1916-1929Unit 5

The Road to World War I through The Roaring 20’s

Bell Work On a sheet of paper.

Name all the times you can think of that the United States has been invaded/ attacked by another country on our own soil

Before We Start With The Lesson Keep These In Mind Theodore

Roosevelt Calling The Spanish-American War “Our Merry Little War”

American Attitude After The Smashing Of Spain In Cuba And The Pacific

United States Becoming A More Globalized Country

We Will Soon Be Talking About “The War To End All Wars”

Key Players

American MexicanWoodrow Wilson,

President of United States of America

John J. “Blackjack” Pershing, General in U.S Army

George S. Patton, Captain in U.S. Army

Doroteo Arango a.k.a Poncho Villa, Mexican bandit/ Revolutionary

Woodrow WilsonOriginally From Staunton, Virginia

Serves as President of Princeton University

Supports Elements of Mexican Revolution

John “Blackjack” PershingSchool teacher in Nebraska before entering United State Military Academy at West Point

Serves with 10th U.S Cavalry known a “Buffalo Solders” where he is given nickname “Blackjack”

Commands U.S forces during Punitive Expedition

George S. PattonEnters West Point after attending Virginia Military Institute

Begs Pershing for days to be allowed on Pershing’s staff for Punitive Expedition

World Class Pistol Shot

Poncho VillaHas his first run in with Mexican authorities in his early teens for supposedly killing the man who attacked his sister

Becomes involved in Mexican Revolution

Forms a group known as Villistas that roam Northern Mexico and become powerful part of Mexican Revolution

Columbus, New MexicoBefore March 9th

Columbus, New Mexico After March 9th

U.S Troops

In Camp In The Field

See The Differences?

Horse Powered Horsepower

U.S Cavalry Patrolling For Poncho VillaNotice the troops are leading their remounts

The PE’s Combat Planes

Now Do You See The Change?

Punitive Expedition World War I

The End The bulk of American forces were

withdrawn in January 1917. Pershing publicly claimed the expedition

was a success, although privately he complained to family that President Wilson had imposed too many restrictions, which made it impossible for him to fulfill his mission

Before We Leave The Punitive Expedition

Colonel LeRoy Reeves Grave in Oak Hill Cemetery in Johnson City

• Johnson City Native• Practiced Law before

joining Tennessee National Guard

• Served on the Mexican Border from 1916 until 1917

• Designed Tennessee State Flag

• The Reeves Home is located at 1205 Buffalo St. Johnson City, Tennessee

Concluding QuestionsCan you see the American attitude in

phrases like “Our Merry Little War” “The Punitive Expedition” and “War To End All Wars”?

Do you see the changes from The Punitive Expedition to World War I?

State Standards EH 7.4.2 Identify causes of U.S involvement

in WWIEH 7.10.3 Analyze U.S isolationist v.

interventionist arguments EH 7.3.1 Recognize progress of

political/social reforms 1890-1930EH7 LE 5.1 Understand the role of U.S. in

world affairs

EH7 LE 6.1 Understand effect of WWI on American people

World War I (The Road to War)Assignment:Draw and label map pg 763

Make sure to color code according to key

The Road to War:

Europe was no stranger to war--- young men expected it and many looked at it honorably.

Two countries that were bitter enemies France and Germany

Alsace-Lorraine (France had lost to Germany)Imperialistic arguments power strugglesMilitarism aggressive military buildup in which

the military gained more control of the government & foreign affairs---most European powers engaged in this

Ethnic & cultural differences (nationalism) many political boundaries divided ethnic lines

Secret treaties and alliances

The Road to War:By 1890 Britain was considered the most

powerful country in the world… however many countries could challenge. (Germany, U.S. Russia, France, Japan)

You make alliances—Britain very popular in US. Germany thought it would make an alliance with Great Britain (France and Russia already aligned)

Britain shocked the world and made an alliance with France/Russia

Europe Pre-WarThere had not been a major war in Europe

for almost 100 years Since then, countries scrambled to gain as

much power and territory as possible.Nationalism and militarism led to alliances

being made These would keep many of the powers at

bay for the time being

Ways To Remember the Alliances TRIPLE ALLIANCE George (Germany)

Akers (Austria)

Hates (Hungry)

Indiana Jones (Italy)

TRIPLE ENTENTE Friends (France)

Rarely (Russia)Get Bored (Great

Britain)

Encirclement:Germany felt surrounded, noose was being

drawn around them alliance w/ Austria-Hungry very important.

Spark that started the war June 28, 1914:Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandHe was heir to the throne in Austria-

HungaryKilled in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was a

province of Austria-HungaryBosnia really wanted to be part of Serbia

(the two shared the same ethnic background)

Bosnia had been a focal point between Austria-Hungary & Serbia

Serbia was blamed for the death of the Archduke

The Archduke Causes All The ProblemsOn June 28, 1914 the Archduke of

Austria FRANCIS Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian Empire) was shot by Gavrilo Princip (a Serbian Anarchist)

Princip is commonly associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna, which was a group that called for the destruction of the Austrian-Hungrarian (A-H) empire

Ferdinand and Princip

A Quick ExplinationA-H against Serbia (over assignation)Germany against Russia (because of

Serbia)France against Germany (because of

Russia)Germany against Belgium (to attack

France)Great Britain against Germany (because of

Belgium and France)*

Austria-Hungary declared war on Tiny Serbia--- Serbia was an ally of Russia (1914)

Russia goes to aid Serbia---then comes Germany--- in comes France

Germany plans to hit France quick and hard to knock them out of war so they do not have to fight a 2 front war.

To reach France as quickly as possible---German Army had to pass through Belgium

Great Britain was protector of Belgium b/c they enter the war

The Powers of Europe were drawn into this war took about a week. The Powers of Europe were drawn into this war took

about a week. Divided in two sides Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman

Empire (sick man of Europe) Allies: Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia eventually

Italy & U.S.

Excitement in Air---young men to war Short war (few months) Both sides were confident

Germany moves quickly through France come within about 30 miles of Paris & are stopped near Marne River (by combined French & British Forces)

Both sides dig in--- a stalemate—neither can gain advantage

A new kind of war--- The first modern war

Trench Warfare--- trenches dug, filled w/ water , mud, disease, rats (Trench foot)

No Man’s Land---- area between the trenches bomb craters, barbed wire, dead bodies

The weapons----- machine guns, hand grenades, poison gas, submarines , tanks, airplanes

Machine gun ate bodies like flames consume dried wood

In one battle British suffer 60,000 casualties (20,000 deaths)

Trench Warfare of WWI

Problems of Trench WarfareBad conditions for

soldiers- trench foot, lice, rats

Fear of being picked off by snipers

These were only minor problems when compared to going “over the top”

The most deadly problem in WWI was the combining of old tactics with modern weapons

Troops would attack in waves against machine gun emplacements and artillery pits

The U.S Remains Out Of The Fight Early on GB had

blockaded Germany Germans countered

the blockade with this new thing called a submarine

In February of 1915, German submarines attacked the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland

In 1916 German subs again attacked an “unarmed” ship the Sussex

This would seal the deal for the United States and bring them into the war- much against President Woodrow Wilson’s best advice

In America Some Americans were shockedMany immigrants & children of immigrants felt

personally involved German/Irish side w/ Central powers

Most Americans identified w/ Great Britain (Kaiser Wilhelm was an autocrat (ruler w/ unlimited power)) offended supporters of democracy

British propaganda designed to sway Am ViewBottom line 1914 U.S. declares neutrality (U.S. can

make money)President Wilson starts a preparedness movement

get ready.

Factors that led the United States to WarEconomic relationship to Great BritainGerman U-Boats--- used to break British blockade

& sop supplies to Great Britain---unrestricted sub-war--- would file on ships w/o warning (cargo included)

War Information--- Britain cut trans-Atlantic cable from Germany War news came from London

Lusitania---- (British) passenger liner sailing from United States to Britain--- attacked & sank by U-Boats (nearly 1200 people die, 128 Americans) Germany promised to give warning to passengers---Sussex France Passenger Ship sank---- American’s threatens to end relations

Sussex pledge promise to warn before U-boats attack only last about 1yr & unrestricted war continues.

Factors that led the United States to WarZimmerman note: letter to Mexico---

encouraged to attack U.S. enters war against Germany--- Mexico encouraged to attack U.S. (promises them Southwest territory- angers most Americans)

Czar Nicholas II losses power in Russia--- Wilson says, “World must be made safe for Democracy”

April 1917 U.S. enters the war

Building Up The ArmyThe U.S military

was a fraction of the size of European armies

In May of 1917 Congress passed the Selective Service Act which established a draft

The Draft On June 5, 1917,

more than 9.6 million American men were registered for the draft

Throughout the war 24 million men registered and 2.8 million were drafted*

Conscientious Objectors Two major groups- German and Irish

Americans- tended to oppose being drafted into the military

To quiet these differing opinions, the U.S government would trespass on individual civil liberties…

Some would refuse to cooperate with the Selective Service Act

Many times this was due to religious beliefs

These men were often court-marshaled and sent to prison at Fort Levenworth, Kansas

Resisting the draft could cost you prison time and other limits on your freedom

It is said that somewhere in the neighborhood of 12% of men that were drafted did not report for duty

The Most Famous CO of WWIAlvin York intially

resisted the draft for religious opinions but later served

He was convinced that it was his patriotic duty to do so

In Europe he became the most decorated soldier of the war

War on European Front:Before the war U.S. had begun a

Preparedness Movement--- get ready, but we are still not ready in 1917.

Army was not big enough had about 100,000 men in uniform

Military far from Europe mainly in South America & Pacific

Untrained national guard

War on European Front:At first we send loans & supplies

(Europe needs men)Troops sent commanded by John J.

Pershing about 15,000--- Black Jack says he needs 1 million

Selective Service Act Passed---- wide spread acceptance---“This is the War to end all Wars”

By 1918 24 million men register & 3 million were drafted

War on European Front:Many others will volunteer11,000 women volunteered to serve in

uniform (nurses, clerks)American soldiers called doughboysAfrican Americans most assigned to

non-combat rolesSegregated army but Harlem Hell-

Fighters earn highest French honors.

THE U.S ENTERS THE WAR European leaders,

for the most part, had two different ideas about the U.S. entering the war

The first, mostly of the Triple Entente, was “It’s about time.”

The second, of just about everyone, was to dismiss the United States as a bunch of people who could not get along with themselves much less raise an effective army

THE FIRST JOBBecause the U.S had been building it’s

Navy the most, (thanks to who?) the first job given to the U.S was to protect supply ships coming from the U.S going to Europe

This was done with great effectiveness and thrust the U.S Navy on the world stage as an effective navy

Convoy Ships German U-Boats

The U.S declared war on Germany in April of 1917

Combat troops start flowing into Europe and taking over portions of the Western Front shortly there after

The bulk of U.S forces would not arrive until early in 1918

General of the Armies John J. PershingPershing refuses to

split the American forces up among the French and British armies

Eventually the army takes part (on their own) in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Battle of Cantigny

U.S Marines take part in the Battle of Belleau Wood.

The battle (Commanded by Maj. General Omar Bradley) was to resist the German offensive and was the first true combat test of the U.S

Future Generals in WWI

The Class The Stars Fell OnBradley, Eisenhower, and Patton

Of the 164 graduates, 59 earned at least one star (attained the rank of general), the most of any class in the history of the United States Military Academy

Two would earn the highest rank in the military and one would be President

On the Home Front

taxes go upWar bonds called liberty bonds---can redeem plus

interest (raised 20 billion dollars)Industry shift to producing war time goodsGovernment regulations--- Government manages

foods & Fuels vital to the war effortSome items were rationed (mostly people

volunteered)Government hoped people would volunteer cut back Meatless Mondays, heatless Thursday, gasless daysReduce waste, plant victory gardens“Food will win the war

On the Home FrontDaylight Savings Time: move clocks

ahead one hour News & Information controlled by the

Federal Governmentone film banned because of how British

Troops portrayed in Am. RevolutionCommittee of Public Information (CPI):

headed by George Creel makes pamphlets, films, posters, promotes war

Hysteria over the possibility of spies:“Hate the Huns Movement”California board of education bans the

teaching of the German languageGerman musicians blacklistedGerman books removed from LibrariesLiberty Measles, Liberty CabbageGerman Shepherds= Police dogs

Civil Liberties Attacked:Espionage Act: makes it illegal to interfere

with the draftSedition Act: sedition refers to incitement or

resistance against a cause--- designed to stop any rebellion about 1000 convictions (Eugene Debs-10yr jail sentence)

Upheld by the Supreme Court (Schenck v. U.S.) Charles Schenck urged those drafted not to report for duty. Violated the espionage act. Court said government justified in silencing speech when there is a clear and present danger.

African Americans and Latin Americans recruited into the workplace

Women get jobs that were once only open to men & some get management positions

These are steps toward Equality

Assignment:Write a letter to Europe about home

front

Facts and Figures For The U.S In World War One By June 1917, there were

14,000 U.S. soldiers in France, and by May of the next year there were one million American troops

During the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, Pershing commanded the American First Army, more than 500,000 men

This was followed by the Meuse-Argonne offensive, during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French soldiers.

The United States by the summer of 1918 was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day

American forces sustained about 360,000 casualties, including 116,000 dead

Some 50,000 of them were killed in action or died of wounds—and 234,000 wounded

The War Ends Just as U.S troops

start to gain more experience fighting the war ends

One the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month the Germans surrendered in a railway car in Compiegne, France

End of War: The War Toll

Nov. 11, 1918: Fighting Ends on the 11th day, 11th hour, 11th month.

It is estimated that about 10 million men died on the battlefield (about 5,000 a day)

It is estimated another 20 million died of things related to the war (disease)

6 million were left crippled: Russia: 1,700,000 France: 1,375,000 Germany: 1,800,000 Britain: 900,000 U.S.: 100,000 “An entire generation was wiped out”

Wilson Peace Plan:would promote “peace between

equalsPlan would be knows as: 14 PointsEnd secret alliancesRespect colonial populations---self

determination policyNations join an association“God only has 10”Rest of Allies looking to permanently

weaken Germany

Wilson Steps In With His Fourteen PointsWilson created the points as an answer to

the growing spectualtion of the Europeans as to the aims of the U.S after the war

They stressed a peace inspired by noble ideals and not of greed and veneance

The Peace ConferenceHeld in Paris-Wilson himself attends.

(Wilson claims no interest in the spoils of war)

Treaty would be established by the big four: U.S., Great Britain, France, & Italy

The Peace Conference: The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles –Wilson does

not get what he wants but gets:League of Nations an organization in

which nations of the world would join to secure peace & security.

Attack on one is an attack on allUS refuses to join politicsFrance gains Alsace-Loraine

The Peace Conference: The Treaty of VersaillesGermany must shoulder full blame of the

warGermany must surrender all overseas

coloniesGermany must pay reparations of 33

billion dollarsGermany’ rearmament is to be limitedAllies take control of the German economyThis was designed to humiliate GermanyThis will make US the World’s Strongest

Country

League of NationsAs part of the peace

agreement, Wilson proposed the idea of a League of Nations

The league would work as a police force to keep a world war from never occurring again

Despite Wilson proposing the idea, the U.S never joined.

Assignment:Students should work in groups to

prepare a peace treaty (if time permits)

Post War America:

Demobilization: shift from war time to peace time

 Difficult ProcessSoldiers look for jobsCost of living goes up (demand more than

supply)Recession: war industries no longer neededFarmers lose European Markets cannot pay

debts

Labor Strikes in U.S.(1919 total of 3,600)After the war prices were high, workers were

angry they lost gains made during warSeattle General Strike: 60,000 laborers

go on strike from Garbage collectors to carpenters

Steel Strike: 365,000 steelworkers, harsh working conditions, 7 days a week, 12 hr days, 24 hr shifts

Boston Police Strike: 75% of Boston Police forces go on strike. (Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard)

All Strikes Fail:Press blames immigrantsPeople believe communist behind strikes

(Revolution in Russia, Communist called for a world wide revolution)

Less than 1% of Americans Support (Communist Ideas)

The Red Scare: A period of Anti-Communist hysteria

CausesLabor Strikes of 1919Revolution in Russia (Communist call for

worldwide overthrow through worker revolts)Terrorist Activity

40 mail bombs interceptedSenators maid (GA Senator maid got mail and blew up in

her hands)

The Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer: bomb damages front of his house (looking for an excuse to gain popularity wants to run for president)

Palmer Raids:all out crusades against communist many

immigrants are targeted.About 6000 immigrants rounded upDeports about 600 some had already

gained citizenship, some were not given trials

America becomes scared of immigrants (Fear)

1921 Emergency Quota Act: cuts # of people admitted to U.S. ; reduced again in 1924, worked to limit eastern & southern Europeans (Communist)

Nativist There had been long standing Nativist

feeling in the United States going back to the Chinese restriction acts

On the eve of WWI Congress was able to pass a law requiring immigrants to take literacy tests

Those who could not read and write in their own language were not allowed in the U.S

QUOTA LAWS AND SYSTEMS WWI, Russia’

Revolution, and the Red Scare all added to this Nativist fervor in America

Two important laws passed in the 20’s that put into action those nativist feelings

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 established the quota systems to govern immigration for specific countries

National Origins Act The NOA was set up on a simple formula:

The number of immigrants of a given nationality living each year could not exceed 2% of the number of people of that same nationality in the United States in 1890

1890 was chosen for a specific reason, what reason do you think it is?

An Example Say there are 100,000 Irish living in

America in 1890 This would mean that only 2,000 Irish could

come in each year after the NOA was passed

In reality the acted allow roughly 65,000 immigrants from England and Northern Ireland, but only 5,000 from Italy

Sacco & Vanzetti:2 Italian anarchist believe society should be

without governmentWhy??? Blamed government for war,

poverty, evil In 1921 against themItalianImmigrantsAnarchistsAccused of Robbery & Murder based on eye

witness account “they looked Italian” bias judge.

Sacco-guilty; Vanzetti-Innocent

Polarization in the 1920’s:Examples:Wets v. Dry’s1919 18th Amendment made the manufacture, sale,

or transport of alcohol illegal.Wets: wanted to do away with prohibitionDry’s: supported itProhibition Fails Why?????Hard to enforce: bootleggers, moonshiners,

rumrunners etc…Many deaths: bath tub gin, speakeasiesBoosted organized crime: did not help morality

Polarization in the 1920’s:Examples: Rural America v. Urban AmericaUrban Americans more liberal with different

set of values

Polarization in the 1920’s:Examples:The 1920 census reported that for the first time in

American history more people lived in urban area that rural areas

This showed in the openness to change in social and scientific values

 Fundamentalism v. Modernism:Fundamentalism: movement that believed in the literal

interpretation of the BibleModernism: modern scientific learning could go hand in

hand w/ the BibleFundamentals: opposed dancing, card playing, drinkingExample: Scopes Monkey Trial1925 Dayton, TN John Scopes teaches evolution in school

The Scopes Monkey TrialThe "Scopes Trial“, often called the

"Scopes Monkey Trial") was an American legal case that tested the Butler Act, which made it unlawful, in any state-funded educational establishment often in the South

Butler Act “to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals."

The case was a critical turning point in the United States' creation-evolution controversy.

The Case John Scopes, a high

school teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925 with teaching evolution from a chapter in a textbook which showed ideas set out in Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.

Three-time presidential candidate, Congressman and former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan headed up the prosecution, while prominent trial attorney

Clarence Darrow spoke for the defense.

The highlight of the trial came when Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert of the Bible.

Byran supported the idea that the Bible held the literal truth

Scopes was later found guilty of breaking the law and fined 100 dollars

The Trial

Hot July, Circus atmosphere, scientific testimony is ruled out, Bryan was called to the stand as an expert on the Bible.

Scopes found guilty 100 dollar fineBased on Butler law---around until 1967Hillsboro-DaytonBert Cates-John ScopesHenry Drummond-Clarence DarrowMatthew Harrison Brady-William Jennings

BryanE.K. Hornbeck- H.L. Menmen

Why This Matters After World War One, the economy grew

like it had never before. This doesn’t mean the best for women and

African Americans who were displaced by returning veterans

The boom changed the lives of millions of people and helped create the modern consumer economy that we still see today

The Auto Industry Takes Off• Much of the growth

was caused by the auto industry that has grown during the war.

• Factories quickly changed back their production from tanks and heavy truck for the army to car for the comsumer

• Henry Ford was at the forefront of this revolution.

• Though he did not invent the idea of mass production, he expand the idea

• Mass production was used on everything from typewriters to cigars.

So Long As It Is In Black Early cars had been

marketed to the people, but Ford was the first to take a very reliable car to the American people.

The first Model T Ford sold for $850 and came in any color you wanted “so long as it was black”

• The assmebly line reduced the cost and time it took Ford Motor Company to build a car

• In two year the time it took to build a Model T from 12 hours to 90 minutes

• The cost of the Model T fell from $350 in 1916 to $290 in 1927

In 1919 only 10% of American had a car

By 1927, 56% did. This meant more

money for the auto worker too.

Wages went up from $2.35 to $5 in a day

Ford reduced the work day from 9 to 8 hours

And for the first time workers received the weekend off

Spin-Off Industries • While business in railroads, and taxies

declined, others went through the roof• The steel, glass, timber, coal, gasoline, oil, and

rubber industries all benefited from the boom in the auto industry

• Also families started vacationing as they never had before which lead to gain is the hospitality and recreation field.

• The automobile also effected suburban life as well, as families moved farther out of the heart of cites, but remained close to their jobs.*

Consumer Habits and Growth In Cities • People who did not have

cash readily available to them began purchasing in ways they had never had before

• The first was through installment buying-the buyer would put a small down payment on a purchase, then pay on it in regular installments

• The second was buying on margin-buying on credit.

• Finally you have consumers investing in the stock market on a higher level than ever before

• People also began flocking to cities from the country to work in a variety of industries.

• Many of these were African Americans as part of the Great Migration that we have talked about

• With the automobile, workers could live farther out of the dirty cities and drive into town to work

• This is much like it is today when people live in suburbs and drive into bigger cities to work

The Harding Administration• Instead of pursuing reform as the

progressives had, Harding and later Calvin Coolidge favored more conservative policies that aided growth in businesses

• Harding signaled a new economic notion by naming Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury.

• Mellon was a wealthy banker, and in the future make decisions that benefited the banking industry.*

Harding and Mellon

The Ohio Gang The Tea Pot Dome Scandal • Many say that

Harding’s friendliness did not make up for his lack of understanding for the demands of the Presidency

• Harding surrounded himself with a group of his friends and other less than honest public servants- “The Ohio Gang”

• Over many late night poker games, these “advisers” would “help” Harding run the country

• The Harding administration faced it’s worst scandal with the Teapot Dome scandal that broke in 1923.

• Sec. of the Interior Albert Fall arranged to transfer oil reserves from California to Teapot Dome Wyoming.

• Once in Wyoming, Fall leased these reserves to private investors for “loans” that later turned out to be bribes

Poor Ole Harding Here is a quote

Harding gave to a newspaper while President

“I listen to one side and they seem right..I talk to the other side, and they seem just as right, and here I am where I started..What a job!”

Harding to Silent CalReturning from a

trip to Alaska Harding had a heart attack and died on August 2 of 1924

When new reached Vice President Calvin Coolidge he had his father, a justice of peace, swear him in on the family bible

Calvin Who?• Coolidge’s presidency

was a mixed bag. • He left Mellon in the

Treasury and followed many of the same economic policies of Harding

• However, Coolidge did very little to help in labor troubles, and racial discrimination

• He felt that it was not the government’s job to legislate economic but not social changes

Harding and Coolidge On The World Stage• Under Harding and

Coolidge the United States continues to play and increasingly important role in world affairs and trade

• In 1921 and 1922 diplomates garther in Washington D.C in order to stop a growing Naval Arms race- much like the arms races before WWI

These leaders agreeded to limit construction of large warships and formed a settlement that came to be known as the Washington Naval Disarmament Conferance-

It did very little but calmed the fears and raise hopes that the world could solve problems without a war

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928• Sec. Of State Frank

B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand drew up a treaty to “outlaw” wars.

• Eventually 62 nations signed the treaty but everyone knew that it really had just a snowball’s chance of ever working

The Culture Of The 1920’sIssues that we’re going to coverProhibition1920’s Movies SportsJazz, Ragtime, and Swing MusicThe Lost Generation The Harlem Renaissance

ProhibitionSince the 1800’s temperance reformed has

crusaded against alcohol.In 1917 75% of Americans lived in “dry”

counties Temperance was most supported by

women, who often experienced first hand the effects of too much alcohol

In 1919, the United States ratified the Eighteen Amendment to the Constitution, which forbade the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol anywhere in the United States.

Although it was highly controversial, Prohibition was supported by diverse groups.

Progressives believed that it would improve society and the Ku Klux Klan strongly supported its strict enforcement as generally did women, southerners, those living in rural areas, and African-Americans

There were a few exceptions such as the Woman’s Organization for Prohibition Reform who fought against it.

Will Rogers often joked about the southern pro-prohibitionists: "The South is dry and will vote dry. That is, everybody sober enough to stagger to the polls."

Bootleggers Often times bootlegger

(those who made alcohol illegally) used creative ways to not only make the hootch but sell it

Many government officials originally hired to enforce the Volstead Act would actually take bribes to allow bootleggers to conduct business

The Real McCoy With the start of

Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from the Caribbean to Florida through Government Cut.

The law caught up with him, so he began to bring the illegal goods to just outside of the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats take it to the U.S

McCoy installed mounted a concealed machine gun on his ships’, deck.

McCoy’s ships hauled mostly Irish and Canadian whiskey, from Maine to Florida.

In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits, or to re-label it as better goods. McCoy became famous for never watering his booze,. This is one of several reputed origins of the term "The Real McCoy."

The issue of Prohibition became a highly controversial one among medical professionals, because alcohol was widely prescribed by physicians of the era for therapeutic purposes. Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921. Subsequently, physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition as it applied to medicinal liquors.

While the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol was illegal in the U.S., Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed the making at home of wine and cider from fruit (but not beer). Up to 200 gallons per year could be made, and some vineyards grew grapes for home use

Many of Chicago's most notorious gangsters, including Al Capone and his enemy Bugs Moran, made millions of dollars through illegal alcohol sales. By the end of the decade Capone controlled all 10,000 speakeasies in Chicago and ruled the bootlegging business from Canada to Florida.

Numerous other crimes, including theft and murder, were directly linked to criminal activities in Chicago and elsewhere in violation of prohibition.

Problems (besides bootlegging) of Prohibition

Racketeering happened when powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement agencies. Stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle.

The cost of enforcing Prohibition was high, and the lack of tax revenues on alcohol (some $500 million annually nationwide) affected government coffers.

When repeal of Prohibition occurred in 1933, organized crime lost nearly all of its black market alcohol profits in most states (states still had the right to enforce their own laws concerning alcohol consumption), because of competition with low-priced alcohol sales at legal liquor stores

Prohibition also resulted in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes.

Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old values in culture and promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring 20s

Dixieland or Rag Time in the ‘20s Many early jazz

performers played in the brothels and bars of red-light district around Basin Street called "Storyville.“

Small bands of self-taught African American musicians, many from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans, played a seminal role in the development of early jazz-ocms

Swing MusicKey figures in

developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller, and Artie Shaw.

Though swing was more popular in the 1930’s and 40’s it got it’s start in the 1920’s* count basie

Tie-InsThe 1920’s where a decade of social

change.With economic laze-faire policies and the

post-war boom Americans had less to worry about and so focused more on social change

American will not see such a drastic social and cultural change until the 1960’s

Terms of the Times:Flappers: New Age Woman of the 20’s;

rebellious; energetic; fun-loving; bold; smoked; drove cars; shorter skirts; danced; wore make up

-helped create modern AmericaSmall # of American Women (huge impact

on fashion, dress, & hair)

Demographics:statistics that describe a population

Examples: race, income, area where living1920 1st time in history more American’s in

urban areas than rural areas (life for farmers too hard after the war)

Heroes of the 1920’s:Charles Lindbergh 1927: flew the Spirit

of St Louis 1st flight across the Atlantic N.Y. to Paris 33.5 hrs

-no auto-pilot, $25,000prize-soon after son kidnapped & murdered

Heroes of the 1920’s:Amelia Earhart 1928: first woman to fly

across the Atlantic (passenger) 1932 soloAlso goes to Hawaii Tried to fly around the world & disappeared

Sports of The 1920’s The Roaring Twenties is seen as the

breakout decade for sports in America. Their exploits were loudly and highly

praised in the new "gee whiz" style of sports journalism that was emerging; .*christabell

Heroes of the 1920’s:George Herman (Babe) Ruth: Baseball

player Boston Red Sox & N.Y. Yankees known as the Sultan of Swat

BaseballBaseball

experienced what some have called it’s Golden Era during the twenties.

Babe Ruth, Joe Jackson, and Lou Gehrig all experienced great success in the 1920’s

A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time.

College football captivated fans, with notables such as Red Grange, running back of the University of Illinois, and Knute Rockne who coached Notre Dame's football program to great success on the field and nation-wide notoriety. *

Dempsey The Four Horsemen

Mass Media :print & broad cast methods of

communicating information to large numbers of people.

Movies, Newspapers & Magazines, 1922 500 radio stations

To Open Up The Cultural Aspects Like we talked about yesterday, the 1920’s

saw a huge cultural change in the United States

Women and African American experience the most change they have ever

With the Harlem Renaissance African Americans come into the public consciences for the first time in a positive light

Women also break down many doors with their new ways of dress, language, and actions

The New Mass Culture

Intro Felix The Cat While the

automobile helped change the American culture, it was not the only component to the Roaring ’20’s

Radio, Sports, The Movies and Music all added to the rowdiness of the decade

The Movies With free time like

they’ve never had before Americans flocked to the movies which was a very new source of entertainment

Technologies in the movie industry rose to new heights during the 1920’s

During the decade anywhere from 60 to 100 million Americans went to the movies each week

They paid their five cents and packed ornate movie theaters

THE JAZZ SINGERThe 1927 film THE

JAZZ SINGER was the first to synchronize sound with the movie

Al Jolson was the first to actually speak, not pantomime on film

Silent films, which had dominated for year, quickly faded from the scene