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17-1
Chapter 17
Electric Utility Applications
• These applications are growing rapidly
17-2
HVDC Transmission
• There are many such systems all over the world
17-3
HVDC Poles
• Each pole consists of 12-pulse converters
17-4
HVDC Transmission: 12-Pulse Waveforms
• Idealized waveforms
17-5
HVDC Transmission: Converters
• Inverter mode of operation
17-6
Control of HVDC Transmission System
• Inverter is operated at the minimum extinction angle and the rectifier in the current-control mode
17-7
HVDC Transmission: DC-Side Filters
Tuned for the lowest (12th harmonic) frequency
17-8
HVDC Transmission: AC-Side Filters
Tuned for the lowest (11th and the 13th harmonic) frequencies
17-9
Effect of Reactive Power on Voltage Magnitude
• Illustration of the basic principle
17-10
Thyristor-Controlled Inductor (TCI)
• Increasing the delay angle reduces the reactive power drawn by the TCI
17-11
Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSCs)
• Transient current at switching must be minimized
17-12
Instantaneous VAR Controller (SATCOM)
• Can be considered as a reactive current source
17-13
Characteristics of Solar Cells
• The maximum power point is at the knee of the characteristics
17-14
Photovoltaic Interface
• This scheme uses a thyristor inverter
17-15
Harnessing of Wing Energy
• A switch-mode inverter may be needed on the wind generator side also
17-16
Interface with 3-Phase Utility Grid
• Uses a thyristor inverter
17-17
Interface of SMES
• Can be used for utility load leveling
17-18
Active Filters for Harmonic Elimination
• Active filters inject a nullifying current so that the current drawn from the utility is nearly sinusoidal