U.S. History-The U.S. History-The Roaring Twenties Unit: Roaring Twenties Unit:

1920-19291920-1929

Presidents During the Roaring Presidents During the Roaring TwentiesTwenties

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

Boom TimesBoom Times

U.S. emerged from U.S. emerged from WWI as an economic WWI as an economic giantgiant

President Warren G. President Warren G. Harding and Calvin Harding and Calvin Coolidge supported Big Coolidge supported Big Businesses which Businesses which stimulated the economystimulated the economy

But controversy swirled But controversy swirled throughout the decadethroughout the decade

Review WWI video Review U.S. and WWI video

A Return to Normalcy Newly elected President Newly elected President

1920- Warren G. 1920- Warren G. Harding called for Harding called for America to return back America to return back to the way of life before to the way of life before the warthe war

Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact - -involved 64 nations, involved 64 nations, almost all in the world, to almost all in the world, to renounce war and renounce war and reduce weaponsreduce weapons Was no way to enforce Was no way to enforce

PactPact

IsolationismIsolationism

Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding and many other and many other Americans wanted Americans wanted America to become America to become politically politically isolatedisolated from the rest of the from the rest of the world’s problemsworld’s problems

U.S. would keep this U.S. would keep this policy until WWII.policy until WWII.

Consumer Goods become all the Rage Americans began to Americans began to

purchase large purchase large amounts of consumer amounts of consumer goods, mostly on goods, mostly on credit- credit- Installment Installment PlansPlans Washing machines RadiosRadios Vacuum cleanersVacuum cleaners RefrigeratorsRefrigerators

Red ScareRed Scare Fear of Communism Fear of Communism

spreading into America spreading into America following WWIfollowing WWI

Communists used a Communists used a symbolic symbolic redred flag in flag in revolution and wanted revolution and wanted worldwide revolutionworldwide revolution

To overthrow capitalismTo overthrow capitalism Abolition free enterprise and Abolition free enterprise and

private propertyprivate property Americans who joined Americans who joined

Communist Party in Communist Party in America were called America were called “Reds“Reds””

Red ScareRed Scare

Attorney General-A. Mitchell Palmer attempted to remove attempted to remove the threat of the threat of communismcommunism

Never really found Never really found conspiracy of conspiracy of communist revolt communist revolt although 70,000 although 70,000 Americans joined Americans joined Communists PartyCommunists Party

Labor TroublesLabor Troubles

Membership in labor Membership in labor unions decline in 20’sunions decline in 20’s Much of work force were Much of work force were

immigrants who were immigrants who were willing to work in poor willing to work in poor conditions for little payconditions for little pay

Immigrants spoke many Immigrants spoke many different languages so it different languages so it was hard to organizewas hard to organize

Many unions excluded Many unions excluded African Americans who African Americans who were making up a larger were making up a larger number in the work forcenumber in the work force

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal Oil scandal that occurred Oil scandal that occurred

while while Warren G. Harding was was president. president.

Harding’s Secretary of Harding’s Secretary of Interior, Albert Fall, Interior, Albert Fall, leased government land leased government land to oil companies and to oil companies and kept moneykept money

After President After President Harding’s death Harding’s death Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” Continues Government Continues Government support of Big Businesssupport of Big Business

Albert Fall, 1st Cabinet member to go to prison

Sacco and Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants who were Two Italian immigrants who were

accused of murder and robbery and accused of murder and robbery and were executed. Little evidence.were executed. Little evidence.

Showed example of intolerance of Showed example of intolerance of foreigners and new immigrants during foreigners and new immigrants during the periodthe period

Emergency Quota Act-1921Emergency Quota Act-1921 Established the maximum number of Established the maximum number of

people who could enter the U.S.people who could enter the U.S. National Origins Act-1929National Origins Act-1929

Restricted immigration from Eastern Restricted immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe and Southern Europe

Said nothing about immigration from Said nothing about immigration from Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

Immigration from Latin America began Immigration from Latin America began to increaseto increase

*Both attempted to limit Immigration *Both attempted to limit Immigration into the U.S. during the Erainto the U.S. during the Era

Vanzetti (left) Sacco (right)

Rebirth of the KKK

Hatred of immigrants Hatred of immigrants was on the rise after was on the rise after WWI, also hated WWI, also hated Jews, Blacks, Jews, Blacks, Catholics, and others. Catholics, and others. -Everyone except -Everyone except white protestants from white protestants from AmericaAmerica

KKK was first formed KKK was first formed after Civil War after Civil War (1860’s)(1860’s)

Klan march in Washington D.C.-1928

Back to Africa MovementBack to Africa Movement

Led by Marcus Led by Marcus GarveyGarvey Promoted black pride Promoted black pride

in their culture and in their culture and encourage black encourage black owned businessesowned businesses

Garvey embezzled Garvey embezzled money from his money from his followers, never goes followers, never goes back to Africa himself, back to Africa himself, goes to prison.goes to prison.

The Scopes Trial

Also called the Monkey Also called the Monkey Trial, was over the right to Trial, was over the right to teach evolutionteach evolution

Fundamentalism vs. Fundamentalism vs. ModernismModernism

Clarence Darrow and Clarence Darrow and William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Rise of the ACLU Rise of the ACLU (American Civil Liberties (American Civil Liberties Union).Union).

John T. Scopes

Clarence Darrow (left) William Jennings Bryan (right)

1818thth Amendment and Prohibition Amendment and Prohibition

1818thth Amendment was Amendment was ratified in 1920ratified in 1920 Made alcohol illegal Made alcohol illegal Was extremely difficult Was extremely difficult

to enforce-like drugs to enforce-like drugs todaytoday

Led to increased crime Led to increased crime and the rise of and the rise of powerful crime ringspowerful crime rings

Volstead ActVolstead Act -enforced -enforced prohibitionprohibition

The Beginning of Gangsters Organized crime and Organized crime and

gangsters like gangsters like Al Capone made a made a tremendous amount of tremendous amount of money off the illegal money off the illegal selling and transporting selling and transporting of alcoholof alcohol

Led to Led to SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies--illegal barsillegal bars

Alcohol becomes legal Alcohol becomes legal again in 1933 with the again in 1933 with the 2121stst Amendment Amendment

Capone’s jail cell

Valentines Day Massacre-1929- Capone ordered hit

8 Changes in Society that occurred 8 Changes in Society that occurred in the 1920’sin the 1920’s

1.The rise of the Automobile Ways it changed AmericaWays it changed America

Society became quickerSociety became quicker Paved roads, stop signs, Paved roads, stop signs,

garages, gas stations, motels, garages, gas stations, motels, shopping centersshopping centers

Increase in other industries Increase in other industries such as rubber, glass, steel, etcsuch as rubber, glass, steel, etc

People moved away from cities, People moved away from cities, rise in suburbs, term is rise in suburbs, term is Urban Urban SprawlSprawl

Henry Ford and assembly line Henry Ford and assembly line lowered the price of cars and lowered the price of cars and made them affordable for made them affordable for average Americansaverage Americans

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2. Flappers

Symbolized the Symbolized the revolution in morals revolution in morals and manners.and manners.

Flappers were women Flappers were women who drank, smoked, who drank, smoked, cursed, cut their hair cursed, cut their hair short, wore shorter short, wore shorter skirts, danced, etc.skirts, danced, etc.

3. 3. The Jazz Age

Music that became Music that became popular during the popular during the 1920’s. 1920’s. Performed by Louis Performed by Louis

Armstrong, Duke Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others.Ellington and others.

Cotton ClubCotton Club -popular -popular jazz club in Harlem-jazz club in Harlem-whites onlywhites only

Bessie Smith-famous Bessie Smith-famous blues singerblues singer

4. Professional Sports/Leisure 4. Professional Sports/Leisure PastimesPastimes

Considered the Golden Considered the Golden Age of SportsAge of Sports Became very popular Became very popular

since people had since people had money and time to go money and time to go to sporting eventsto sporting events

Some sports heroes of Some sports heroes of the erathe era

• Babe Ruth -baseballBabe Ruth -baseball• Red Grange-footballRed Grange-football• Jack Dempsey-boxingJack Dempsey-boxing• Gertrude Ederle -Gertrude Ederle -

Swimmer-1Swimmer-1stst woman to woman to swim English Channelswim English Channel

Babe Ruth homerun in 1927 World Series

Jack Dempsey and wife

Red Grange-The Galloping GhostDance Marathon

Daredevil on rooftop video

1929 video of A’s and Cubs World Series

1929 Football footage

5. Charles Lindbergh and The 5. Charles Lindbergh and The Spirit of St. LouisSpirit of St. Louis

Flew the first non-stop Flew the first non-stop flight across the flight across the Atlantic Ocean from Atlantic Ocean from NY to Paris, and NY to Paris, and became a huge became a huge American HeroAmerican Hero

6. The Lost Generation 6. The Lost Generation A group of artist and A group of artist and

writers that were writers that were disillusioned with society disillusioned with society and disgusted with and disgusted with materialism and WWImaterialism and WWI

All Quiet on the Western All Quiet on the Western FrontFront -best example of -best example of Lost GenerationLost Generation

Ernest HemmingwayErnest Hemmingway F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald

Hemmingway

Fitzgerald

7. Radio and Movies7. Radio and Movies

Radio and especially Radio and especially movies were movies were extremely popularextremely popular First radio stations First radio stations

were in the 1920’swere in the 1920’s Silent films had been Silent films had been

around for some time around for some time but first talking movie but first talking movie (talkies) (talkies) The Jazz The Jazz SingerSinger -1927 -1927

Houdini

8. Harlem Renaissance8. Harlem Renaissance

A rebirth of art and A rebirth of art and literature in the black literature in the black community. community.

Center of this was Center of this was Harlem, NY.Harlem, NY.

Blacks began to take Blacks began to take pride in their own pride in their own culture and historyculture and history

Langston Hughes-writer

The End of the DecadeThe End of the Decade

By the end of 1920’s By the end of 1920’s signs were pointing to signs were pointing to a massive a massive catastrophe ahead.catastrophe ahead.

Stock Market Crashes Stock Market Crashes on Black Tuesday, on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929.October 29, 1929.

This leads to the This leads to the Great Depression.Great Depression.

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