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LIFE & LIFE & CULTURE IN CULTURE IN
AMERICA 1920-AMERICA 1920-19291929
THE THE ROARING ROARING TWENTIESTWENTIES
Americans on the MoveAmericans on the Move
Urbanization Urbanization still still acceleratingacceleratingMore More
Americans Americans lived in lived in cities than cities than in rural in rural areasareas
URBAN VS. RURALURBAN VS. RURALUrban life = Urban life = anonymous anonymous crowds, strangers, crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and moneymakers, and pleasure seekers.pleasure seekers.
Rural life = safety, Rural life = safety, with close personal with close personal ties, hard work and ties, hard work and morals. morals.
Cities were impersonal
Farms were innocent
Demographical ChangesDemographical Changes Great Migration Great Migration
African Americans African Americans moving North at moving North at rapid pace.rapid pace.
Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws New job New job
opportunities in opportunities in northnorth
1860 – 93% in 1860 – 93% in SouthSouth1930 – 80% in 1930 – 80% in SouthSouth
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux KlanColonel William J. SimmonsColonel William J. Simmons
Revived organization in 1915Revived organization in 19151922: enrollment 4 million1922: enrollment 4 million““Sales” $8 commission of $10 Sales” $8 commission of $10
initiation fee for recruitsinitiation fee for recruits
ImmigrationImmigrationEmergency Emergency Quota Act Quota Act (1921) (1921) 3% of ethnic group 3% of ethnic group as per 1910 census as per 1910 census SE Europe, SE Europe, exempted those in exempted those in “Western “Western Hemisphere”Hemisphere”
National Origins National Origins Act Act (1924) (1924) 2% 2% 1890 census1890 census
“Keep America America”
SCIENCE AND SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASHRELIGION CLASH
Fundamentalists vs. Secular thinkersFundamentalists vs. Secular thinkers
Eugenics- pseudo-scientific racism Eugenics- pseudo-scientific racism
The Protestant movement - literal interpretation The Protestant movement - literal interpretation of the bible is known as fundamentalismof the bible is known as fundamentalism
Fundamentalists Fundamentalists found all truth in the biblefound all truth in the bible – – including science & evolutionincluding science & evolution
SCOPES TRIALSCOPES TRIAL
Tennessee Tennessee made it a made it a crime to teach crime to teach evolutionevolution
Scopes was a biology teacher who dared to teach his students that man
derived from lower species
THE TWENTIES WOMANTHE TWENTIES WOMAN
Women were Women were independent and independent and achieving greater achieving greater freedoms.freedoms.
ie. right to vote, ie. right to vote, more employment, more employment, freedom of the autofreedom of the auto
Chicago 1926
THE FLAPPERTHE FLAPPER
A Flapper was an A Flapper was an emancipated emancipated young woman young woman who embraced who embraced the new fashions the new fashions and urban and urban attitudes.attitudes.
NEW ROLES FOR NEW ROLES FOR WOMENWOMEN
Many women entered the Many women entered the workplace as nurses, workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, & teachers, librarians, & secretaries.secretaries.
Early 20th Century teachers
THE CHANGING THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILYAMERICAN FAMILY
Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger Birth control Birth control
activistactivist Founder of Founder of
American Birth American Birth Control LeagueControl League
ie. Planned ie. Planned ParenthoodParenthood
Margaret Sanger and other founders of the American Birth
Control League - 1921
PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION The 18The 18thth
Amendment in Amendment in 19201920 Launched era Launched era
known as known as ProhibitionProhibition
Made it illegal Made it illegal to make, to make, distribute, sell, distribute, sell, transport or transport or consume consume liquor.liquor.
A.K.A. Volstead A.K.A. Volstead Act Act
PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
SUPPORT FOR SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION
Supporters were Supporters were largely from the largely from the rural south and rural south and westwest
Poster supporting prohibition
SPEAKEASIES AND SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERSBOOTLEGGERS
To obtain liquor, To obtain liquor, drinkers went drinkers went underground to underground to hidden saloons hidden saloons known as known as speakeasiesspeakeasies
People also bought People also bought liquor from liquor from bootleggers bootleggers who who smuggled it in from smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and Canada, Cuba and the West Indiesthe West Indies
GOVERNMENT FAILS GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUORTO CONTROL LIQUOR
Prohibition failed: Prohibition failed: Why? Government Why? Government
did not budget did not budget enough money to enough money to enforce the lawenforce the law
Federal agents pour wine down a sewer
SUPPORT FADES, SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALEDPROHIBITION REPEALED
By the mid-1920s, By the mid-1920s, only 19% of only 19% of Americans supported Americans supported ProhibitionProhibition
The 21The 21stst Amendment Amendment finally finally repealed repealed Prohibition in 1933Prohibition in 1933
ORGANIZED ORGANIZED CRIMECRIME
Al Capone –Al Capone –Chicago, IllinoisChicago, Illinois famous bootleggerfamous bootlegger““Scarface”Scarface”60 million yr 60 million yr
(bootleg alone(bootleg alone))
Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931
St. Valentine’s Day MassacreSt. Valentine’s Day Massacre
Valentines Day – Valentines Day – February 14, 1929February 14, 1929
Rival between Al Rival between Al Capone and Bugs Capone and Bugs MoranMoran Capone – South Side Capone – South Side
Italian gangItalian gang Moran – North Side Irish Moran – North Side Irish
ganggang
Bloody murder of 7 of Bloody murder of 7 of Moran’s men.Moran’s men. Capone’s men dressed Capone’s men dressed
as copsas cops
EXPANDING NEWS EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGECOVERAGE
Literacy Literacy increased in the increased in the 1920s…1920s…
as a result as a result Newspaper and Newspaper and
magazine magazine circulation rose.circulation rose.
RADIO COMES RADIO COMES OF AGEOF AGE
Radio- most Radio- most powerful mode of powerful mode of communication in communication in 1920s1920s
Henry Ford and Model T
ENTERTAINMENT AND ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTSARTS
First sound First sound
movies: movies: Jazz SingerJazz Singer (1927) (1927)
First animated with First animated with sound: sound: Steamboat Steamboat WillieWillie (1928)(1928)
By 1930By 1930 millions ofmillions of Americans went to Americans went to the movies each the movies each weekweek
Walt Disney's animated
Steamboat Willie marked the debut of Mickey Mouse. It was a seven minute long black and
white cartoon.
Icons of 1920sIcons of 1920s
LINDBERGH’S LINDBERGH’S FLIGHTFLIGHT Charles Lindbergh Charles Lindbergh
May 27, 1927: May 27, 1927: Lindbergh made the Lindbergh made the first nonstop solo trans-first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight.Atlantic flight.
NYC - ParisNYC - Paris 33 ½ hours later – (no 33 ½ hours later – (no
auto pilot)auto pilot) $25,000 prize$25,000 prize
Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart 1932: First female 1932: First female
to fly solo across to fly solo across the Atlanticthe Atlantic
1937: Attempt to 1937: Attempt to fly around the fly around the worldworld 2/3 completed and 2/3 completed and
went missing, went missing, presumed dead.presumed dead.
AMERICAN HEROES OF AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20sTHE 20s
In 1929, In 1929, Americans spent Americans spent $4.5 billion on $4.5 billion on entertainmententertainment
Babe RuthBabe Ruth was a was a larger than life larger than life American heroAmerican hero who played for who played for Yankees and hit Yankees and hit 60 homers in 60 homers in 19271927
1920s DANCING1920s DANCING
CharlestonCharleston Swing DancingSwing Dancing Dance MarathonsDance Marathons
Walt DisneyWalt DisneyWalt Disney only Walt Disney only
attended one attended one year of high year of high school. school.
He was the voice He was the voice of Mickey Mouse of Mickey Mouse for two decades. for two decades.
ART OF THE 1920sART OF THE 1920s
Georgia O’ KeeffeGeorgia O’ Keeffe captured the captured the grandeur of New grandeur of New York using York using intensely colored intensely colored canvasescanvases
Radiator Building, Night, New York , 1927
Georgia O'Keeffe
WRITERS OF WRITERS OF THE 1920sTHE 1920s
Writer F. Scott Writer F. Scott FitzgeraldFitzgerald coined coined the phrase “Jazz the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe Age” to describe the 1920sthe 1920s
MARCUS GARVEY - MARCUS GARVEY - UNIAUNIA Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey
believed that African believed that African Americans should Americans should build a separate build a separate society (Africa)society (Africa)
In 1914, Garvey In 1914, Garvey founded the founded the Universal Negro Universal Negro Improvement Improvement Association Association Garvey represented a more
radical approach
HARLEM, NEW YORKHARLEM, NEW YORK Harlem, NY Harlem, NY
became the became the largest black largest black urban communityurban community
Home to literary Home to literary and artistic and artistic revival revival known as the known as the Harlem Harlem Renaissance Renaissance
LANGSTON LANGSTON HUGHESHUGHES
Missouri-born Missouri-born Langston HughesLangston Hughes was the was the movement’s best movement’s best known poetknown poet
Many of his poems Many of his poems described the described the difficult lives of difficult lives of working-classworking-class blacksblacks
1919 Chicago White Sox
Prohibition Photos
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/06/02/dining/20090603-speakeasy-slideshow_2.html