1914 Present20th century and Beyond

AP World HistoryDr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)

Periodization: Why 1914?

20th Century IdeologiesEconomic (communism/capitalism) vs Political (totalitarianism/democracy)Socialism vs. Marxism vs. CommunismFascism- TotalitarianismRepresentative democracy

World War I- The Great WarGlobal War: war to end all wars: millions dead, trenches, flu, sparked more nationalism

BETWEEN THE WARSDepression, Appeasement, Communism, FacismVersailles Treaty: Germany unhappy later appeasementDepression: hits Germany hard; 1920s swinging in USCycle of depression hits and stock crash Oct. 29, 1929Russian RevolutionChinese Civil War and then Japan invasionExcess lands after WWI China, Mandate System: Class A Mandates in Middle East (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq)New Science and technologyRise of Facism and Nazism

World War II The Western FrontBattle of Britain B. left to battle Germany alone France fell and rescue at Dunkirk-Germany blitzkrieg-Churchill we shall never surrenderJune-Sept. 1940 Did not defeat B.-US joins ALLIESD-Day: June 6, 1944B. US & Canadian troops to France (Normandy)Take back France, but G. held back for a yearHitler commits suicide and war ends in Europe Allies (B., F.) vs. Axis (Germ., Italy, Japan) Later: Allies: B., F., US, USSR vs. Axis (G., I., Japan)

World War II The Eastern Front1941 Hitler takes USSR (breaks treaty)Largest attack in history (Operation Barbossa)Leningrad cut off starving, but no surrender (1 million dead)Germany goes after Stalingrad (near Moscow) and winter does them inBattle of the Bulge: G. retreatUS gets involved after Neutrality Acts (sell supplies to both sides) Pearl Harbor in Dec. 1941Africa: Italians took over Egypt, but not effectiveGermans helped in Al Alamein, but B. held them backEisenhower led Americans into Morocco and Algeria won the areaInvaded Italy Mussolini killed

RevolutionsNew ideas about class, property, land reformHow did this differ from 18th & 19th century?

LATIN AMERICA1914-PresentPolitically: independent in 1800s BUT unstable governments: revolution, socialist attempts, dictatorships and military dictatorships ag. Socialism, 1990s democracyEconomically: Still under Western influence trying hard to strike out on their own: hardNAFTA attemptSocially: issues between white and natives; very multi-national

Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)Geographically: lots of invasions and interventions..rich bribed & used force General Diaz (34 yrs) Mexico declined1% owned 85% of land (haciendas) other end were Indians and mestizos- Mexican Revolution haphazard Zapata led revolt ag. Haciendas in South; Pancho Villa & army of 3,000 seized haciendas in N. create family ranches

RUSSIAPolitically: Changes in politics autocratic Tsar communism communist dictatorship end of communismbut mostly communist

Socially and Economically: not even, superpower but not everyone feels human rights or economic well-being

Russian RevolutionPeace, Bread, and Land Lenin leader of Bolshevik Rev.Czar and WWI too much for RussiaBolshevik Revolution (Communists) wins Civil War under Trotsky: 1917Country almost destroyed; Lenin introduces his NEP which allowed peasants to sell surplus instead of turning it over to governmentbut Lenin still wanted to turn USSR into industrial countrypeasants pay for it!Stalin in 1926 has Trotsky expelled and begins hard-line communist dictatorshipGreat Purge

ASIASOUTH ASIA: Under British, gains independence economically strong, but not still poverty; loses Pakistan; Muslim vs. Hindus Sikh issues with Indira GandhiCHINA: Western control, fights with Japan, becomes communist (Mao), Deng allows some economic capitalism, still human rights issuesJAPAN: Imperialistic, WWII loses and focuses on economy (no more emperor power)

Chinese RevolutionsNationalists come to power, replace QingCommunists & Nationalists work together (ag. Japanese) and vie for power (i.e. Long March) Communists win in 1949 with MAO

Cuban RevolutionIn 1950s, Batista unpopular dictator (US support)Fidel Casto leads a totalitarian revolution suspends elections, jails opponents, controls press, nationalized economy and took away US sugar mills/refineries US intervene Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis (nuclear war threat!!!) Cuba dependent on Soviets but Soviets crash in the 90s: Cuba reforms

MIDDLE EAST1914 Ottoman; Balfour Declaration 1918 mandatesunder W. influenceWWII end: Israel begins; wars w. Egypt/etc.Attempts at peace Terrorism ag. Israel and US/Western problemsEconomically: Oil and OPEC Iraq and Kuwait Persian Gulf Wars

Iranian RevolutionClash between Islamic values and Western materialism (oil) IRAN is best example of thisShah westernized Iran (with US help/support) but millions lived in povertyShah tried to weaken the Muslim leaders called Ayatollahs, but Ayatollah Khomeini incited riots in 1978 Shah fled and Khomeini took overMilitant Islamic, anti-US, 1979 took US Embassy in Tehran

A New Age of ConflictRole of technology how does war changeContinued Impact of Disease (AIDS, SARS)Connection of Nationalism to conflict (Middle East, genocide in Africa)Balance: power politics vs ethnic nationalism

The Cold War

Cold War Ideas- East & West Germany and Berlin Iron Curtain FallsPolicy of Containment (block Soviet influence/expansion)Truman Doctrine support countries that reject Comm and Marshall Plan (rebuilding project and aid for above)Threat of Nuclear War brinkmanshipKorea (38th parallel N comes into SUN intervenesVietnam: US afraid of Domino Theory nervous about communist guerrillas in the South (17th parallel) go in!Dtente with Nixon and SALT agreementsReagan ratches it up again and then communism falls

International OrganizationsUN created to protect members against AggressionGeneral Assembly and 11-member Security Council to settle disputes 5 permanent members who have veto (B., China, F., US and USSR)USSR boycotting UN when UN decided to go into Korea NATO: defensive military alliance (west) vs. WARSAW PACT (East)

Wars of Independence

AFRICA1914: Politically Scramble for Africa still colonial powersWWII Africa more involved in WWII: sees nationalism and ideas of WWII inspires independence decolonizesGhana, Kenya, AlgeriaSouth AfricaEconomically still a problem

Independence

DecolonizationA long and painful process Colonial legacies brought about anti-colonial nationalism and used lessons of warTHREE patterns: - negotiated independence (India)- Civil War (China)- Incomplete decolonization (Palestine, S. Africa and Vietnam)

Colonial Legacy

Global EconomicsGlobal DepressionNorth and SouthInterdependenceEmergence of Pacific RimGlobalization pros and cons?NAFTA and W.T.O.ConsumerismReligious response to Globalization

International Terrorism

Human RightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights 1948Genocide Convention, 1948Armenian 1918Jewish Holocaust 1930s- 1940sCambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979Rwanda, 1994Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery

Genocide

Social ReformsRise of Feminism (suffrage for women)Civil rights movements globallyAnti-apartheid movement in South AfricaClass, religious, racial, gender, and sexual orientation, reforms worldwide

Human Environmental and Demographics InteractionContinued UrbanizationGreen RevolutionDeforestationOzone depletionGlobal environmental effortsWorld Population 7 billion global impact?

World Population

ConclusionsImpact of technology? Role of International Organizations? Challenges? Universal truths?

*Communism vs. CapitalismTotalitarianism vs. Democracy

Socialism and Marxism vs. communism: Marx had wanted a dictatorship of the proletariat and Lenin had created a dictatorship of the Communist party not the same. For Marx: socialism and communism grew out of revolution (workers of the world unite) in a natural waybut Lenin pushed it.

Differences: Marx seems the struggle between capitalists and the proletariat (workers) Lenin sees it as capitalists vs. proletariat and peasant

Marx sees that the proletariats numbers would be so great and conditions so poor that a spontaneous revolution would occur Lenin sees that the peasants uncapable of leading a revolution, thus need the help and guidance of professional revolutionaries

Marx sees the revolution that would end with a dictatorship of the proletariat and the communal ownership of wealthLenin sees that the state needs to be run by a single party (dictatorship of the party) with disciplined, central admin. To ensure goals

TOTALITARIANism uses 1. Dynamic Leader 2. Ideology to justify government action, glorify aims of the state and set goals for the state3. State controls everything (denies basic liberties, demands loyalty, expects personal sacrifice4. State controls society: business, religion, labor, housing, education, arts, youth groups5. Dictatorship and one-party rule6. Uses police terror, violence, indoctrination, propoganda, censorship and persecution (often religious or ethnic)

*BACKGROUND: Nationalism, alliances, militarism SPARK: Killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Why did it start? Sides?How did it end? VERSAILLES1914: Russia: Tsar Nicholas Lenin and Communism Ottoman: Empire Empire broken apart, pieces given away, mandatesAfrica: Fight with their colonial groups and in their areas more nationalismIndia: As above Latin America

*Versailles: War Guilt, Reparations, Lack of military, territory taken awaynot allowed in League of Nations then DEPRESSION!

Depression: Germany suffers the most under Weimar Republic: Bread: 1918 less than a mark; 1922 160 marks; 1923 200 billion marks

Cycle: new wealth not distributed well many families couldnt buy goods being produced store owners cant sell and cut back orders factories left with goods and need to lay off workers spiral beginsfarmers are left with too many crops because of excelelnt farming methods (surplus) cant sell, prices drop, profits down, cant pay off the banksunpaid debts weaken banks and they close (sound familiar???) Stock market: middle class people bet on stock market and buy on-margin that means they pay a small percentage of stock price as a down payment and borrow the rest from a stockbrokerworks if stocks are risingif not investors had no money to pay off loanIn September 1929 lots of people begin selling stocks (they think its high (buy low, sell high) massive selloff means gradual lowerin gof stock prices and panic beginseveryone wants to sell, no one wants to buyprices PLUNGE!

People confused war didnt help their situation, new technology and modernization scared them, new world! Started blaming others for problems (because modernity said that everything is right) especially JewsFacism: People upset at failure to win large territorial gains at Versailles and depression wanted a leader to take action! Italy under Benito Mussolini glorified warfare and Italy crush all that disagreegenius of propaganda and advertising

Nazism: Hitler Mein Kampf: Germany should incorporate all German-speaking people even those in other countries; Master race of Aryans; hated Jews who he blamed for every disaster of Germany, glorified violence, saw survival of the fittest as part of the Aryan Master planGoal repeal humiliation of Versailles get back German-speaking territories, conquer Lebesntstraam (room to live) by taking Poland and USSR, eliminate Jews from Europe- Hitler helped get Germany back productively! but his real goal was CONQUESTwanted to test the other countries1. Withdrew from League of Nations2. Introduced conscription and a military3. Sent troops into Rhineland then invaded Austria then Czechoslavakiasparked Munich Conference (Aggression paid off!) and countries appeased him4. Invaded Poland5 Signed a Nazi-Soviet Pact to avoid a 2-front war with USSR

Countries appeased Hitler because they were busy with the depression, scared of another war, had to listen to their people (democracy), bigger fear of communism at the time and they felt that when the Munich Conference was over the leaders would behave like gentlemen and abide by promises***Europe 18th and 19th autocracies and aristocraciesnobles held land and powergradual build-up of middle class and democracyChina Communism broke up the large landholding of rich Chinese a chance at equality? Russia serfdom in the 18th century and then an attempt at imperialismbut it didnt work communism (away from Czar and autocracy)India nationalism during late 19th and 20th century away from British class systemcut caste system still in place; Indian landLatin America independence movementsproblems of order (Chapter 25) and land distribution was part of thatdictatorships did not give the poor what they wanted or needed and there were many problems left over from colonial rule: powerful militaries (easy coup detat), economies too dependent on a single crop, large gaps between rich and poor check Chapter 19 in Modern World History for case studies in 20th century In Brazil: Kubitschek in the 50s wanted to redistribute land to peasants, but the military (with blessing of the rich) took overmilitary dictatorships emphasizing foreign investment and development projects in Amazon jungle (end of rain forest) and economy boomedMexico had one-party rule, but not militaryunder Cardenas who tried to improve life for peasants and workers using land reform, nationalizing oil industry and kicking out foreign oil companies. In the 60s, it became the PRI poliitcal party, but not a perfect democracycontrolled Congress and always won, but through fraud and corruption. In the 80s Salinas won and signed NAFTA which removed trade barriers in Mexico, US and Canada.Fox won in 2000 and wanted to get US to legalize millions of illegal Mexican immigrant workers.Africa largely independent until the late 19th century land owned and distributed by tribes and tribal custums (i.e. Zulu and Sokoto Caliphate), some modernization in Egypt focused on IslamAfrican slaves turned into legitimate trade (West African palm oil) under British supervision (Freetown Sierra Leone)colonization had direct and indirect rule and those under indirect rule had an easier time after WWII establishing their own countries. Ghana first country to achieve independence (1957) under Kwame Nkrumah who used strikes and boycotts to liberate the Gold Coast from the British in late 1947. *So many foreign invasions and huge gap between poor and rich (only a revolution could save them!) so far from God, so close to the US1% only 85% of Mexicos land (haciendas)Emiliano Zapata in the North led a revolt against hacienda with peasant soldiers on horsebackperiodically come down from mountains, burn hacienda buildings and return land to the Indian villages to which it had once belonged (very Robin Hood-like)Francisco Pancho Villa in north was a former ranch hand who led an organized army of 3,000 against the 17 individuals who owned two-fifths of the land and he represented the 95% who had no land ata llBoth part agrarian rebels and social revolutionariescould not rise above regionala nd peasant origins and lead a national revolutionboth later assasinated by the constitutionalists. However the Constitutinalist did adopt some of their agrarian reforms (restoring communal lands to Indians) and proposed Social programsMurals from Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.

In 1934 Cardenas became the PRM (mexican Revolutiaonry Party president) and removed generals from government prositions and worked on implementing reforms he redistributed 44 million acres of land and replaced church-run schools with government schools. Nationalized railroads and got rid of foreign-owned companies later changed name to the PRI*Russia during WWI unprepared militarily and economically no match fro Germany in a year: 4 million casualitiesCzar Nicholas goes to front to help, Czarina Alexandra runs government with the help of Rasputin (a gypsy advisor claiming to have mystical powers, helps her hemophiliac sonopposed reform measures, puts his own people in governmetn eventually murdered) At the front, Russians deserting, mutiny, ignoring ordersfood dwindling, inflation HORRIBLE! Lenin comes into town and takes over with Peace bread and land slogan redistriubtes farmland to peasants, give control of factories to the workers, singed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (surrendered a huge part of its territory) now CIVIL WAR!!!!Lenin wins and restores order with NEPthere is some peace and stability after a while and production begins to increaseCommunists see nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty and renames country the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) and rename party the communist party

Stalin becomes dictator (Stalin means Man or steel ruthless! And even Lenin thought of him as ruthless he wrotoe Comrade Stalin has concentrated enormous power in his hands and Im not sure that he knows how to use that power with sufficient caution creates a totalitarian society

TOTALITARIANism uses 1. Dynamic Leader 2. Ideology to justify government action, glorify aims of the state and set goals for the state3. State controls everything (denies basic liberties, demands loyalty, expects personal sacrifice4. State controls society: business, religion, labor, housing, education, arts, youth groups5. Dictatorship and one-party rule6. Uses police terror, violence, indoctrination, propoganda, censorship and persecution (often religious or ethnic)

STALIN creates a police state: 1934 Great Purge (campaign of Terror directed an anyone who threatened his power) old Bolsheviks were first8-13 million people died Propoganda nd censhorship (no newspapers, no free education, no books that gave different ideas) schools preached Communism onlyprofessors and history teachers imprisoned or lose jobs religion gone in place: ideals of COMMUNISM atheism was encouraged and people were encouraged to attack the Russian Orthodox Church and other places of worship. POGROMS against the Jewish faith were also done.

*Nationalists vs. Communists (Mao Tse-Tung)WWI creates problems as the Chinese dont like the foreign involvement Treaty of Versailles gives the Japanese German territory in China OUTRAGE and gives way to the May Fourth Movement anti-foreign demonstrations and nationalismmany turned from the Nationalists belief in Western democracy in favor of Lenins Soviet CommunismMao (assistant librarian at Beijing University!) saw communism not as a workers revolution but as a peasant revolution! Peasants align with communistsChang Kai-Shek or Jiang Jieshi (Nationalists) and Mao clash! Nationalists become leader of China but there is a Civil WarJiang puts the Chinese on the LONG MARCH (6,000 miles journey for a year thousands die)hide in cavesIn 1931 the Japanese watched the Chinese fight the Civil War and they invade ManchuriaIn 1937 all-out invasion of Chinadestruction of farms and many more die of starvation. In 1938 Japan holds much of ChinaNationalists and Communists unite to fight the Japanese and then WWII

After WWII Communists controlled much of N. China; Nationalists in S. US sends Nationalists aid (1.5 billion) and civil war resumesCommunists win in 1949 because they promised land reform to peasants and they had an experienced, motivated guerrilla army!

Mao goes into Tibet and Dalai Lama flees to India still not allowed into China today!

Mao seized landlord land and killed more than a million landlords who resisted redistributed it to peasants but FORCED them into collective farms (200-300 housholds) naitonalized private industries

Great Leap Forward: larger collective farms called communes 15,000 acres supporting 25,000 people peasants lived and worked togethers everything communalbut they owned nothing and there was no incentive to work hard when only the state profitedstep backward! Famine and crop failures killed 20 million

New Economic policies but Mao thought it hurt the goal of social equality he started the CULTURAL REVOLUTION by urgin young people to learn revoltuion by making revolution hero: peasants who worked with their hands.intellectuals, artists, professors, history and literature teachers were dangerous and uselessshut down schools, colleges intellecutals had to purify themselves by doing hard labor in remote villagesthousands executed or imprisoned.*Castro a young lawyerBay of Pigs ex-Cuban exiles trained to land at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba: discovered and defeated humiliating defeat for USMany attempts at Castros life including the exploding cigarSoviets (Khrushchev) help Cuba nad secretly build 42 missile sites in Cuba US intelligence spy planes discover thisorder the Soviets to STOP as it could hit US mainlandit is a threat according to John Kennedy. He sets up a naval blocade of Cuba to prevent Soviets from installing more missilesWorld watches the other side blinked Khrushchev saved face by getting an agreement that the US wouldnt invade CubaSoviet aid to Cuba left Castro dependent on USSR but when USSR went belly-up in the 90s, Castro left hurting and a terrible blow to economy- Castro has tried to loosen control of Cubas economy and sought better relations with other countries (Canada) US still very anti-Cubabut Obama has recently announced some let-up*Skycrapers millions in povertyKhomeini was in exile sent tape-recorded messages as people didnt like Shah since his father had taken power despite nationalizing oil industry-Took over women given less rights, compelled to wear modest Islamic garments, no entertainment, social life anti-Israeli, anti-US: Khomeini saw the US as Great Satan and opposed to Islamhe helped foster Islamic revolutions elsewhere. Shiite Islam and little experience running government universities closed

1979 Tehran held 52 hostages for 444 days humiliated the US: released the day Ronald Reagan became Presidentsaw Reagan as the cowboy1980 Saddam Husain (who ruled Iraq) went in to topple Iran he was secular, Arab nationalist philosophy and friends of the Soviet Union (weapons) he was afraid the Shiite Iranians who incite his Shiite majority to overtake his Sunni government

Iran and Iraq fought for 8 years (Iran had US weapons Iraq had Soviet but US did this COVERTLYdiscovered in the Iran-Contra affair in 1986hoped to gain release of other hostages and help finance the Contra war against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua*Technology atomic bomb; thermonuclear bomb, rocket launchers, laser missles, nuclear arms in smaller, less stable nationsDisease SARS, AIDS, - now possible use of disease as a technology tool (using biological warfare anthrax or even vials of polio or other contained diseases

Terrorism is a very old activity. During the Roman Empire the Roman military contaminated their enemy's drinking water with the carcasses of animals. It is also thought that, in an early form of biological warfare, the early European settlers of the Americas used smallpox-contaminated blankets in their efforts remove the native peoples.While the terrorists may use homemade plastic explosives, car bombs or biological weapons, the ultimate tool of terrorism is the terror it provokes. The terrorist hopes that this fear will have a domino effect in the target country, causing:decreased confidence in the economy suspicion and discord uncertainty in government intelligence-gathering ability

Nationalism to conflict nationalism in Middle East Israel vs. Palestinian conflict land, religion and ethnicity = nationalism; African genocide in Rowanda or Darfurall about the nationalism and power of different ethnic tribes.

**E & WGermany divided after the war a race on to get to Germany before the Soviets: USSR wants a buffer between them and Germany and the wWest USSR tried to get rid of the Western powers in Berlin by cutting off the roads leading into the area (starve them out) but US and B. did the Berlin Airlift

Korea: N goes into South North being like Hitler? Douglas MacArthur got involved and pushed them back but then got to the Yula River on Chinese border Chinese freaked out and sent 300,000 soldiers into North Korea and outnumbered the UN forces went back across the 38th parallel into South capital of SeoulMacArthur called this an entirely new war and called for nuclear attacks against China. Truman saw him as crazy and fired him after MacArthur talked to Congress and the press went over Trumans head. UN then drove the Chinese and North Koreans back ot the 38th paralell and it was essentially near this area where a cease-fire agreement madeTODAY Kim Jong II took over and is developing nuclear weapons (fired a missile over Japan recently) and S. prospered because of US support

Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh became Communist and he came back to Vietnam and started the Vietminh in the North helped force out Japanese in 1945, but France then took over. Vietminh used guerrilla tactic sna dthe French decided it wasnt worth it.surrendered and US panicked was this just the first in a long-line of Asian countries? NO fight them!!!17th parallel divided communist north and southanti-communist government Diem in South but HATED!!! Vietcong communists develop in the SouthVietminh -= Northern CommunistsVietcong = Southern CommunistsVietcong almost take over South US become advisors and enter fight in 1964despite being best equipped army: 2 problems: guerrilla warfare and the South government is universally hatedwhy are they fighting for them

Nixon brings in Vietnamization decrease role in vietnam but massively bomb the North and Laos and Cambodia countries to destroy Vietcong hiding places

1973 Vietminh invade the South and set up a governmentCambodia has Khmer Rouge (communist rebels) under Pol Pots governmetn kill 2 million through reeducation camps WATCH THE KILLING FIELDS!**India**African Independence was much more difficult Algeria fought with France with the FLN (Front de Liberation National) vs. French governmentterrible brutality**********