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FEASIBILITY STUDY ON INTEGRATING AGROFORESTRY INTO THE AGRICULTURE AND

LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY SYSTEMS IN THE COMMUNITIES OF CUBO, CHIVOVO AND

MBINDHZO IN MASSINGIR DISTRICT

Report submitted to the African Wildlife Foundation

by:Patrick W. Matakala

________________________________________________________________________Maputo, November 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ iii

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................11.1 Report structure..........................................................................................11.2 Background and Study Terms of Reference................................................1 2. METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................22.1 Study area...................................................................................................22.1.1 Climate.............................................................................................32.1.2 Vegetation........................................................................................32.1.3 Land use...........................................................................................42.1.4 Social services..................................................................................62.2 Data collection............................................................................................7

3. RESULTS...........................................................................................................8

3.1 Existing land use systems...........................................................................83.1.1 Upland sites......................................................................................83.1.2 Lowland sites....................................................................................83.1.3 Livestock fodder.............................................................................103.1.4 Fish farming....................................................................................113.1.5 Land degradation............................................................................11

4. INTEGRATING AGROFORESTRY TECHNOLOGIES IN LOCAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS..................................................................134.1 Agroforestry technologies for increasing food security and marketing of staple foods........................................................................134.1.1 Improved fallows.............................................................................134.1.2 Mixing coppicing trees and crops....................................................134.1.3 Annual relay cropping of trees........................................................144.2 Agroforestry technologies for diversifying incomes and improving nutrition

144.2.1 Fodder banks..................................................................................144.2.2 Rotational woodlots........................................................................154.2.3 High-value fruit trees......................................................................154.3 Integrated Agroforestry and Environmental Rehabilitation (IAER)............164.4 Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA).........................................16

5. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF MARKET POTENTIAL FOR VARIOUS AGRI-PRODUCTS.....................................................17

6. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................18

7. PROPOSAL FOR AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTION IN THE STUDY AREA –ACTION PLAN..........................................................19

REFERENCES........................................................................................33

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Agroecological zones of Mozambique....................................................4

Figure 2: Fishermen from Cubo Village on Massingir dam.....................................5

Figure 3: Women queuing for water in Cubo Village.............................................6

Figure 4: Soil fertility decline in upland areas evidenced by small size of maize stover...............................................................................8

Figure 5: Soil fertility decline in lowland areas evidenced by stunted growth and yellowing of maize..............................................................9

Figure 6: Sesbania sesban occurring naturally in the lowlands of Cubo Village.................................................................................10

Figure 7: Cattle feeding on maize stover in an upland area................................11

Figure 8: Gulley erosion due to road construction activities................................12

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Report structure

This report is divided into seven sections:

- Section 1 provides the introduction, background to the study and the Terms of Reference (ToR).

- Section 2 describes the methodology used in the study including a detailed description of the study site and methods used to collect information.

- Section 3 synthesizes the results of the study in accordance with the stated Terms of Reference.

- Section 4 provides a detailed description on how to integrate agroforestry into the local production systems.

- Section 5 gives a preliminary analysis of market potential for the various agri-products identified.

- Section 6 provides conclusions to the study.

- Section 7 contains an action plan in form of a project proposal for agroforestry intervention in the study area.

1.2 Background and Study Terms of ReferenceThis report presents the results of a feasibility study on agroforestry potential conducted in the Limpopo Heartland communities of Cubo, Chivovo and Mbindzho in the district of Massingir, Gaza Province. The Limpopo Heartland is a transfrontier ecosystem/landscape conservation programme characterized by three land use categories namely: protected wildlife areas; private concessions; and communal multiple use areas. This study was conducted in the latter land use category to assess alternative income generating activities in the target communities through appropriate agroforestry interventions. The study was guided by the following Terms of Reference:

i) Conduct a field survey to characterize existing land use systems in the target area and develop integrated sustainable land use strategies in areas outside the land that has been zoned for a community nature reserve;

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ii) Assess the suitability of integrating agroforestry in the target area using appropriate agroforestry species;

iii) Identify suitable areas, including dambos and other low-lying areas, suitable for organic vegetable production based on biomass transfer agroforestry technologies and recommend appropriate agroforestry species;

iv) Assess the potential for fodder bank technologies by consulting with local livestock farmers to establish priority agroforestry species for fodder banks;

v) Identify degraded land areas suitable for rehabilitation work through afforestation/reforestation activities using appropriate agroforestry species;

vi) Determine how agroforestry could be integrated with other activities, such as organic farming, livestock husbandry, aquaculture, and crocodile farming;

vii) Determine agroforestry technologies that would reduce the impact of charcoal production on the indigenous tree species;

viii) Assess the market potential for the various agri-products foreseen in the project; and

ix) Provide an action plan, including budget, and time frames, and propose an institutional framework for integrating agroforestry in the three identified communities. This plan should also clearly state how AWF could collaborate with institutions, such as ICRAF in implementing the draft action plan.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study areaMassingir district is located in the central western part of Gaza province with an estimated total population of 25,097 (ACT International, 2003). It is made up of three administrative posts: Massingir, Mavodze and Zulo, with eight localities. The town of Massingir is the capital of the district. The communities of Cubo, Chivovo and Mbindhzo (comprising the study area) are located in Massingir district. During the civil war that lasted up until 1994, the communities of Chivovo and Mbindhzo were relocated to Cubo for security reasons and also due to lack of water and poor soils in the former communities. Cubo community is located on the southwestern side of the Massingir dam and thus has close access to water. The estimated population of Cubo, including residents from Chivovo and Mbindhzo, is 300 households (average of 6 persons per household). Cubo is led by a Community Leader elected by all three communities. The Traditional

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Chief for Chivovo resides in Cubo wile that of Mbindhzo resides in Mbindhzo. There is still a strong desire among people from Mbindhzo currently residing in Cubo to return to their original community despite adverse climatic conditions and poor soils in Mbindhzo.

2.1.1 ClimateWithin Gaza province, Massingir and Chicualacuala districts are the most vulnerable to drought with 68% of the population classified as "extremely vulnerable" (Table 1). This is the highest drought vulnerability index in the country putting the study area in particular at highest risk in terms of food insecurity (due to dependency on rain fed agriculture), desertification and loss of biodiversity.

Table 1: Vulnerability to drought conditions in Gaza Province by districtProvince District Total district

population 2003

Extremely vulnerable population

% of extremely vulnerable people

Gaza Massingir 25,097 17,182 68Chicualacuala 38,829 26,583 68Massangena 14,051 8,920 63Mabalane 29,087 17,552 60Chigubo 14,945 7,156 48Chokwe 168,294 42,807 25Chibuto 163,685 35,867 22Guija 65,729 14,294 22Mandlakaze 177,873 28,272 16Bilene 165,932 24,036 14Xai-Xai 215,847 14,330 7

Total 11 1,079,369 237,000 22Source: ACT International, 2003

2.1.2 Vegetation

The vegetation in the area is characterized as Savannah Woodland predominated by mopane woodlands (Colophospermum mopane and Panicum maximum) that

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are characteristic of very dry conditions, shallow/poor soils and sometimes-impermeable sub soils. There are also small patches of low woodlands composed of Terminalia sericea/Eragrostis pallens and Combretum apiculatum/Pogonarthria squarrosa as well as grasslands composed of Paspalidium obtusifolium/Cynodon dactylon. The woodlands are currently under immense pressure from charcoal production and conversion to agricultural land. According to key informants from the study area, most of the charcoal producers come from outside the local area, mainly from Maputo. Livestock fodder is also under short supply particularly during the dry periods of the year.2.1.3 Land use

Agriculture

The study area lies in agro-ecological zone R3 encompassing the centre and north of Gaza and the west Inhambane region (Figure 1). The soils are mostly sandy with annual rainfall ranging between 400-600 mm. The main subsistence crops include maize, sorghum, millet, beans, and groundnuts. Fruit trees and vegetables are not common in the area except for pumpkin that is commonly intercropped with maize and whose leaves are eaten as a vegetable.

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Most farmers in the study area do not have access to agricultural inputs such as pesticides, fertilisers and improved seed. To maintain or improve soil fertility, a minority of households practice crop rotation or leave the farmlands fallow. The most common techniques for improving soil fertility are digging in crop and domestic residues, burning vegetation and spreading the ash and applying animal manure. The majority of the farmers continuously cultivate the same lands or clear new fields every year.

Due to a shortage of fertile areas, irrigation facilities and agricultural inputs, land cultivation is done on a small scale. This has resulted in low annual crop yields. Therefore, the current farming system in the area does not lend itself to ensuring food security. In order to meet the food shortages, local farmers tend to clear new areas to expand their farmlands by cutting down forests and thus reducing available wildlife habitat in the long term.

Livestock

The most important domestic animals for household consumption are chickens, ducks, cattle and goats. The last two are also of commercial importance. Local households use oxen for ploughing. Although the study area is suitable for small ruminant livestock, production is hindered by the lack of veterinary assistance, weak extension services, and limited fodder availability particularly during the dry periods of the year.

Hunting, Wildlife and FishingGame meat is an important part of the local diet. The species mostly hunted are birds, rabbits and grey duiker. Apart from this, the wildlife also has tourist potential. Fish from the Massingir dam forms an important part of the diet. Many of the demobilised soldiers who returned to the district took up fishing (Figure 2) for both susbsistence livelihood and commercial purposes. One of the problems in relation to wildlife and fish in the study area is poaching and fishing out-of-season.

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Figure 2: Fishermen from Cubo village on Massingir dam

2.1.4 Social servicesWater – Of the three communities visited, only Cubo has borehole facilities. However, due to high demand for water arising from the increased human population in Cubo (from Chivovo and Mbindhzo), queuing for water is common (Figure 3).

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Figure 3: Women queuing for water in Cubo village

Transport and Communications – Massingir district is served by public road transport, as well as by radio and telephone. The landline and mobile telephone networks in Massingir town are now fully functional and accessible to the rest of the country. However, there is still no network connection to the communities in the study area. Road access to Cubo village is by gravel road. However, access to Chivovo and Mbindhzo villages is by dirt roads.

Health- There are no health posts or clinics in all three communities visited. The nearest hospital services are located in Massingir Town, some 30 km away from Cubo village.

Education- There exists one primary school up to Grade 7 in Cubo village. There are no educational facilities in Mbindhzo and Chivovo villages.

2.2 Data collection

A number of techniques were used to collect information in order to address the Terms of Reference. Direct observation was employed in the field to assess land use activities and the extent of land degradation. Individual interviews were also

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conducted with key informants to gain insights into community organization, local institutional arrangements and farming systems. A group meeting was also held with 15 community members to discuss potential agroforestry activities and assess preferences and constraints. The detailed field programme and calendar was as follows:

Wednesday October 27th, 2004- Travel Maputo – Massingir- Meeting with the Mr. Jeremiah Matjave: AWF Community Development

Officer- Meeting with Mr. John Mongwe: Community Liaison Officer linking the

three communities with AWF- Meeting with Mr. Salomão Valoi: Manager, Covane Community Lodge to

discuss potential synergy with proposed Cubo/Mbindhzo/Chivovo Agroforestry project

- Travel to Cubo village and introductory meeting with the Chief/Community Leader, Mr. Fanuel Penecele Ngovene

- Meeting with Mr. Florêncio Jaime Bombe, Receptionist/Bookkeeper at Covane Community Lodge to discuss lodge capacity issues, visitor numbers, lodge services, future needs, and training issues

Thursday October 28th, 2004- Field visit to selected points to assess farming systems and field

conditions:o Upland site (maize intercropped with pumpkin; maize had already

been harvested)o Upland site (maize field; maize had already been harvested)o Lowland site (maize field intercropped with beans; crops were still in

the field)o Lowland site (maize field still standing)o Lowland site (assess soil, vegetation and livestock fodder

conditions)o Two fishing camps (assess fish yieldso Visit to Chivovo village past gate to Paulo Ubisse concession (village

had been abandoned)o Visit to Mbindhzo village to meet with the Chief and look at farming

systems (talked to the wife, Chief was away) o Meeting with 15 community elders at Cubo village to discuss

potential agroforestry activities and assess preferences and constraints (debriefing on mission findings)

Friday October 29th, 2004- Continue with field assessment of selected points along the main highway

(charcoal)- Return to Maputo

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3. RESULTS

3.1 Existing land use systemsLand use systems on upland and lowland sites were compared to discern biophysical conditions and agroforestry potential. Livestock fodder availability and aquaculture potential were also assessed. The land uses presented here are those encountered in Cubo community. The conditions in Mbindhzo and Chivovo communities are to dry to warrant any meaningful agroforestry intervention. Rather, the areas in both communities are best suited for wildlife habitat and conservation.

3.1.1 Upland sitesIn upland areas, the common farming system is maize intercropped with pumpkins and sometimes with groundnuts. The soils are generally sandy, poor in organic content and shallow. Soil moisture is low. Judging from the small size of the maize stover left in the fields after harvest (Figure 4), there are serious soil fertility problems in upland areas.

Figure 4: Soil fertility decline in upland areas evidenced by small size of maize stover

3.1.2 Lowland sites

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In lowland areas, the common farming system is maize intercropped with pumpkins, beans and groundnuts. The soils are generally sandy loams to clay loams, rich in organic content and deep. These areas are frequently prone to floods thus benefiting from organic matter deposition. Soil moisture levels are high. Due to continuous cropping in these areas (cultivated all year round), there are signs of soil fertility decline judging from stunted growth and yellowing of the maize crop (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Soil fertility decline in lowland areas evidenced by stunted growth and yellowing of maize

On lowland sites, significant numbers of Sesbania sesban trees growing naturally were noted (Figure 6). In talking to the local farmers, it was discovered that they were not aware of the species’ potential in increasing soil fertility. This species could be promoted in the lowland areas for soil fertility improvement purposes using local seed sources. Besides its soil fertility improvement function through nitrogen fixation, S. sesban has several other benefits (World Agroforestry Centre, 2002):

Fodder— The tree has a high percentage of foliage nitrogen and is an excellent supplement to protein-poor roughage in ruminant diets. Ruminants readily eat leaves and young branches. The crude protein content of the foliage is generally greater than 20% and often above 25%.

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Figure 6: Sesbania sesban occurring naturally in the lowlands of Cubo village

Fuel— S. sesban is popular for firewood and charcoal because it produces a high woody biomass in a short time, which, although soft, is relatively smokeless, quick kindling and hot burning. The calorific yield for a 3-year-old tree is approximately 4350 kcal/kg.

Fibre— S. sesban is used for making ropes and fishnet.

Medicine— Fresh S. sesban roots and leaves are used to treat scorpion stings, boils and abscesses. The Hausa of Ghana use decoctions of leaves as a drench for cattle to repel tsetse fly. Among the Haya people of Tanzania, it is used to treat sore throat, gonorrhea, syphilis, spasmodic fits in children and jaundice during pregnancy. The leaves are used in some countries as a tea and are considered to have antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-tumour and contraceptive properties.

3.1.3 Livestock fodderLivestock fodder conditions were assessed in both upland and lowland areas. Generally, fodder availability in upland areas is scarce particularly grasses that are important sources of carbohydrates. Often, livestock farmers burn the

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mopane woodlands to encourage growth of grass species. Livestock are able to augment their diets in upland areas by feeding on maize stover (Figure 7) and mopane (Colophospermum mopane) leaves – a source of protein. In lowland areas, grass species of Paspalidium obtusifolium and Cynodon dactylon form the main sources of carbohydrates. During floods, these important sources of fodder become limited.

Figure 7: Cattle feeding on maize stover in an upland area

3.1.4 Fish farmingThere are currently no fish farming practices in the study area. However, local communities have carried out fishing activities on Massingir dam and the Olifants River for both subsistence and commercial purposes. Fish stocks and sizes have been dwindling over the years due to over fishing and particularly fishing out-of-season.

3.1.5 Land degradationMassingir dam is currently undergoing rehabilitation and a number of sites have been selected for rock aggregate collection towards road construction and dam rehabilitation. This has caused soil erosion problems in some areas (Figure 8). Notable also is the insufficient tree cover around the community of Cubo particularly in form of fruit and shade trees, leaving soils predisposed to wind

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erosion and high temperatures. The biggest environmental problem in the area is the high rate of deforestation due to charcoal production. Charcoal production is mostly done by people from outside the local area; local people predominantly use firewood for their energy needs. Given the slow rate of the mopane woodland regeneration and the increased demand for charcoal particularly in the nearby towns and Maputo city, coupled with unfavourable local climatic conditions, the area could be highly susceptible to desertification.

Figure 8: Gulley erosion due to road construction activities

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4. INTEGRATING AGROFORESTRY TECHNOLOGIES IN LOCAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

4.1 Agroforestry technologies for increasing food security and marketing of staple foods

Three proposed technologies will significantly increase household staple food production in the target area, especially maize, without relying on external inputs alone—Improved Fallows; Mixed Coppicing Trees and Crops; and Annual Relay Cropping of Trees. When small amounts of inorganic fertilizers are used together with green manure from trees, staple food yields are significantly boosted beyond what either input used alone could achieve. For example, maize yields under farmer conditions without use of agroforestry or recommended applications of inorganic fertilizer typically range between 0.5 to 0.9 t/ha in the region. The average annual subsistence requirements of a household are 1.0 to 1.2 t of maize, meaning that production increases of 10 to 50% per household are needed to close this gap.

4.1.1. Improved Fallows Trees most successfully used by farmers are Sesbania sesban and Tephrosia vogelii—both native to Africa. The Improved Fallows technology is most appropriate when land availability is not severely limited (population densities: <60 people/km). Trees need to be replanted after being cut and their biomass has been incorporated into the soil, amounting typically to 70-100 kg/ha of nitrogen. Maize yields derived from improved fallows under farmer conditions typically range from 2.0 to 3.5 t/ha depending on rainfall received and soil type. In addition, wood harvests typically amount to 10 t/ha, and are used or sold for fuel or light roof beams. This technology would be suitable in the upland areas of Cubo village.

4.1.2 Mixing Coppicing Trees and Crops

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In this technology, nitrogen-fixing trees that tolerate continuous cutting back, such as Gliricidia sepium, are mixed in and grown with field crops. These trees are only planted once and are coppiced so they do not interfere with the crop— yet large amounts of cut biomass is recycled to the field as green manure over many years. Nitrogen quantities recycled typically range between 60 to 210 kg/ha. This technology is particularly appropriate when land availability is severely limited (>100 people/km), such as in the lowlands of the study area. Maize yields under farmer conditions typically range between 1.8 to 3.0 t/ha, doubling or tripling usual yields, depending on rainfall received and soil type. This technology would be most suitable in the lowlands of the study area.4.1.3 Annual Relay Cropping of TreesIn this technology, nitrogen-fixing trees are planted into a field when crops have been well established. Trees such as Sesbania sesban and Sesbania macrantha are first raised in nurseries and bare-rooted seedlings are then transplanted into the field. Species such as Tephrosia vogelii, Crotolaria spp. or the food legume Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) are sown directly under a canopy of established crops. The shrubs thrive mostly on residual moisture and develop their full canopy only after the crop is harvested. As farmers prepare land for the next season, they clear-cut trees and incorporate biomass into the soil. Trees are replanted every year. Due to smaller amounts of tree biomass being produced and recycled, maize yields under farmer conditions typically range between 1.2 to 2.3 t/ha depending on rainfall received and type of soils. This technology would be most suitable in both upland and lowland sites of the study area.

Agroforestry Technology

Trees most Successfully Used by Farmers

Benefits Under Farmer Conditions

Suitable sites in the target area

Improved Fallows

Tephrosia vogelii, Tephrosia candida, Sesbania sesban

- 70-100 kg/ha of nitrogen recycled

- Maize yields in the range 2.0-3.5 t/ha

- Wood harvests of up to 10 t/ha

Upland

Mixing Coppicing Trees and Crops

Gliricidia sepium - 60-210 kg/ha of nitrogen recycled

- Maize yields in the range 1.8-3.0 t/ha

Lowland

Annual Relay Cropping of Trees

Sesbania sesban, Sesbania macrantha, Tephrosia vogelii, Crotolaria spp., Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea)

- 50-70 kg/ha of nitrogen recycled

- Maize yields in the range 1.2-2.3/ha

- Wood harvests of up to 5 t/ha

Upland and Lowland

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4.2 Agroforestry technologies for diversifying incomes and

improving nutrition These technologies are advanced in the sense that trees used require more skills and extra care for proper establishment and growth. In comparison to the former technologies, farmers usually plant fewer trees on smaller areas. These technologies include:

4.2.1 Fodder BanksA fodder bank is a small, well-protected and intensively managed plot of trees continuously cut for feeding livestock. Species with high nutritional value are preferred such as Leucaena spp., Calliandra callothyrsus and Acacia angustissima. Fodder banks are planted close to where livestock is kept to minimize labour for carrying fodder. Many smallholder farmers currently use this technology in dairy-cow production, but it also has potential with goats. The Fodder Bank technology increases incomes of smallholder dairy farmers by substituting tree fodder for expensive purchased feed concentrates. It also increases overall milk yield, especially during dry seasons. Savings typically amount to $100 per dairy animal per year. Benefit-cost ratios for this technology range between 1.2–3.0 depending on amount of tree fodder used and level of feed substitution. Processing and storing tree fodder offers considerable opportunity for adding value.

4.2.2 Rotational WoodlotsRotational woodlots are small, well-protected tree plots. Tree species planted by farmers are native acacias such A. polyacantha, A. lebbeck; Australian acacias (A. crassicarpa, A. julifera, A. leptocarpa), neem (Azadirachta indica) and Senna siamea. Rotational woodlots provide construction poles and fuelwood—for home use and sale. This technology offers an economic alternative to ongoing deforestation of the remaining mopane woodlands. Dry-wood harvests typically range from 60-100 t/ha. Net benefits of this technology average $490/ha. Another species that could be introduced is bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) that is fast growing, excellent for construction and fuelwood.

4.2.3 High-Value Fruit Trees

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In this technology, individual fruit trees are planted as boundaries along field edges, on contours or around homesteads. They are usually well protected and looked-after, with some occasional watering needed during the first dry season after transplanting. Farmers’ priority species are usually improved exotics such as mango, citrus and papaya but also indigenous fruit tree species such as Strychnos cocculoides and Vangueria infausta—all highly valued for their nutritious fruit. Planting fruit trees provides farming families with considerable income through sale of fresh fruit and processed food snacks, dried fruit, jams, juices and wines, and safeguards nutritional security of the family, in particular children, since all fruits are high in sugars, vitamins and minerals.

Agroforestry Technology

Trees most Successfully Used by Farmers

Benefits Under Farmer Conditions

Suitable sites in the target area

Fodder Banks

Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida, Leucaena diversifolia, Calliandra calthyrsus, Acacia angustissima, Moringa oleifera

- Substitution of tree fodder for expensive purchased feed concentrates

- Increase in milk yields with savings of up to $100 per dairy animal per year

- Benefit-Cost Ratio between 1.2-3.0

Near livestock kraals and homesteads, lowlands

Rotational Woodlots

Acacia crassicarpa, A. julifera, A. Leptocarpa, A. Polyacantha, Azadirachta indica (neem), Senna siamea

- Dry wood harvests from 60-100 t/ha (poles and fuelwood)

- Net benefits of $490/ha

Upland sites and near homesteads

Biomass Transfer

Gliricidia sepium, Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus, Tithonia, Jatropha curcas

- Used in the growing of vegetables (indigenous and exotics vegetables) as organic fertilizers

- Increased vegetable yields- Increased household

incomes from sale of vegetables

Lowland sites and near homesteads

High-Value Fruit Trees

Farmers’ priority indigenous fruit trees and improved exotics such as mango, tangarine, avocado, etc.

- Improved household nutrition and health

- Increased household incomes from sale of products

Near homesteads, and as boundary plantings along field edges

4.3 Integrated Agroforestry and Environmental Rehabilitation (IAER)

The Massingir dam is currently undergoing rehabilitation and development work. Similar work in the past has overlooked the importance of tree cover in mitigating against the impacts of climate change such as floods and drought. In particular, tree cover is important in mitigating against soil erosion that could lead to siltation and consequent low water flows to the dam. Therefore, stabilization of the Massingir micro-watershed should be a priority to ensure

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long-term environmental stability of the watershed system. It has been demonstrated that agroforestry can help to provide a solution to this problem by:

Improving water infiltration rates and reducing flood risks; Improving dry season water flow and reducing erosion and the associated

siltation of downstream water bodies; and Increasing the overall efficiency of water use.

Among the species that could be used in the reforestation efforts include native acacias (A. polyacantha, A. lebbeck); fast-growing non-invasive exotics such as Australian acacias (A. crassicarpa, A. leptocarpa); neem (Azadirachta indica), Senna siamea, Grevillea robusta and bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus).

4.4 Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA)

IAA’s theoretical capability to improve productivity, increase sustainability and decrease waste has been accepted as a realistic approach to reducing rural poverty and improving food security. Integrated farming can improve productivity and sustainability and even rehabilitate degraded rural landscapes. For Massingir, IAA — incorporating agroforestry and aquaculture technologies, can make a big step towards food security and poverty alleviation among the rural poor. A number of agroforestry species are known to increase fish yields six-fold through biomass incorporation and water eutrophication from nitrogen fixation. These include Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena spp. and Moringa oleifera. These species are planted around the banks of a fishponds thus fixing nitrogen into the soil and eventually leaching into the water thereby enriching the water and creating suitable conditions for phytoplankton growth. Leafy biomass can also be fed to the fish periodically as a source of protein.

It is in this context that IAA has been developed as an efficient and environmentally sound farming practice that can diversify and strengthen the resilience of smallholder livelihood strategies, enhance the capacity of these households to better manage their natural resource base, and significantly decrease the level of hunger and malnutrition. The density of fish that can be maintained in a pond is largely related to the availability of food. As a result, integrated agroforestry-aquaculture systems are very flexible and a wide range of the raw materials available can be used. A comparison of different levels of pond management shows that whereas unfertilised, poorly managed ponds yield

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50-200 kg/ha/yr, those that benefit from agroforestry and agricultural waste feeding and better stock management can increase yields to 5000-10,000 kg/ha/yr. Within the study area, IAA would be most suitable in the lowland sites where water tables are high.

5. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF MARKET POTENTIAL FOR VARIOUS AGRI-PRODUCTS

This analysis is preliminary in the sense that it is based on transient observation conducted during a brief visit to the study area. Therefore, detailed market studies will be required to provide information on the marketing mix, market competition, and market niches to be capitalized on as well as insights into market segmentation. This information will be valuable in preparing future business plans for the identified priority products. From preliminary analysis, the products that could have market potential in the area include:- Maize: to local markets, tourist outfitters linked to the Great Limopopo

Transfrontier Park and private concessions, Xai-Xai, Chokwe, Maputo- Vegetables: to Covane Community Lodge, local markets, tourist outfitters

linked to the Great Limopopo Transfrontier Park and private concessions, Xai-Xai, distributors from Chokwe, Maputo

- Fruits: to Covane Community Lodge, local markets, tourist outfitters linked to the Great Limopopo Transfrontier Park and private concessions, Xai-Xai, distributors from Chokwe, Maputo

- Milk: to Covane Community Lodge (currently, the lodge obtains its milk supplies from Chokwe), local markets, tourist outfitters linked to the Great Limopopo Transfrontier Park and private concessions, Xai-Xai, distributors from Chokwe, Maputo

- Fodder: to local livestock farmers

- Fish: to Covane Community Lodge, local markets, tourist outfitters linked to the Great Limopopo Transfrontier Park and private concessions, Xai-Xai, distributors from Chokwe, Maputo

- Fuelwood and poles: to local markets and urban markets in Xai-Xai and Maputo

6. CONCLUSIONS

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Chivovo community, in addition to having poor soils and extremely arid conditions, has almost been consumed by Paulo Ubisse Concession planned for tourism development. There are currently no people living in Chivovo community as they all emigrated to Cubo village.

Conditions in Mbindhzo are similar to those found in Chivovo except that there are some families who are currently living in a settlement called "Década de Vitória" while the majority migrated to Cubo village. It was verified that the minority that are currently in Mbindhzo are not originally from that area. These are migrants from other regions who have come to the area to pursue charcoal production for sale in urban centers.

Of the three communities, Cubo village is the most populated given the emigration from the other two communities. Agriculture is practiced in both upland and lowland areas. Upland areas in Cubo are less arid than those in Chivovo and Mbindhzo and the soils are characterized as sandy with little organic content. Common crops in upland areas include maize, pumpkins and groundnuts. Despite the arid conditions, members from Cubo community would like to intensify agriculture in the upland areas, as they are less prone to floods.

The lowland areas along Massingir dam and Olifant River have sandy clays to clay loams that are rich in organic matter content. The areas also have great potential for livestock pasture. The common crops include maize, beans, pumpkins and groundnuts. Lowland areas are highly susceptible to floods. There is currently a lack of local culture to grow vegetables in the lowlands despite great potential for it.

The communities of Chivovo and Mbindhzo are not suitable for agriculture due to poor soils and very dry conditions. These areas are more suitable for conservation as wildlife habitat. However, if agriculture were to be practiced in these areas, it would require promotion of drought-resistant crops such as sorghum, millet and cassava.

Agroforestry technologies that would be suitable in the upland areas include: rotational woodlots; improved fallows and annual relay cropping of trees with crops for soil fertility improvement.

Agroforestry technologies that would be suitable in the lowland areas include: biomass transfer, mixed intercropping and annual relay cropping of trees with crops for soil fertility improvement as well as fodder banks.

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7. PROPOSAL FOR AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTION IN THE STUDY AREA – ACTION PLAN

Title: Accelerating the wide Adoption of Agroforestry Technologies for food security, nutritional security, environmental security and income security among Smallholder Farmers in Massingir District

Rationale: Soil fertility decline is the major cause of food insecurity among smallholder rural farmers due to decreased crop yields. Soil fertility decline has been exacerbated by rampant deforestation due to high demand for new agricultural lands and fuelwood/charcoal. Lack of macronutrient and protein-rich foods such as fish in the diets of rural households have been the major causes of malnutrition. This is particularly worse for households affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, children and nursing mothers. Unsustainable land use practices such as shifting cultivation, cultivation on steep slopes, poor road construction without proper drainage, and deforestation have also increased rates of soil erosion and environmental degradation. Local communities also lack options for diversifying their household incomes. Agroforestry can assist in addressing the problems above through judicious application of appropriate technologies for improved food security, nutritional security, environmental security and income security. This project will promote soil fertility technologies for improved crop yields and soil conservation; biomass transfer technologies in organic vegetable production for improved nutrition and household income; woodlots for energy, income and environmental security; fruit trees for improved nutrition and household income; fodder banks for improved fodder security, livestock production and household income; integrated agroforestry and aquaculture for improved nutrition and household income from consumption and sale of fish; and reforestation for rehabilitation of degraded lands.

Target Area: Although the primary target area is Cubo Village that is currently accommodating residents from Chivovo and Mbindhzo communities, the general target area is Massingir district, Gaza Province. The problems faced by the residents of Cubo village are a microcosm of what is happening at the district level.

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Target beneficiaries: About 3,000 smallholder rural farming households and especially women in Massingir district.

Goal: The goal in widening use of agroforestry in Massingir district is to improve the livelihoods of smallholder rural farmers and reverse progressive degradation of land and the natural resource base. Therefore, this project will focus on improving long-term food security and creating incomes for smallholder farmers by scaling-up agroforestry technologies that replenish soil fertility, improve nutrition, produce fuelwood and fodder, reclaim degraded lands and introduce high-value tree and vegetable small enterprises on farms.

Objectives:1. To provide capacity to local change agents (contact farmer trainers), farmers,

farmer associations and partners in the application of selected agroforestry technologies

2. To increase agricultural productivity of staple crops and wood production for target beneficiaries through application of soil fertility improving and woodlot agroforestry technologies

3. To promote the planting of high-value fruit trees and vegetables by the target beneficiaries for improved nutrition and household incomes

4. To rehabilitate degraded lands through reforestation activities using multi-purpose tree species

5. To improve livestock feeding strategies through establishment of fodder banks

6. To improve farm production and diversification through Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA) for food security and income generation

Main Outputs:1. At least 300 local change agents, 3,000 farmers and 50 technicians from partner

institutions trained in agroforestry and IAA by 2009

2. At least 3,000 farmers have adopted and are implementing soil fertility and woodlot agroforestry technologies by 2009

3. At least 1,000 households in the target area are growing high-value fruit trees and have established vegetable gardens by 2009

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4. At least 1,000 ha of degraded lands identified, mapped and rehabilitated with suitable tree species by 2009

5. Some 2,000 livestock farmers have adopted and are implementing fodder bank technologies by 2009

6. At least 300 ha of new fish ponds established and stocked by some 500 fish farmers adopting IAA by 2009

Proposed duration: 5 yearsProject partners and roles: 5 years Project partner RoleAfrican Wildlife Foundation (AWF)

Project coordination and monitoring and executing agency

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Project implementation, training, monitoring and reporting

District Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development (DDADR-Massingir)

Extension support

Local NGOs/CBOs Extension support, community mobilization

Project sustainability analysis:

The sustainability of the project is high since the project will aim at improving the productive capacity of farmers and also establishing nucleus farmers who will be the basis for farmer to farmer transfer (self-combustion) of the technologies promoted.

Reporting and monitoring:

Progress and financial reports will be submitted quarterly and a final project report will be submitted upon completion of technical backstopping activities. Monitoring will also be done quarterly.

Project Logical Framework:

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The project logical framework showing the goal, development objectives, activities, intervention logic, verifiable indicators, sources of verification and underlying assumptions, is presented in the next section.

Project Implementation Plan:A tentative project implementation plan follows after the logical framework.

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LOGICAL FRAMEWORKIntervention logic Objectively verifiable

indicatorsSources of verification Assumptions

Goal To improve long-term food security and create incomes for smallholder farmers in Massingir District by scaling-up agroforestry technologies that replenish soil fertility, improve nutrition, produce fuelwood and fodder, reclaim degraded lands and introduce high-value tree and vegetable small enterprises on farms.

At least three-fold increase in agricultural productivity

At least four-fold increase in household incomes

At least 1000 households growing fruit trees and vegetables

At least 500 households practicing IAA

At least 500 ha of degraded lands rehabilitated and 1,000 ha established in woodlots

Impact studies on agricultural productivity of target beneficiaries

Impact studies on household incomes of target beneficiaries

Study on perceived changes by farmers on their nutritional status

Study on # of households benefiting from IAA & impact

Field assessment of rehabilitated lands and area under woodlots, and reports

Favourable climatic conditions throughout project cycle

Existence of favourable market conditions

Reliable supply of water for use in vegetable production and aquaculture

Specific Objective 1

To provide capacity to local change agents (contact farmer trainers), farmers, farmer associations and partners in the application of selected agroforestry technologies

#S of local change agents, farmers, and technicians trained

Training materials/ modules developed and used

Training reports Farmer testimonies

Farmers are consistently interested and motivated to be trained in agroforestry

Output 1 At least 300 local change agents, 3,000 farmers and 50 technicians from partner institutions trained in agroforestry and Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA) by 2009

At least 100 local change agents and 50 technicians trained as farmer trainers

At least 3,000 farmers knowledgeable, skilled and practicing agroforestry

Training and field monitoring reports

Both men and women farmers motivated to adopt and implement agroforestry

Activities Quantities and expense items AssumptionsOutput 1: At least 300 local change agents, 3,000 farmers and 50 technicians from partner institutions trained in agroforestry and Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA) by 20091.1Conduct detailed field assessment of appropriate

agroforestry technologies given the local biophysical and climatic conditions

Transport, technical assistance Local traditional authorities are supportive of agroforestry

1.2Prepare training materials/modules on selected agroforestry technologies including nursery practices

Printing and photocopying facilities, technical assistance to develop modules

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1.3Select local change agents and farmer trainees by local communities, as well as technicians from partner institutions to be trained

Transport, community meetings Trainee participants will comprise 50% women and 50% men

1.4Train selected local change agents, farmers and technicians from partner institutions in various aspects of agroforestry including nursery practices

24 training sessions during the course of the project cycle, transport, meals, trainer’s allowances

1.5 Monitor training impact Transport, field assessments

Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators

Sources of verification Assumptions















Objective 2

To increase agricultural productivity of staple crops and wood production for target beneficiaries through application of soil fertility improving and woodlot agroforestry technologies

% increase in agricultural yields of staple crops

At least 1,000 ha established in farm woodlots

Yield studies Farmer testimonies Field assessment of # of ha

established in farm woodlots

Climatic conditions remain favourable throughout the project cycle

Output 2 At least 3,000 farmers have adopted and are implementing soil fertility and woodlot agroforestry technologies by 2009

# of male and female farmers that have adopted and are implementing soil

Field census of number of male and female farmers implementing soil fertility agroforestry technologies

Both male and female farmers are consistently implementing soil fertility agroforestry technologies as taught

26

fertility and woodlot agroforestry technologies

to them

Activities Quantities and expense items Assumptions

Output 2: At least 3,000 farmers have adopted and are implementing soil fertility agroforestry technologies by 2009

2.1 Procure seed for appropriate soil fertility improving agroforestry species

Seed purchases (2 tons): Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Tephrosia candida/vogelii/madagascariensis, Leucaena pallida/leucocephala, Cajanus cajan

Steady supply of high quality seed

2.2 Establish a central nursery and on-farm nurseries

One central nursery and 300 on-farm nurseries Nursery materials (hoes, rakes, cans, folks,

shades, rhizobium, polythene pots), transport, community meetings, seed distribution, technical assistance

Nurseries will be constructed using local materials

Water will be readily available for nursery activities

2.3 Conduct nursery competition field days Transport, prizes for best farmer nurseries Nursery competition days will induce best-bet nursery practices among farmers

2.4 Implement soil fertility improving agroforestry technologies on-farm by local farmers

Transport, technical assistance Farmers involved will comprise 50% women and 50% men

2.5 Conduct community appraisals by local change agents and project staff on yield impacts of adopted soil fertility agroforestry technologies

Transport, field assessment registers and materials, community meetings, Technical assistance

Local change agents will be trained in impact assessment methodologies

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Intervention logic Objectively verifiable

indicatorsSources of verification Assumptions















Objective 3

To promote the planting of high-value fruit trees and vegetables by the target beneficiaries for improved nutrition and household incomes

% increase in household incomes from sale of fruits and vegetables

Community perceptions on changes in nutritional status

Study on changes in household incomes

Farmer testimonies

Climatic conditions remain favourable throughout the project cycle for both fruit tree and vegetable production

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Output 3 At least 1,000 households in the target area are growing high-value fruit trees and have established vegetable gardens by 2009

# of households that are growing fruit trees and vegetable gardens around their homesteads and on-farm

Field census of number of households growing fruit trees and vegetables

Households are consistently taking care of their fruit trees and vegetable gardens


Output 3: At least 1,000 households in the target area are growing high-value fruit trees and have established vegetable gardens by 20093.1 Procure seed for vegetables and improved cultivars for fruit trees

Fruit tree germplasm and vegetable seed purchases (1 ton and 500 kg, respectively).

Local communities will set priorities for preferred fruit trees and vegetables

3.2 Establish a fruit tree nursery and individual vegetable nurseries

One central fruit tree nursery and 1000 on-farm vegetable nurseries

Nursery materials (hoes, rakes, axes, cans, folks,) transport, community meetings, seed distribution, technical assistance



3.3 Establish vegetable gardens and plant fruit trees

Transport, technical assistance

3.4 Assist participating households with sale of their surplus fruit and vegetable products

Transport, technical assistance Local markets conditions for fruit and vegetables will remain favourable

3.5 Conduct community appraisals by local change agents and project staff on changes in income levels of households engaged in fruit tree and vegetable growing

Transport, field assessment registers and materials, community meetings, Technical assistance

Local change agents will be trained in impact assessment methodologies



Goal To improve long-term food security and create incomes


Impact studies on agricultural productivity of target

Favourable climatic conditions

29

for smallholder farmers in Massingir District by scaling-up agroforestry technologies that replenish soil fertility, improve nutrition, produce fuelwood and fodder, reclaim degraded lands and introduce high-value tree and vegetable small enterprises on farms.





beneficiaries Impact studies on household

incomes of target beneficiaries Study on perceived changes by

farmers on their nutritional status



throughout project cycle



Objective 4

To rehabilitate degraded lands through reforestation activities using multi-purpose tree species

# of ha rehabilitated and species used

Before-and-after field observations and area measurement of rehabilitated lands

Only non-invasive indigenous and exotic species preferred by the communities will be planted

Output 4 At least 1,000 ha of degraded lands identified, mapped and rehabilitated with suitable tree species by 2009

# of ha planted and surviving

Before-and-after field observations and area measurement of rehabilitated lands

Farmer testimonies

Climatic conditions will remain favourable throughout the project cycle


Output 4: At least 1,000 ha of degraded lands identified, mapped and rehabilitated with suitable tree species by 20094.1 Procure suitable tree germplasm Germplasm procurement (2 tons of seed) Local communities will set

priorities for preferred tree species to be used in reforestation activities

4.2 Establish a central tree nursery One central tree nursery Nursery materials (polythene pots, hoes, rakes,

axes, cans, rhizobium) transport, community meetings, technical assistance



4.3 Plant trees on degraded lands Transport, planting equipment, technical assistance Local traditional and political leadership will remain interested in tree planting activities



30















Objective 5

To improve livestock feeding strategies through establishment of fodder banks

% increase in milk yields, animal live weights and farmer income levels

Impact studies and farmer testimonies

Farmers will be willing to adopt fodder bank technologies and consistently use them

Output 5 Some 2,000 livestock farmers have adopted and are implementing fodder bank technologies by 2009

# of livestock farmers implementing fodder bank technologies

Field survey reports Farmers consistently use fodder bank technologies


Output 5: Some 2,000 livestock farmers have adopted and are implementing fodder bank technologies by 20095.1 Procure suitable tree germplasm for fodder banks

Germplasm procurement (1 ton of seed) Livestock farmers will have the skills and knowledge to manage fodder banks and administer feed appropriately

5.2 Train livestock farmers in fodder bank establishment and management

Training materials Nursery materials (polythene pots, hoes,

rakes, axes, cans, rhizobium) transport, community meetings, technical assistance



Trainees will consistently attend lessons

5.3 Establish fodder banks on appropriate sites

Transport, planting equipment, technical assistance

Voluntary labour is available to establish fodder banks

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5.4 Conduct impact studies of fodder bank technologies (% increase in milk yields, animal live wts. and farmer income levels)

Transport, technical assistance Livestock farmers will participate in the studies

















Objective 6

To improve farm production and diversification through Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA) for food security and income generation

Net Income increase by 10% Farm productivity increase

by 10%

Impact studies and farmer testimonies

Farmers remain interested in IAA

Output 6 At least 300 ha of new fish ponds established and stocked by some 500 fish farmers adopting IAA by 2009

# of new ponds constructed # of ponds stocked # of fish farmers

participating

Field survey reports Impact studies

Farmers have access to land for ponds

Farmers have adequate fingerlings for stocking


Output 6: At least 300 ha of new fish ponds established and stocked by some 500 fish farmers adopting IAA by 20096.1 Train farmers in IAA techniques Training materials

Technical assistance Funding is available on time Trainees are committed

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6.2 Procure fingerlings 2 tons of species fingerlings locally preferred Fingerlings are available

6.3 Construct and stock fish ponds 300 fish ponds Machinery hire to dig fish ponds

Machinery and local labour available to dig and construct fish ponds

6.4Conduct impact studies on farm productivity and income levels

A least 5 impact studies during project cycle (one per year)

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TENTATIVE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Activity Year 1Quarter

Year 2Quarter

Year 3Quarter

Year 4Quarter

Year 5Quarter

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Output 1: At least 300 local change agents, 3,000 farmers and 50 technicians from partner institutions trained in agroforestry and Integrated Agroforestry and Aquaculture (IAA) by 20091.1 Conduct detailed field assessment of appropriate agroforestry technologies given the local biophysical and climatic conditions

x

1.2 Prepare training materials/modules on selected agroforestry technologies including nursery practices

x x

1.3 Select local change agents and farmer trainees by local communities, as well as technicians from partner institutions to be trained

x

1.4 Train selected local change agents, farmers and technicians from partner institutions in various aspects of agroforestry including nursery practices

x x x x x x

1.5 Monitor training impact

x x x

Output 2: At least 3,000 farmers have adopted and are implementing soil fertility and woodlot agroforestry technologies by 20092.1 Procure seed for appropriate soil fertility improving agroforestry species

x x x x

2.2 Establish a central nursery and on-farm nurseries

x x x x

2.3 Conduct nursery competition field days

x x x x X

2.4 Implement soil fertility improving agroforestry technologies on-farm by local farmers

x x x x x

2.5 Conduct community appraisals by local change agents and project staff on yield impacts of adopted soil fertility agroforestry technologies

x x x X

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Activity Year 1Quarter

Year 2Quarter

Year 3Quarter

Year 4Quarter

Year 5Quarter

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Output 3: At least 1,000 households in the target area are growing high-value fruit trees and have established vegetable gardens by 20093.1 Procure seed for vegetables and improved cultivars for fruit trees

x x x x

3.2 Establish a fruit tree nursery and individual vegetable nurseries

x x x x

3.3 Establish vegetable gardens and plant fruit trees

x x x x

3.4 Assist participating households with sale of their surplus fruit and vegetable products

x x x x

3.5 Conduct community appraisals by local change agents and project staff on changes in income levels of households engaged in fruit tree and vegetable growing

x x x x x

Output 4: At least 1,000 ha of degraded lands identified, mapped and rehabilitated with suitable tree species by 20094.1 Procure suitable tree germplasm

x x x x x

4.2 Establish a central tree nursery

x x

4.3 Plant trees on degraded lands

x x x x X

Output 5: Some 2,000 livestock farmers have adopted and are implementing fodder bank technologies by 20095.1 Procure suitable tree germplasm for fodder banks

x x x x

5.2 Train livestock farmers in fodder bank establishment and management

x x x x

5.3 Establish fodder banks on appropriate sites

x x x x x

5.4 Conduct impact studies of fodder bank technologies (% increase in milk yields, animal live wts. and farmer income levels)

x x x x X

Output 6: At least 300 ha of new fish ponds established and stocked by some 500 fish farmers adopting IAA by 20096.1 Train farmers in IAA techniques

x x x x

6.2 Procure fingerlings x x x x X6.3 Construct and stock fish ponds

x x x x x

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6.4 Conduct impact studies on farm productivity and income levels

x x x x x

Estimated 5-Year Budget: USD USD

1. Staff Costs 199,000- Agroforestry Coordination (3 mths/yr) 54,000- Agroforestry Training Officer (full time) 45,000- Agroforestry Assistant Training Officer (full time) 30,000- Duty time allowances for extension staff (DPADR & Others) 20,000- Consultants (GIS, marketing, impact assessment, aquaculture) 50,000

2. Field Costs 315,000

- Tree and vegetable starter germplasm procurement 80,000- Fingerling procurement 50,000- Nursery materials 50,000- Farmer field competitions/field days 35,000- Fish pond construction 30,000- Low-cost irrigation technologies 70,000

3. Training and Workshops 280,000

- 60 training events for extensionists/trainers & farmers 125,000- 12 Preparatory and planning workshops 20,000- 10 farmer-to-farmer exchange visits 50,000- Training materials 45,000- Trainee travel and logistics 40,000

4. Equipment and materials 202,000

- 4X4 vehicles (2) 70,000- Desktop computers (3), printers (3), laptops (2) 10,000- Motor bikes (4) 48,000- Office furniture (Massingir) 4,000- Photocopier (1); Digital cameras (2); data show projector (1) 15,000- Vehicle maintenance costs, insurance and fuels 55,000

5. Duty travel 35,000

- Coordination and monitoring visits 35,000

6. Publications & Dissemination 35,000

- Dissemination of best practices to farmers and other stakeholders 35,000

7. Mid-term and Final Evaluations 30,000

8. Management Costs (29%) on all costs except capital 259,000

TOTAL 1,355,000

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REFERENCES

ACT International, 2003. Drought Relief – AFMZ 41 Appeal Target Report. Action by Churches Together International, Geneva, 17 pp.

Stalmans, M. 2004. Cubo Community Reserve. Report back on field visit February 2004. Field Travel Report. 8 pp.

University of the Witwatersrand, 2002. A park for the people? Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park – Community consultation in Coutada 16, Mozambique. University of the Witwatersrand Refugee Research Programme, RSA, 14 pp.

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). 2002. Agroforestree database: a tree species reference and selection guide. Version 2.0 CD-ROM. Nairobi, Kenya.

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