1.INTRODUCTION

GiFi stands for Gigabit Wireless. GiFi is a wireless technology which promises high speed short range

data transfers with speeds of upto 5 Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The GiFi operates on the

60GHz frequency band. This frequency band is currently mostly unused. The Gifi measures 5mm

square and it is manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)

technology. The same GiFi system is currently used to print silicon chips. This new wireless

technology is named GiFi . The GiFi Chip developed by the Australian researchers. In theory this

technology would transfers GB’s of our fav high definition movies in seconds. So GiFi can be

considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications ranging

from new mobile phones to consumer electronics. GiFi allows a full-length high definition movie to be

transferred between two devices in seconds. to the higher megapixel count on our cameras, the

increased bitrate on our music files, the higher resolution of our video files, and so on. We demand

more than ever, but we also want this content to be transfered in the most expedient manner possible.

802.11g and 802.11n are fine and all, but some people want to push the envelope even further. This

chip is 5mm per side and it can operate at a frequency of 60GHz while wifi chip can operate only at

2.4GHz. This have low power conception of 2 watt comes and comes with 1mm antenna.

Fig.1 High speed indoor data transmissiom

The GiFi chip is a good news for personal area networking because there is no internet infrastructure

available to cop it with. It can have a span of 10 meters. The usable prototype may be less than a year

away. With the help of gifi chips the videos sharing can be possible without any hurdles. The GiFi chip

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is one of Australia's most lucrative technology. This chip is 5mm per side and it can operate at a

frequency of 60GHz while wifi chip can operate only at 2.4GHz. This have low power conception of 2

watt comes and comes with 1mm antenna.The complete GIFI index is contained in the CRA'sGuide To

The General Index Of Financial Information (GIFI) For Corporations which you can download or get in

a paper or diskette version from your nearest tax services office.You will find links to both the Guide To

The General Index Of Financial Information (GIFI) For Corporations and the GIFI .

Fig 1. Use of spectrum in GiFi

The Cost of GiFi chip is only $10. The purpose of the GIFI is to allow the CRA to collect and process

financial information more efficiently; for instance, the GIFI lets the CRA validate tax information

electronically rather than manually. Short-range wireless technology is a hotly contested area, with

research teams around the world racing to be the first to launch such a product.Professor Skafidas said

his team is the first to demonstrate a working transceiver-on-a-chip that uses CMOS (complementary

metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology the cheap, ubiquitous technique that prints silicon chips.

This means his team is head and shoulders in front of the competition in terms of price and power

demand. His chip uses only a tiny one-millimetre-wide antenna and less than two watts of power, and

would cost less than $10 to manufacture.It uses the 60GHz "millimetre wave" spectrum to transmit the

data, which gives it an advantage over WiFi (wireless internet).

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WiFi's part of the spectrum is increasingly crowded, sharing the waves with devices such as cordless

phones, which leads to interference and slower speeds.But the millimetre wave spectrum (30 to 300

GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster than the average

home WiFi unit. However, WiFi still benefits from being able to provide wireless coverage over a

greater distance.Victoria's minister for information and communication technology, Theo

Theophanous, said it showed Victoria was at the cutting edge of IT innovation. He praised the 27-

member team which worked on the development of the chip. The high-powered team included 10

PhDs students from the University of Melbourne and collaborated with companies such as computer

giant IBM during the research.

The world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS

(complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) process, the most common semiconductor technology,

was announced today by NICTA, Australia’s Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

Research Centre of Excellence.

The development will enable the truly wireless office and home of the future. As the integrated

transceiver developed by NICTA is extremely small, it can be embedded into devices. The

breakthrough will mean the networking of office and home equipment - without wires - will finally

become a reality.

Researchers from NICTA’s Gigabit Wireless Project, which is based out of NICTA’s Victoria

Research Laboratory, are the first in the world to have developed an integrated transceiver, a complete

transmitter and receiver, on a single chip at 60GHz on CMOS.

This technology breakthrough will enable the wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5

gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost.“Our

team, which includes 10 PhD students from the University of Melbourne, has overcome some

significant challenges in developing this breakthrough technology,” NICTA Chief Executive Officer

Dr David Skellern said. “Developing very high frequency radio components in a standard CMOS

process and then integrating those components on a single chip has posed challenges in dealing with

the inherent limitations of that process for radio circuits.“Now that NICTA researchers have

successfully addressed these challenges, the ICT industry will soon have access to low cost, low power

and high broadband chips that will be vital in enabling the digital economy of the future.”

NICTA Gigabit Wireless Project Leader Professor Stan Skafidas said the design and development of

the world’s first 60GHz transceiver integrated on a single CMOS was the result of a three-year

research effort.

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NICTA’s research involved a close collaboration with leaders in the global semiconductor industry.

The technology was developed using the IBM 130nm RF CMOS process.

“Our collaborators IBM, Synopsys, Cadence, Anritsu, Agilent, Ansoft and SUSS MicroTec have been

critical to our success and we are grateful to have had their valuable support,” Professor Skafidas said.

“Our innovative design methodology and access to leading design, test and measurement, and

fabrication technology has allowed us to deliver this world-first success.”

NICTA researchers chose to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed frequency band as

the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on-chip integration as well

as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays.

“The availability of 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to

users within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 metres,” Professor Skafidas said.

NICTA Chief Technology Officer, Embedded Systems, Dr Chris Nicol said the availability of a single

chip, low cost, very high speed wireless technology will transform the home entertainment industry.

“For example, consumers will be able to download a high definition DVD onto their personal digital

assistants at a public kiosk in seconds, take it home and play it directly onto their high definition TV.”

Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at

60GHz on the CMOS process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to

5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the

cost. NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed

frequency band as the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on-chip

integration as well as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays. The available 7GHz

of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users within an indoor

environment, usually within a range of 10 metres. The new technology is predicted to revolutionise the

way household gadgets talk to each other. According to the University of Melbourne, Australiya, the

chip is very small at only 5 millimeters per side, has a 1mm antenna, uses just two watts of power and

they estimate it would cost less than $10 each to build. It also uses the 60GHz “millimetre wave”

spectrum which is not as crowded as the spectrum that Wi-Fi uses, competing with things like cordles.

2.HISTORY OF GIFI

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Melbourne University researchers have achieved up to 5Gbps data transfer rates on a wireless chip.

This is a lot faster than any current WiFi speeds. Dubbed GiFi, for obvious reasons, it can deliver the

connection speed up to ten meters. To fully comprehend how fast GiFi is, one of the researchers said

that a full-length high-def movie can be transferred from one device to another in a matter of seconds.

The GiFi chips is only 5mm in size and use current CMOS technology. Cost is only $10. I say, let’s

begin mass producing it.

Professor. Stan Skafidis of “ Melbourne University , Australiya “ is the inventor of GiFi chip.

The GiFi chip uses only a tiny one-millimeter-wide antenna and less than two watts of power, and the

GiFi chip would cost less than $10 to manufacture it . According to the website of Melbourne

University , Australia “by using GiFi an entire high-definition movie from a video shop kiosk could be

transmitted to a mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone could then upload the movie to a home

computer or screen at the same speed,” this statement about the GiFi was given by Nick Miller. GiFi

uses the 60GHz “millimetre wave” spectrum to transmit the data from one part to the another part. It

provides an advantage over WiFi (wireless internet),”. WiFi’s part of the spectrum is increasingly

crowded, sharing the waves with devices such as cordless phones, which leads to interference and

slower speeds. “But the millimetre wave spectrum (30 to 300 GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new

chip is potentially hundreds of times faster than the average home WiFi unit” .The best part about

this new technology GiFi is its cost effectiveness and power consumption, it only consumes 2 watts of

power for its operation with antenna(1mm) included and the development of Gi-Fi chip costs

approximately $10( Rs 380) to manufacture.

In theory this technology would transfers GB’s of our fav high definition movies in seconds. So GiFi

can be considered as a challenger to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications ranging

from new mobile phones to consumer electronics. GiFi promises some serious game-changing wireless

transfer speeds for all types of consumer gadgets. The tiny silicon chip invented by professor ” Stan

Skafidas “ is able to move data through the air as fast as 5 gigabits per second at a distance of just

over 30 feet. The GiFi uses the short-range wireless technology would potentially be a competitor or

more than likely a replacement for WiFi, and things like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The

transfer speeds combined with the constantly increased storage capacities of small handheld devices

could really take media down some new avenues as well. The Age newspaper uses an example of

transferring a high-definition movie from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in seconds. Then that

same movie can be transferred just as quickly from the phone to our home computer or entertainment

system to watch.

According to the University of Melbourne, Australiya, the chip is very small at only 5 millimeters per

side, has a 1mm antenna, uses just two watts of power and they estimate it would cost less than $10

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each to build. It also uses the 60GHz “millimetre wave” spectrum which is not as crowded as the

spectrum that Wi-Fi uses, competing with things like cordless phones.

The world's first GiFi wireless network chip developed at Australia's peak federal technology

incubator has entered its commercialisation phase. Nicta chief executive David Skellern confirmed that

the research facility had formed a start-up around the new technology.

"It's not up to me to announce it. It's up to the company that has formed, but there is an activity going

on to spin out a company from Nicta that will take that technology to market," Dr Skellern said.

The GiFi chip could become one of Australia's most lucrative technology.

The Nicta gigabit wireless chip is 100 times faster than current WiFi chips and can be built for a tenth

of their cost. The team behind it picked up a gong at the international Innovic's Next Big Thing Award

for Innovation Excellence last July.

Its development has been part of an international race to develop standards for a super-high-speed

gigabit version of the CSIRO's WiFi wireless networking technology, used almost universally in

laptops, mobile phones and home wireless network equipment.The fastest current WiFi standard is

802.11n.

"There'll be a kind of bunfight between all the protagonists for all the different approaches and one will

end up being a winner. We'll be in there proposing our solutions."

The Australian contacted the CSIRO for comment on whether Nicta would need its co-operation to

develop the chip or use its patents, but neither of the CSIRO's lead WiFi spokesmen, Tom McGinness

and Nigel Poole, were available.

A CSIRO spokeswoman said the organisation had not been told Nicta was planning a GiFi start-up.

Nicta gigabit wireless project leader Stan Skafidas and some of his 15 staff were likely to join the start-

up when it began operating.Whether Professor Skafidas would join the new company permanently was

yet to be determined, Dr Skellern said.

Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at

60GHz on the CMOS process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to

5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the

cost. NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed

frequency band as the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on-chip

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integration as well as allowing for the integration of very small high gain arrays. The available 7GHz

of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users within an indoor

environment, usually within a range of 10 metres.

3. TECHNOLOGY USED BY GIFI

3.1CMOS

GiFi uses CMOS technology. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology

for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used

in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is

also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly

integrated transceivers for many types of communication. Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967 (US

patent 3,356,858).

CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor (or

COS-MOS). The words "complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital design

style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type metal oxide

semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions.

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) is the semiconductor technology used in

the transistors that are manufactured into most of today's computer microchips. Semiconductors are

made of silicon and germanium, materials which "sort of" conduct electricity, but not enthusiastically.

Areas of these materials that are "doped" by adding impurities become full-scale conductors of either

extra electrons with a negative charge (N-type transistors) or of positive charge carriers (P-type

transistors). In CMOS technology, both kinds of transistors are used in a complementary way to form a

current gate that forms an effective means of electrical control. CMOS transistors use almost no power

when not needed. As the current direction changes more rapidly, however, the transistors become hot.

This characteristic tends to limit the speed at which microprocessors can operate

Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power

consumption. Significant power is only drawn while the transistors in the CMOS device are switching

between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS devices do not produce as much waste heat as other

forms of logic, for example transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or NMOS logic, which uses all n-channel

devices without p-channel devices. CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It

was primarily this reason why CMOS won the race in the eighties and became the most used

technology to be implemented in VLSI chips.

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The phrase "metal–oxide–semiconductor" is a reference to the physical structure of certain field-effect

transistors, having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator, which in turn is on top of

a semiconductor material. Aluminum was once used but now the material is polysilicon. Other metal

gates have made a comeback with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS process, as

announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond.

2. In CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) technology, both N-type and P-type

transistors are used to realize logic functions. Today, CMOS technology is the dominant

semiconductor technology for microprocessors, memories and application specific integrated circuits

(ASICs). The main advantage of CMOS over NMOS and bipolar technology is the much smaller

power dissipation. Unlike NMOS or bipolar circuits, a CMOS circuit has almost no static power

dissipation. Power is only dissipated in case the circuit actually switches. This allows to integrate

many more CMOS gates on an IC than in NMOS or bipolar technology, resulting in much better

performance.

The following applets demonstrate the N-type and P-type transistors used in CMOS technology, the

basic CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR gates, and an AOI32 complex gate.

Finally, it demonstrates the CMOS transmission-gate and a transmisson-gate D-latch.

The first applet illustrates the function of both N-type and P-type MOS transistors.

The source and gate contacts of the transistors to toggle the corresponding voltage levels and watch the

resulting output value on the drain contacts. The applet uses colors to display the different voltages.

(1) A logical '1' corresponding to electrical level VCC (typical values for current technolgies are +5V

or +3.3V) is shown in red,

(2) A logical '0' (corresponding to 0V or GND) in blue.

(3) A floating wire (not connected to either VCC or GND) is shown in orange.

N-type transistor is conducting when its input is '1', while the P-type transistor is conducting when its

input is '0'. The applet displays the channel of a conducting transistor as a rectangle filled with the

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color of its source voltage. The channel of a nonconducting transistor is shown as rectangle outline in

black. The most important CMOS gate is the CMOS inverter. It consists of only two transistors, a pair

of one N-type and one P-type transistor. The applet demonstrates how the inverter works. If the input

voltage is '1' (VCC) the P-type transistor on top is nonconducting, but the N-type transistor is

conducting and provides a path from GND to the output Y. The output level therefore is '0'. On the

other hand, if the input level is '0', the P-type transistor is conducting and provides a path from VCC to

the output Y, so that the output level is '1', while the N-type transistor is blocked. If the input is

floating, both transistors may be conducting and a short-circuit condition is possible.

3.2Transmission of image in GiFi

CMOS uses image sensor for transferring image and those image sensors can have much more

functionality on-chip than CCDs. In addition to converting photons to electrons and transferring them,

the CMOS sensor might also perform image processing, edge detection, noise reduction, and analog to

digital conversion. What's more, sensor and digital camera designers can make the various CMOS

functions programmable, providing for a very flexible device.

This functional integration onto a single chip is CMOS' main advantage over the CCD. It also reduces

the number of external components needed.

Fig 2. Image Sensor

Using an integrated CMOS sensor allows the digital camera to devote less space to other chips, such as

digital signal processors (DSPs) and ADCs. In addition, because CMOS devices consume less power

than CCDs, there's less heat, so thermal noise can be reduced.

The breakthrough for CMOS sensor technology came in the early 1990s, when Active Pixel Sensors

(APS) were successfully implemented by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). A theoretical

technology that was understood for decades but not effectively used until 1993, APS adds a readout

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amplifier transistor to each pixel. This allows the conversion of the charge to voltage to happen at the

pixel. It also provides for random access to the sensor's pixels, similar to the row-column memory cell

access in RAM technology.

The charge readout from the AP CMOS sensor is done using parallel circuitry, which allows the signal

from single pixels or columns of pixels to be directly addressed. This direct random access ability

allows a CMOS sensor to intelligently choose to readout select groups of pixel charges (rather than the

entire sensor array). This is called window-of-interest or windowing readout. A CMOS sensor can

intelligently subsample (reduce the size of) an image when it is captured. It also offers the potential of

increased readout speed, as compared to CCD's, which must offload all its charge through a single

horizontal shift register.

In addition to amplification within the pixel site, amplifying circuitry may be placed elsewhere along

the CMOS signal chain. This provides different, multiple gain stages throughout the sensor. Amplifiers

can apply global gain to increase sensitivity in low light situations. Or selective gain can be applied to

a specific color to assist in white balance algorithms or artistic effects.

By adding all this extra circuitry to the chip, CMOS has traditionally experienced a great deal of

difficulty with noise, including transistor leakage, diode leakage, and residual charge. Noise

elimination continues to be an important area for continued CMOS research and development. But one

advantage that CMOS has is that the sensor can have subtractive elements on the chip, to remove dark

current noise from the charge before it is offloaded.

Given the number of options of what functions you can put on the CMOS sensor, it's not surprising

that there's considerable variety among various CMOS architectures.

3.3Color creation in GiFi

All image sensors are grayscale devices that record the intensity of light from full black to white, with

the appropriate intervening gray. To add color to a digital camera image, a layer of color filters is

bonded to the silicon using a photolithography process to apply color dyes.

3.3.1 Photolithography :

Photolithography (or "optical lithography") is a process used in micro fabrication to selectively remove

parts of a thin film or the bulk of asubstrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photo

mask to a light-sensitive chemical "photoresist", or simply "resist," on the substrate. A series

of chemical treatments then either engraves the exposure pattern into, or enables deposition of a new

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material in the desired pattern upon, the material underneath the photo resist. In complex integrated

circuits, for example a modern CMOS, a wafer will go through the photolithographic cycle up to 50

times.

Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in

the etching resist is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a

projected image using an optical mask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the

method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common

with etching than to lithographic printing. It is used because it can create extremely small patterns

(down to a few tens of nanometers in size), it affords exact control over the shape and size of the

objects it creates, and because it can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main

disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes

that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions.

A single iteration of photolithography combines several steps in sequence. Modern cleanrooms use

automated, robotic wafer track systems to coordinate the process. The procedure described here omits

some advanced treatments, such as thinning agents or edge-bead removal.

(i)Cleaning

If organic or inorganic contaminations are present on the wafer surface, they are usually removed by

wet chemical treatment, e.g. the RCA clean procedure based on solutions containing hydrogen

peroxide

(ii)Preparation

The wafer is initially heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture that may be present

on the wafer surface. Wafers that have been in storage must be chemically cleaned to

removecontamination. A liquid or gaseous "adhesion promoter", such as Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine

("hexamethyldisilazane", HMDS), is applied to promote adhesion of the photoresist to the wafer. The

phrase "adhesion promoter" is given because HMDS secures adhesion between the wafer and the

photoresist. The surface layer of silicon dioxide on the wafer reacts with HMDS to form tri-methylated

silicon-dioxide, a highly water repellent layer not unlike the layer of wax on a car's paint. This water

repellent layer prevents the aqueous developer from penetrating between the photoresist layer and the

wafer's surface, thus preventing so-called lifting of small photoresist structures in the (developing)

pattern.

(iii)Photoresist application

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The wafer is covered with photoresist by spin coating. A viscous, liquid solution of photoresist is

dispensed onto the wafer, and the wafer is spun rapidly to produce a uniformly thick layer. The spin

coating typically runs at 1200 to 4800 rpm for 30 to 60 seconds, and produces a layer between 0.5 and

2.5 micrometres thick. The spin coating process results in a uniform thin layer, usually with uniformity

of within 5 to 10 nanometres. This uniformity can be explained by detailed fluid-mechanical

modelling, which shows that the resist moves much faster at the top of the layer than at the bottom,

where viscous forces bind the resist to the wafer surface. Thus, the top layer of resist is quickly ejected

from the wafer's edge while the bottom layer still creeps slowly radially along the wafer. In this way,

any 'bump' or 'ridge' of resist is removed, leaving a very flat layer. Final thickness is also determined

by the evaporation of liquid solvents from the resist. For very small, dense features (<125 or so nm),

thinner resist thicknesses (<0.5 micrometres) are needed to overcome collapse effects at high aspect

ratios; typical aspect ratios are <4:1.

(iv)Photoresist removal

After a photoresist is no longer needed, it must be removed from the substrate. This usually requires a

liquid "resist stripper", which chemically alters the resist so that it no longer adheres to the substrate.

Alternatively, photoresist may be removed by a plasma containing oxygen, which oxidizes it. This

process is called ashing, and resembles dry etching.

(v)Etching

In etching, a liquid ("wet") or plasma ("dry") chemical agent removes the uppermost layer of the

substrate in the areas that are not protected by photoresist. In semiconductor fabrication, dry etching

techniques are generally used, as they can be made anisotropic, in order to avoid significant

undercutting of the photoresist pattern. This is essential when the width of the features to be defined is

similar to or less than the thickness of the material being etched (i.e. when the aspect ratio approaches

unity). Wet etch processes are generally isotropic in nature, which is often indispensable

for microelectromechanical systems, where suspended structures must be "released" from the

underlying layer.

The development of low-defectivity anisotropic dry-etch process has enabled the ever-smaller features

defined photo lithographically in the resist to be transferred to the substrate material.

(vi)Light sources

Photolithography has used ultraviolet light from gas-discharge lamps using mercury, sometimes in

combination with noble gases such as xenon. These lamps produce light across a broad spectrum with

several strong peaks in the ultraviolet range. This spectrum is filtered to select a single spectral line.

From the early 1960’s through the mid-1980’s, Hg lamps had been used in lithography for their

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spectral lines at 436 nm ("g-line"), 405 nm ("h-line") and 365 nm ("i-line"). However, with the

semiconductor industry’s need for both higher resolution (to produce denser and faster chips) and

higher throughput (for lower costs), the lamp-based lithography tools were no longer able to meet the

industry’s requirements.

Fig 3. Graph for Lithography wavelength vs. Resolution

requirement

One of the evolutionary paths of lithography has been the use of shorter wavelengths. It is worth

noting that the same light source may be used for several technology generations. The commonly used

deep ultraviolet excimer lasers in lithography systems are the Krypton fluoride laser at 248-nm

wavelength and the argon fluoride laser at 193-nm wavelength. The primary manufacturers of excimer

laser light sources in the 1980’s were Lambda Physik (now part of Coherent, Inc.) and Lumonics, but

since the mid-1990’s Cymer Inc. has become the dominant supplier of excimer laser sources to the

lithography equipment manufacturers. Generally, an excimer laser is designed to operate with a

specific gas mixture; therefore, changing wavelength is not a trivial matter, as the method of

generating the new wavelength is completely different, and the absorption characteristics of materials

change. For example, air begins to absorb significantly around the 193 nm wavelength; moving to sub-

193 nm wavelengths would require installing vacuum pump and purge equipment on the lithography

tools (a significant challenge). Furthermore, insulating materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), when

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exposed to photons with energy greater than the band gap, release free electrons and holes which

subsequently cause adverse charging.

Optical lithography has been extended to feature sizes below 50 nm using the 193 nm ArF excimer

laser and liquid immersion techniques. Also termed immersion lithography this enables the use of

optics with numerical apertures exceeding 1.0. The liquid used is typically ultra-pure, deionised water,

which provides for a refractive index above that of the usual air gap between the lens and the wafer

surface. The water is continually circulated to eliminate thermally-induced distortions. Water will only

allow NA's of up to ~1.4, but materials with higher refractive indices will allow the effective NA to be

increased further.

Experimental tools using the 157 nm wavelength from the F2 excimer laser in a manner similar to

current exposure systems have been built. These were once targeted to succeed 193 nm lithography at

the 65 nm feature size node but have now all but been eliminated by the introduction of immersion

lithography. This was due to persistent technical problems with the 157 nm technology and economic

considerations that provided strong incentives for the continued use of 193 nm excimer laser

lithography technology. High-index immersion lithography is the newest extension of 193 nm

lithography to be considered. In 2006, features less than 30 nm were demonstrated by IBM using this

technique.

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Fig 4. Graph for photon energy vs. resolution

Image sensors that have micro lenses will put the color between the micro lens and the photodetector.

With scanners that use trilinear CCDs (three adjacent linear CCDs using different colors, typically red,

green, and blue) or high-end digital cameras that use three area array image sensors, it's a very simple

issue of coating each of the three sensors with a separate color. (Note that some multi-sensor digital

cameras use combinations of colors in their filters, rather than the three separate primaries). But for

single sensor devices, such as the majority of consumer and prosumer digital still cameras used today,

color filter arrays (CFAs) are used.

Fig 5. Color creation in image during transmission through GiFi

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CFAs assign a separate primary color to each pixel by placing a filter of that color over the pixel. . As

photons pass through the filter to reach the pixel, only wavelengths of that primary color will pass

through. All other wavelengths will be absorbed. Primary colors are a small set of colors identified by

science as being the building blocks for all other colors. Therefore, in the RGB color model,

combining varying amounts of red, green and blue will create all the other colors in the spectrum

Numerous types of CFAs have been developed for different applications. But in the vast majority of

digital camera image sensors, the most popular CFA is the Bayer pattern. Kodak developed the Bayer

pattern in the 1970s, based on work in spatial multiplexing. Using a checkerboard pattern with

alternating rows of filters, the Bayer pattern has twice as many green pixels as red or blue. And they

are arranged in alternating rows, of red wedged between green, and of blue wedged between green.

This takes advantage of the human eye's predilection to see green luminance as the strongest influence

in defining sharpness. What's more, it produces identical images regardless of how you hold the

camera--in landscape or portrait mode.

When a Bayer pattern sensor's charge is read out, the colors are recorded sequentially line by line. One

line would be BGBGBG, followed by a line of GRGRGR and so forth. This is known as sequential

RGB.

In CCD cameras, the compositing (demosaicing) of all these colors into a picture is done off the

sensor, in the image processing stage, after the ADC has converted the analog data to digital. CMOS

sensor-based cameras have the advantage of being able to perform the demosaicing on the sensor

itself. In either case, the primary colors of each pixel are mathematically interpolated by factoring in

the color values of neighboring pixels. (In reality, few points of light in any picture are true primary

red, green or blue; they are a combination of the three colors.)

For instance, a linear interpolation will look at a 3x3 square of pixels and compare values from

neighboring pixels to determine how many of the neighbor component colors should be added to the

center pixel. In a simple case of three pixels with blue, red, and blue color filters lined up in a

horizontal row, assume you are trying to derive the actual color of a pixel with the red filter. If you

assume there are no weighted averages at play and all pixels are treated equally, then the true color of

the pixel location using the red color filter would be derived mathematically by giving two parts

weight to the blue pixels and one part weight to red. The actual algorithms of even simple linear

interpolation are much more complex than that, taking into account all the neighboring pixels of any

one pixel. When this interpolation isn't done well, color aliasing (or artifacts of inappropriate colors)

are introduced, especially at color change edges.

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4.BEHAVIOR OF GiFi

No longer just fuzzy recordings to youtube (see Spies Like Us), kids will be able to live stream from

cell phone to HD tv's around the world.

It can also be used as cyberbullying, hacking, and other behaviors, is because most schools largely

ignore technology and relegate it to the "computer teacher's job."

As cell phones, computers, digital paper, and even computing surfaces integrate fully with our lives,

we will see that these are part of everything we do and should indeed be a part of every subject.

Hardware (and to some extent software) is becoming a commodity. Increasingly, its presence does not

guarantee that a school will be "leading edge." It is the USE of technology that determines the success

of a school and the future success of its students.

Too many IT directors bemoan the dusty smartboards and unused laptops . It is a never-ending hunger

for bandwidth is driving the market. The exploding use of web video services, Web 2.0 and social

networking sites and enterprise applications is filling fixed broadband access is access networks and

backbones. Spare capacity is shrinking at the same time mobile Internet taking off and spreading like

wildfire to the mass market, driven by Internet brousing.

Our research shows that the personal computer remains the most used device for accessing the Internet

at home. Yet, 13 percent of all Internet users in mature markets go online via a mobile phone when

they are at home. In the near future, 44 percent of online users in mature markets and 54 percent in

emerging markets will increase their existing (fixed) bandwidth.

Clear broadband trends are emerging. Any Communications Service Provider (CSP) broadband

strategy will be based on one or more of three focal points - speed, simplicity and services . This short-

range wireless technology would potentially be a competitor or more than likely a replacement for

WiFi, and things like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The transfer speeds combined with the

constantly increased storage capacities of small handheld devices could really take media down some

new avenues as well. The Age newspaper uses an example of transferring a high-definition movie

from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in seconds. Then that same movie can be transferred just

as quickly from the phone to your home computer or entertainment system to watch.

According to the U. of Melbourne, the chip is very small at only 5 millimeters per side, has a 1mm

antenna, uses just two watts of power and they estimate it would cost less than $10 each to build. It

also uses the 60GHz “millimetre wave” spectrum which is not as crowded as the spectrum that Wi-Fi

uses, competing with things like cordless phones.The chip still has about a year of work left on it

before it becomes a reality. Skafidas says they still needs to work on transceiver.

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5.FEATURES OF GIFI

1. Multi-gigabit wireless technology that removes the need for cables between consumer electronic

devices.

2. More than 100 times faster than current short-raqnge wireless technologies.

3. Allows wireless streaming of uncompressed high-definition content.

4. Operates over a range of 10 metres without interference.

5. Entire transmission system can be built on a cost effective single silicon chip.

6. Operates in the unlicensed, 57-64 GHz spectrum band.

6. BENEFITS

1. Removes need for cables to connect consumer electronics devices

2. Low-cost chip allows technology to be readily incorporated into multiple devices

3. Secure encryption technology ensures privacy and security of content

4. Simple connection improves the consumer experience

5. Enhancements to next generation gaming technology

7. USES OF GIFI

(A) Wireless video transmission using GiFi chip

Electrical Engineering’s Professor Stan Skafidas (BE Elec. Eng) 1993; MEngSc 1996; PhD 1998) has

successfully demonstrated a transmission of wireless video using the world-first Gigabit Wireless

(GiFi) technology. The demonstration, attended by Victorian Government Minister for Innovation,

Gavin Jennings earlier this year, was the first time it has been on public.display.

The GiFi chip is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip operating at 60GHz on the

CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) process, the most common semiconductor

technology. The breakthrough will lead to wirelessly connected environments that will enjoy audio and

video transfer rates of up to 5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer

rate, at one-tenth the cost.

In the future, Gigabit wireless technology will be used to show DVD movies on High Definition

Digital TV without a wired connection and for very fast downloads of content from devices such as

PDAs, games consoles and wireless digital cameras.

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The Gigabit Wireless Project was recently selected as a finalist in the INNOVIC 2009 Next Big Thing

Award .

(B) For communication process

GiFi provides 5 Gbits per second it better be able to transmit 10 videos without buffer delays.

(C) GiFi wireless chip to bring 5Gb per second speed

The University of Melbourne announced on Friday a new technology they are calling “GiFi”, which

promises some serious game-changing wireless transfer speeds for all types of consumer gadgets. The

tiny silicon chip invented by professor Stan Skafidas is able to move data through the air as fast as 5

gigabits per second at a distance of just over 30 feet.

This short-range wireless technology would potentially be a competitor or more than likely a

replacement for WiFi, and things like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The transfer speeds

combined with the constantly increased storage capacities of small handheld devices could really take

media down some new avenues as well. The Age newspaper uses an example of transferring a high-

definition movie from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in seconds. Then that same movie can be

transferred just as quickly from the phone to your home computer or entertainment system to watch

(D) Provides high resolation

The higher megapixel count on our cameras, the increased bitrate on our music files, the higher

resolution of our video files, and so on. We demand more than ever, but we also want this content to

be transfered in the most expedient manner possible. 802.11g and 802.11n are fine and all, but some

people want to push the envelope even further.

Melbourne University researchers are working on a wireless chip that can effectively offer data speeds

of up to 5 gigabits per second. This 5Gbps technology has been named GiFi and it seems to only be

able to support that speed at a distance of up to 10 meters. This rate, however, would “allow a full-

length high definition movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds.” Seconds!

The 5mm chip itself makes use of currently existing CMOS technology and would cost about $10

manufacture. GiFi operates over the 60GHz frequency, a band that has largely gone unused thus far.

(e)GiFi–new wireless high speed communication standard

The Melbourne University-based laboratories (Australia) unveiled a new wireless technology called

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GiFi. This is a short range technology, effective within 10 meters. However it features impressive data

transfer speeds – 5 gigabits per second, it can transmit stream video online without buffer delays. The

developers have already held a demo of GiFi in action. They introduced a 5-mm CMOS-chip that uses

a one-millimeter antenna and consumes mere 2 Watt. GiFi works in 60 GHz spectrum and would have

a production cost less than $10. The final GiFi version is expected in 2009 or later. The developers

believe the new wireless technology will be widely applied in household electronics like TVs and

mobile phones.

(F) Low power consumption

Australian researchers from National ICT Australia (NICTA) have developed a lower power, short-

range chip for wireless communications that can achieve up to 5Gbps -- allowing them to transfer a

complete DVD in a matter of seconds.

(G) Provides short-range wireless

A new wireless technology has been developed that should serve as an extremely fast replacement for

technologies such as Bluetooth and ultra-wideband (UWB), says Australian research group NICTA.

Nicknamed GiFi, the process would use a chip (not pictured) that transmits at an extremely high

60GHz frequency versus the 5GHz used for the fastest forms of Wi-Fi. The sheer density of the signal

would allow a chip to send as much as five gigabits per second. While the spectrum would limit the

device to the same 33-foot range as Bluetooth or UWB, it could theoretically transfer an HD movie to

a cellphone in seconds, the researchers claim.

The technology could also be used for beaming full HD video in real-time and could be used by

notebooks and other computers to wirelessly connect virtually all the expansion needed for a docking

station, including a secondary display and storage. Mixing and signal filtering would keep the signal

strong versus the longer-ranged but slower and more drop-prone Wi-Fi option of today.

NICTA does not expect a production-grade chip to leave the development stage until early 2009 but

notes that any future chip would likely cost about $10 or less to build. This and a small design would

allow cellphones and other small devices to add the technology without significantly drive up the

price, according to the company. The change opens the possibility of a successor to UWB and its

related technology Wireless USB, which matches the same range but roughly the same 480Mbps peak

speed of its wired equivalent.

(H) A Tiny GiFi Chip provides Big Wireless Capabilities

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The "GiFi" chip, which measures 0.2 of an inch on each side, was developed at Melbourne University-

based labs of the National Information and Communications Technology research center, The

Age reported. The high transmission rate of the chip would make it possible, for example, to transfer a

high-definition movie from a video kiosk to a mobile device in a few seconds.

Skafidas and his team claim to be the first to demonstrate a working transceiver-on-a-chip that uses

CMOS, or complementary metal oxide semiconductor. CMOS is a particular style of digital circuitry

design used in microprocessors.

The chip uses an antenna 0.04 of an inch wide, less than two watts of power, and would cost about

$9.20 U.S. The device transmits over the 60-GHz spectrum, which the researchers said is nearly

unused. Wi-Fi technology, in contrast, shares its spectrum with other devices such as cordless phones,

which can cause disruptions. In addition, GiFi is faster than the average Wi-Fi device. However, Wi-Fi

can transmit over longer distances.

The chip is about a year away from being ready for market, Skafidas told the newspaper. As to its uses,

the researcher said the processor could be used to transfer video and other data-intensive content

between storage and display devices in the home. It also could be used to turn a mobile device into a

"shopping cart" for digital movies and other content that could be bought elsewhere and played in the

home.The 27-member team developing the new chip worked with companies such as IBM in the

research.

8.FUTURE ASPECTS:

1. The GiFi team is looking for partners interested in commercialising its 60GHz chips

2. Demonstrations of the technology can be arranged showing the huge potential it has to change the

way consumers use their in-home electronic devices

3. With growing consumer adoption of highdefinition television, the anticipated worldwide market for

this technology is vast.

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9.Conclusion

GiFi is a wireless technology which promises high speed short range data transfers with speeds

of upto 5 Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The GiFi operates on the 60GHz frequency band. The

Gifi measures 5mm square and it is manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxide-

semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise

immunity and low static power consumption. The same GiFi system is currently used to print silicon

chips. The GiFi Chip developed by the Australian researchers. GiFi allows a full-length high definition

movie to be transferred between two devices in seconds. to the higher megapixel count on our

cameras, the increased bitrate on our music files, the higher resolution of our video files, and so on.

The GiFi chip is one of Australia's most lucrativee technology.

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