16 tenses2

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Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Future simple Future continuous Future perfect Future perfect continuous Past future simple Past future continuous Past future perfect Past future perfect continuous


Uses: To talk about general truth To talk about daily routines

Forms:+S + base verb + object/adverb S + is/am/are + complement

_S + do/does + not + base verb + object/adverb S + is/am/are + not + complement


?Do/does + s + base verb + object/adverbIs/am/are + s + complement

-?Don’t/doesn’t + s + base verb + object/adverbIs/am/are + s + not + complement

Note:Spelling of final –s and –es (singular) For ch, o, sh, ss, x, we need to add –es(catch - catches, do - does, wash - washes, miss - misses, fix - fixes) For –consonant + y, we need to change -y to –ies(cry - cries, fry – fries, try – tries)


For –vowel + y, we just need to add –s

Examples: + The world is round He plays football

_ She is not/isn’t fat He does not/doesn’t play football

? Is she fat? Does he play football

-? Is she not fat? Don’t they play football?


Use: To talk about an action that is going on in the moment of speaking to describe temporary event or situations

Forms:+S + am/is/are + present participle

_S + am/is/are + not + present participle

?Am/is/are + s + present participle

-?Am/is/are + s + not + present participle


Note:Spelling of final –ing For one consonant + -e, we should drop –e and add –ing(dance – dancing, ride – riding) For one vowel + one consonant, we double the consonant and add

–ing(cut – cutting, run – running) note: do not double the consonant x, w, y ( pay – paying, fix – fixing, snow – snowing) For double consonant, we just add –ing and don’t double the

consonant (keep – keeping, read – reading) For double consonant, we just add – ing and don’t double the

consonant


Examples:+ She is playing They are studying_ She is not/isn’t playing They are not/aren’t studying

? Is she playing Are they studying

-? Is she not playing? Are they not studying


Uses: To talk about experiences To expresses the idea that something happened/never happened before

the present time To expresses the actions repeated in an unspecified time between the past

and present . The present perfect tense refers to the actions completed in a very recent

past .

Forms:+S + has/have + past participleS + has/have + been + complement

_S + has/have + not + past participleS + has/have + not + been + complement


?Has/have + s + past participleHas/have + s + been + complement

-?Has/have + s + not + past participleHas/have + s + not + been + complement

Note:Using for an since For - the action began in the past and continues to the present. Since - expresses the idea that an activity began at a definite time

in the past and continues to the present.


Note:Using already, yet, just, never, and ever Already - expresses the idea that something has happened before

now, sooner than expected and there is no need for repetition Yet - expresses the idea that something has not happened until

now ( up to this time), but it may happen in the future. It is used in the end of a sentence

Just - expresses the idea that something happened a very short time ago, and it is a very recent event.

Never - means at no time before. It is important to note that , never is a negative adverb, and it shouldn’t be used with ‘not’ in a negative sentence.

Ever – is used in questions, negative questions, statements including superlative form, negative statements


Examples:+ She has eaten a lot of food They have been in the team for two years

_ She has not/hasn’t eaten a lot of food They have not/haven’t been in the team for two years

? Has she eaten a lot food? Have they been in the team for two years?

-? Has she not eaten a lot of food? Have they not been in the team for two years?


Uses: To indicates the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues

to the present. since, for, all morning, all day, all week, etc. Is used without any specific mention of time, it indicates a general activity in

progress recently, lately.

Forms:

+

S + have/has + been + present participle

_

S + have/has + not + been + present participle


?Have/has + s + been + present participle

-?Have/has + s + not + been + present participle

Examples:+ He has been playing for one hour They have been studying since ten o’clock

_ He has not/hasn’t been playing for one hour They have not/haven’t been studying since ten o’clock


? Has he been playing for one hour? Have they been studying since ten o’clock?

-? Has he not been playing for one hour? Have they been studying since ten o’clock?


Uses: To talk about completed action in the past To talk about habits in the past To talk about a series of completed actions To talk about single duration

Forms:+S + past verb S + was/were + complement

_S + did + not + base verbS + was/were + not + complement


?Did + s + base verb Was/were + s + complement

-?Did + s + not + base verb Was/were + s + not + complement

Note:Spelling of –ed (regular verbs) For a consonant + -e, we add –d (dance – danced) For one vowel + one consonant, we double the consonant and add –ed( plan – planned) note: do not double w and x(fix – fixed)


For two vowel + one consonant, we just add –ed(need – needed) For two consonant, we just add –ed(help – helped) Examples:+ We went to Spain on the last semester holiday He was the fastest runner in 1999

_ We didn’t go to Spain on the last semester holiday He wasn’t the fastest runner in 1999


? Did you go anywhere on the last semester

holiday? Was he the fastest runner in 1999?

-? Didn’t you go anywhere on the last semester

holiday? Wasn’t he the fastest runner in 1999?


Uses: Expresses an activity that was happening (in progress)

at a specific time in the past To say that something happened in the middle of

another activity. In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous)

Forms:+S + was/were + present participle

_S + was/were + not + present participle


?Was/were + s + present participle

-?Was/were + s + not + present participle

Examples:+ They were swimming in the swimming pool He was riding a car_ They were not/weren’t swimming in the swimming pool He was not/wasn’t riding a car


? Were they swimming in the swimming pool? Was he riding a car?

-? Were they not swimming in the swimming pool? Was he not riding a car?


Uses: Expresses an activity which was completed before

another activity or time in the past When before or after is used in a sentence, the past perfect is not

necessary because the time relationship is already clear; therefore, simple past may be used instead, without any change in the meaning.

Forms:+S + had + past participleS + had + been + complement

_S + had + not + past participle S + had + not + been + complement


? Had + s + past participleHad + s + been + complement

-?Had + s + not + past participleHad + s + not + been + complement

Examples:+ I had finished my homework We had been in here for just a moment ago


_ I had not/hadn’t finished my homework We had not/hadn’t been in here for just a moment ago

? Had I finished my homework? Had we been in here for just a moment ago?

-? Had I not finished my homework? Had we not been in here for just a moment ago?


Uses: expresses the duration of an activity which was in

progress before another time or activity in the past. expresses the duration of an activity which was in

progress before another time or activity in the past.

Forms:+S + had + been + present participle

_S + had + not + been + present participle


?Had + s + been + present participle

-?Had + s + not + been + present participle

Examples:+ It had been working since a while ago You had been running for forty-five minutes

_ It had not/hadn’t been working since a while ago You had not/hadn’t been running for forty-five minutes


? Had it been working since a while ago? Had you been running for forty-five minutes?

-? Had it not been working since a while ago? Had you not been running for forty-five minutes?


Use: To talk about an action that will happen in the future

Forms:

+

S + will + base verb + complement

S + is/am/are + going to + complement

_

S + will + not + base verb + complement

S + is/am/are + not + going to + complement


?Will + s + base verb + complementIs/am/are + s + going to + complement

-?Will + s + not + base verb + complementIs/am/are + s + not + going to + complement

Note:Will vs. Going to Using “will” to express a voluntary action / willingness Using “will” in promises. Using “be going to” to express a future plan Using “be going to” and “will” to express predictions


Examples:+ I will be in the team tomorrow She is going to have new bike in her birthday

_ I will not/won’t be in the team tomorrow She is not/isn’t going to have a new bike in her birthday

? Will I be in the team tomorrow? Is she going to have new bike in her birthday?

-? Will I not be in the team tomorrow? Is she not going to have new bike in her birthday?


Uses: To project ourselves into the future and see something

happening To refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal

course of events To predict or guess about someone's actions or

feelings, now or in the future

Forms:+S + will be + present participle

_S + will not be + present participle


?Will + s + be + present participle

-?Will + s + not + be + present participle

Examples:+ They will be leaving now He will be studying now

_ They will not/won’t be leaving now He will not/won’t be studying now


? Will they be leaving now? Will he be studying now?

-? Will they not be leaving now? Will he not be studying now?


Uses: To show that an action will already be completed by a

certain time in the future. We use present perfect tense with verbs which point to completion

Forms: +S + will + have + past participleS + will + have + been + complement

_S + will + not + have + past participleS + will + not + have + been + complement


?Will + s + have + past participleWill + s + have + been + complement

-?Will + s + not + have + past participleWill + s + not + have + been + complement

Examples:+ I will have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter. They will have completed the bridge by the end of the

year.


_ I will not/won’t have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter. They will not/won’t have completed the bridge by the end of the

year.

? Will you have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter? Will they have completed the bridge by the end of the year?

-? Will you not have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter? Will they not have completed the bridge by the end of the year?


Uses: To show that an action will already be completed by a certain time in the

future. We use present perfect tense with verbs which point to completion

Forms:+S + will + have + been + present participle

_S + will + not + have + been + present participle

?Will + s + have + been + present participle

-?Will + s + not + have + present participle


Examples:+ He will has been playing by the time you come They will have been studying by 7 o’clock

_ He will not/won’t has been playing by the time you come They will not/won’t have been studying by 7 o’clock

? Will he has been playing by the time you come? Will they have been studying by 7 o’clock?


-? Will he not has been playing by the time you

come? Will they not have been studying by 7 o’clock?


Use: To talk about an action that will be happen in past time

Forms:

+

S + should/would + be + complement

S + should/would + base verb

_

S + should/would + not + be + complement

S + should/would + not + base verb


?Would/should + s + be + complementWould/should + s + base verb

-?Would/should + s + not + be + complementWould/should + s + not + base verb

Examples:+ He would be here now if you invited him We would come to his house but it rained very hard that

night


_ We would not/wouldn’t come to his house if it didn’t rained very

hard that night He wouldn’t/would not be here now if you didn’t invited her

? Would he be here now if you invited him? Would we come to your house if it didn’t rained very hard that

night?

-? Would he not be here now if you invited him? Would we not come to your house if it didn’t rained very hard that

night?


Use: To talk about an action that will be happened and it is

still happening in the future

Forms:+S + would/should + be + present participle

_S + would/should + not + be + present participle

?Would/should + s + be + present participle


-?Would/should + s + not + be + present participle

Examples:+ He would be reading the novel from seven to ten last night

_ He would not/wouldn’t be reading the novel from seven to ten last

night

? Would he be reading the novel from seven to ten last night?

-? Would he not be reading the novel from seven to ten last night?


Use: To talk about an action that will be completed in the past time

Forms:+S + would/should + have + been + complementS + would/should + have + past participle

_S + would/should + not + have + been + complementS + would/should + not + have + past participle

?Would/should + s + have + past participleWould/should + s + have + been + complement


-?Would/should + s + not + have + past participleWould/should + s + not + have + been + complement

Examples:+ He would have built the house by July last year You should have been here a moment ago

_ He wouldn’t/would not have built the house by July last

year You shouldn’t/should not have been here a moment ago


? Would they have built the house by July last

year? Should they have been here a moment ago?

-? Would they not have built the house by July last

year? Should they not have been here a moment ago?


Use: To talk about an action that will be started and it is

happening until the future in the past time

Forms:+S + would/should + have + been + present participle

_S + would/should + not + have + been + present participle

?would/should + s + have + been + present participle


-?Would/should + s + not + have + been + present participle

Examples:+ Henry should have been studying for the examination last night They would have been working in the company for two years by the

time I moved to the university five years ago_ Henry shouldn’t have been playing computer games last night They wouldn’t have been sitting before I told them

? Should Henry have been studying for the examination last night? Would they have been working in the company for two years by the

time I moved to the university five years ago?


-? Would they not have been working in the

company for two years by the time I moved to the university five years ago?

Should Henry not have been studying for the examination last night?

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Date post:	25-Jun-2015
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16 tenses2

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