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Group 07 IPv6 1
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
(IPV6)
Group 07 IPv6 2
Group Members
1.ET/06/64722.ET/06/64873.ET/06/64914.EE/06/63935.EE/06/64556.EE/06/6473
Group 07 IPv6 3
A view of Internet History
1970s�Arpanet / Internet Technology Invented
1980s�Research / Non-Commercial Internet Service
1990s�The Web and the Internet Everywhere
Bill Gates decided he Invented it!2000s�
The Mobile and Wireless Internet
Group 07 IPv6 4
What is A Protocol?
Imagine the number of people communicating in the world, the number of
different languages they use, the number of different machines they use,
the number of ways in which they transmit data and the different
software they use. We would never be able to communicate worldwide if
there were no ‘standards’ governing the way we communicate and the
way our machines treat data. These standards are sets of rules.
Group 07 IPv6 5
What Is An Internet Protocol?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across
a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also
referred to as TCP/IP.
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite
and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets)
from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses.
Group 07 IPv6 6
IPv4
Group 07 IPv6 7
IPv4
•Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision in the development of
the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely
deployedIP is the primary protocol in the Internet
•IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to
4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique addresses. However, some are reserved for
special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast
addresses (~270 million addresses).
Group 07 IPv6 8
• This reduces the number of addresses that can potentially be allocated for
routing on the public Internet. As addresses are being incrementally
delegated to end users, an IPv4 address shortage has been developing.
NAT• In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is the process of
modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers
while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping
one IP address space into another.
Group 07 IPv6 9
IPv4 Addressing
Each IPv4-based network must have the following:
•A unique network number that is assigned by either an ISP, an IR, or, for older
networks, registered by the IANA. If you plan to use private addresses, the
network numbers you devise must be unique within your organization.
•Unique IPv4 addresses for the interfaces of every system on the network.
•A network mask.
Group 07 IPv6 10
The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface
on a system, as explained in How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces. An
IPv4 address is written in decimal digits, divided into four 8-bit fields that are
separated by periods. Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IPv4 address.
This form of representing the bytes of an IPv4 address is often referred to as
the dotted-decimal format.
Group 07 IPv6 11
IPv4 Header FormatVERSION HD LEN TYPE OF SERVICE TOTAL LENGTH
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination address
Options
Data
32 Bits
Group 07 IPv6 12
IP Classes
Group 07 IPv6 13
IP Classes
Class A 0/1 - 126
Class B 128 - 191
Class C 192 - 223
Class D 224 - 239
Class E 240 - 254/255
D&E only for researches
IPv4 - 192.168.1.215
8 + 8 + 8 + 8 bits =32 bits
IPv6 - 3FFF :f200 :0234 :AB00 :0123 :2567: 8901: ABCD =128 bits
Ex For Full Address =10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
Group 07 IPv6 14
SUBNET MASK= A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses that can be used in a network Subnet masks are used to designate sub networks, or subnets, which are typically local networks LANs that are connected to the Internet. Systems within the same subnet can communicate directly with each other, while systems on different subnets must communicate through a router.
Class A =10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255Class B =160.120.0.0 160.120.255.255Class C =192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255
No Change of Particular Classes(common for that)
192.168.1.215
Network ID (Can`t Change) Host Part(Can Change)
Group 07 IPv6 15
Network ID Host Part.
Class C
Class B
Class A
Write the Network part and Put the “0” to the Host part
192.168.1.
Network IP -192.168.1.0
1st Valued IP =192.168.1.1
192.18.1.4
172.100.1.1
10.1.1.32
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Network ID +1 = 1st Valied IP
Group 07 IPv6 16
To get network ID
1) 10.10.10.92 Class A
N/W IP =10.0.0.01st Valued IP =10.0.0.1
2)172.16.8.50 Class B
N/W IP =172.16.0.01st Valued IP =172.16.0.1
3) 200.100.42.45 Class C
N/W IP = 200.100.42.01st valued IP =200.100.42.1
10 .10.10.92
172.16 .8.50
.42.45200.100.42
Group 07 IPv6 17
Last Valued ID
Ex- 192.168.1. =192.168.1.255
B/Cast IP-1 =Last Valued IP
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IP Address N/W ID 1st Valued ID B/Cast IP Last Valued IP
200.192.111.10(Class C)
200.100.111.0 200.100.111.1 200.100.111.255 200.100.111.254
10.140.112.11(Class A)
10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.255.255.255 10.255.255.254
192.42.50.55(Class C)
192.42.52.0 192.42.52.1 192.42.50.255 192.42.50.254
168.172.221.19(Class B)
168.172.0.0 168.172.0.1 168.172.255.255 168.172.255.254
122.13.140.51 (Class A)
122.0.0.0 122.0.0.1 122.255.255.255 122.255.255.254
Group 07 IPv6 18
Slash Notations200.100.100.40/24
Total Network bit in this IP1) 200.100.100.0/25 200.100.100.
N/W =200.100.100.128
2)200.100.100.0/26
200.100.100.
N/W =200.100100.192
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 128+64=192
Group 07 IPv6 19
IPv6
Group 07 IPv6 20
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is an Internet Protocol version which is
designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in
dominant use currently. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-
switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of
Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was
defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460.
Group 07 IPv6 21
IPv6 Addressing
The most important feature of IPv6 is a much larger address space than
that of IPv4: addresses in IPv6 are 128 bits long, compared to 32-bit
addresses in IPv4. The very large IPv6 address space supports a total of
2128 (about 3.4×1038) addresses—or approximately 5×1028 (roughly 295)
addresses for each of the roughly 6.8 billion (6.8×109) people alive in
2010.
Group 07 IPv6 22
IPv6 ADDRESSING
IPv6 addresses are classified into three types:-
•unicast addresses
•anycast addresses
•multicast addresses
Broadcast addresses are not used in IPv6. Each IPv6 address also has a 'scope', which specifies in which part of the network it is valid and unique.
Group 07 IPv6 23
• Uni cast :- In computer networking, unicast transmission is the
sending of messages to a single network destination host on a packet
switching network.
• Any cast :- Network addressing and routing scheme whereby data is
routed to the topologically "nearest" or "best" node.
• Multicast :-Multicast addressing is a network technology for the delivery
of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most
efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network
only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple
destinations split.
Group 07 IPv6 24
IPv6 Header Format
Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Pay Load Length Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination address
Data
40Octets
Variable Length
32 Bits
Group 07 IPv6 25
•Version :- 4 bits.IPv6 version number.•Traffic Class :-8 bits. Internet traffic priority delivery value.•Flow Label :- 20 bits. Used for specifying special router handling from source to
destination(s) for a sequence of packets.•Payload Length :-16 bits unsigned. Specifies the length of the data in the packet.
When cleared to zero, the option is a hop-by-hop Jumbo payload•Next Header :-8 bits.Specifies the next encapsulated protocol. The values are
compatible with those specified for the IPv4 protocol field.•Hop Limit :-8 bits unsigned. For each router that forwards the packet, the hop
limit is decremented by 1. When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is
discarded. This replaces the TTL field in the IPv4 header that was originally
intended to be used as a time based hop limit.•Source address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the sending node.•Destination address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the destination node.
Group 07 IPv6 26
IPv6 Interoperability
Two most common techniques to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 are;
Dual Stack IPv6 to IPv4 Tunnels
A third method is to use an extensions of IP network Address Translation (NAT) to translate the IPv4 to an IPv6 address and IPv6 to IPv4.
Group 07 IPv6 27
Dual Stack
Group 07 IPv6 28
IPv6 To IPv4 TUNNELS
Group 07 IPv6 29
Comparison Of IPv6 & IPv4
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address 32 bits (4 octets) 128 bits (16 octets)
Address Space over 109; possible addresses
over 1038; possible addresses
Packet Header variable size - time-consuming to handle
fixed size (40 octets) - more efficient
Packet Size
•65536 octets maximum •compromise between overhead of smaller packets and line seizure by large ones
•normal packet up to 65536 octets •"jumbogram" - up to 4 billion octets for high-performance computing LANs
Group 07 IPv6 30
Cont……
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address Notation (numeric)
dotted decimal notation
hexadecimal with colons and shortcuts (abbreviations); IPv4 addresses a special case
Fragmentation possible multiple step fragmentation, done by routers, impacting routing performance
done at most once, by host (not router), after MTU discovery over the path, improving router performance
Quality of Service defined but not generally used consistently
•flow labeling •priority •support for real-time data and multimedia distribution
Group 07 IPv6 31
Cont……
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Security
•limited; no authentication or encryption at IP level •(dependence on higher-level protocols; vulnerable to denial-of-service and address deception or "spoofing" attacks
•authentication (validation of packet origin) •encryption (privacy of contents) •requires administration of "security associations" to handle key distribution, etc.
Group 07 IPv6 32