar2 i. t,e s,i is

"eanin# to one side don4t +o0e it2 a0oid $"o()in# itse". at t,e (orner #-ides3 T,e

+odern s,i s ,a0e a-to+ati( s/ste+ to (ontro" t,e $a""ast tan)s to +aintain $a"an(e3 T,e s- er0isor or +ana#er in (,ar#e o. t,e o eration a$oard

(oordinates t,e "oadin# and -n"oadin# o. (ontainers in t,e s,i 3 T,e

satis.a(tor/ e -i"i$ri-+2 or not is s,o*n $/ one o. t,e t*o "a+ s6 red and #reen

"a(ed $e"o* t,e *indo*s o. t,e (o++and $rid#e3

151




T,e +odern s,i s ,a0e e5terna" "a+ s red and #reen $e"o* t,e

(o++and $rid#e at ortside and at star$oard to indi(ate t,e s,i 4s (riti(a"

"eanin# .or o..i(ers or o erators on de()3 T,e side *,ere red "i#,t t-rns on

indi(ates t,at t,e "oadin# o eration +-st $e +o0ed to t,e o osite side ti" t,e

#reen "i#,t t-rns on3 T,e o erator (,an#es t,e "oadin# side ti"" s,o* t,e #reen

"i#,t indi(atin# t,at t,e e -i"i$ri-+ *as restored3 T,is a"*a/s ,a ens in an/

"oadin# or -n"oadin# o eration3

We (an not a((-rate"/ deter+inate t,e ti+e o. o eration .or ea(,

de0i(e e5istin# on ea(, s,i 2 $-t e0er/one (an esta$"is, a((ordin# to

(a"(-"ation $asis3 T,e (ranes (an on"/ $e "a(ed a.ter t,e s,i 4s +oorin#2 $-t it

does not i+ ede t,e tea+ to $e read/ .or *or)2 to red-(e t,e ti+e a.ter t,e

+ane-0er3 A"" #antr/ (ranes +-st ,a0e )no*n t,eir s eed o. o eration to

esta$"is, t,e (orre(t +o0e+ents ea(, e -i +ent *i"" do d-rin# t,e o eration3

21 2 D!rec" L&a(!'$

Most "oads are de osited in t,e orts .or s,i +ent *it,in t,ree to

.i.teen da/s *it,o-t stora#e (osts3 So+e "oads2 ,o*e0er2 ,a0e dire(t s,i +ent3

T,is o((-rs *,en t,e #oods are dis at(,ed in ad0an(e at t,e ind-stries2 $e.ore

#oin# to t,e ort3 W,en t,e (ar#oes enter in t,e ort .a(i"ities2 t,e/ are 7-st

read/ .or "oadin#3 T,e ree"s o. a er (an $e de"i0ered .ro+ t,e .a(tor/ on

e+$ar)ation osition> 0erti(a" or ,ori!onta"3T,e .ro!en #oods (an $e de"i0ered .or "oadin# on a""ets2 as *e"" as

s-#ar $a#s2 (otton $a"es2 et(3 Containers *it, .ro!en (ar#oes (an $e de"i0ered

read/ .or "oadin#3 T,e ad0anta#e o. t,is t/ e o. s,i +ent is t,e e"i+inatin# o.

,and"in# (ar#oes in stora#e and trans ortation .or st-..in#2 *,i(, #enerates

15



Egberto F Ribeiro

-nne(essar/ e5 enses on ser0i(es "ent/ o. ris)s and da+a#es3

21 3 Gra!' !' B. 8

T,e S,i <Loader is a +a(,ine *ei#,tin# ?&& tons on a0era#e and

+o0es on rai"s3 T,e no+ina" s eed o. s,i +ent is 12;&& tons=,o-r3 Genera""/2

t*o S,i Loaders are *or)in# on ea(, s,i 3 T,e $oo+ (onsists o. a te"es(o i(

(on0e/or and a ."-5 .-nne"3 T,e .-nne" ,as a rotar/ (/"inder *,i(, ,as a (-r0ed

t-$e .or ."o*in# at "on# distan(e t,e $-") #rains3 T,is s/ste+ o erates on"/ $/

t,e #ra0it/ e..e(t2 t,ro-#, *,i(,2 t,e #rain in $-") (an rea(, a"" sides o. t,e

s,i 4s ,o"d3 An o erator (ontro"s t,e s,i 4s e -i"i$ri-+2 +o0in# t,e .-nne" and

t,e te"es(o i( $oo+ on t,e ,at(,3 His osition is *or)in# on t,e ,at(,2 and

(ontro"s t,e re"ease o. t,e $-") in t,e e5a(t osition2 so+eti+es to a $oard2

so+eti+es to anot,er2 ,e a"so ,as (onta(t $/ ,one to t,e s,i <"oader o erator3

21 4 O era"!&' "& C%a'$e "%e Car$& H& (/

To )ee e0er/ s,i in o erationa" (onditions2 t,ere is t,e need to(,an#e t,e (ar#o4s ,o"d artia""/ "oaded3 Ne0er "oad a ,at(, (o+ "ete"/ at on(e3

%13 31< Di0ide t,e *ei#,t o. t,e (ar#o to #o on $oard in "ots o. one

t,o-sand tons3 T,is ro(ed-re is t,e sa+e .or "oadin# and -n"oadin#3

%13 3%< I. one or t*o ,at(,es *ere $ein# "oaded (o+ "ete"/ at t,e

.ore(ast"e2 t,e s,i *i"" $rea) in t,e +idd"e2 *,i"e s,e is sti"" +oored at -a/3

%13 3'< To $e#in t,e "oadin# or -n"oadin# o eration o. a"" ,at(,es att,e sa+e ti+e is t,e +ost sa.e3

%13 3 < To $e#in t,e "oadin# or -n"oadin# *it, t*o s,i "oaders2 one

"oader +-st $e ositioned to t,e +idd"e ,at(, and t,e ot,er at t,e .ore(ast"e3

%13 3;< Ea(, ,at(, +-st re(ei0e no +ore t,an one t,o-sand tons3

15!





Egberto F Ribeiro

o.ten t,e "oadin# $e"ts in (as(ade (arr/ t,e #rains - *ard3 T,e #enera" r-"e

sa/s t,at *,i"e t,ere is (ar#oes in $-") .a""in# do*n in t,e ,o"d2 or s(a"e

$a""oon2 or into an/ si"o2 a"" t,e $e"ts +-st to r-n and (an not $e t-rned o..3

W,en t,e $e"ts are sto ed *it, (ar#o2 t,e e"e(tri( +otors *on4t $ear to restart

and t,e "atin-+ *i"" +e"t itse".2 or (a-se da+a#e to t,e en#ine $rea)in# t,e

e"e(tri( +otor s,a.t2 or *i"" $rea) t,e red-(tion $o52 or *i"" $rea) t,e

(o-nter$a"an(e o. t,e $e"ts3 D-rin# t,e "oadin# o. #rain in $-")2 t,e s,-tdo*n

se -en(e +-st $e#in .ro+ t,e si"o2 ti"" t,e #rain (arriers r-n .ree2 *it,o-t (ar#o3

A.ter t,e $e"ts are (o+ "ete"/ e+ ties2 t,e ,o"d o erator or t,e SL o erator

#i0e t,e order to t-rn o.. t,e $e"ts .or t,e (,an#e o. ,at(,es3 I. on"/ t,e "ast $e"t

is t-rned o..2 t,e S,i <Loader o. t,e $-") (ar#o *i"" (ontin-e re(ei0in# t,e

#rain2 $-t it *i"" $e s i""ed o-t o. t,e $e"ts3

Genera""/2 s,i s arri0in# .ro+ ot,er orts ,a0e so+e ,at(,es a"read/

,a". "oaded *it, t,e sa+e (ar#oes3 T,e o eration o. "oadin# t,e (ar#oes (an(ontin-e ti" (o+ "ete t,e ,at(,es3 W,en t,e s,i arri0es (o+ "ete"/ e+ t/2

ea(, (,an#e *i"" ,a en at e0er/ 13&&& tons o. #rain "oaded on $oard3

21 5 S%! -L&a(er C%a'$!'$ &f S%! / H& (/

T,e o erator o. t,e ."-5 s(a"e at t,e (ontro" ane"2 a.ter re(ei0in# t,e

noti(e to (,an#e t,e s,i 4s ,o"ds2 ,e ("oses t,e si"o4s dra*ers and t,e $e"ts *i""

+o0e -nti" sta/ (o+ "ete"/ e+ ties3 T,e S,i <Loader o erator a*aits a"" t,e(ar#o $e "oaded ti"" t,e $e"t $e(o+e ("ean2 *,en t,ere is no +ore +ateria" to

(o+e2 ,e t-rns o.. t,e $e"ts to t,e SL3 T,e SL o erator needs t,e s- ort o.

*or)ers on t,e #ro-nd to ens-re t,e .ree +o0e+ent o. S,i Loader on t,e

-a/4s rai"s3 T,e rai" +-st $e ("ean2 *it,o-t eo "e2 0e,i("es2 or e"e(tri(a"

155




(a$"es to $"o() t,e +o0e+ent o. t,e SL3 T,e o erator *i"" tri##er t,e

+o0e+ent en#ines to rea(, t,e deter+ined ,at(,3 T,en2 ,e *i"" restart t,e $e"ts

and a-t,ori!e t,e o erator o. t,e Contro" Pane" to o en t,e dra*ers o. t,e si"o3

T,is +a/ ta)e - to 1; +in-tes3

21 ) O0er &a(

I. .or so+e reason t,e s,i in# "ines are dis(onne(ted -nder "oad2 t,e

reset *i"" $e o. e5tre+e ris)2 o((-rrin# ener#/ o0er"oad3 T,e a5es o. t,e $e"ts

+o0ed $/ 1&&HP en#ines and e"e0ators $e da+a#ed2 or t,e "atin-+ $e +e"ted3

21 + E<.! ! r!.#

A s,i ,o"d (arries an a0era#e o. .i0e t,o-sand tons o. $-") (ar#o3 I.

a ,o"d is .-""/ "oaded *,i"e ot,ers re+ain e+ t/2 s,i is at ris) to $rea) in t,e

+idd"e3 A"*a/s t,e ne*s noti(e t,at a s,i do()ed in an/ (o-ntr/ *as s "it in

,a". $/ o erationa" error *it, dis(,ar#e o. #rain in $-")3 T,e (are to )ee t,e

$a"an(e o. t,e s,i in t,e "oadin#2 is t,e sa+e *,en -n"oadin#3 T,e +oderns,i s ,a0e #reen and red "i#,ts .or t,e #-idan(e o. t,e (-rrent state o. $a"an(e

and ti"t o. t,e s,i 3 T,e ta""/ ("er) (,ie. reads or anot,er res onsi$"e .or t,e

0esse" s,o-"d 0eri./ t,e (orre(t "oad distri$-tion in t,e ,at(,es3

21 Tr!##!'$

T,e end o. ea(, ,o"d "oadin# re -ires t,e (orre(t "oad distri$-tion

$e""o* t,e ,at(, (o0er to t,e - er $a""ast tan)s3 T,is *or) (an $e +an-a" $/ aste0edore #an# or $/ +e(,ani!ed e -i +ent3 W,en t,e +ateria" is $ein# s read

in t,e ,at(,es4 +o-t,2 it +-st $e tri++ed .or t,e $est sto*a#e .a(tor2 t,e S,i <

Loader s,o-"d $e -n"aden3 T,ere.ore2 t,e o eration o. tri++in# ,as to $e done

*it, t,e $e"ts (o+ "ete"/ e+ ties2 *,i"e t,e ste0edores s read t,e (ar#o3

156



Egberto F Ribeiro

%13 31 T,e ta""/ ("er) (,ie. (a"(-"ates t,e a+o-nt o. (ar#o to $e

s read in t,e +o-t, o. t,e ,at(, (o0er $/ t,e ste0edores3 He as)s t,e o erator

o. t,e ."-5 s(a"e2 to send 2; tons to (o+ "ete t,e s,i +ent2 it is "ess t,an t,e

a+o-nt o. t,e (a a(it/ o. t,e s(a"e $a""oon *,i(, is 1% tons3

I' "r!##!'$ a'( c%a'$!'$ &f %a"c%e/? "%e /ca e a" "%e C&'"r&

Pa'e &f "%e /! & ;&r8/ !' #a'.a #&(e? c&'"r& e( "%e f . /ca e a" "%e

/%! ? (& '&" ./e "%e a."&#a"e( / /"e#? eca./e "%e car$& ;! e &a(e(

(r& (r&

%13 3% T,e o erator o. t,e (enter ane" o. t,e si"o o ens t,e dra*er

to .i"" t,e $a""oon d-rin# t,e se(onds needed to send "ess t,an 1% tons3 I. t,e

o erator e5(eeds t,is *ei#,t o. (ar#o2 t,e $a""oon *i"" o en a-to+ati(a""/ and

t,e tota" (ar#o o. t,e ri+ar/ $a""oon *i"" ."o* do*n into t,e se(ondar/

$a""oon2 .or *ei#,in#3 I. t,e o erator ("oses t,e entran(e o. t,e ri+ar/

$a""oon2 t,e e5(ess +ateria" t,at *as sent .ro+ t,e si"o is dis(,ar#ed o-tside t,e $a""oon2 (a-sin# "oss o. ti+e $/ ("eanin#3 To a0oid a"" o. t,at2 t,e esti+ated

ti+e s,o-"d $e (orre(t2 t,e *ei#,t o. (ar#o sent is "ess t,an 1% tons to enter in

t,e $a""oon to $e sent .or *ei#,in#3 In t,is o eration2 t,e (ar#o ."o*s to t,e

se(ond $a""oon and t,e di#ita" #a-#e *i"" s,o* t,e e5a(t as)ed *ei#,t3 As soon

as t,e (ar#o enters in t,e ,at(,2 it is s read $/ t,e ste0edore #an#3 T,e

re etition o. t,e o eration *i"" done ti"" t,e end o. t,e 2;tons to (o+ "ete t,es,i +ent3

%13 3' In detai"2 t,e o eration o((-rs as .o""o*s6 on (o+ "etion

o. t,e *ei#,in#2 t,e o erator ("oses t,e si"o dra*er $a""oon in t,e si"o and

o ens t,e dra*er to send t,e +ateria" to t,e ."-5 s(a"e at t,e -a/3 T,e ri+ar/

157




de osit o. t,e ."-5 s(a"e at t,e -a/ is a"so (a""ed $a""oon2 *it, (a a(it/ .or

t*e"0e tons3 T,e se(ond $a""oon is *,ere t,ere is t,e s(a"e2 *,i(, re(ei0es t,e

(ar#o .ro+ t,e .irst one3 T,e se(ond $a""oon re+ains ("osed t,e de osit *,en is

*ei#,in# t,e (ar#o arri0in# .ro+ t,e .irst $a""oon2 *,en t,e desired *ei#, is on

t,e di#ita" #a-#e2 t,e .irst $a""oon is ("osed and t,e (ar#o inside t,e se(ond

$a""oon is read/ to $e sent to t,e s,i s ,o"d3

%13 3 T,e o erator o. t,e ."-5 s(a"e o ens t,e dra*er o. t,e se(ond

$a""oon *,ere t,e +ateria" is enterin#3 T,e o erator (,e()s t,e *ei#,in# on t,e

di#ita" #a-#e to ("ose t,e .irst $a""oon2 *,en t,e tota" o. *ei#,t re -ested is o)3

%13 3; T,e o erator 0eri.ies on t,e di#ita" #a-#e t,e desired *ei#,t

and ("oses t,e .irst $a""oon3 T,e s(a"e *ei#,s t,e (ar#o arri0ed and a.ter t,e

re#istration2 ,e o ens t,e dra*er o. t,e se(ond $a""oon to "a-n(, t,e +ateria" in

t,e $e"t to t,e S,i <Loader3 A.ter t,is ro(ed-re2 ,e *aits .or ne* instr-(tion

.ro+ t,e s,i -nti" a ne* re -est ti"" t,e end o. t,e s,i +ent3T,is ro(ess *i"" $e re eated -nti" a"" ,o"ds (o+ "ete t,e s,i +ent3

T,e "atter *ei#,in# o. (ar#oes *i"" $e o. .e* tons ea(, one to (o+ "ete t,e

s,i 4s ,o"d3 Li)e a"" s,i 4s ,o"ds #o t,ro-#, t,is ro(ess2 t,e tri++in# o. t,e

.irst ,at(, *i"" $e ,e"d .or ste0edores2 *,i"e t,e S,i <Loader is "oadin# anot,er

s,i 4s ,o"d *it,o-t t,e *astin# o. ti+e3

%13 3? D-rin# t,e nor+a" s,i +ent2 t,e transit ti+e o. #rains in $-") $et*een 0ario-s si"os and t,e ."-5 s(a"es is .ro+ ten to t*ent/ +in-tes3

T,e s)i"" o. t,e o erator is to (ontro" (orre(t"/ t,e .o-r S,i <Loaders at t,e

.ina" +o+ents o. s,i +ent2 *,en t,e tri++in# o erations o((-r

si+-"taneo-s"/3 T,e ersonne" in0o"0ed in t,ese o erations (an not $e stressed

158



Egberto F Ribeiro

$/ e5(essi0e ,o-rs o. *or)2 $e(a-se (ertain"/ serio-s errors *i"" o((-r3 So+e

o erators o. ."-5 s(a"e at #rain $-") ter+ina" are "ess e..e(ti0e and (a-se serio-s

da+a#es3 T,e/ -s-a""/ (,an#e t,e )ind o. #rains2 or to "oad t,e #rains .or one

,o"d to anot,er2 or e0en #rains .or one s,i to "oad in anot,er3

T,e ("assi(a" error is t,e $"ends o. #rains in t,e s,i 4s ,o"d2 *,i(,

+-st $e (o+ "ete"/ re+o0ed and *ei#,ed .or t,e "oadin# to (ontin-e3

Genera""/2 .e* tons "oaded in se(onds *i"" ta)e se0era" ,o-rs to $e -n"oaded

.ro+ $oard3 T,e -n"oadin# re -ires ersonne" and e -i +ent not ro0ided3

%13 3 To .ina"i!e t,e s,i +ent2 t,e ."-5 s(a"e *ei#,s (ar#oes

a$o0e ;2& 8.i0e9 )i"o#ra+s3 T,e resid-a" (ar#o on t,e $e"ts $et*een t,e ."-5

s(a"e and t,e s,i *i"" $e re+o0ed and ta)en o-t to t,e si"o t,ro-#, a/<

"oaders3 I. t,e #rain in $-") sta/s s ra*"ed on t,e s,i 4s de()2 additiona" (osts

*i"" o((-r .or -n"oadin# it3 T,e *ei#,t o. t,e (ar#o *i"" $e ded-(t .ro+ t,e

tota" s,i ed2 or trans.erred to anot,er s,i 4s ,o"d *it, t,e renta" o. a s+a"" $e"tto *or) on t,e de() to ,e" to +o0e t,e (ar#o to anot,er ,o"d3

T,e #an# re -ested .or tri++in#2 *i"" not do t,e e5tra ser0i(e and

t,e A#ent O erator s,o-"d ,a0e to re -est anot,er #an#3 T,e OGMO doesn4t

a((e t t,e re -est o-t o. t,e s(,ed-"e ti+es3 T,e A#ent O erator s,o-"d

re0ent it2 or ne#otiate *it, t,e S/ndi(ate .ore+an .or t,e re+o0a" o. t,at "oad3

%13 3 T,e "oadin# o. ro-nd #rains as so/a2 or (orn are eas/ to "oad2 $-t ot,er )ind o. rod-(ts as so/a $ean e""ets2 or so/a +ea" is di..i(-"t2

$e(a-se it +a)es a to*er o. (ar#o into t,e s,i 4s ,o"ds and needs a $-""do!er to

s read t,e (ar#o3 T,e +a(,ine is ,ea0/ and ,as to $e "oaded on $oard $/ (rane

on tires stron# eno-#, to "i.t t,e $-""do!er at 1; +eters ,i#, and to rea(, t,irt/

159




+eters3 Genera""/ t,ere is a ontoon a"on#side t,e s,i ti"" t,e +idd"e o. t,e

,o"d3 Uo- s,o-"d )no* e5a(t"/ t,e *ei#,t o. t,e $-""do!er .or (,oosin# t,e

a ro riate (rane3 T,e Pi"ot is re -ired to dri0e t,e s,i o-t o. t,e ort in

a((ordan(e *it, t,e ETD3 Ho*e0er2 - on arri0in# on t,e s,i 2 ,e *i"" *ait .or

,o-rs to .inis, t,e tri++in#2 ti"" t,e dis ense o. #an#s and re+o0a" o. stairs3

T,ere is a 0ariation in t,e ro ortion o. ti+e=ton o. di..erent #oods3

Genera""/2 t,e S,i <Loader *or)s at 12;&& Tons=,o-r *it, ,ea0/ $-") #rains

(ar#oes as so/$ean2 (orn and a"+ost t,e ,a". o. t,at *it, 0er/ "i#,t (ar#oes in

$-") as so/a +ea" *it, "o* rotein3 T,ere is a serio-s ro$"e+ *it, "i#,t

(ar#oes in $-")2 $e(a-se it 0anis,es $/ t,e *ind .ro+ t,e sea3 In one ,o-r o.

*or)2 t,e s(a"e *ei#,s 1%; ti+es .ro+ ? to 1% tons3 T,e so/a +ea" s i""ed into

t,e sea ser0es as .ood .or t,e .is,2 +a)in# t,is site a +arine n-rser/2 )ee in#

a(ti0e .ood (,ain3

21 6 Fr&>e' Car$&e/ , Ree.er S,i s are t,e "o* (ost seatrans ortation .or .ro!en +eat2 .r-it2 7-i(e and ot,er .ro!en rod-(ts3 T,e ,o"ds

o. s,i s re.ri#erators are traditiona" t*een de()s o. t,e #enera" (ar#o 0esse"s2

$-t *it, t,er+a" (,a+$ers (oated $/ a"-+in-+3 T,e ."oor is (o0ered *it,

#a"0ani!ed stee" a""et to a""o* (ir(-"ation o. (o"d air and to s- ort t,e *ei#,t

o. t,e #as or e"e(tri( .or)"i.ts3 T,e #ases e5 e""ed $/ .or)"i.ts -sed .or

a""eti!ed (ar#o +-st $e re+o0ed .ro+ t,e ,o"ds *it, e"e(tri( .ans3 S,i +entso. .ro!en (ar#oes in "oosen $o5es are sta()ed in (,a+$ers $/ #an#s o.

ste0edores3 or +an-a""/

21 1: Reefer C%a# er/ , T,e initia" s,i +ents o. re.ri#erated

#oods *ere in re.ri#erated tr-()s .or dire(t s,i +ent to re.ri#erated (,a+$ers

160



Egberto F Ribeiro

in (on0entiona" (ar#o s,i s3 T,e #enera" (ar#o s,i s -s-a""/ ,a0e ree.er

(,a+$ers .or an/ e0ent-a" .ri#,t o. .ro!en #oods3 Ho*e0er2 i. t,ere are no

.ro!en #oods2 t,e (o"d (,a+$ers are t-rned o.. and "oaded *it, #enera" (ar#o3

21 11 Reefer Ter#!'a , So+e (o+ anies ,a0e insta""ed ree.er

ter+ina"s in *are,o-ses at t,e retro< ort3 Sadia rented t*o *are,o-ses in t,e

APPA and insta""ed a ree.er ter+ina" a$"e to "oad t*o ree.er s,i s

si+-"taneo-s"/3 Initia""/2 t,ese *are,o-se ,ad $een $-i"t .or #enera" (ar#oes -

to .o-r t,o-sand tons2 "ater so+e #rain e5 orters -sed .or #rain e5 ortin# no

+ore t,an .o-r t,o-sand tons3 C-rrent"/2 ea(, *are,o-se ,as t,e (a a(it/ .or

si5 t,o-sand tons o. .ro!en #oods in a""ets2 a""o*in# $etter -ti"i!ation o. t,e

area3

21 12 Per/&'a , T,e ersona" to *or) in ree.er s,i s #enera""/ are

#an#s o. si5 +en to attend one ,at(, on t,e -a/3 T,ere are t,e #an#s to attend

ea(, ,at(,2 #enera""/ are %1 ste0edores3 T,e ree.er s,i s o erate *it, si5 ,o"ds*,ere t,e #an#s ,a0e rotar/ ti+e o. *or) at <%&]2 t,e/ a"*a/s ("ai+ to )ee t,e

,at(, (o0ers o en to red-(e t,e te+ erat-re to <1&]3 Wor)ers assi#ned to t,e

si5 s,i 4s ,o"d are +ore t,an t*o ,-ndreds *or)ers .or ea(, si5<,o-rs eriod3

T,ese *or)ers are .ro+ -nion as do() *or)ers2 ste0edores on $oard2 (,e()ers2

tr-() dri0es3 Ot,ers are e+ "o/ees o. t,e ,ar$or2 ri0ate (o+ anies2 .or)"i.t

o erators2 and Ree.er Ter+ina"21 13 Reefer L&a(!'$ fr&# Re"r& Area , T,e re.ri#erated #oods

(an $e $ro-#,t to t,e ort (o+in# .ro+ retro< ort .or dire(t s,i +ent $/ tr-()

or s/ndi(ate tr-()s or ri0ate tr-()s3 T,ese "oads are a""eti!ed and (o0ered

*it, t,er+a" $"an)ets3 T,e a""ets are re+o0ed .ro+ t,e tr-() $/ .or)"i.t and

161




"a(ed -nder t,e (ranes *it, $oo+ to $e s,i ed3

T,e ter+ina"s re(ei0e tr-()s *it, re.ri#erated .ro!en #oods (o+in#

.ro+ s"a-#,ter,o-ses3 T,ese tr-()s $rin# #oods into "oose $o5es to $e

a""eti!ed at t,e ort ter+ina" or arri0e a"read/ a""eti!ed and read/ .or

s,i +ent3 Bo5es *it, t,e .ro!en #oods are "a(ed on a""ets2 "a$e"ed and

de osited in se arate "ots3 T,ese ter+ina"s o erate *it, (ontainers *,ere t,e

(ar#oes are "oaded in t,e dr/ ort s/ste+3

21 14 O era"!&' &f Reefer S%! , T,e $e#innin# o. t,e s,i +ent

de ends on .a0ora$"e *eat,er2 *it,o-t rain3 T,e s,i (,a+$ers +-st $e in t,e

te+ erat-re $eara$"e to t,e ste0edores2 aro-nd <1&]3 Lots +-st $e sent to

$oardin# as t,e Car#o P"an3 T,e Ree.er Ter+ina" o erators ta)e t,e a""et *it,

e"e(tri( .or)"i.ts .ro+ t,e (,a+$ers and +o0e t,e+ to t,e *are,o-se door3 T,e

.or)"i.ts on t,e -a/ ta)e t,e a""ets at t,e *are,o-se door and +o0e to t,e

s,i 3 T,e s,i +ent (an $e $/ (ar#o $oo+2 (ranes on $oard2 or s,ore (ranes3T,ere are +arine a""ets ret-rna$"e and (ar#o a""ets one *a/3 T,e a""ets are

-n"oaded in t,e ,o"d and t,e .or)"i.t or ste0edores *i"" de osit at t,e ositions

de.ined $/ t,e Car#o P"an3 Di..erent "ots are se arated *it, nets3 on

(o+ "etin# ea(, (,a+$er2 t,e interna" te+ erat-re is "o*ered to <'&]3

16



Egberto F Ribeiro

22 *AREHOUSING

T,e +et,ods o. #enera" *are,o-se .a(i"ities are $ased in (ar#oes

*it, ,i#, +o0e+ent2 .ro+ ind-stries to (ons-+ers3 E0er/ da/ ne* rod-(ts

enter t,e +ar)et and ne* e -i +ents and stora#e +et,ods are ado ted3 T,-s2

stora#e is a ."e5i$"e a(ti0it/ on .o-r so"id $ases6 1<#oods2 %<e -i +ent2 '<

*are,o-ses2 <Destination3

22 1 L!/" &f Car$&e/ 3 T,e "o#isti(s a "ied to .rei#,t s,i s re -ires

(ertain in.or+ation in a "ist o. e5 orters2 *ei#,ts2 +eas-res and destinations to

a""o* t,e +ana#in# o. storin# s -ares> $ot, .or do+esti(a""/ and a$road

de"i0er/3 T,e de ositar/ o. #oods +-st identi./ ea(, "ot arri0ed3 T,e -ser +-st

ro0ide t,e "ist o. (ar#oes *,i(, is a do(-+ent *it, t,e In0oi(e in.or+ation6

se""er2 $-/er2 s,i #oods2 "ot2 -antit/ and *ei#,t3 T,-s2 t,e de ositar/ *i"" $e

a$"e to re are t,e e -i +ent and t,e stora#e "o(ation3 A *are,o-se s-ited to

t,e re -ire+ents o. t,e s,i er s,a"" $e desi#nated to re(ei0e "ots o. #enera"

(ar#o (ited $/ t,e List o. Car#oes3 T,e sa+e *are,o-se s,o-"d ,a0e eno-#,

s -ares .or t,e entire "ots to $e re(ei0ed3

16!




22 2 De/!$'a"!'$ *are%&./e/ f&r Ge'era Car$& In a ort or

de"i0er/ (enter *it, se0era" *are,o-ses2 t,ere is t,e (on0enient (,oi(e a+id

+an/ *are,o-ses .or se0era" "ots .or de"i0er/ or .or #oods .or se0era" s,i s2 or

.or a (o+ "ete (ar#o .or a sin#"e s,i 3 T,e *are,o-sin# in de"i0er/ (enters are

$ased in t,e s,e". s/ste+2 *,ere t,e a-to+atis+ is t,e +ana#er3

B-t t,e (orre(t (,oi(e o. *are,o-sin# is .or do not ,a0e id"e *or)ers

or e -i +ents d-rin# t,e re(ei0in# or d-rin# t,e s,i +ent o. (ar#oes3 T,e

*are,o-se +ana#er s,o-"d ro0ide a "an .or t,e $est o((- ation o. s -ares2

.or one or +ore s,i s o erate si+-"taneo-s"/3 T,e sane .or (enter o. de"i0er/3

22 2 1For one s,i 2 a .-"" *are,o-se is a0ai"a$"e to di0ide $/ orts3

In t,e (enter o. de"i0er/ it is (onsidered $/ t,e sa+e si!e and *ei#,t o. t,e

#oods3

22 2 2For t*o s,i s2 di0ide t,e s a(e in t*o arts a((ordin# t,e si!e

o. "ots and di0ide t,e+ $/ orts3 In t,e (enter o. de"i0er/ di0ide t,e s,e"0es .or de"i0er/ a((ordin#6 si!e2 *ei#,t and destination3

22 2 3For t,ree or +ore s,i s2 di0ide t,e s a(e a((ordin# t,e si!e o.

"ots and di0ide t,e+ $/ orts3

T,e s,i s and (enter o. de"i0er/ -se t,e sa+e or#ani!ation .or

s,e"0es> .ro+ t,e +idd"e2 "oo)in# .ro+ t,e entran(e door2 or .ro+ t,e stern o.

t,e s,i 2 t,e odd side o. t,e streets are to t,e ri#,t side and t,e e0e n-+$ers to"e.t side3

To a""o* t,at ossi$i"it/2 t,e +ana#er ,as to )no* t,e s a(e to

o((- / .or do not store #oods in a s -are .or one s,i and se0era" orts3 T,e

s -ares are se arated $/ s,i s and $/ orts and i. /o- ,a0e to "oad t,e (ar#o

16"



Egberto F Ribeiro

.or one s,i in a (o+ a(t "a(e2 *,i"e /o- are sendin# (ar#oes to ot,er s,i s2

/o- ,a0e to sto one s,i to "oad t,e ot,er3

22 2 4To o erate *it, $ot, s,i s2 one side o. t,e *are,o-se is .or

one s,i and t,e ot,er side to ot,er one3

22 2 5Ta)e (are .or do not "a(e #oods .or a destination2 in .ront o.

"ots to di..erent s,i s and destinations3 I. t,ere is an/ (,an#e in t,e s,i 4s (ar#o

"an2 a se aration o. (ar#oes *i"" ,a en d-rin# t,e "oadin# and /o- don4t ,a0e

*,ere to -t t,e (ar#o to re+o0e3

22 2 ) Ne0er send #oods to di..erent destinations or orts in t,e

sa+e (,assis or tr-() $e(a-se t,e s,i +ent +a/ $e done t,ro-#, *ron# *a/3

22 2 +T,e 0e,i("es .or s,i +ent at t,e de"i0er/ (enter +a/ (arr/

s+a"" "ots *it, di..erent destinations> t,e "ots de"i0ered $/ 0ans2 or tr-()s are

stored in ro er dra*ers *it, se aration3

22 3 E &r" a'( I# &r"

T,e ort *are,o-se .or (onso"idation and de(onso"idation +-st $e

se arated2 $e(a-se t,e IRS does not a""o* e5 ort (ar#o *it, i+ orts3 T,e

stores +-st ,a0e t*o .ront doors and an inside (orridor .or transit o. tr-()s3 I.

t,ere is (onstant "e.to0er s a(e +a/ $e -sed side doors .or "oadin# and

-n"oadin# do()in# *it, nor+a" ,ei#,t .or tr-()s3 Ho*e0er2 i. t,ere is t,e need

o. (orridors at t,e side doors2 t,e o tion is to enter and e5it t,ro-#, t,e doors.or t,e (entra" or +ain ais"e3

22 4 Per!&( &f *are%&./!'$ Most o. t,e orts ado ts a eriod

*it,in ' to 1; da/s $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a" to $e#in re(ei0in# t,e #oods as

+entioned in t,e Car#o List3 Goods sent *it,in eriod a/ $/ t,e ser0i(es o.

165




dis(,ar#e 8tr-() or (ar9 and "oadin# 8.or t,e s,i 93 Ho*e0er2 t,e eriod *i"" $e

ta5 .ree .or stora#e3 I. .or so+e reason t,e s,i doesn4t to arri0e2 or t,e "ot *on4t

#o to e+$ar) on $oard2 a.ter 1; da/s *i"" $e#in t,e (o-ntin# t,e da/s o. stora#e

.or a/+ent2 a.ter t,e #oods *i"" $e "oaded on anot,er s,i or to ret-rn to t,e

e5 orter3 It is *ort, ("ari./in# t,at t,is a/+ent is ine..i(ient2 $e(a-se it

re0ents t,e +o0e+ent o. ot,er #oods t,at *i"" /ie"d #reater ro.it to t,e

de ositor/3 So+eti+es2 t,ere are "ots or rest o. (ar#oes into t,e *are,o-se

*it,o-t an/ de.inition o. its destination $/ t,e o*ner3 ". t,e "ots are i+ orted

(ar#oes2 a.ter t,ree +ont,s2 t,e #oods +-st $e "isted and sent to t,e C-sto+s2

*,i(, *i"" (onsidered it as a$andoned (ar#oes and *i"" se"" it in -$"i( a-(tion3

I. t,e (ar#o is .or e5 ortation2 t,e o*ner +-st $e (a""ed to a/ t,e .ees and ta)e

a*a/ a"" t,e (ar#oes2 -nder ena"t/ to "oose t,e #oods to t,e de ositar/3

Genera""/2 t,e e5 orters *ant to )ee a"" t,eir (ar#oes in t,e ri+ar/ !one2

$e(a-se t,e *are,o-sin# .ees are "ess t,an a"" t,e (osts o. trans ortation to ta)eo-t2 to store in ri0ate *are,o-se and to $rin# $a() "ater it .or e5 ortation3 T,is

is a (o++on ra(ti(e in a"" #enera" (ar#oes ter+ina"s2 and si"os2 and #rain

*are,o-ses3 T,e e5 orters a"*a/s se"" t,eir #oods2 or "end to t,ird e5 orters3

T,e "oans o. (ar#oes are o$tained t,ro-#, a "etter .ro+ t,e e5 orter

to t,e De ositar/ statin# t,at ,is "ots *it, t,e stored *ei#,t are $ein# "oaned to

t,e E5 orter Co+ an/2 t,at *i"" do t,e "oadin# on $oard *it,in 1; da/s3 T,is"etter is endorsed $/ t,e IRS and de"i0ered to t,e de ositar/ *,i(, *i"" e5e(-te

t,e trans.er to "oad on $oard3 T,e (osts and e5 endit-res in0o"0ed *i"" $e

dire(ted to t,e E5 orter Co+ an/3

166



Egberto F Ribeiro

23 LOADING OF GENERAL CARGO

23 1 O era"!&' ;!"% C%a//!/ T,e "o* trai"ers 8(,assis2 (arts or

+a.is9 -""ed $/ t-#s or +e(,ani(a" ,orses2 tr-()s and *a#ons o..er #reater

+o$i"it/ o. #oods .or s,i +ent *it, $rid#es2 or #antr/ (ranes on de()3 Wa#ons

and (arts are "oaded .or "oadin# and -n"oadin# si+-"taneo-s"/3 A se". "oad s,i

o erates *it, t*o $rid#es2 or t*o #antr/ (ranes on $oard2 one .or s,i +ent o.

#oods on +a.is or (,assis -""ed $/ tr-()s at t,e .art,er distan(e .ro+ t,e s,i 3

Anot,er +ean o. s,i +ent (an $e done $/ *a#ons -""ed $/ a "o(o+oti0e at

t,e nearest rai"s a"on#side t,e s,i 3

23 2 O era"!&' ;!"% ;a$&'/ T,e (o+ osition *i"" o((- / t,e 1st

rai" a"on#side t,e s,i 3 Ea(, *a#on (an $e s,i ed in t,ree +in-tes and

re -ires t*o "o(o+oti0es .or s,-ntin#3

A "on# (o+ osition *it, t*ent/ *a#ons (an $e "oaded in ?&

+in-tes3 T,e ter+ina" s,o-"d ,a0e anot,er (o+ osition read/ to )ee t,e ."o*

rai"3 I. not2 ot,er tr-()s (an .i"" t,is "a()3

Ho* +an/ (arts and *a#ons *i"" $e neededK It is i+ ortant to

ana"/!e t,e o-t -t ro* a.ter -n"oadin# *a#ons2 not to de"a/ t,e entr/ o. t,e

ne* train3

167




23 3 O era"!&' ;!"% Cra'e T,e trans ortation o. (ar#o (o+in#

.ro+ distant *are,o-ses to -a/2 *,ere t,e "oadin# *i"" $/ s,i Gantr/<(rane

re -ires t,is si+ "e (a"(-"ation to deter+ine ,o* +an/ tr-()s *i"" $e needed to

rea(, '&& tons=,o-r3 A -a/ *it, %; +eters *ide ,as a rai"*a/ to $e rea(,ed

$/ t,e s,i Gantr/<(ranes3 On t,e -a/ (an $e insta""ed ot,er rai"*a/s2 .or

e5a+ "e t,ree "ines se arated $/ ; +eters3 T,e .irst rai"*a/ .or *a#ons +-st $e

t,e one a"on#side t,e s,i 3 T,e se(ond rai"*a/ (an a"so $e -sed .or tr-()s and

(,assis2 a""o*in# t,e rea(, o. t,e $oard (rane3 T,e t,ird transit "ine is t,e

re+ainin# s a(e .or t,e +o0e+ent o. *a#ons and ot,er 0e,i("es3 T,e (,assis

and tr-()s s,o-"d $e ositioned on t,e %nd "ine on t,e -a/2 so t,e 0e,i("es (an

+o0e .ree"/3 For ea(, o eration o. "oadin# or -n"oadin#2 t,at is t,e (a"(-"ation

*it, .or)"i.t and tr-() .ro+ t,e *are,o-se to t,e side o. t,e s,i and ret-rn3

1< Ho* +an/ tons er ,o-r ea(, tr-() *it, (,assis (an (arr/K

%< Ho* +an/ tr-()s *it, (,assis *i"" $e needed to '&&tons=,o-rK'< Loadin# ti+e in t,e *are,o-se3

< Transit ti+e .ro+ t,e *are,o-se to t,e s,i 3

;< O.."oad ti+e at t,e s,i 3

?< Ti+e to ret-rn e+ t/ .ro+ t,e s,i to t,e *are,o-se3

S,i +ents *it, (arts and (,assis2 or *a#ons o..er t,e ossi$i"it/ o.

s,i +ent $e read/ $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a"3 Genera""/ "ots o. (ar#oes aretrans orted in tr-()s o. %; tons and (an $e stored dire(t"/ on t,e *a#on or

(,assis3 T,is o eration re -ires a s+a"" area (o0ered2 rein.or(ed (on(rete ."oors

and t*o .or)"i.ts3 T,e (,assis to $e "oaded *it, .o-r .or)"i.ts2 t*o at ea(, side3

M-st $e o ened as +an/ de"i0er/ tea+ as ne(essar/ .or "oadin#3

168



Egberto F Ribeiro

23 4 *are%&./!'$ &f S"a$$ere( G&&(/

I. t,e a()a#e o. #oods are narro* or irre#-"ar2 t,e $at(,es are

sta()ed in sta##ered .or+at3 W,en dra*in# a "an .or sta()in#2 don4t .or#et to

)ee one +eter $et*een t,e .irst a""et "ine to t,e *a""3 For se(-rit/ reasons2

ne0er "et t,e (ar#o to-(, t,e *a""3 Dra* a "an sin(e t,e .irst tier *it, "ain

o((- ation o. t,e s a(e and (a"(-"ate ,o* +an/ $o5es o. ,ei#,t *i"" $e3 A.ter

t,e .irst and se(ond tiers2 t,e sta() *i"" ,a0e one ste "ess in .ront and at t,e

$a()2 t,e (o-nt +-st $e a((ordin# its sta$i"it/2 $-t a"*a/s on sta##ered .or+3

T,e sta()in# *i"" $e at t,e ,a". ,ei#,t o. t,e se(ond tier - *ard2 or %=' o. t,e

tota"3 I. t,e #oods are "ar#e2 so"id and doesn4t *o$$"e2 t,e "ot (an $e sta()ed in

t,e tota" (a a(it/ o. t,e .or)"i.t ,ei#,t *it,o-t re -irin# sta##ered .or+at3

< T,e ,ei#,t o. t,e $-nd"es or a""ets *i"" $e deter+ined $/ t,e

(a a(it/ o. t,e .or)"i.t3 T,e +o+ent-+ e..e(t is o$ser0ed *,en t,e .or)"i.t is

stron# to a roa(, t,e to*er to "i.t t,e (ar#o and $ends t,e to*er $a()*ard2 $-t(an4t is "i.t t,e (ar#o *,en t,e to*er is $ent .or*ard3

< T,e sa+e t/ e o. +a(,ine -sed .or -n"oadin# t,e tr-()s and

storin# t,e #oods in ,i#, sta()2 s,a"" $e t,e sa+e -sed .or "oadin# t,e (ar#oes

to 0esse"3 O$ser0e (are.-""/ t,e (a a(it/ o. t,e +a(,ines3

:< Do not sta() *it, tri "e5 8te"es(o i(9 to ;3; +eters ,i#,2 d-rin#

t,e "oadin# so+eone rents a sin#"e (/"inder +eters in t,at s,i +ent2 *,i(,*i"" not rea(, t,e sta()in#3

1&< T,e #oods *i"" $e to"d .or ta5 ("earan(e d-rin# s,i in#3

11< Do not -t t*o s+a"" 0o"-+es o. to in t,e +idd"e o. "ar#e

0o"-+es2 $e(a-se on"/ one *i"" $e (o-nted3 Be(a-se t,e in0oi(es *ere ro er"/

169




endorsed and t,e (o-nt *as .o-nd +issin# "oad2 ro$a$"/ t,e *,o"e "ot *i"" $e

re+o0ed to re(o-nt2 a"" $/ t,e de ositar/3 To a0oid t,ese disorders2 *e "a(e

t,e 0o"-+es se arated $/ si!es3

23 5 Ree / &f Pa er raf" Lots to $oard s,i s are (a"(-"ated

a((ordin# to e5istin# s a(es and (an ne0er $e +i5ed on t,e s,i 4s ,o"d3 T,e

ree"s are sta()ed in t,e ,o"d at t,e ,ei#,t .ro+ .i0e to .i.teen +eters or +ore3

I. t,ere is an/ di..eren(e in t,e ,ei#,t at t,e .irst ro*2 in t,e s,i 4s

,o"d2 it *i"" $e i+ ossi$"e to (orre(t it -nti" t,e end and t,ere *i"" $e si#ni.i(ant

"oss o. s a(e3 I. t,e s,i ,as t*o +eters o. ,ei#,t to (o+ "ete2 t,e .irst o..i(er

orders t,e *are,o-se to send ree"s o. 13;+ "-s &3;&+2 or t*o o. 13&+ ea(,3

23 ) I# &r" &f Ree &f Pa er raf" 3 T,e "ots o. ree"s a er ra.t

+-st $e se arated $/ ,ei#,t .or (orre(t de"i0er/3 T,e de ositar/ +-st )ee .-""

attention and (ontro" on o erators and (,e()ers d-rin# t,e re(ei0in# o. (ar#oes

.ro+ t,e s,i 3 T,e re resentati0e o. t,e i+ orter +-st )no* t,e +eas-res o. t,e #oods to re(ei0e3 T,e i+ orter s,o-"d in.or+ t,e identi.i(ation o. ea(, "ot

to t,e de ositar/2 t,ro-#, t,e a()in#<"ist and t,is s,o-"d $e res onsi$"e *,en

se arate t,e #oods (orre(t"/3

T%e a/!c r. e/ f&r "%e /e ara"!&' &f !# &r"e( &"/=

23 ) 1 S%! A *are,o-se (an (ontain "ots o. ree"s o. a er .ro+

0ario-s s,i s2 $-t ea(, "ot ,as to $e se arated $/ si!e and s,i 323 ) 2 & a$e T,e sa+e s,i does se0era" tri s in a /ear and a""

s,o-"d $e identi.ied t,ro-#, t,e res e(ti0e n-+$er3 Do not (onsider to re.er

on"/ t,e na+e o. t,e s,i 2 $-t ,er 0o/a#e3

170



Egberto F Ribeiro

23 ) 3 P&r" Do not -t t*o "ots .ro+ di..erent orts in t,e sa+e

"a(e2 e0en i. t,e #oods ,a0e t,e sa+e si!e2 in ,ei#,t and *ei#,t3 Ea(, "ot ,as

s e(i.i( identi.i(ation *it, "a$e"s and te5ts ainted on its sides3

23 ) 4 Mea/.re T,e +eas-res o. ree"s o. a er ra.t are (a"(-"ated

.or (ertain ositions in t,e ,at(,2 a"t,o-#, it is a s+a"" "ot2 t,ere is no *a/ to

+i5 t,e+ *it, ot,er "ots3

23 ) 5 Mar8/ T,e #oods o. t,e sa+e +ar)in# +-st o$e/ t,e r-"es

o. se aration2 $e(a-se it *i"" $e done as in t,e P"an3

23 + E &r" T,e r-"es .or storin# ree"s o. a er are e(-"iar and

+-st $e se arated $/ ,ei#,t2 e0en *,en t,e di..eren(e are on"/ t*o

(enti+eters3 T,e re resentati0e o. t,e e5 orter +-st ro0ide t,e de ositar/

*it, t,e .-"" "ist o. "ots o. ste s and orts3 T,e e5 orter ,as res onsi$i"it/ to

send t,e "ist o. "ots o. #oods *it, *ei#,t and +eas-res to t,e de ositar/3

23 + 1 S%! #e'" 3 I. d-rin# t,e s,i +ent t,ere *i"" ,a0e t,e need .or se aration o. ree"s o. a er .or "a() o. instr-(tion o. storin#2 t,e e5 enses *i""

$e aid $/ t,e e5 orter3

23 + 2 Se ara"!&' T,e areas reser0ed .or ea(, +eas-re are in

a((ordan(e *it, t,e dia+eter and ,ei#,t o. t,e ree"s o. a er3 T,e +eas-res

o..ers t,e e"e+ents to (a"(-"ate t,e area needed .or a"" sta()in#3

23 + 3 F &&r P a' T,e de ositar/ s,a"" +a)e a dra* o. t,e ."oor to(on.i#-re t,e de osit o. ree"s o. a er $/ dia+eter and ,ei#,ts .or ea(, "ot3

Le.to0ers (an $e "a(ed in .ront o. t,e sta()in# or on a "a(e a+id ot,er ree"s3

23 + 4 T%e (!/c%ar$e T,e stora#e o. ree"s o. a er starts one +eter

.ro+ t,e *a"" to .or+ a s+a"" ais"e3 T,is s a(e *i"" $e eno-#, .or t,e assa#e

171




o. .ire e5tin#-is,ers in (ase o. .ire and .or dai"/ (,e()in# o. stora#e (onditions3

23 + 5 La e / T,e ree"s arri0e on tr-()s and are .irst de osited on

t,e #ro-nd to (,an#e t,e osition .ro+ 0erti(a" to ,ori!onta" and 0i(e<0ersa3 At

t,is oint2 t,e (,e()er +a)es t,e 0eri.i(ation o. +ar)s2 "ots and ,ei#,t

a((ordin# t,e "a$e" atta(,ed on t,e side3

23 + ) S"ac8!'$ A.ter identi.i(ation o. ea(, ree" o. a er2 t,e

o erator +-st ta)e ea(, t,e ree" to t,e ri#,t sta()3 T,e ree"s s,o-"d $e

a((-rate"/ "a/ered ti"" t,e +a5i+-+ ,ei#,t esta$"is,ed $/ t,e "an3

23 + ) + I'/ ec"!&' Bet*een ea(, t*o sta()s o. ree"s o. di..erent

$at(,es2 "ea0e a s a(e o. at "east ,a". +eter2 or t*o .eet2 to a""o* t,e assa#e o.

a erson .or 0eri.i(ation o. +eas-re and (o-ntin#3

23 + Dr!0er / L!ce'/e T,e .or)"i.t o erators +-st ,a0e ,is dri0e

"i(ense and s,o-"d )no* ro er"/ ,o* to ,and"e t,e (ontro"s o. t,e .or)"i.t or

("a+ s2 to #ra$ and re"ease2 to s in .or ,ori!onta" and 0erti(a" osition and a""t,e (ontro"s o..ered $/ t,e e -i +ent3 I. t,e o erator does not )no* ,o* to

o erate t,e (ontro"s ro er"/2 t,ere *i"" $e irre ara$"e da+a#e to t,e ree"4s

t-$es3 I. ,e is not s)i""ed eno-#,2 t,e de ositar/ s,o-"d as) .or anot,er dri0er3

23 e$e"a e O! T,e stora#e o. 0e#eta$"e oi" .o""o*s t,e sa.et/

standards o. .-e" oi"s3 T,e +eas-re+ent o. t,e .-e" tan) is +ade $/ +eter ta e

and $/ end-"-+ *it, rea#ents .or *ater3 T,e +eas-re+ent o. oi" tan)s(ontains a r-"e<dri0en $-o/ .or readin# t,e tonna#e (ontained on a di#ita" or

ana"o#i(a" #a-#e3 T,e o erations *it, 0e#eta$"e oi"s 7-st arri0ed to ter+ina" in

tan)<tr-()s and tan)<*a#ons ,a0e to #o to s(a"e .or #ross *ei#,t o. t,e "oaded

0e,i("es and a.ter -n"oadin#2 t,e e+ t/ 0e,i("es *i"" #o to s(a"e a#ain to #et t,e

17



Egberto F Ribeiro

net<*ei#,t and to re(ord t,e 0a"-es on t,e *ei#,t "ist o. 0e,i("es2 in Port-#-ese

t,at "ist is )no*n as Ro+aneio 3

S,i s .or #enera" (ar#o ,a0e tan)s .or trans ortation o. 0e#eta$"e oi"

and are asse+$"ed *it, ser entine needed to )ee ,i#, te+ erat-re .or t,e

trans ortation o. dense oi"s3 T,ese 0esse"s (arr/ dense rod-(ts s-(, as so/

"e(it,in2 or astes as a"+ oi" .or ind-stries o. +ar#arine3 I. t,e "ot is s+a""2 it

(an $e e+$edded in #enera" (ar#o s,i s *it, tan)s .or t,is )ind o. (ar#o3

S,i +ents o. 0e#eta$"e oi" (an $e dire(t"/ .ro+ t,e ter+ina" to t,e

s,i 2 or t,ro-#, tr-()<tan)ers3 T,e ter+ina" tan)s are ro0ided $/ #a-#es .or

+eas-re+ent +et,od to t,e re(ord t,e "e0e" $e.ore and a.ter ea(, *or) eriod3

T,e tan)s a$oard are se arated $/ oi" t/ e and tonna#e3 Di..erent orts o.

destination re(ei0e (ar#oes o. t,e sa+e rod-(t in a sa+e tan) and t,e tota"s

*i"" $e re(orded a((ordin# t,e Car#o P"an3

D-rin# t,e dire(t s,i +ent in tan)ers .or .-"" "oadin#2 t,ere is a"sot,e (,an#in# o. tan)s to )ee t,e sta$i"it/ o. t,e s,i 2 as in t,e #rain $-") (ar#o

"oadin# o eration3

23 1 M&&r!'$ &f S%! f&r e$e"a e O! 6 Be.ore t,e arri0a" o. t,e

s,i 2 t,e -a/ is ins e(ted to 0eri./ t,at t,e rai" "ines and (ranes *i"" not $e

-sed d-rin# t,e "oadin# *it, $o+$s on t,e -a/3 Ca-sed $/ t,e -se o. -+ s

and ,ose i es2 t,e +oorin# s,o-"d $e re.erentia"323 2 Ter#!'a ;!"% P! e !'e= T,e Ter+ina" .or 0e#eta$"e oi"s

+-st insta"" its net*or) t,ro-#, t,e -nder#ro-nd near$/ or .ar .ro+ t,e -a/2

.or dire(t s,i +ent *it, (onne(tors .or ,oses .ro+ t,e -a/3 T,is +et,od is

.aster2 sa.er and (,ea er3

17!




23 3 Ta'8 Tr.c8/ &r Ta'8 ;a$&'/= S,i +ents $/ E"e(tri(

-+ s (an $e atta(,ed dire(t"/ to t,e tr-() or *a#on2 $-t t,ere is t,e ris) o.

,ose o(("-sion3 To a0oid t,is2 -n"oad t,e oi" .ro+ tan) in an inter+ediate

(ontainer .or oi" to $e -+ ed a$oard3

23 4 O! .# / T,e (a a(it/ o. t,e -+ s in HP *i"" $e t,e $asis

.or t,e (,ar#es o. t,e ener#/ (ons-+ tion .or "oadin#3

23 5 D!rec" L&a(!'$ fr&# Ter#!'a = T,e $oardin# s/ste+ .or

dire(t -+ in# is si+i"ar to ."a++a$"e initia""/ i e"ine *i"" $e .i""ed *it,

*ater2 .o""o*ed $/ a se arator r-$$er 8 or)9 and t,e end2 t,e oi" -+ ed $/ t,e

ter+ina"3 In t,is s/ste+ a"so -ses a ta to 0eri./ assa#e o. *ater and oi"3

23 ) E ec"r&'!c *e!$%!'$ &f 0e%!c e/= Tr-()s and *a#ons (an $e

*ei#,ed at t,e ter+ina" o. oi"s $/ e"e(troni( s(a"es2 or at t,e ort area3 Modern

rai"*a/s -se s(a"es *it, re(ision on e"e(troni( *ei#,in# - to ::3 2 *it,int,e standards INMETRO3 In t,at *a/2 t,e -se o. in.or+ation $/ SMS

te(,no"o#/ to noti(e t,e e5 orters3 T,e "oadin# and *ei#,tin# on t,e sa+e rai"2

*,ere t,e train +o0es on s(a"e at t,e s eed o. %& )+=,o-r e"i+inates t,e

traditiona" .a(i"ities3

23 + *e!$%!'$ !' "%e O! Ter#!'a = Be/ond t,e *ei#,in# in t,e

s(a"e .or 0e,i("es enterin# into t,e ter+ina"2 t,e (ar#o *i"" $e (,e()ed $/readin# t,e (-$i( .oota#e re#istered $/ t,e di#ita" #a-#e3

23 Cer"!f!ca"e/= T,e ter+ina" a re(iate t,e +onitorin# and

Certi.i(ations $/ -$"i( de art+ents and Co+ anies o. Certi./in# Y-a"it/3

17"



Egberto F Ribeiro

23 6 Sec.r!" = T,e e+ "o/ees s,o-"d read (are.-""/ t,e "etters and

+ani.ests .ro+ t,e s,i $e.ore ,er arri0a"2 to $e s-re t,ere is no ."a++a$"e

(ar#oes on $oard or .or "oadin# in t,e .o""o*in# ort3

23 1: *e!$%!'$ L!/" &f e%!c e/ R&#a'e!& = T,is is t,e

*ei#,in# "ist o. 0e,i("es *,en arri0e or de art "oaded *it, #oods .or

e5 ortation and i+ ortation .or stora#e3 T,e 0e,i("e +-st arri0e *it, In0oi(e

and its o*n in.or+ation on $ar<(odes .or instant 0eri.i(ation3 T,e data

(ontained in t,is In0oi(e are t,e $asis .or asse+$"in# t,e ro#ra+ .or ea(,

(o+ an/3 T,e s(a"es ,a0e a-to+ated t,is re ort rintin# t,e "ist .or ea(,

(o+ an/ in t,e s/ste+ in<ti+e (o++-ni(ation t,ro-#, SMS or e<+ai"3 E0en

t,o-#,2 t,e s/ste+ is a-to+ated2 it doesn4t state t,e dis(,ar#e o. t,e rod-(ts2

*,i(, +-st ,a0e t,e re(ord o. t,e e5a(t ti+e o. entr/ and e5it3 An/ di..eren(e

in t,e ti+e o. dis(,ar#e s,o-"d $"o() t,e *ei#,in# o eration3 ns(r- -"o-s

ter+ina"s2 *ei#, tr-()s and *a#ons "oaded and re+o0e t,e+ to ot,er *are,o-ses3 A.ter t,e dis(,ar#e2 t,e tr-()s and *a#ons ret-rn to t,e re0io-s

*are,o-se and (o+ "ete t,e *ei#,in# as i. t,e/ ,ad dis(,ar#ed in t,e .irst

*are,o-se3 T,e iss-an(e o. SMS re ort to t,e e5 orter +a/ inti+idate t,ose

(ri+ina"s3 T,is is t,e reason to (,e() t,e s(,ed-"ed ti+e o. *ei#,in#2 not on"/

t,e (ar#oes3 Co+ are t,e ti+e t,e ter+ina" s ent to *ei#, /o-r (ar#oes2 *it,

t,e ti+e s ent $/ ot,ers (o+ anies2 in t,e sa+e da/ and eriod3 W,en too+an/ e5 "anations are #i0en2 *it,o-t t,e .-nda+enta" tr-t,2 (,an#e

i++ediate"/ t,e *are,o-se2 or si"os or orts3

175




24 CONTAINER S TERMINAL

Re(ei t and de"i0er/ o. sea"ed (ontainers or "oose (ar#o +-st $e

t,ro-#, a (o+ -teri!ed s/ste+ insta""ed at t,e #ates and a((ess Sis(o+e5 to

re"ease (on.ir+ation3 T,e sta.. *or)in# at t,e #ates s,o-"d )no* a"" t,ese

ro(ed-res3 T,e (ontro" at t,e #ate is t,e +ost .ra#i"e ste o. t,e internationa"

trade2 so it4s a"*a/s atta()ed $/ .ra-d-"ent ersons3 T,ere is no *a/ to re(ei0e

(ar#o or e+ t/ (ontainers *it,o-t re#istration in Sis(o+e5 or a-t,ori!ation

(ards *it, t,e RFB3 T,e (ontainers +-st $e (ontro""ed $/ $ar<(ode3 Wit, t,e

insta""ation o. ne* e -i +ent at t,e orts2 /o- (an +-"ti "/ se0era" ti+es t,e

(-rrent dri0e2 *,i(, in ast /ears Parana#-a *ere on a0era#e a"+ost t*o

,-ndred t,o-sand TE s3 Ha0in# a $etter o"iti(a" s- ort t,at de.inite"/ re"ease $arriers o. .orei#n trade2 ea(, orts *i"" rea(, -i()"/ t,e +ar) o. one +i""ion

TE s er /ear3

For t,e (-rrent t*o ,-ndred t,o-sand TE s in %&&12 t,ere *as

a ro5i+ate"/ '2 ;& TE s er *ee) or ;;& TE s er da/ or '& TE s er ,o-r

176



Egberto F Ribeiro

at ti+es not rationa"i!ed3 Ho*e0er2 i. o erations o((-r on"/ d-rin# re#-"ar

,o-rs2 *o-"d ,a0e a ,-#e tra..i(2 $e(a-se a nor+a" /ear *it, % ; da/s o.

t*e"0e ,o-rs or ' %& ,o-rs2 or near"/ one (ontainer er se(ond3 Considerin#

t,e +o0e+ent o. (ontainers and .or do not .or#et t,eir (ontent2 )no*in# t,at

too +an/ (ontainers are LCL3 In t,is (ase2 t,ere are a ro5i+ate"/ .i0e B=Ls

er (ontainer t,at *i"" +-"ti "/ .i0e ti+es t,e +o0e+ent o. 0e,i("es t,ro-#,

t,e #ates3 In a #ross (a"(-"ation2 .or nor+a" ,o-rs o. *or)2 *i"" ,a0e one

t,o-sand de"i0eries3 Ho* +an/ #ates *i"" $e needed .or a .-t-re so nearK

Ca"(-"ate to add t,e "en#t, o. sta/ o. ea(, (ontainer in t,e ter+ina"3

I. ea(, (ontainer .or e5 ort sta/s .or t*o da/s2 and ana"/!in# ninet/<t*o

t,o-sand TE s .or e5 ort in a /ear2 t,ere *as an a0era#e o. ;11 TE s er da/3

M-"ti "/in# t,ese (ontainers $/ .i0e or ten2 *,at *i"" $e t,e ade -ate area in

s -are +etersK Ana"/!in# t,e area .or i+ ort (ontainers2 *e +-st (onsider

se0era" .a(tors t,at in(rease t,e seasona" sta/ o. i+ orts3 Stri)es at orts2(,an#es in (-rren(/ 0a"-es or ins-..i(ient ta5 are t,e +ost (riti(a" (ases3 I. *e

(onsider 1& da/s o. sta/ .or i+ orts2 t,e no+ina" (a a(it/ o. ;&&& TE s to

t,ree ,i#,2 di0ide $/ t,e da/s o. t,e /ear2 ea(, TE dai"/ sta/s '?;=1&2 or '?

eriods +-"ti "ied $/ ;&&& e -a"s 1 &2&&& TE s er /ear3 I. t,ere are

ins-..i(ient "a(es *e (an -se ne* areas or to rise t,e e -i +ents and sta()s -

to si5 ,i#,3 Ho*e0er2 *e (an not on"/ +eas-re t,e ,ar$or2 $-t a"" ter+ina"s t,ato erate *it, (ontainers3 T,e "a() o. (ontro" in t,e re(ei t or de"i0er/ o.

(ontainers2 e+ t/ or "oaded (an $e t,e (a-se o. *ron# de"i0eries3 T,e "a() o.

(ontro" (an "ead t,e ter+ina" to ass-+e .or .a-"ts o((-rred in ot,er "a(es2 or

se0era" ot,er serio-s ro$"e+s on"/ $/ ne#"i#en(e o. t,e ter+ina"3

177




25 - TRA TAINER

T,e na+e Tra/tainer +eans a tra/ .or (ontainer2 *,i(, is a stee"

"at.or+ to *or) as a (odi.ied inter.a(e to $e +o0ed $/ dia+a#neti( .ie"d on

"anes .or trans ortation o. (ontainers2 +a(,ines2 (ar#oes and 0e,i("es3 It is

+ade o. stee" in a ."at s,a e si+i"ar to t,ose e5istin# in (ontainers2 stron#eno-#, to $ear t,irt/ tons *it, ei#,t "o()ers to $"o() t*o %&4 (ontainers or one

&4 (ontainer3 T,e Tra/tainer +eas-res &2%;+ ,i#,2 %2 ;+ *ide and 1%2%;+

"on#3 T,e Tra/tainer is ro0ided o. (orners o enin# .or t*ist<"o()s to atta(, on

(,assis2 it4s sta()a$"e in t,e s,i 4s s,e".2 ter+ina" or on ea(, ot,er3 T,is s/ste+

se(-res t,e (ontainers $/ e"e(tro+a#nets2 so it does not need "as,in#

e -i +ents as "as,in# $ars2 (,ains2 *ires2 do-$"e sta()in# (ones2 nor t*ist<"o()s on $oard o. s,i s3 T,e s,e"0es ,a0e sensors to "o() t,e Tra/tainers $/

e"e(tro+a#nets on stee" $ase o. t,e $otto+ rai"s o. t,e "anes3

T,e Tra/tainer ,as a s/ste+ o. "e0itation $/ % e"e(tro+a#nets or

er+anent +a#net o. 1)# ea(, one *it, Nort, o"e atta(,ed at t,e side o. t,e

$otto+ rai" and t,e So-t, o"e is atta(,ed in t,e +idd"e3 T,e dia+a#neti(

178



Egberto F Ribeiro

s/ste+ is t,e "o*est (ost $ene.it o..ered $/ its .ast and .-"" a-to+ated

o eration3 T,e dia+a#neti( ie(es are stron# eno-#, to raise 12'&& ti+es $/

ea(, one i"o#ra+3

E"e(tri(a" Wire"ess3 T,e e"e(tri(a" s/ste+ (an $e +ade $/ (oi"s .ed

$/ $atteries3 As t,e ."oatin# distan(e $et*een t,e Tra/tainer o0er t,e "ane is

near 1&(+ 8t,ree in(,es92 t,e *ire"ess s/ste+ (an .eed t,e (oi"s3

Loadin# Ca a(it/3 T,e Tra/tainer is a$"e to (arr/ t*o TE s> one

(ontainer o. &42 or t*o (ontainers o. %&42 or .o-r (ontainers o. 1&43

Dri0in#3 T,e Tra/tainer ,as +a#neti( (oi"s .or "inear tra(tion at .o-r

dire(tions 8.or*ard2 $a()*ard2 ri#,t and "e.t93

Se(-re (orners3 T,ere are ei#,t +a#neti( "o()s on (orners and

+idd"e .or "o()in# t,e Tra/tainer inside t,e s,e"0es in s,i s2 in t,e re<

sta()in#2 in a (ontainer ter+ina" or Inter+oda" or on a (,assis3

Sta()a$"e3 W,en t,e Tra/tainers are e+ ties2 t,e e"e(tro+a#net"o()s at t,e (orner (an se(-re t,e -nits on re<sta()in#2 on s,i 4s $oard and one

a$o0e ea(, ot,er .or stora#e o. e+ ties -nit/3

Ener#/ Cons-+ tion3 T,e +a#neti( "o()s *or) in (ontin-o-s

(-rrent at "o* 0o"ta#e and are -sed .or sa.et/ and "o* (ost2 $e(a-se (an $e .ed

$/ $atter/ re(,ar#ed an/ti+e in its $a/s3

T,e Tra/tainer (an $e #-ided $/ t,e (ontro" (enter *it, de.inedro-te on "anes2 *,ose er+anent +a#nets *i"" $e .rost to #i0e "e0itation on

dia+a#neti( +attress3 T,e Tra/tainer +a/ ,a0e its ro-te (,an#ed $/ re0ersi$"e

)e/s to a ne* "ane .o""o*in# an/ti+e t,e ."o*in# o. Tra/tainers to .or*ard2

$a()*ard2 ri#,t side2 "e.t side2 "o()ed2 -n"o()ed2 re0erse or to sto 3 To sto a

179





Egberto F Ribeiro

side o. t,e -nit/3

%;313' Be.ore st-..in# it is sent to e"e(troni( ."at s(a"e .or *ei#,in#2

.o""o*in# a.ter to t,e .a(tor/ .or st-..in#3

%;313 T,e (ontainer4s door<si"" *i"" $e %;(+ ,i#,er t,an nor+a"3

A.ter st-..in#2 t,e (,assis *it, t,e &4 (ontainer "oaded on a Tra/tainer is sent

$a() to t,e s(a"e2 *,en *i"" ,a0e its e+ t/ *ei#,t ded-(ed .ro+ its #ross

*ei#,t to ,a0e )no*n its (ar#o net *ei#,t2 t,e ti()et *i"" $e send to t,e

ter+ina"3 8T,e tr-e *ei#,t is +andator/93

%;313; It4s .ast t,e o eration to st-.. t,e (ontainer *it, Tra/tainer on

(,assis3 A.ter st-..in#2 t,e (ontainer is ("osed and sea"ed .or *ei#,in#3

%;313? T,e (ontainer (an $e "i.ted $/ s reader and "aid on t,e ."oor3

A.ter st-..in#2 t,e (ontainer is ("osed2 sea"ed and "oaded on t,e Tra/tainer3

25 2 H&; "& ./e a Tra "a!'er f&r ";& 2: c&'"a!'er/

%;3%31 To ass-re sa.et/ a#ainst ro$$er/ and t,e sea"4s rote(tion2 t,e-nits +-st $e "aid on t,e Tra/tainer *it, t,e doors to t,e +idd"e3 8+o-t, to

+o-t,93

%;3%3% To "i.t a set o. t*o (ontainers and Tra/tainer is ossi$"e *it,

Transtainer .or do-$"e s read atta(,ed to a"" (ontainer4s "o()ers3

%;3%3' T,e .or)"i.t .or '&ton (an o.."oad one %&4 (ontainers ea(, ti+e

$/ its o()ets or *it, s reader325 3 Re/"r!c"!&' , T& e'( a Tra "a!'er /#a/%e/ "%e c&! /

%;3'31 Do not "i.t $/ (rane *it, $ea+ and stee" (a$"es *it, ,oo)s in

.o-r (orners o. t*o %&4 (ontainer4s2 it *i"" $end t,e Tra/tainer3

%;3'3% Do not "i.t - t*o %&4 (ontainers .ro+ a Tra/tainer *it,

181




s reader .or one (ontainer o. &42 it *i"" $end t,e Tra/tainer3

%;3'3' Do not "i.t - t*o (ontainers *it, s reader $/ t,e +idd"e

"o()ers2 it *i"" $end t,e Tra/tainer3

%;3'3 Do not "i.t - t*o (ontainers o. %&4 *it, s reader on &4

osition2 it *i"" $end t,e Tra/tainer3

%;3'3; Do not o.."oad or "i.t - t,e Tra/tainer *it, .or)"i.t $/ its "o*

ane"2 on"/ $/ e"e(tro+a#neti( de0i(es in t,e +idd"e and at t,e (orners3

%;3'3? T,e da+a#es (a-sed $/ +is-se *i"" $e aid $/ -ser3

25 4- H&; "& &a( ";& 2: c&'"a!'er/ &' Tra "a!'er=

%;3 31 T,e e+ t/ Tra/tainer is ta)en .ro+ sta()in# and "oaded on a

(,assis2 "o()ed on .o-r (orners and sent to a ."at s(a"e to #et t,e tare3

%;3 3% T*o e+ ties (ontainers o. %&4 re -ested a((ordin# t,e -ser

needs are ta)en .ro+ t,e sta()in# and "oaded on t,e Tra/tainer3

%;3 3' Noti(e t,at t,e sea (ontainer and Tra/tainer ,a0e tare and+a5 (ar#o *ei#,t ainted on .ront ane"s2 ,o*e0er to #et t,e (orre(t #ross

*ei#,t *it, (ar#oes2 on"/ a.ter *ei#,in#3

25 5 H&; "& /".ff ";& .'!"!>e( 2: c&'"a!'er/ FCL FCL

%;3;31 T,e Tra/tainer on (,assis is "oaded *it, t*o %&4 e+ ties

(ontainers to "oad t,e sa+e "ot3 T,e (ontainers (an $e ordered on t,e Tra/tainer

*it, doors to .ront and $a()2 .or st-..in# dire(t"/ on t,e (,assis3%;3;3% T,e (,assis is sent to a s(a"e to #et t,e net *ei#,t o. t,e

-niti!ed set o. (,assis> t*o e+ ties (ontainers and one Tra/tainer3

%;3;3' T,e arri0a" at t,e .a(tor/ .or st-..in# as "anned> e5 orter2 "ot2

ort o. destination2 *ei#,t and $-/er3

18






o. destination3

%;3?31 Containers .or transs,i +ent LCL=LCL arri0e on (,assis at a

(ontainer ter+ina"2 Inter+oda"2 or H B ort6

%;3?3% T,e tr-()s and (ontainers are identi.ied2

%;3?3' T,e tr-()s and (ontainers are s(anned $/ orta" o. 5<ra/2

%;3?3 T,e tr-()s dri0es s"o*"/ on a ."at s(a"e .or *ei#,in#2

%;3?3; T,e tr-()s sto s a"on#side t,e "oadin# s,e". "ane3

%;3?3? T,e (ontainers are identi.ied and "i.ted $/ s reader and "a(ed

on t,e de.ined Tra/tainer *it, its doors a#ainst doors2 "o()ed and dri0en $/

"anes to its (odi.ied re<sta()in# and sto s inside t,e s,e". on t,e "ane

a((ordin# t,e orders6 s,i 2 *ei#,t2 tier2 ro* and ort o. destination3

%;3?3 T,e Tri "e<e s,i s arri0es2 "oads and sai"s to t,e H-$ ort o.

destination and ro(eeds t,e dis(,ar#e3

%;3?3 I. t,e .eeder is +oored2 t,e Tra/tainer is dri0en to t,e .irst.eeder2 *,ere t,e identi.ied (ontainer *it, )no*n *ei#,t is -n"o()ed and ta)en

on $oard3 I. t,e .eeder is not +oored2 t,e (ontainer *i"" $e sent to a #antr/<

(rane to $e (,an#ed to a ne* Tra/tainer in t,e re<sta()in# .or t,at *aited

.eeder3

%;3?3: T,e Tra/tainer is dri0en to t,e se(ond .eeder to $e "oaded $/

s,i to s,ore #antr/ (rane3 T,e identi.ied (ontainer *it, )no*n *ei#,t is-n"o()ed and ta)en o-t o. t,e Tra/tainer and t,e (ontainer is "oaded on $oard3

T,e e+ t/ Tra/tainer #oes .or sta()in#3

T,e Tra/tainer is a reso-r(e o. t,e +et,od o. -niti!ation and *as

idea"i!ed to $e -sed $/ Tri "e<e s,i s in H-$ Ports3 B-t it is a"so s-ita$"e .or

18"







Egberto F Ribeiro

road or rai" +-st $e on sa.e ,ei#,t .or do not $e $"o()ed $/ ersons or ani+a"s3

For 0e,i("e trans ortation2 t,e -ser *i"" a/ a to"" and "oad ,is (ar on a

Tra/tainer2 *,i"e t,e (o+ an/ o*ner o. t,e s/ste+ does t,e trans ortation3 T,e

-ser (an send ,is 0e,i("e in one da/ to a de.ined (it/2 in t,e .o""o*in# da/ or

*ee)2 ,e ."ies to t,at (it/2 *,ere ,is (ar *aits .or ,i+3 T,is is a sa.e tri 2

*it,o-t t,e ris) o. a((idents2 stress and #eneratin# e(ono+/ on .-e"

(ons-+ tion and t,e (onse -ent red-(tion o. its ri(e3 T,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/

to trans ort 0e,i("es *it, assen#ers tro-#, do*nto*n2 $-t .or "on# tri s2 it

*i"" $e a0ai"a$"e *it, sto s3

25 12 A Tra "a!'er/ are free W,en a ree.er is "aid on a

Tra/tainer2 its (a$"e is (onne(ted to t,e ener#/ s- "/3 W,en t,e Tra/tainer

enters and sto s on its "ane in t,e s,e".2 t,e (onne(tion .or ener#/ s- "/ is

done a-to+ati(a""/3 T,ere are do-$"e set o. ener#/ (onne(tors2 $e(a-se t,e

Tra/tainer ,as do-$"e .ront2 ea(, one (an $e (onne(ted .or a"" (ontro"s3 T,ereare (a+eras insta""ed near t,e Tra/tainers .or readin# o. t,e (ontainer n-+$ers

to $e (,e()ed $/ o erators3 It *i"" ,a en on store</ard2 re<sta()in# and on

$oard to $e seen t,ro-#, a *e$ site3 T,e (onne(tors .or ener#/ s- "/ insta""ed

at t,e s,e". .or ree.ers o..ers re orts o. t,e (ontainers4 *or)in# ti+e2 .or t,e

o erator #et t,e (orre(t in.or+ation o. t,e ener#/ (ons-+ tion3 T,e Tra/tainer

data trans+ission *,en s"idin# on t,e "anes are $/ radio *it, antennas insta""edin a"" s,e"0es3

25 13 H&; "& ;&r8 ;!"% Cr &$e'!c S /"e#

T,e Tra/tainers +o0ed $/ (r/o#eni( s/ste+ ,as so+e (are to $e

ta)en $e.ore t,e +o0e+ent to $e#in t,e o eration on a de.ined tier and ro*6

187




%;31'31 31 T,e (entra" o. o eration *i"" read t,e -n"oadin# (ar#o

"ane in t,e (o+ -ter s(reen t,e tra()s .ro+ t,e Tri "e<e s,i 3

%;31'31 3% T,e Tri "e<e s,i ,as t*ent/ tra()s *it, di..erent (o"ors

.or ea(, .eeder4s s,e".3

%;31'31 3' Ea(, "e0e" o. tier ,as (o"ors .ro+ "o*er to - er2 .ro+

dar)er to "i#,ter (o"ors3

%;31'31 3 C,e() t,e "inear +otor .or*ard and $a()*ard3

%;31'31 3; O en t,e "i -id nitro#en .or t,e +a#nets o. t,e ordered

"ane *it, t*ent/ Tra/tainers to .ree!e ti"" t,e (orre(t te+ erat-re3

%;31'31 3? C,e() t,e ei#,t "o()s2 one side ea(, ti+e3

%;31'31 3 T,e (orre(t te+ erat-re o. t,e dia+a#neti( on t,e "ane

starts t,e order to -n"o() t,e Tra/tainers and to +o0e t,e+ to t,e $rid#e3

%;31'31 3 A.ter -n"oadin# t*ent/ Tra/tainers .ro+ $ot, ro*s2

$e#ins t,e "oadin# .ro+ t,e re<sta()in# to .i"" t,e e+ t/ ro*s3A"" tests are done a-to+ati(a""/2 i. e5ists an/ +a".-n(tion2 a"" t,e

"ane *i"" sto 3 I. t,e tests are in order2 a"" t*ent/ Tra/tainers *i"" $e -n"oaded

to t,e .eeder4s re<sta()in# *it, t,e "i#,t (o"or o. t,e ,i#,er tier3 T,is is t,e

ro(ed-re .or a"" tiers3

T,e i+ "e+entation o. ("i <on (ontainers in t,e s,e"0es2 *,ere t,ere

is "i -id nitro#en distri$-ted in t-$es o..ers .ast .ree!in# and -i() "oadin# o. -nits3 T,ere are so+e t,o-sand (onne(tors .or ("i <on (ontainers on Tra/tainers

Tra/tainers3 T,e s,e"0es on $oard and on ter+ina"s *i"" $e (o0ered .or

rote(tion o. t,e (ontainers a#ainst s-n ,eatin#3

188



Egberto F Ribeiro

25 14 T%e S%e f S /"e#

T,e S,e". S/ste+ is a stee" or (on(rete str-(t-re to insta"" t,e "anes

*,ere t,e Tra/tainer *i"" s"ide on3 T,e 0erti(a" str-(t-re ,as t,ree $ea+s I

(onne(ted $/ stee" $ars .or s- ortin# t*o ro*s o. (era+i( er+anent +a#nets

*it, t,e nort, o"e at t,e o-tside and t,e so-t, o"e insta""ed in t,e +idd"e2

$et*een $ot, $ea+s I 3 T,e (era+i( er+anent +a#net *i"" $e insta""ed on

t,e "ane and .rost $/ "i -id Nitro#en distri$-ted $/ t-$es2 *it,o-t to "ose in t,e

air a sin#"e "itter3 T,is s,o-"d $e t,e +ost e(ono+i( and ad0an(ed s/ste+ o.

"e0itation in t,e *or"d3 T,e e"e(tri( (oi"s .or "inear tra(tion are on t,e s-r.a(e o.

t,e "ane2 $e"o* t,e Tra/tainer and ,a0e s eed (ontro""ed $/ sensors3

T,e stee" str-(t-re (an $e asse+$"ed to o erate in e0er/ ort *it,

(ontainer ter+ina"2 on $oard o. s,i s as Las,2 Ro""<on=Ro""<o..2 .err/ $oats2

Me#a s,i s2 .eeders and se0era" ot,er 0esse"s *it, *ide ,o"ds and "ar#e $a()

doors2 t,ro-#, *,ere t,e Tra/tainers *i"" enter and "ea0e t,e s,i (arr/in# ore+inera"s2 (ontainers2 0e,i("es et(3 T,e +o0e+ent o. Tra/tainers .ro+ ter+ina"

to a s,i at sea ort2 ri0er or "a)e are done t,ro-#, a $rid#e2 *,ose o eration

+-st o$e/ t,e 0esse"4s sta$i"it/3

T,e dia+a#neti( "ane ,as (era+i( +a#nets to $e .rost $/ "i -id

nitro#en to e"e0ate t,e Tra/tainer - to 1&(+ to s"ide .ree o. rai"s or (a$"es3

T,is is a *a/ to reser0e t,e (ontainer inte#rit/ and its (ar#oes *it,o-ts,a)in#3

T,e S,e". S/ste+ ,as ,ori!onta" "anes +ade o. stee" *it, se aration

at t,e side and +idd"e .or do not retain *ater and to red-(e *ei#,3 T,e

dia+a#neti( e..e(t #ra$s t,e Tra/tainer2 $-t it needs #-ard rai"s .or rote(tion3

189




T,e Tra/tainers *i"" s"ide s+oot,"/2 e0en *,en ,as to do t,e (,an#in# o. "anes

as on a ,i#,*a/3 T,e #-ide is t,e dia+a#neti( .ie"d intensit/ .ro+ $ot,

+a#nets on t,e "ane and -nder t,e Tra/tainer2 *,i(, -s,es t,e -nit/ to t,e

+idd"e o. t,e "ane #i0in# sa.e r-n o0er t,e stee" str-(t-re3

T,e Tra/tainer is t,e inter.a(e o. t,e S,e". S/ste+ *,i(, *or)s 0er/

*e"" o0er ,ori!onta" "anes and is a"so se(-re to #o - and do*n $/ in("inin#

ra+ s *it, an#"e no ,i#,er t,an 1; 3 Ho*e0er2 t,e +o0e+ent - and do*n in

a s,e". (an a"so $e done $/ e"e0ators3 T,e a0era#e s eed o. ea(, Tra/tainer on

a "ane is .ro+ 1&)+=, to 1;)+=,2 a((ordin# t,e tier .or ,ea0/ or "o*

(ontainers3 T,at s eed are eno-#, to (ross ;&&+ in t*o or t,ree +in-tes to a

re<sta()in#2 read/ to #o on $oard o. .eeder s,i s3 T,e S,e". S/ste+ is a

(o+ "e5 inter.a(e t,at o erates t,ro-#, t,e s,e"0es .ro+ t,e Tri "e<E s,i 2 to

t,e $rid#e and to a de.ined re<sta()in#2 or to se0era" re<sta()in# o. .eeders at

t,e sa+e ti+e3 T,e $rid#e *or)s $et*een t,e re<sta()in#2 t,e Tri "e<e s,i sand t,e .eeders3

T,e Ma#neti( S/ste+ *,i(, +o0es t,e Tra/tainer ,as a "e0itation

+attress #enerated $/ Per+anent +a#nets atta(,ed in t,e Tra/tainer3 T,e

"o()ers are t-rned on $/ e"e(tro+a#neti( s/ste+ .ed $/ $atteries2 $e(a-se it (an

$e "o()ed and -n"o()ed $/ t,e (enter o. o eration and are se(-re reso-r(e .or

sta()in# t,e e+ ties -nits3T,e s- er(ond-(tors .or "e0itation are er+anent +a#nets +ade o.

(era+i( rare eart,3 T,e set is atta(,ed on t,e "ane and t,e e"e(tro+a#nets are

atta(,ed $e""o* t,e Tra/tainer3 T,e (enter o. (ontro" +o0es and (ontro"s t,e

"inear +otor s eed2 o*er and dire(tion3 T,e Ma#neti( S/ste+ ,as $een

190



Egberto F Ribeiro

a "ied s-((ess.-""/ in se0era" (o-ntries .or assen#ers trans ortation2 t,is

ro7e(t is .or (ar#oes as (ontainers and 0e,i("es3

Ve,i("es *it, si!e s+a""er t,an t,e Tra/tainer (an $e "o()ed to

trans ort *or)ers2 0isitors and te(,ni(ians to insta"" or re air arts3 A.ter t,e

tri 2 t,e 0e,i("e "ea0es t,e Tra/tainer and (an #o a*a/3 Me(,ani(a"

+aintenan(e is not e5 e(ted to $e 0er/ o.ten2 $-t e"e(tri(a" (oi"s and (a$"es

+-st $e ("ean $/ a s e(ia" (ar .or ("eanin#3 T,e Tra/tainer +-st r-n .ree o.

o$sta("es on t,e "ane2 *,ere t,e s-r.a(e o. t,e +a#neti( +attress +-st $e ("ean

$/ $roo+ and 0a(--+ a.ter e0er/ end o. *or) and ins e(ted at t,e $e#innin#

o. o eration3 T,e insta""ation +-st $e rote(ted a#ainst ani+a"s2 ,-+idit/2

$ro)en t-$es2 s+as,ed "anes2 "oosen (oi"s and to rote(t t,e (a$"es a#ainst

t,ie0es et(3

Toda/2 t,e (ontainers on $oard o. s,i s are "aid one o0er t,e ot,er in

a s/ste+ o. 0erti(a" dra*er *it, rai"s3 T,e +o0e+ent o. *a0es -nder $ad*eat,er (a-ses a se -en(e o. - s and do*ns on t,e 0esse"3 W,en a *a0e "i.ts

- t,e .ore(ast"e2 it -s,es t,e (ontainers - *ards $/ t,e rai"s3 In .e* se(onds2

t,e - er (ontainers .a"" on t,ose on "o*er tiers3 A.ter t*o da/s o. $ad *eat,er2

so+e (ontainers *i"" $e s+as,ed and t,e (ar#oes *i"" $e "ost3 W,en it ,a ens

on de()2 t,e (ontainers are s+as,ed to one +eter and a ,a".2 it re"ease t,e stee"

(a$"es and t,e entire sta() o. (ontainers t-rns aside and .a""s do*n into sea2(a-sin# "ost o. (ar#oes3 T,is is a serio-s ris) and too dan#ero-s .or na0i#ation2

t,e *orst is t,at it is t,e res onsi$"e o. t,e #enera" in(reases on t,e (ost o. t,e

ins-ran(es3

191




25 15 P&r" O era"!&' f&r F. -c&'"a!'er/

Con0entiona" s,i s o erate *it, a #antr/ (rane a"on#side t,e s,i 2

-n"oadin# and "oadin# $a/ a.ter $a/3 T,e si!e o. a $a/ is t,e sa+e on e0er/

s,i 2 t,e di..eren(es are on t,e *idt, and ,ei#,t o. ea(, $a/3 T,e $a/4s

(odi.i(ation is a se -en(e o. 0erti(a" dra*ers *it, t,e si!e o. &4 and %&4

(ontainers (o-nted .ro+ t,e s,i 4s .ore(ast"e to stern3 T,e $a/s .or (ontainers

,a0e t,e sa+e n-+$er inside t,e ,o"d and on t,e de()3 T,e $a/s are n-+$ered

on se -en(e order 12 '2 ;333 .or ea(, sea (ontainer o. %&4 and t,e se -en(e order

o. %2 2 ?333 .or ea(, sea (ontainer o. &43 TE +eans one (ontainer o. %&4 and

one (ontainer o. &4 +eans t*o TE s3 Re+e+$er .or do not "a/ t*o %&4 o0er

one &4 (ontainer3

%;31;31 Codi.i(ation3 Ea(, "e0e" o. t,e sta() o. (ontainer is a tier

and are (o-nted in di..erent "e0e"s2 in t,e ,o"ds and on t,e de()3 T,e tiers in t,e

,o"ds are (o-nted .ro+ t*o and t*o as &%2 & 2 &?333 T,e n-+$ers o. tiers $e#in.ro+ t,e (enter o. t,e ,o"d and de()2 "oo)in# .ro+ stern to .ore(ast"e3 Into t,e

,o"d2 t,e tiers are odd n-+$ers &12 &'2 &;333 are .or (ontainers at star$oard or

ri#,t side2 and t,e e0en n-+$ers &%2 & 2 &?333 are .or (ontainers at ort side or

"e.t3 On t,e de() "e0e"2 t,e tiers are a"so (o-nted .ro+ t*o and t*o2 $-t t,e

e0en n-+$ers $e#in on %2 2 ?333 and t,e odd n-+$ers on 12 '2 ;2

333T,e (enter o. t,e ,at(, (o0er ,as t,e (ode &&3%;31;3% Se -en(e3 T,e orts a"*a/s ,a0e redo+inant (ar#oes and

*ei#,ts and +-st ,a0e statisti(a" ana"/sis to ens-re t,e (orre(t distri$-tion .or

ea(, tier in t,e s,e"0es at t,e ort3 T,e a(t-a" rea"it/ in e(ono+/ ,as (,an#ed

a"" statisti(a" data and to re are a re<sta()in# +-st $e a.ter a sto*a#e "an

19



Egberto F Ribeiro

#i0en $/ t,e s,i 4s A#ent2 or $/ t,e ter+ina"4s so.t*are3

%;31;3' Hea0/ (ar#oes3 T,e (are *it, (ontainers "oaded *it, ,ea0/

*ei#,t (ar#oes +-st $e ositioned in t,e "o*ers &% to &? tiers in t,e ,o"ds3 T,is

,ei#,t (an $e (,an#ed a((ordin# ea(, ort o. dis(,ar#e3

%;31;3 Medi-+ (ar#oes3 Containers "oaded *it, (ar#oes at a

+edi-+ *ei#,t *i"" $e ositioned on t,e ,at(,<(o0er .ro+ & 21& and % to

tiers3

%;31;3; Li#,t (ar#oes3 Containers "oaded *it, (ar#oes at a "o*

*ei#,t or e+ ties *i"" $e "oaded .ro+ t,e tier ? to :& or ,i#,er t,an t,at3

%;31;3? T,e Port O eration3 It is de.ined a((ordin# t,e s,i 4s si!e2

*ei#, and e -i"i$ri-+ to or#ani!e t,e re<sta()in# .or si+-"taneo-s *or) on

se0era" ro*s2 e0en *,en a +e(,ani(a" tro-$"e sto s a .or)"i.t3 T,e "oadin# *i""

$e a((ordin# t,e n-+$ers o. ro*s on ea(, 0esse" and a((ordin# t,e "annin# $/

t,e 0esse"4s A#ent or $/ t,e ort "anners to #i0e sa.e na0i#ation3 T,e (e""s are(are.-""/ ana"/!ed 0er/ $e.ore t,e s,i 4s arri0a"2 *,en is (a"(-"ated ,er ETD

8Esti+ated Ti+e o. De art-re93 It +eans t,at des ite o. t,e s,i does not ,a0e

/et arri0ed2 t,e o erators )no* e5a(t"/ t,e da/ and ,o-r s,e *i"" $e de"i0ered3

T,e -n"oadin# and "oadin# se -en(e .o""o* t,e (ontainer4s *ei#,2 si!e and

orts o. destination3

T,e o eration o. a .-""<(ontainer ,a ens on"/ to arts o. t,e tota"(ar#o on $oard2 so+eti+es on"/ %& .ro+ t,e tota" *i"" $e dis(,ar#ed and t,e

sa+e -antit/ .or "oadin#3 T,is )ind o. s,i ,as se0era" orts to "ea0e

(ontainers and to ta)e ot,ers3 T,e $e#innin# o. t,e o eration is +andator/ to

ta)e o-t a"" stee" (a$"es and to re"ease a"" t*ist<"o()ers to "et t,e (ontainers .ree

19!




$e.ore -n"oadin#3 Se0era" a((idents ,a en 0er/ o.ten *,en t,e t*ist<"o()ers

or (a$"es are not ta)en o-t3 To $e#in t,e o eration -n"oadin# a"" t,e - er tier

.ro+ $ot, sides o. t,e $a/> .ro+ star$oard and ort<side2 in dire(tion to (enter2

.ro+ t,e - er tier to t,e ,at(,<(o0er2 *,i(, is -n"oaded to -a/2 *,en t,e

,o"d is o en to -n"oad t,e (ontainers into t,e ,o"ds3

A.ter t,e -n"oadin# $e#ins t,e "oadin#2 .ro+ t,e (enter to $ot, sides

and "oadin# a"" tiers and a"" ro*s ti"" .inis, t,e ,o"d and to ("ose t,e ,at(,<

(o0er3 T,e .o""o*in# (ontainers are "oaded on t,e ,at(,<(o0er and de()2 .ro+

t,e (enter to $ot, sides ti"" t,e - er tier2 *,en t,e #antr/ (rane is +o0ed to t,e

ne5t $a/3 T,e (a"(-"ations o. a"" t,at o eration is done a"*a/s $e.ore t,e s,i 4s

arri0a" and +-st o$e/ t,e order o. riorit/ to .inis, a"" #antr/ (ranes o eration

in t,e sa+e ti+e2 no +ore t,an 1; +in-tes .ro+ t,e .irst (rane to t,e "ast3 W,en

t,ere are se0era" (ontainers to -n"oad or to "oad in t,e sa+e ,o"d2 it is ne(essar/

to "a(e anot,er #antr/ (rane to a((e"erate t,e o eration to a"" #antr/ (ranes.inis, to#et,er t,e o eration3

A $ad (ar#o "an is *,en t,e on"/ one (ontainer to -n"oad .ro+ a

$a/ is into t,e ,o"d3 To e5e(-te s-(, o eration is ne(essar/ to re+o0e near one

,-ndred (ontainers .ro+ t,e ,at(, to o en t,e ,at(,<(o0er to -n"oad t,e desired

(ontainer and to "oad a#ain t,e (ontainers re+o0ed3 To re+o0e (ontainers

+eans to do a do-$"e *or)2 to -n"oad and to "oad a#ain3 Considerin# t,e ti+eo. '& TE s er ,o-r2 *i"" $e s ent si5 ,o-rs o. *or)2 on"/ to dis(,ar#e one

(ontainer3 W,en t*o or t,ree (ontainers *ere "oaded in t,e ,o"d $/ +ista)e and

to re+o0e t,e+ *i"" (a-se #reat e5 enses2 t,e +ost reasona$"e is to "et t,e+ on

$oard ti" t,e ne5t 0o/a#e or do t,e trans.er in anot,er ort2 *,ere arri0e s,i s

19"



Egberto F Ribeiro

(o+in# to t,is ort3

T,e Tri "e<e s,i *it, 1?3&&& TE s o eratin# *it, s,i to s,ore

#antr/ (ranes to .o-r TE s ea(, +o0e+ent *i"" ,a0e 3&&& +o0e+ents .or

-n"oadin# and 3&&& +o0e+ents .or "oadin#2 $-t in t,e ter+ina" t,e +o0e+ents

*i"" $e one a.ter ot,er6

25 15 + T%e c&# e"e <.a a'( "er#!'a & era"!&'=

%;31;3 31< "i.tin# .ro+ e5 orter (,assis to re<sta()in#2 1? ti+es3

%;31;3 3%< "o*erin# .ro+ re<sta()in# to (,assis2 1? ti+es3

%;31;3 3'< to "i.t .ro+ (,assis .or "oadin# on $oard2 ti+es3

%;31;3 3 < "o*erin# on s,i 4s $a/s .or "oadin#2 ti+es3

%;31;3 3;< "i.tin# .ro+ s,i 4s $a/s .or -n"oadin#2 ti+es3

%;31;3 3?< "o*erin# to (,assis to store</ard2 ti+es3

%;31;3 3 < "i.tin# .ro+ (,assis at t,e store</ard2 1? ti+es3

%;31;3 3 < "o*erin# to (,assis .or de"i0er/ to i+ orter2 1? ti+es3T,e s,i to s,ore -a/ (rane *it, s reader to .o-r (ontainer *i""

,a0e t,e -antit/ o. +o0e+ents .or -n"oadin# 8 - .ro+ (e"" do*n

on (,assis9 and +o0e+ents .or "oadin# 8 - .ro+ (,assis do*n on

(e""93

Considerin# t,at a s,i to s,ore -a/ (rane +o0es TE s in .o-r

+in-tes2 it *i"" +o0e ?& TE =,o-r or TE s in 1' ,2 to $e di0ided $/ t,en-+$er o. (ranes in o eration3 T,ere are a"so t,e sto ti+e o. '& +in-tes .or

o enin# and ("osin# o. ,o"ds2 $e/ond ; +in-tes .or (,an#in# o. $a/s3 A .-""

(o+ "ete o eration *i"" $e in a"+ost 1 ,o-rs in #ood (onditions o. *or)2 $-t

to -nderstand t,e #"o$a" o eration in t,e ter+ina" and on $oard2 "et4s (onsider

195




t,e ti+e o. o eration in 1? ,o-rs3 It +eans t,at t,e ter+ina" ,as to send and

re(ei0e '% TE s in 1? ,o-rs2 or t*o t,o-sand TE s $/ ,o-r to .eed (orre(t"/

a"" -a/ #antr/ (ranes3 T,e o eration tea+ (an $e in.or+ed a$o-t $ad *eat,er2

"a() o. ener#/2 or .a-"t/ +e(,ani(a" (rane2 t,at *i"" (,an#e a"" t,e ti+e o.

*or)3

I. t,ere is no s,i to s,ore -a/ (ranes to +o0e .o-r (ontainers2 or

e0en t*o (ontainers at on(e2 t,e o eration *i"" $e dra+ati(a""/ in(reased .ro+

'% to 1% +o0e+ents .or ea(, s,i 3 I. t,e o eration ,a ens -nder one

TE .or ea(, +o0e+ent2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e 1? TE s .or -n"oadin# and 1?

TE s .or "oadin#2 at +o0e+ents .or a (o+ "ete o eration2 t,e #rand tota" *i""

$e o. 1% +o0e+ents3 T,e Tri "e<e s,i are too ,i#, and too *ider2 it s"o*s

t,e o eration2 $e(a-se in s-(, (ondition o. *or)2 t,e s eed o. "oadin# .ro+ ?&

TE =,o-r *i"" $e red-(ed to & TE =,o-r3 T,e Port4s A-t,orit/ *i"" as) to t,e

Port O erator to i+ ro0e t,e "an) 8ta$"e o. +ini+-+ (ar#oes o eration er ,o-r92 $e(a-se t,e s+a""er s,i s *i"" $e *or)in# .aster t,an t,e Me#a<s,i s3

T,e a(t-a" ort o eration .or "oadin# one (ontainer is (o+ "eted in

t*o to t,ree +in-tes2 $-t to +o0e .o-r (ontainers at on(e t,e s eed *i"" $e

red-(ed to +in-tes .or +o0e+ent in one ,o-r .or ea(, s,i to s,ore #antr/

(rane in a tota" o. 1; +o0e+ents2 or ?& TE s er ,o-r3 Ta)in# t,e e5a+ "e o.

.eeder s,i s or in +odern Tri "e<e s,i at resent +et,od o. o eration to-n"oad and "oad 1?3&&& TE s t,ere is a +a5i+-+ o. 1% 3&&& +o0e+ents and a

+ini+-+ o. 1?3&&& +o0e+ents3

196



Egberto F Ribeiro

25 1) P&r" O era"!&' &f S%e 0e/ S /"e#

T,e S,e"0es S/ste+ ,as its o*n +et,od o. *or)2 *,ere t,ere are no

,at(,<(o0er on $oard2 t,e s,e". ,as ro*s at ei#,teen tiers o. ,ei#,t3 T,e s,i is

+oored $/ stern and t,e o eration $e#ins $/ t,e - er tier and t*o ro*s .ro+

star$oard and ort side at t,e sa+e ti+e3 T,e s,e". on $oard ,a0e (ode .or ro*

and tier .or a"" $a/s2 .ro+ t,e .ore(ast"e to stern3 T,e s/ste+ *as idea"i!ed and

ro7e(ted to o erate .ro+ % to %& or +ore "anes si+-"taneo-s"/ on t,e sa+e tier3

Ea(, "ane on $oard t,ro-#, a"" $a/s *i"" store t*ent/ Tra/tainers or +ore and

its *ei#,t +-st $e (onsidered .or do not (a-se an/ .ai" on t,e s,i 4s

e -i"i$ri-+3 T,e Tra/tainers *,i(, are ositioned on t,e - er tier o. t,e s,i 4s

s,e"0es are e+ ties or "o* *ei#,t and *i"" -n"oad .aster t,an t,ose $e"o* t,e

s,i 4s s,e".2 *,ere t,e ,ea0ier Tra/tainers *i"" -n"oad at "o* s eed3 B-t2

a((ordin# ea(, 0esse"2 t,ere *i"" ,a0e "ess or e -a" TE s inside t,e ,o"d and

on t,e de()3 T,e +ain ro7e(t .or s,i s to +o0e Tra/tainers is t,at one *,i(,a""o*s t,e s,e". to $e asse+$"ed .or o eration $/ stern3

%;31?31 T,e O eration3 T,e s,i o eration $e#ins $/ t,e ,i#,er tier

on t,e stern2 t,e .irst t*o "anes o. dis(,ar#e are .ro+ $ot, sides6 ri#,t and "e.t2

or star$oard and ort<side2 or ro*s %1 and %%2 ea(, one ,as near t*ent/

Tra/tainers3 A.ter t,e "ast t*o Tra/tainers to "ea0e $ot, "anes2 $e#ins t,e

"oadin# to .i"" t,e sa+e t*o "anes at ri#,t and "e.t3 T,e .o""o*in# ste is to-n"oad t,e ro*s 1: and %& 8"oo)in# .ro+ t,e stern2 t,e ri#,t side are t,e odd

n-+$er and "e.t side are t,e e0en n-+$ers93 A.ter t,e "ast Tra/tainer enters in

t,e "ane2 $e#ins t,e t,ird "ane .ro+ $ot, sides2 or ro*s 1 and 1 .o""o*in# t,e

se -en(e ti"" t,e "ast t*o (e""s on t,e to o. t,e s,i 4s s,e".3 Noti(e t,at in so

197




s,ort ti+e o. *or)2 t,ere is no e..e(t o. tides3

%;31?3% E"e(troni( Fai" and Re air3 W,en a Tra/tainer s-..ers an

e"e(troni( .ai"-re d-rin# t,e o eration in s,ore s,e".2 a"" ro* $e,ind it *i"" $e

sto ed and i++ediate"/ "o()ed2 t,e Tra/tainers in .ront o. it *i"" #o on3 T,e

re air tea+ *it, t,e s- ort (ar #oes to t,e Tra/tainer4s tier and ro*3 W,en t,e

.ai"-re is on $oard2 t,e s,i 4s e"e(tri(ian *i"" "o() t,e ro* to re air2 or i.

ne(essar/ t,e "and te(,ni(ian tea+ *i"" $e (a""ed3 T,e o erations to ot,er ro*s

and tiers +a/ to (ontin-e2 i. t,ere is no need o. sto to ,e" t,e re air3 W,i"e

t,e de.e(ti0e Tra/tainer is $ein# .i5ed2 a"" Tra/tainers on t,e "ane re+ain

sto ed3 For sa.et/ +eas-re2 t,e Tra/tainers on"/ *i"" $e -n"o()ed and

de"i0ered in sa.e $/ t,e (,ie. o. o eration or $/ t,e te(,ni(ian on $oard3 A.ter

t,e re airs are done2 t,e $rid#e +a/ $e *or)in# at se0era" tiers $e"o*3 B/ t,e

end o. t,e o eration2 t,e $rid#e *i"" $e e"e0ated at s-(, tier to .inis, t,e

-n"oadin# and "oadin#2 .o""o*in# t,e se -en(e "ine o. Tra/tainer on ,o"d in t,es,e"0es on $oard and in t,e ter+ina"3 To re<start t,e o eration2 t,e entire "ine o.

Tra/tainer *i"" $e -n"oaded and "oaded in t,e se -en(e3

T,e o eration se -en(e o. dis(,ar#e and "oadin# $e#ins .ro+

o-tside to inside3 A s,e". "ine *it, t*ent/ Tra/tainer are +ore t,an % &+ "on#

to -n"oad .ro+ t,e .irst to t,e "ast one in t*o +in-tes3 W,en t,e *or)ers *i""

,a0e de0e"o ed #ood s)i"".-"ness in t,is s/ste+2 and *it, stron# and stead/ $rid#e2 a"" TE S on Tra/tainers .ro+ one tier (an $e dis(,ar#ed at on(e2 it

+eans && TE S in t*o to .i0e +in-tes3 T,e s,i o erates +oored $/ ,er stern

and des ite o. -n"oadin# s-(, a+o-nt o. Tra/tainers2 s,e *i"" $e )e t in sa.e3

A.ter t,e ,i#,er tier ,as .inis,ed t,e dis(,ar#e and "oadin#2 $e#ins

198



Egberto F Ribeiro

t,e ne5t one 7-st $e"o*3 T,ere *i"" $e .e* +in-tes to se arate t,e $rid#e2 i. it is

$/ e"e0ator s/ste+ .or one tier2 and .ro+ t,e s,i and to "o*er on t,e ne5t tier2

atta(, a#ain t,e $rid#e to t,e s,i and start t,e o eration .or +ore .e* +in-tes3

T,e a(t-a" re<sta()in# s/ste+ on orts and on $oard is a (o+ a(t

$"o() o. (ontainers read/ to "oad and dis(,ar#e3 T,ere is no ossi$i"it/ to +o0e

a sin#"e (ontainer2 *it,o-t dist-r$in# t,e entire sta()in# and t,e "ost o. ti+e

*it, ersona" and e -i +ents .or ,o-rs3 T,ere is a +ar#in o. errors on e0er/

sea ort2 *,ere (ontainers are "ost *it,o-t an/ re#istration3

T,e S,e"0es S/ste+ is a str-(t-re o. stee" or (on(rete (o"-+ns2

"anes2 $a/s and (e""s +ade in t,ree t,i()ness2 stron# eno-#, to a""o* Tra/tainer

to s"ide on "anes and rote(ti0e #-ard rai"s3 T,is s/ste+ o..ers an eas/ a((ess

into t,e (o+ "e5 o. $a/s2 tiers and ro*s2 *,ere t,e TE on a Tra/tainer (an $e

+o0ed an/ti+e *it, .e* +o0e+ents $/ t,e (enter o. (ontro"3 T,e S,e"0es in

Inter+oda"2 Container Ter+ina"2 Port re<sta()in# and on $oard +-st $e(o0ered to rote(t t,e str-(t-re and t,e e"e(troni( s/ste+ a#ainst $ad<*eat,er2

d-st2 $irds2 rats and rain3 T,e re<sta()in# on a S,e"0es S/ste+ is a $"o() o.

.ra+es .or $a/s2 tiers and ro*s .or "ines o. Tra/tainer read/ .or s,i in#2 .ro+

t,e ,i#,er tier on star$oard and ort<side at t,e sa+e ti+e3 As t,e s,e". side is

o en2 #arnis,ed on"/ $/ #-ard<rai" is ossi$"e to see t,e .i#-re o. t,e s,i as in

t,e (ar#o "an 3T,e S,e"0es S/ste+ ,as se arate "anes .or ea(, ro* air and i+ air2

.or Tra/tainer do not to-(, itse".3 T,e S,e". S/ste+ is ro0ided $/ one $rid#e

*it, t*ent/ or +ore "anes atta(,ed at t,e stern o. t,e Me#a<s,i or .eeder3 T,e

$est (ar#o s eed is #otten $/ a .ore(ast"e door2 to a""o* t,e e5 ort Tra/tainer to

199




enter t,ro-#, .ore(ast"e2 *,i"e t,e i+ ort Tra/tainer "ea0es t,e 0esse" $/ stern

at t,e sa+e ti+e2 or in0erse3 W,en dis(,ar#e $e#ins2 t,ere is no +atter .or *,at

.eeder t,e Tra/tainer are #oin# to2 ea(, one a.ter "ea0in# t,e $rid#e enters in

anot,er "anes e5istin# at t,e side o. t,e ort S,e"0es to t,e re0io-s (,osen

.eeder3

T,ere is one S,e". 8 re<sta()in#9 .or ea(, Me#a<s,i 2 *it, a $rid#e

on t,e -a/ *it, di+ensions to attend .ro+ t*o to t*ent/ or +ore ro*s on

$oard si+-"taneo-s"/3 T,is s/ste+ #i0es t,e ossi$i"it/ to de"i0er a""

Tra/tainers i++ediate"/ to #o on $oard o. t,e .eeders3

T,e S,e"0es S/ste+ is ser0ed $/ t*o side "anes at a"" tiers2 *,i(,

*or)s .or e+er#en(/ a((ess3 W,en ne(essar/ to +o0e a (ontainer .ro+ one tier

to ot,er2 t,ere is one ra+ and one e"e0ator *it, ra() and #earin#3

Ea(, s,e". *i"" $e eno-#, to store one entire Me#a<s,i .or "oadin#

and "anes ,eadin# to s,e"0es .or transs,i +ent to .eeders3 T,e ort *i"" attendone Me#a<s,i $/ stern to "and and si5 .eeders a"on#side ,er re<sta()in#2

ena$"ed to *or) at t,e sa+e ti+e3

T,e s/ste+ o. s,e". and Tra/tainer rote(ts a#ainst t,e o-ndin# o.

(ontainers into t,e ,o"ds3 T,e Tra/tainers are "o()ed on s,e"0es $/ +a#neti(

"o()s and stee" $ars *,i(, i+ ede t,e (ontainers .ro+ ,ittin# itse". - and

do*n and one side to ot,er3 T,e s/ste+ o. S,e". and Tra/tainer *i"" red-(e t,e"oss o. (ontainer and (ar#oes on $oard o. .-""<(ontainers s,i s3

T,e s,e". str-(t-re +-st $e $-i"t dire(t"/ on ro() or (on(rete $ase2

stron# to o..er resistan(e d-rin# stor+s2 rote(tion a#ainst "i#,tnin#s2

eart, -a)es and *a""s *it, stren#t, and ,ei#,t eno-#, to $ear Ts-na+i3 T,e

00



Egberto F Ribeiro

s,e". str-(t-re on $oard +-st ,a0e (o"-+ns and $ea+s stron# to s- ort its

o*n *ei#,2 t,e Tra/tainers 8Ma5 #ross *ei#,t '&tons92 t,e a((essories2 *inds

and o erationa" s,a)in#3 T,e s,e". ,as .o-r ("asses o. resistan(e> ,ea0/ .ro+

tier &% to & 2 +edi-+ .ro+ tiers 1& to %&2 "i#,t .ro+ tiers %1 to % and e+ ties

t,e di..erent -se o. "i#,ter Tra/tainers are stored on t,e to

25 1+ S%! a'( S"ac8!'$ S%e 0e/

T,e S,e"0es S/ste+ insta""ed on Me#a<s,i s (an o..er #ood *a/ to

*or) in ara""e" *it, Gantr/ (rane on Feeders3 T,e Me#a<s,i ,as o*n

str-(t-re o. s,e"0es *it,o-t de()3 T,e $est s,i .or s,e"0es are t,ose ro0ided

$/ *ide ,o"d and ,i#, ,-""2 "i)e ro""<on=ro""<o..2 Las, 0esse"s2 .err/<$oats and

so on3

T,e Las, 0esse"s are t,e +ost +odi.ied s,i s I ,a0e seen2 .ro+

$ar#es to ,ea0/ (ar#oes or to *ar.are3 I s-##est to +odi./ on(e +ore2 s,e +-st

$e re+o"ded and a.ter .e* ada tation to insta"" t,e s,e". and (o0erin#2 s,e +a/s-r0i0e on a ne* ro7e(t2 *it,o-t $ar#es or (ranes and *it, a it o. a-da(it/2

*it, doors at "ine *ater at stern and at t,e .ore(ast"e3 T,e .ra+es2 ,-"" and

en#ine are read/ to a +odern 0esse" .or (ontainer o eration2 *it,o-t t,e

$ott"ene() e..e(t3 In t,is ne* s/ste+2 a s,i *it, t,e Las, si!e +a/ o erate to

-n"oad and "oad && TE s 8 && TE s9 in .aster ti+e t,an to "oad a sin#"e $ar#e

on $oard> 1;43 T,e +o0e+ent o. && TE s *on4t (a-se an/ da+a#e to Las,0esse"s2 -sed to +o0e ,er ,-#e (rane3 A"t,o-#, t,e Las, ro7e(t *as +ade .or

do not *or) at -a/2 in t,is ne* ro7e(t2 s,e +-st $e +oored $/ stern to

o erate (onne(ted to a $rid#e2 nat-ra""/ *it,o-t its traditiona" $ar#es and s- er

(rane3 In t,is ne* s/ste+ o. sea trans ortation o. (ontainers2 t,e Las, s,i is

01




t,e sa+e2 $-t in a ne* +et,od o. o eration3 It4s not on"/ to .i"" - t,e s,i *it,

(ontainers2 it ,as to $e o erationa""/ a-to+ated .or eas/ and .ast ort o eration3

Ho*e0er2 eo "e *,o *or) at t,e orts are a"*a/s (a-tio-s *it, ne* +et,ods2

$e(a-se t,e/ are a.raid to "oose t,eir 7o$s .or a-to+ated .a(i"ities2 $-t in t,is

+et,od o. *or) *on4t ,a0e an/ da+a#e on 7o$s3 It *on4t red-(e t,e e5istin#

*or) .or(e2 instead2 it *i"" in(rease t,e 7o$s *it, ne* orts enterin# in

o eration in red-(ed ti+e3

25 1 Tra "a!'er &' Ma$'e"!c a'e/

T,ere are se0era" en#ineerin# ro7e(ts to ana"/!e and to (,ose *,i(,

one o..ers an e..i(ient s- "/in# o. arts3 T,e e"e(tro+a#neti( s/ste+ is a

so-r(e o. "on# tra/s *it, e"e(tro+a#neti( nort, o"e (oi"s insta""ed at ri#,t and

"e.t side o. t,e tra/ and t,e so-t, o"e is insta""ed in t,e +idd"e3 To +o0e t,e

Tra/tainer2 a "inear +otor *it, +a#neti( .ie"d t-rns<on $/ t,e a roa(,in# o.

t,e Tra/tainer and t-rns<o..2 as soon as t,e -nit/ s"ides o-t2 attra(ted $/ t,ene5t .ie"d3 T,e "ane is a (o+ o-nd o. e"e(tro+a#neti( (oi"s *,ere t,e

Tra/tainer s"ides on3 T,e o*er and s eed .or ea(, Tra/tainer is indi0id-a""/

(ontro""ed $/ (o+ -ter3 E0er/ Tra/tainer ,as to (o""e(t an identi.ied (ontainer

to de"i0er it in a $a/ re0io-s"/ (,osen3

25 16 P&r" O era"!&' ;!"% Tra "a!'er

In t,e a(t-a" s/ste+ o. o eration2 t,e s,i s are +oored a"on#side t,e-a/ .or eas/ o eration o. t,e #antr/ (ranes2 at t,e nearest "o(ation .ro+ t,e

re<sta()in# to t,e s,i 4s ,o"ds3 In t,e S,e". S/ste+2 t,e o eration $e#ins and

.inis,es $/ t,e stern3 T,e Tra/tainers *i"" $e in a ro* and tier on a"" $a/s .ro+

t,e stern to .ore(ast"e to $e "oad an -n"oaded si+-"taneo-s"/2 as a train

0



Egberto F Ribeiro

(o+ osition3 Ea(, Tra/tainer is +o0ed $/ itse".2 so t,ere is no need o. "in)s3

T,e S,e". S/ste+ *it, Tra/tainer is a (o+ "e5 +et,od o. *or)

*,ere t,e e5 ort (ontainers on Tra/tainer and stored in a s,e". *it, its .ront

side to t,e -a/ and its $a() inside to t,e ter+ina" *it, "ines to se0era" .eeders

re<sta()in#3 T,e S,e". S/ste+ s,i is +oored *it, ,er stern dire(t"/ to t,e

ter+ina" s,e".3 T,ere is a -a/ $rid#e on rai"s t,at is t,e inter.a(e $et*een t,e

ort and t,e s,i 2 it is ."e5i$"e to .it .or an/ s,i in ,ei#,t and *idt,3 T,e $rid#e

is a"*a/s .ar .ro+ t,e s,i 4s $ert, and on"/ a roa(,es a.ter +oorin#3

T,e re<sta()in# o. a S,e". s/ste+ "oaded *it, Tra/tainer is read/ to

#o on $oard2 *,en a"" Tra/tainer are ositioned a((ordin# t,e "annin# o.

stora#e o..ered $/ ea(, s,i 4s A#ent2 .o""o*in# t,e (orre(t and ade -ate *ei#,t

.or e -i"i$ri-+2 series o. destination orts3 B-t as t,ere are se0era" )ind o.

s,i s2 t,e "oadin# +-st $e ."e5i$"e to a((e t a"" o. t,e+ *it, t,eir

arti(-"arities3 I. a ne* ("ass o. s,i ,i#,er t,an t,e $rid#e and s,e". is (reated2t,e $rid#es "e#s are en"ar#ed and t,e s,e". *i"" ,a0e so+e ne* tiers to asse+$"e

and a"" t,e (o+ "e5 is read/ .or o eration3 T,e +odi.i(ation o. t,e s,i 4s si!e2

*i"" a"ter t,e *idt, o. t,e s,e". and $rid#e3 W,en t,e $rid#e4s en"ar#e+ent is

a"on#side or - *ard2 it *i"" (a-se dis arit/ $et*een t,e -a/4s si!e and t,e

$rid#e3 To )ee t,e ro ortion o. +eas-res in ;& o. t,e s,i 4s *idt,2 t,e

s,e".4s .a(e +-st $e (-t to a""o* t,e $rid#e4s en"ar#e+ent3T,e s,e". s/ste+ ad+its (,an#es *it,o-t #reat dist-r$an(e in t,e

s,e"0es> to ta)e o-t a (ontainer or to re(ei0e a ne* one3 As t,e (o+ "ete "ine o.

a"" $a/s2 one ro* and one tier ,a0e a"+ost t*ent/ .i0e Tra/tainers2 t,is is t,e

easiest *a/ to (,an#e an/ti+e t,e Tra/tainers2 *it,o-t #reat dist-r$an(e on

0!




$oard3 For e5a+ "e6 t,ere are on"/ t,ree Tra/tainers in t,e +idd"e o. t,e $a/s

%%3% 3%?2 at ro*s & 2 & and 1& on tier 1& to $e dis(,ar#ed3 n"oad t,e

Tra/tainers .ro+ "anes at ro*s & and 1& .ro+ tier 1&2 .ro+ "ast s,i 4s $a/s %?

ti"" t,e $a/ % and %%3 Se arate and store in t*o e+ ties "anes in t,e s,ore s,e".

t,ree Tra/tainers and ot,ers3 ee t,ree on a se arate "ane and "oad

i++ediate"/ t,ose 7-st stored3

T,e ort o eration on"/ *or)s *it, identi.ied (ontainers on

Tra/tainer .ro+ its $a/ on t,e s,i to t,e .eeder4s re<sta()in# or 0i(e<0erse2

t,ere *on4t ,a0e (ontainer .ro+ one s,i to $e "oaded to anot,er3 T,e o eration

is .o""o*ed $/ t,e Contro" Pane"2 *,ere t,e Tra/tainers s"idin# on t,e "anes are

+onitored and *arned $/ ."i()erin# t,e "i#,ts o. t,e .eeders s,i s4 (o"ors on t,e

entire ro-te2 .ro+ one side to t,e ot,er3 W,en t,e Tra/tainers arri0e to t,eir

(odi.ied $a/s2 t,e ."i()erin# sto s2 re+ainin# on"/ a #reen "i#,t on Contro"

Pane" to data indi(ation3 T,e transit o. ea(, Tra/tainer on t,e "ane is (ontro""ed $/ +onitorin# *it,o-t to-(,in# t,e ot,er3

25 2: S%e f S /"e# O era"!&'

25 2: 1 Rea( < As soon as t,e s,i is at t,e an(,ora#e #oin# to $e

+oored *it, a"" Tra/tainers "o()ed2 t,e .irst o..i(er orders t,e (,e()in# o. t,e

+a#neti( s/ste+ on $oard2 *it,o-t a$nor+a"ities2 t,e Ca tain de("ares t,e

0esse" is read/ .or +oorin# and .or o eration325 2: 2 Fa! < I. t,ere is an/ tro-$"e2 t,e Port4s A-t,orit/ is ad0ised o.

t,e *aitin# ti+e and t,e s,i re+ains at an(,or .or t,e ne(essar/ re air3 I. t,e

tro-$"e (an $e .i5ed *it,o-t i+ edin# t,e o eration2 t,e s,i +-st $e +oored3

Is ad0isa$"e to noti(e t,e PA a$o-t an/ tro-$"e and ti+e .or re airs2

0"






(enter to sides3

25 2: 12- O era"!&' f&r L&a(!'$ 2 r&;/- As soon as a"" t,e tier o.

Tra/tainer .ro+ a"" $ot, .irst "anes are dis(,ar#ed and t,e $rid#e "anes are .ree2

t,e .irst t*o "ines o. Tra/tainers are sent .or "oadin#3

25 2: 13- Cr &$e'!c &c8e(- As soon as t,e "ast t*o Tra/tainers .or

$ot, "anes o. "oadin# enters on $oard2 t,e (r/o#eni( "ines .or $ot, ro*s are

("osed and t,e Tra/tainers are "o()ed3

25 2: 14- U' &a(!'$ La/" 2 R&;/- T,e .o""o*in# +o0e+ents are

.ro+ t,e ne5t "ines o. ro*s o. t,e se(ond t*o ro*s $e#in t,e dis(,ar#e3

25 2: 15- L&a(!'$ La/" 2 R&;/- A.ter t,e "ast Tra/tainer is +o0ed

to t,e Ter+ina" S,e"0es $e#ins t,e "oadin# o. t,e "ast t*ent/ Tra/tainers3

A.ter -n"oadin# and "oadin# a"" $a/s o. t,e ,i#,est tier on $ot, sides2

t,e .o""o*in# +o0e+ent is to -n"oad t,e ro*s o. t,e tier $e"o*3

25 2: 1)- C%a'$!'$ &f T!er < T,e $rid#e is -n"o()ed .ro+ t,e s,e". and .ro+ t,e s,i 3 T,e $rid#e retra(t t,e ra+ s to +o0e t,e+ $e"o* ti"" t,e

ne5t tier3 T,e "anes ra+ s are s read and "o()ed a#ain at t,e s,i and s,e". to

$e#in t,e -n"oadin# and "oadin# o. ro*s .ro+ $ot, sides3

T,is is t,e *a/ to -n"oad and "oad a"" ro*s at ea(, tier2 ti"" t,e

(o+ "ete o eration o. a"" tiers3

T,e ne5t e5a+ "e o. o eration *i"" $e a((ordin# t,e *or)erss)i"".-"ness and t,e so.t*are de0e"o ed .or t,is s/ste+2 *,en t,e/ *i"" a$"e to

attend2 $/ +onitorin#2 t*ent/ $a/s on t,e ,i#,est tier at t,e sa+e ti+e3

25 2: 1+- U' &a(!'$ T;e'" R&;/- A"" t,e ,i#,est tier *i"" $e

-n"oaded at on(e2 .ro+ t,e .irst $a/ to to t,e "ast one3 T,e #enera" r-"e is to

06



Egberto F Ribeiro

dis(,ar#e $ot, $oards si+-"taneo-s"/ $/ t,e ,i#,est tier .ro+ ea(, $oard3 One

Tra/tainer and a ,a". o0er ea(, "ane *i"" $e on t,e Brid#e2 its *ei#,t *i"" $e t,e

+a5i+-+ o. 1 tons tons ` %1 tons %& "anes GT %& tons on t,e $rid#e3

To (o+ are to ot,er e -i +ents2 a s,i "oader *it, .o-r "e#s *ei#,ts ?&& tons2

t,e Las, (rane *ei#,s && tons2 t,e Brid#e *ei#,ts %;& tons3

25 2: 1 - L&a(!'$ T;e'" R&;/- T,e .o""o*in# is to "oad t,e

e+ ties tiers3 T,e (ar#o "an o. dis(,ar#e and "oadin# +-st $e done (orre(t"/2

.ro+ t,e +e#a<s,i to .eeders3 Noti(e t,at t*ent/ Tra/tainers are (arr/in# .ort/

%&4 (ontainers2 *,ose *ei#,ts ran#e .ro+ %&& tons to ;?& tons3

25 21 Br!($e

25 21 1-T,e $rid#e a((e ts to +o0e airs o. "anes $/ t-rn to )ee

t,e $rid#e and s,i 4s e -i"i$ri-+3

25 21 2-T,e air (an $e +-"ti "ied $/ t*o2 .o-r2 ti"" ten *,en a"" t,e

"anes *i"" $e -n"oadin# and "oadin# in .e* +in-tes325 21 3-T,is +o0e+ent is not so .ast2 $-t )ee s t,e "o* s eed o.

1& +=,o-r2 as *aited .or t,at o eration3

25 21 4-T,e $rid#e #-ides t,e "ine .or t*ent/ Tra/tainers to "ea0e

t,e s,i $/ ea(, "ane3

25 21 5A.ter t,e "ast -nit/ "ea0es t,e s,i 2 t,e Tra/tainers "anned

.or $ot, sides o. t,e s,i enter on t,e $rid#e and #o to ea(, ro* o. t,at tier325 21 )T*ent/ .-"" "ines o. Tra/tainers .ro+ ort<side to star$oard

enter in se -en(e> .o-r ,-ndred Tra/tainers are #oin# on $oard2 t*ent/ a.ter

t*ent/3 D-rin# t,is ti+e2 a"" "anes are .ed $/ t,e (r/o#eni( s/ste+ t,at (ontro"s

t,e te+ erat-re2 so+eti+es o enin# and ("osin# t,e (ir(-"ation o. "i -id

07





Egberto F Ribeiro

ot,ers (oi"s are t-rned o.. .or do not rod-(e an/ -ndesira$"e +a#neti( .ie"d3

25 21 6 5 Safe C%a'$!'$ T,e dia+a#neti( s/ste+ ,o"ds t,e

Tra/tainer on t,e e"e(tro+a#neti( .ie"d $e"o* to r-n .ree o0er t,e "anes

.o""o*in# t,e (,an#in# o. "ines near t,e (orner to t-rn aro-nd3

25 21 6 ) D!a$&'a T,e Tra/tainers (an $e #-ided o0er so+e

dia#ona" "anes2 ti"" arri0e to t,e desired ro-te3

25 21 6 + L&;er S ee( Se0era" "anes *,ere t,e Tra/tainer *i"" #o

red-(e its s eed to s"o*2 its to #i0e ti+e to t,e Tra/tainer to (,an#e its "ane3

On"/ t,e re0io-s"/ (,osen ro-te *i"" $e )e t t-rned on 3

25 21 6 H!$%er S ee( A.ter t,e Tra/tainers enter on t,e e5a(t

"ane2 t,e +a#nets to #-ide t,e ot,ers Tra/tainers *i"" $e t-rned on to +o0e at

,i#,er s eed2 *,i"e t,ose o-t o. *or) *i"" $e t-rned o.. 3

25 21 6 6 I'"er0a T,e se -en(e o. Tra/tainers to enter on t,e

$rid#e4s "anes .ro+ one $a/ (an $e a"ternate2 *,i"e in t,e inter0a"2 t,e $rid#e+o0es one Tra/tainer to anot,er $a/3 T,is inter0a" is to do a (,an#e on t,e "an

.or a Tra/tainer .ro+ one ro* to t,e .eeder4s sta()in#3 I. a (o+ "ete "ine o.

$a/s (ontainin# ,ea0/ (ar#o *as -n"oaded and t,e s,i needs to (,an#e

(ar#oes .ro+ an - er tier to .i"" t,at e+ t/ ro*3 A"" t,e Tra/tainers .ro+ t,e

- er "ine are -n"oaded to t,e ter+ina" s,e". .or a s,ort tri ti"" t,e "o*er tier2

*,i"e t,e $rid#e is +o0ed do*n*ard2 *,en +ane-0er is .inis,ed2 t,eTra/tainers *i"" $e "oaded into t,e e+ t/ $a/s3 T,is )ind o. o eration (an $e

.oreseen $/ (ar#o "anners at t,e ort o. "oadin#3

T,e ter+ina" s,e". s/ste+ ends in a $rid#e on t,e -a/ to "in) t,e

ter+ina" to t,e stern $a/s o. t,e s,i 4s s,e".3 T,is rin(i "e o. *or) is t,e "o*

09




(ons-+ tion o. ener#/ to +o0e a (ontainer on ,ori!onta" trans ortation2

instead o. on 0erti(a"3 T,e $rid#e ,as a "at.or+ *it, "anes to 7oin t,e ter+ina"4s

s,e". to t,e s,i 4s s,e".3 T,e $rid#e ,as "e#s to +o0e t,e "at.or+ - and do*n

to ser0e ea(, tier o. t,e s,i 4s s,e"0es2 .ro+ t,e - er tier to in.erior2 .ro+ ort<

side to star$oard3 T,e $rid#e is not stationar/2 $-t ,as rai"s on t,e -a/ .or

+o0in# a*a/ .ro+ t,e s,i to re0ent a((idents d-rin# t,e s,i 4s +oorin# $/

t,e stern3 T,e $rid#e4s +o0e+ent (an $e .ro+ t,e re<sta()in# to t,e s,i 2 or on

t,e -a/ .ro+ t,e ri#,t to "e.t sides3 T,e $rid#e ,as "anes on t,e "at.or+ as

+-(, as t,ose e5istin# in t,e s,i s2 *it, ossi$i"it/ to en"ar#e at an/ti+e3

For $etter o eration2 on"/ t*o "anes +-st o erate si+-"taneo-s"/ in

t,e $e#innin#2 .ro+ t,e o-tside to t,e +idd"e o. t,e s,i > .ro+ star$oard and

ort<side to t,e (enter3 T,e "anes on t,e $rid#e ,a0e .ine ad7-st+ent to sta/

a*a/ or to a roa(, to t,e s,i 4s s,e"0es3 T,e o eration +-st $e (are.-" .or do

not (a-se t,e s,i 4s insta$i"it/3 T,e o eration is .ast and do not s-..er t,e e..e(to. tides - and do*n2 $e(a-se t,e +o0e+ent o. tide (o+ ared to ea(,

o eration on tier isn4t eno-#, to dist-r$ t,e -n"oadin# and "oadin# ea(, tier3

T,e $rid#e4s osition o..ers (ondition to o erate t*o ro*s in t,e

sa+e tier3 T,e - er tier a"*a/s $e#ins t,e o eration to -n"oad .ro+ t,e o-tside

ro*2 *,ere are t,e "i#,ter (ontainers3 A.ter (o+ "etin# t,e o eration o.

-n"oadin# and "oadin# $ot, $a/s o. t,at tier2 $e#ins t,e se(ond ro* ti"" t,e end3A.ter a"" ro*s .ro+ t,e - er tier are done2 t,e $rid#e is -n"o()ed .ro+ t,e

s,i 4s s,e". and .ro+ t,e re<sta()in# s,e"0es to $e "o*ered ti"" t,e ne5t tier3

T,e $rid#e is "o*ered t,ree +eters to t,e ne5t tier $e"o* and "o()s its "ane at

t,e s,i and at t,e re<sta()in# s,e". to $e#in t,e o eration3

10



Egberto F Ribeiro

25 22 Pre-S"ac8!'$

A ne* re<sta()in# .or (ontainer ter+ina"s is ne(essar/ .or s,e".

s/ste+3 T,e str-(t-re is a (o+ o-nd o. ro*s2 $a/s and tiers asse+$"ed in one

$i# s,e". o. ?&2&+ *ide2 ;&&+ "on# and ;;+ ,i#,3 T,ere *i"" ,a0e ten s,orter

re<sta()in# s,e"0es 7oined to ea(, Me#a s,i 2 it is ne(essar/ to .eed ea(, one

o. t,e ten .eeders to o erate si+-"taneo-s"/3 T,e tra() "ines .ro+ t,e Me#a s,i

(ond-(ts to .eeders s,i s are dia+a#neti( "anes o. %2;&+ *ide ea(, one2 *,ere

t,e Tra/tainers ."oat o0er t,e+3 T,e standard str-(t-re .or s,e". s,ore ,as t,e

sa+e n-+$er o. tiers and ro*s as t,ose on $oard3

T,e re<sta()in# str-(t-re .or .eeders ,a0e t,e sa+e n-+$er o. tiers

and ro*s as t,e s,i 3 W,en .eeders are s+a""er t,an t,e s,e".2 t,e n-+$er o.

"anes -sed into t,e s,e". *i"" $e a((ordin# t,e n-+$er o. ro* and tier e5istin#

in t,e .eeder3 I. a ne* +ode" o. s,i *i"" ,a0e s,e". *ider t,an t,e e5istin#2 t,e

ort4s .a(i"it/ +-st to asse+$"e ne* arts to its s,e". to ser0e ne* s,i s3 T,es,e". +a/ ,a0e its +eas-res en"ar#ed so +an/ ti+es as need3

T,e s,e". ,as t*ent/ "anes to store t,e Tra/tainers in .ree (onne(tion

to t,e $rid#e and to t,e s,i 4s "anes3 T,e nor+a" o eration on t*o (o+ "ete

ro*s o. t*ent/ Tra/tainers ea(, one in se -en(e o. -n"oadin# and "oadin# is

e5 e(ted to .inis, in ten +in-tes3 It +eans t,at t,e o eration to -n"oad t*o

(o+ "ete "ines *it, & Tra/tainers or & TE s and to "oad t*o (o+ "ete "ines*it, & Tra/tainers or & TE s "asts "on# 1& +in-tes3 W,en t,e o erators *i""

$e s)i""ed2 a"" %& ro*s *it, && TE s *i"" $e -n"oaded and %& ro*s *it, &&

TE s *i"" $e "oaded si+-"taneo-s"/ in ten +in-tes 3

11




25 23 S"&ra$e

T,ere is one re<sta()in# .or Me#a<s,i *it, %& t,o-sand (e""s3

T,ere are ten re<sta()in# *it, t,ree t,o-sand (e""s .or ea(, .eeder3 T,ese re<

sta()in# are asse+$"ed to#et,er2 one to ea(, ot,er3 T,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to

insta"" t,e re<sta()in# at )i"o+eters .ar .ro+ t,e -a/3 T,e re<sta()in# ("ose

to t,e s,i ,as "anes .or "oadin#2 t,at a(t-ate as a0en-es to t,e end o. t,e

stora#e s,e"0es3 W,en is ne(essar/ to (,an#e .ro+ one tier to ot,er2 t,ere are

e"e0ators to (,an#e an/ Tra/tainer .ro+ its re0io-s tier to a ne* one .ro+ to

to t,e "o*er+ost (e""2 or .ro+ #ro-nd to ,i#,er tier3 T,e e"e0ators are 0erti(a"

*it, "at.or+s at stee" (,ains2 "o(ated at t,e end o. a s,e".3

T,e e+ ties (,assis are +o0ed in a $-nd"e o. ei#,t -nits2

+a#neti(a""/ atta(,ed and stored in .ront o. t,e s,i s *it,o-t s,e"0es3 T,e -a/

*it,o-t $rid#e ,as s,e"0es and "anes to o erate *it, #antr/ (rane to "i.t t,e

(ontainer .ro+ its $a/ and to "o*er it on a (,assis "a(ed on t,e "ane3 T,e"oadin# +o0e+ent $e#ins *,en t,e (,assis *it, (ontainer arri0es $e,ind t,e

#antr/ (rane2 -n"o()s t,e (,assis to "i.t - t,e (ontainer3 T,e e+ t/ (,assis are

sent to a near store3

25 24 O era"!&'a C&'"a!'er S"&ra$e

T,is is a ne* (on(e t o. stora#e on a re<sta()in#2 *,i(, +-st $e

$-i"t a((ordin# t,e ,ei#,t o. t,e a0era#e o. Tri "e<E s,i s3 For do not *aste ti+eand to s end ener#/ "i.tin#2 "o*erin#2 and tr-()s .or $o5es trans ortation3 A

$rid#e is t,e "in) $et*een t,e re<sta()in# to t,e stern o. t,e s,i +oored at t,e

-a/3 T,e ne* store s/ste+ +o0es a"" Tra/tainers on "anes to ser0e ea(, s,i 4s

tier3 T,e re<sta()in# is di0ided $/ a ."e5i$"e rate o. *ei#,t2 a((ordin# t,e s,i 6

"o* 8;tons92 +edi-+8 tons9 and ,ea0/ 81%tons93 T,e -a/ "e0e" (an $ear %; tons3

1



Egberto F Ribeiro

25 25 S%! / Ba /

T,e ne* (on(e t .or sea and "and trans ortation ,as a ne* *a/ to

+o0e (ontainers on a +attress s-stained $/ e"e(tro+a#neti( "e0itation s/ste+3

E0er/ (ontainer *it, re#-"ar *ei#,t and si!e (an $e "oaded on $oard on a stee"

a""et (a""ed Tra/tainer atta(,ed $/ e"e(tro+a#neti( de0i(es at t,e .o-r (orners3

T,e "atest ad0an(ed s/ste+ is t,e dia+a#neti( +attress to +o0e t,e Tra/tainer

*it, er+anent +a#net +o0ed $/ ind-(tion +otor3 As t,e Tra/tainers are

+o0ed and sto ed on re0io-s de.ined (e""s a(ti0ated $/ sensors2 a"" t,e

Tra/tainer4s e"e(tri(a" -i() (onne(tors are (,e()ed $/ t,e (ontro" (enter3 T,e

$rid#e ,as t,e sa+e *idt, as t,e s,e"0es on $oard and s,ore> ?&+ *it, %& "anes

.or "e0itation *,i(, asse+$"es a road .or Tra/tainers3 T,e ,ei#,t *i"" $e .ro+

'?+ to ;;+ ta"" *it, 1% to 1 tiers2 and "en#t, '&+ .ro+ *,ar.Zs (orner to t,e

s,ore s,e".3

T,e str-(t-re .or ea(, $a/ re(ei0es ,ea0/ (ontainers on "o* tiers o. t,e s,e"0es> a$o0e are .or +edi-+ *ei#,t and ,i#,er "anes .or "o* *ei#,t and

e+ ties (ontainers3 T,ree t,o-sand (ontainers2 .ro+ Me#a<s,i s to .eeders are

stored on s,e"0es .or re<sta()in# to ea(, .eeder3 T,e -antit/ o. $a/s .or

stora#e /ard is "ar#er t,an t,ose e5istin# in Tri "e<E s,i s3 As t,e Me#a s,i s

are se0era" ti+es "ar#er t,an a .eeder2 t,e +ost ad0isa$"e is to ,a0e a re<

sta()in# .or %& t,o-sand TE s .or ea(, Tri "e<E s,i 3 T,e .eeders need to ,a0et,eir (ontainers "oaded in Me#a s,i s2 so t,e/ +-st to arri0e .or .irst to

(o+ "ete t,e re<sta()in#3 As soon as t,e Tri "e<e s,i is +oored2 ,er .irst

o eration is to send t,e (ar#oes to t,e .eeders2 ti"" to o en "a(e and $e#in t,e

re(ei0in# o. (ar#oes .ro+ t,e .eeders3 T,e osition o. Tra/tainers .or "oadin# is

1!




in .ront o. t,e s,i 2 t,e -n"oadin# #oes o-t $/ "anes "eadin# to $ot, sides to re<

sta()in# o. a"" .eeders3 T,e s,i <,ei#,t .or stora#e s,e". *i"" $e a((ordin# t,e

.eeders si!e3 T,e s,i 4s $rid#e is ne(essar/ on t,e .ore(ast"e2 ."a#s or antenna

o"es are a"*a/s ,i#,er t,an t,e (ar#o "e0e"3

25 2) T%e H. P&r"

T,e ne* (ontainer ter+ina" (an $e $-i"t .ro+ t,e -a/4s #ro-nd2 or

$et*een t,e inner -a/4s *a"" as a d/)e .ro+ t,e dr/ $otto+ $e""o* t,e sea

"e0e"2 *it,o-t t,e traditiona" and e5 ensi0e "and.i""3 I. t,e -a/ soi"2 at 1;

+eters $e""o* t,e sea "e0e" ,as stones2 t,ere is t,e ossi$i"it/ to $-i"d t,e

s,e"0es *it,o-t "and.i""3 T,e (ontainer ter+ina" *i"" $e +ade inside a stron#

-a/ $e""o* t,e sea "e0e"2 *it, rein.or(ed *a"" to insta"" t,e s,e". .or

Tra/tainers at t,e sa+e ,ei#,t o. t,e s,i 4s ,o"d at t,e .irst tier> b &%3 T,e

Tri "e<E s,i *it, "en#t, o. &&+ needs on"/ 1%&+ o. -a/ .or +oorin# $/

stern3 T,e tota" ,ei#,t o. t,e s,e". *i"" $e .or 1 (ontainers2 t,e -a/4s *idt,*i"" $e t,e ,a". o. t,e s,i 4s *idt, .or $est $rid#e e -i"i$ri-+ and sa.e

o eration3

T,e (ontainers on trans,i +ent are -n"oaded .ro+ t,e Me#a<s,i 2 or

Tri "e<E and sent to re<sta()in# o. Feeders2 *,ere t,e/ are sta()ed in t,e

sa+e s/ste+ o. s,e".3 T,e H-$<Port +-st ,a0e Gantr/ (ranes and Stradd"es

Carriers and re<sta()in# to re0ent an/ .ai"-re and s e(ia" (ar#oes3 T,ere *i"",a0e se0era" re<sta()in# areas .or s,i s Feeders as t,ose ro#ra+ed $/ t,e

Me#a s,i 3 T,e s,i Tri "e<E 8Ener#/ E..i(ien(/2 E(ono+/ o. S(a"e Q

En0iron+enta""/ I+ ro0ed9 ,as $a/s .or +ore t,an .i.teen t,o-sand TE s

8T*ent/ E+ t/ nits93

1"



Egberto F Ribeiro

T,e "o(ation o. a H-$ Port is (riti(a"2 $e(a-se t,is "a(e +-st $e

(a"+2 *it,o-t too +an/ ri0ate $oats and s,i s aro-nd a"" t,e ti+e3 T,ere

tra..i( +-st $e on"/ .or ,ea0/ Tri "e<E s,i s and s+a""er 0esse"s .eeders and

eas/ a((ess to air ort3 T,e H-$<Port .a(i"ities $e/ond +a(,iner/2 s,o-"d o..er

.-e"2 ener#/ s- "/2 +edi(a" (enter2 s- "/ o. ener#/2 .ood and .res, *ater2

#ro-nd reser0oir as .i"ter .or (onta+inated (ar#oes and *ater se*era#e3 T,e

ort area needs se(-rit/ *a"" o. ;+ ,i#, o. read/<+ade in (on(rete2 0e,i("e

s(anners2 trans onder2 (a+eras2 s e(ia"i!ed ersonne" .or ort se(-rit/2 $oats2

(ars2 .ire $ri#ade *it, tr-()s2 sensors2 sate""ite s-r0ei""an(e2 (o++-ni(ation $/

radios2 (e"" ,one2 .ast internet2 radar2 e"e(troni( readin# o. "a$e"s .or (ontainers

and te(,ni(a" reso-r(e and so.t*are s/ste+s .or ad+inistration3 T,e area a"so

needs +i"itar/ rote(tion on "and and sea3 T,e H-$ Port *or)s as a (it/ *it,o-t

i++ediate ,e" 2 so it ,as to $e se".<s-..i(ient3

A"" #oods dire(ted to a H-$ Port2 s,o-"d arri0e $/ s,i or $ar#e

Feeder *it, (rane2 ne0er dire(t $/ *a#ons or tr-()s3 A H-$<Port +-st $e

insta""ed near dee *aters2 to red-(e drasti(a""/ t,e e5 ensi0e dred#es3 T,e

.ront sea +-st $e rote(ted $/ stone $arrier as - strea+ ier2 .ar .ro+ t,e -a/

at t,e tri "e o. t,e s,i 4s "en#t,3 T,e insta""ation +-st not $e in an/ re#ion2 $-t

on strate#i(a""/ st-died to attend se0era" interests o. #o0ern+ents2 -sers and

en0iron+ent2 as *e"" e -i ed .or ser0i(e6

Gantr/ (ranes .or s,i s Tri "e<E

Gantr/ (ranes .or 0esse"s Feeders3

Gantr/ (ranes .or re<sta()in#

15




Stradd"e Carriers

To Loader

Front Sta()er3

F"oatin# Cranes to %&& tons

Bar#es *it, (ranes

Horses<+e(,ani(a" and C,assis

S,e". S/ste+

C,assis

Brid#es

Ener#/ S- "/

25 2+ T%e S%e f S /"e# S%!

T,is is not a ne* ("ass o. s,i 2 it4s t,e sa+e Me#a<s,i $ein# $-i"t in

se0era" s,i /ards on t,e entire *or"d3 T,e #ood ne*s are t,e +et,ods to sta()

t,e (ontainers and ,o* to +o0e t,e+3 T,e s,i 4s $rid#e o. (o++and (an $e

asse+$"ed o0er t,e (o0ered s,e". "e0e"2 .ro+ stern to t,e .ore(ast"e3 T,e t*in

en#ines (an $e asse+$"ed $e""o* t,e stern door2 *it, 1& ra+ do*n*ard

s"o in# dire(t"/ into t,e s,e".2 *,ere $e#ins t,e tier b &% 8ra+ s to de()s as in

ro=ro93 T,e tiers are asse+$"ed one o0er t,e ot,er ti"" ;; +eters ,i#,2 ta"" 1

8ei#,teen or +ore tiers93

T,e s,e"0es do not ,a0e t,e sa+e ,ei#,t .or do not in(rease t,e

sto*a#e .a(tor2 so t,ere are (o+ "ete tiers .or standard (ontainers "oaded and

16



Egberto F Ribeiro

e+ t/ and .or ,i#, (-$e (ontainers "oaded and e+ t/2 ,o*e0er t,e Tra/tainers

are t,e sa+e3 T,e s,e". on $oard o..ers s eed .or o eration and (o0erin#

rote(tion2 a""o*in# t,e 0esse" to sai" in sa.e -nder $ad *eat,er3 T,e s,e". on

$oard is asse+$"ed .ro+ t,e )ee" and side .ra+es dire(t"/ - *ard2 *it,o-t

de()2 nor ,at(, (o0er2 ti"" tier ei#,teen or +ore in a so"id and (o+ a(t

str-(t-re3 T,e Tra/tainers (an (ross dire(t"/ .ro+ t,e re<sta()in# s,e". to

$rid#e and to t,e s,e". into t,e s,i 4s $a/s3 I. t,e s,i ,as stern doors and

re+o0a$"e .ore(ast"e2 t,e s eed o. o eration *i"" $e t*o ti+es .aster2 $e(a-se

*,i"e t,e Tra/tainers .or -n"oadin# *i"" "ea0e t,e s,i t,ro-#, one side2

si+-"taneo-s"/ t,e Tra/tainers .or "oadin# *i"" $e enterin# $/ ot,er side3 T,at4s

*,/ t,e s,i s and orts +-st to $e"on# to t,e sa+e o*ner3

T,e .irst di..i(-"t seen on sea (ontainer trans ort2 is t,e -se o. t*ist<

"o()ers to atta(, one (ontainer to t,e ot,er3 T,e Tra/tainer *as de0e"o ed to $e

atta(,ed $/ e"e(tro+a#neti( "o()ers3 It o ens a *ide ossi$i"it/ o. *or) $/ t,es,i s,e".2 or $/ t,e ter+ina" s,e".3 T,e s/ste+ *i"" $e a((ordin# t,e $est

s/ste+ to ea(, one2 $-t t,e Tra/tainer is t,e sa+e as its (onne(tors2 "o()s and

+a#nets3

25 2) 1 Ce""3 T,e (e"" is t,e "a(e in t,e $a/ *,ere t,e Tra/tainer

*i"" $e sit and "o()ed on t,e "ane3 T,is "a(e is t,e (o+ art+ents di0ision *it,

n-+$ered $a/s to (odi./ t,e "o(ation325 2) 2 Ho* t,e Tra/tainer Lo(ates t,e Ce""3 T,e -nit/ (an sto at

an/ (e"" *,en read $/ sensors2 .o""o*in# t,e orders $/ a-to+ated (ontro" .ro+

t,e ter+ina" (enter o. (ontro" or $/ a sin#"e 7o/sti() on $oard3 As soon as t,e

-nit/ arri0es to its (e"" on t,e "ane2 it ,as to t-rn o.. its "inear +otor to sto and

17




t-rn o.. t,e (r/o#eni( .eed2 t,e "ast a(tion is to t-rn on t,e "o()s3 T,e store

distan(e $et*een a "ine o. Tra/tainers on t,e "anes is '&(+2 or one .oot3 As t,e

ro*s and $a/s are ("osed $/ t,e s,e". str-(t-re2 t,e ro*s at $ot, side on ort

side and star$oard (an $e sta()ed ti"" t,e ,-""4s .ra+es3 T,e se". (ontro" $/

sensors is a0ai"a$"e on a"" t,e s/ste+ on $oard and in t,e ter+ina"3

Ma#neti( "o()3 T,e S,e". S/ste+ does not -se +an-a" t*ist<"o()ers2

t,e Tra/tainers ,a0e e"e(tro+a#neti( "o()s at its (orners to atta(, on t,e "ane2

*,ose e..e(t (ontin-e *it,o-t ener#/ and to -n"o()2 on"/ *,en it is ener#i!ed

and re"eased3

C,e() in (ross3 W,en t,e Tra/tainer sto s into t,e s,e". on $oard on

in anot,er ter+ina"2 its .o-r "o()s are t-rned on2 on"/ $e.ore t,e -n"oadin#2 t,e/

*i"" $e (,e()ed in (ross +et,od6 one .ro+ t,e door and ot,er .ro+ t,e .ront2

t,an (,an#e t,e "o()s3 T,e Tra/tainer into t,e s,e". is seen $/ sensors and ,o"d

$/ "o()s .or do not s"i or to .a""2 7-+ 2 ,it2 or to o-nd3 T,e "o()in# o erationis done $/ t,e ter+ina" $rid#e2 $-t it (an $e done $/ t,e s,i 4s $rid#e3 As soon

as t,e (,assis sto s2 t,e $a/ is (odi.ied and re#istered3

T,e s,e". is "aid on t,e s,i 4s +ain .ra+e .ro+ t,e )ee" $et*een t,e

di0ision $-"),eads to t,e - er+ost osition2 t,e sa+e as t,e 0erti(a" rai"s .or

(ontainers3 T,e s,i doesn4t ,a0e de() nor ,at(,<(o0er2 .ro+ stern ,o"ds to

.ore(ast"e2 $-t t,e s,e"0es are (o0ered to rein.or(e and rote(t t,e s,i 4sstr-(t-re3 T,e side o. t,e s,i is (o0ered .ro+ t,e ,-"" to t,e to o. t,e s,e"0es3

To attend t,e ter+ina" $rid#e and s,e"0es o eration t,ere are ,/dra-"i(

*eat,er<ti#,t doors *,i(, o ens .or -n"oadin# and "oadin#3 T,is door ser0es

e0er/ $a/ air2 so it ,as 1%+ and o ens - *ard as t,ose e5istin# in (ar#o

18



Egberto F Ribeiro

air "ane3

T,e (,assis *it, (ontainer is "o()ed into its $a/2 ro* and tier3 T,e

-antit/ o. (,assis in a $a/ doesn4t a..e(t its se(-rit/2 as ea(, one is "o()ed to

t,e s,i 4s s,e". $/ t,e ter+ina" $rid#e3 A$o0e t,e ,-"" "e0e"2 t,ere are ort,o"es

at t,e star$oard and ort<side to rea(, t,e s,e"0es2 *,i(, o ens - side at ea(,

ti+e .or -n"oadin# and "oadin#3

T,e s/ste+ o. doors )ee s t,e s,i a"" ("osed d-rin# t,e tri 2 *it,o-t

a""o*in# rain *ater or sea *ater to *et t,e (ontainers2 t,at 0er/ o.ten *et a"so

t,e (ar#oes3 T,is (o0erin# is a"so to rote(t t,e e"e(tri( s/ste+ and to )ee t,e

nor+a" te+ erat-re2 $e/ond t,e rote(tion a#ainst e5(ess o. *ater .or do not

r-st t,e str-(t-re and "anes3

25 2 Cr &$e'!c O era"!&' &' S%e f

T,e (r/o#eni( s/ste+ o..ers t,e $est e(ono+i( res-"t and $ene.it .or

its "o* (ost and ,i#, e..i(ien(/ o. "e0itation3 T,e ne* #eneration o. s- er(ond-(tors ,a0e 1'&& ti+es t,e (a a(it/ to e"e0ate its o*n *ei#,t3 It

+eans t,at a "ate o. 1)# is eno-#, to e"e0ate 1'&&)#3 T,is "ate s,o-"d $e

insta""ed $e"o* t,e Tra/tainer2 *,i"e t,e iron er+anent +a#nets -nder

(r/o#eni( te+ erat-res o. 1:?\C s,o-"d "e0itate t,e Tra/tainer -s,ed $/ "inear

+otor to s"ide on t,e "ane3 T,e s,e". o. t,e ort .a(i"it/ *i"" $e insta""ed near t,e

$rid#e and t,e s,i .a0orin# a (r/o#eni( (enter .or distri$-tion o. Li -id Nitro#en to .ree!e t,e er+anent +a#nets3 T,e distri$-tion s/ste+ o ens a t-$e

to .ree!e t,e er+anent +a#nets on t,e "ane2 on"/ *,en ne(essar/3

T,e distri$-tion o. Li -id Nitro#en t,ro-#, t-$es *i"" )ee t,e "o*

te+ erat-re .or t,e desired ti+e3 It #i0es t,e ossi$i"it/ to a "ine o. Tra/tainers

19




.ro+ $oard to t,e s,e". and to "oad a "ine in t,e se -en(e .ro+ t,e re<sta()in#

to t,e s,i 3 T,is *or) does not need to $e too .ast2 $-t to *or) in sa.e +ode2

.ro+ one side to t,e ot,er3 T,e s,e". s/ste+ *it, Tra/tainer o..ers a ser0i(e at

1=' "o*er t,an nor+a" (osts3 T,e s,e". on $oard o. a"" s,i s *i"" o erate in t,e

sa+e s/ste+2 e0en on s"o* +o0e+ent2 *i"" $e .aster t,an an/ ot,er )no*n

s/ste+ o. "oadin# and -n"oadin# (ontainers3

T,e s/ste+ o. "anes to +o0e t,e Tra/tainer on e"e(tro+a#neti(

de0i(es ,as so+e tro-$"es to (ross ot,er "ane2 it needs a stee" #-ard rai" at t,e

side .or rote(tion3 T,e (r/o#eni( "anes ,a0e t,e .ro!en "ates 7oined on a

(o++on .ie"d *,i(, (onne(ts one to ea(, ot,er2 to attra(t and to re ea"3 W,en

t,e "ates are not .rost on (riti( te+ erat-re2 t,e Tra/tainer (,an#es nat-ra""/

its dire(tion to .o""o* on"/ t,e .rost "ates3 T,e (enter o. (o++and $-i"ds t,e

(o+ "ete "ines on a"" "anes .or tri s .ro+ t,e Me#a<s,i to se0era" .eeders3 To

ana"/!e a -nit/ a+id .o-r ,-ndreds -nits2 7-st .o""o* t,e (o"ors o. ea(, one3

0



Egberto F Ribeiro

%?<STATISTICS

To e0er/ s,i 2 t,e ort o eration doesn4t ,a en on"/ at t,e -a/2 $-t

.ro+ ind-str/ store</ard to s,i 4s "oadin#2 in a ro-nd tri "ent/ o. ris) and

de"a/s3 T,e statisti(s in Bra!i" on"/ a((o-nt o. (ar#oes +o0e+ents *,i(,

,a en at t,e -a/> .ro+ t,e -a/ to s,i and .ro+ s,i to t,e -a/3 T,e

statisti(s don4t (onsider t,e o eration *,i(, ,a ens in t,e Pri+ar/ [one2

$et*een t,e #ates o. a((ess and t,e -a/2 *,ere t,e (ar#oes .or e5 ortation are

-n"oaded and *ait .or t,e s,i 4s arri0a" and *,ere t,e i+ orted (ar#oes are

"oaded and de"i0ered to in"and3 T,e s- ort ser0i(es as ins e(tion o. (ontainers2

*,en (ar#oes are ta)en o-t o. t,e (ontainer2 0eri.ied and st-..ed a#ain2 or t,e

Vesse"4s Con0enien(e (ontainers or Less t,an Container Loadin# +-st $e

a((o-nted t,eir do-$"e *or)3 W,i"e on t,e entire *or"d t,e a((o-nt o. (ar#oes

+o0e+ents re.ers to t,e -a/2 *,ere t,e (ar#oes #et in=o-t $/ s,i s and

t,ro-#, t,e #ates2 *,ere t,e (ar#oes are re(ei0ed .or e5 ortation and t,ose

de"i0ered as i+ ortation3 T,-s2 *,en a Bra!i"ian sea ort statisti(s de("ares t,e

+o0e+ent o. one +i""ion o. (ontainers2 in t,e rest o. t,e *or"d is -nderstood

t,ere *as t,e +o0e+ent o. ,a". +i""ion TE s2 $-t t,e rea" t,ro-#, -t *ere on

1




t*o +i""ion TE s3 T,e ort re(ei0es and de"i0ers t,ro-#, t,e #ates one +i""ion

o. TE s and re(ei0es and de"i0ers t,ro-#, t,e *,ar. one +i""ion o. TE s3

W,en t,e #rain e5 ortation is anno-n(ed as & +i""ion tons2 in t,e rest o. t,e

*or"d is -nderstood as %& +i""ion tons2 $-t t,e rea" t,ro-#, -t *ere on &

+i""ion tons3

T,is is a 0i(io-s in t,e Bra!i"ian statisti(s .or +ore t,an a ,-ndred

/ears2 -ndis("osed $/ t,e e+ eror2 or $/ (i0i"ian and +i"itar/ #o0ern+ents3

T,e & +i""ion tons o. $-") (ar#oes dis(,ar#ed .ro+ tr-()s and *a#ons2 stored

in si"os and *are,o-se $e.ore t,e s,i s4 arri0a" don4t e5ist3 As do not e5ist t,e

+i""ions o. tons .ro+ i+ orts .or a#ri(-"t-ra" in -ts2 (ar#oes in (ontainers or

ind-stria" ra* +ateria"s de"i0ered to in"and3

T,e or#ani!ed orts are on areas *,ere t,e (ar#oes .or e5 ort and

i+ ort are +o0ed .ro+ one side to ot,er2 in statisti(s a((o-nt it is (a""ed

t,ro-#, -t 3 Be(a-se t,ere is no rod-(tion nor (ons-+ tion o. rod-(ts on a-a/2 t,ere is no "antation nor ind-stries in a ort2 e0en t,o-#, t,ere are

ind-stries a"on#side t,e -a/2 t,e/ (an4t $e"on# to t,e -a/3 T,e orts ,a0e t*o

o erations *it, t,e sa+e (ar#o to t,e sa+e dire(tion3 W,en i+ orts arri0e at a

ort2 t,ere are e -i +ents and *or)ers to -n"oad t,e s,i 2 *,en t,e (ar#oes are

de"i0ered to in"and t,ro-#, t,e #ates2 t,ere are ot,er tea+ o. *or)ers3 T,is

*or) is done in t*o di..erent ti+e3 W,en rod-(ts .or e5 ortation arri0e at a ort2 t,ere is a tea+ o. *or)ers to -n"oad t,e tr-()s and *a#ons to re(ei0e t,e

(ar#oes2 *,en t,ese (ar#oes are #oin# to $e "oaded on $oard o. s,i s2 t,ere are

ot,er e -i +ents and *or)ers to "oad t,e s,i 3 A"*a/s t,ere *i"" $e t*o

ser0i(es in di..erent ti+e2 or in se -en(e .ro+ arri0a" to "oadin#3






BIBLIOGRAPHU

E#$erto Fiora0anti Ri$eiro *as $orn in Antonina2 Parana Bra!i" in

1:;&2 *,ere $e#an ,is st-dies3 Son o. a rai"road te"e#ra ,er and a((o-ntLo-ri0a" Ri$eiro and t,e .or+er ("er) at t,e Parana Te"e ,one Co+ an/ and

e"e+entar/ tea(,er Maria A-#-sta3 At si5 /ears o"d2 t,e rai"road (o+ an/

RVPSC +o0ed ,is .at,er to Parana#-a2 in a ne* osition o. tr-st ser0i(e to

attend t,e #ro*in# - o. t,e (o..ee e5 ortations3 T,ree /ears "ater2 a"" t,e

.a+i"/ *as a"so +o0ed to Parana#-a2 *,ere t,e A-t,or "i0ed .or .ort/ /ears2

and *,ere *as #rad-ated as Port-#-ese and En#"is, tea(,er and inAd+inistration3 In ro.essiona" "i.e2 t,e A-t,or *or)ed to so+e #rain e5 orters

(o+ anies2 in("-din# t,e Port o. Parana#-a ti"" $e retired2 *,en ,e +o0ed ,is

.a+i"/ to C-riti$a in 1:::3 In 1: &2 ,e )ne* Ma-ri#i"da and .i0e /ears "ater

t,e/ #ot +arried3 T,e/ are t,e arents to Ri(ardo2 *,o *or)s in Rio de Janeiro

as TV Editor at t,e G"o$osat3 T,e da-#,ter Le/re "i0es in SA2 *,ere s,e #ot

+arried and ,as t*o sons3 T,e A-t,or ,as *ritten se0en $oo)s *it, ISBN $/t,e Bra!i"ian Nationa" Li$rar/ in Rio de Janeiro and ,as trans"ated t,ree o.

t,e+ into Internationa" En#"is,3

"



Egberto F Ribeiro

E'(

5




Ne* Met,od .or Port Lo#isti(s

1st Editon

d

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