Planning CAI Planning CAI LessonsLessons

Dr. Ennis-ColeDr. Ennis-Cole

CECS 5130CECS 5130

Designing Lesson Designing Lesson Sequences Sequences

1. Fixed Lesson Sequences1. Fixed Lesson Sequences

2. Avoid Unnecessary 2. Avoid Unnecessary InformationInformation

3. Review Past Information3. Review Past Information

Top-Down Top-Down Programming Programming

ProblemsProblems: :

Inflexible Finite ProceduresInflexible Finite Procedures

Difficulty MaintainingDifficulty Maintaining

Difficulty DebuggingDifficulty Debugging

Useless - Start OverUseless - Start Over

Flowcharting Flowcharting

1. Linearity1. Linearity

+Maintain Control+Maintain Control

+Minimize Complexity+Minimize Complexity

- No Individual Differences- No Individual Differences-Inflexible, Unnecessary-Inflexible, Unnecessary

Branching Branching

BranchingBranching

+ Instructional vs. Program+ Instructional vs. Program

+ Forward+ Forward

+ Backward+ Backward

+ Random+ Random

+ Conditional+ Conditional

BranchingBranching

1. Instructional vs. Program 1. Instructional vs. Program • As it Pertains to a LessonAs it Pertains to a Lesson• Skipping Adjacent InstructionSkipping Adjacent Instruction• Avoiding Practice Routines, Taking the Avoiding Practice Routines, Taking the

TestTest 2. Forward2. Forward

• Moving to a point Further in the lesson Moving to a point Further in the lesson • Lesson or Student ControlLesson or Student Control

BranchingBranching

1. Backward 1. Backward • Moving from a Current Point to a Previous Pt. Moving from a Current Point to a Previous Pt. • Repetition of Lesson SegmentsRepetition of Lesson Segments• Returning to Main Menus, Help Sequences or Returning to Main Menus, Help Sequences or

InstructionsInstructions 2. Random2. Random

• Useful when Sequencing in Unimportant Useful when Sequencing in Unimportant • Unfixed Order of Lesson ExecutionUnfixed Order of Lesson Execution

BranchingBranching

Absolute vs. ConditionalAbsolute vs. Conditional• Absolute occurs at fixed points within the Absolute occurs at fixed points within the

lesson, and will occur in all caseslesson, and will occur in all cases• Conditional occurs only under prescribed Conditional occurs only under prescribed

conditions conditions

BranchingBranching AbsoluteAbsolute

• All learners jump to the same section of a lessonAll learners jump to the same section of a lesson• Ex: Return to Controlling Module, Main MenuEx: Return to Controlling Module, Main Menu• Has nothing to do with lesson performance or a Has nothing to do with lesson performance or a

student’s wishesstudent’s wishes• Fixed - occur at given points Fixed - occur at given points

BranchingBranching

ConditionalConditional• Executes only under prescribed circumstancesExecutes only under prescribed circumstances• Student Request, DifficultyStudent Request, Difficulty• Mastery Levels can be built-inMastery Levels can be built-in• Permits Lesson Control Permits Lesson Control

Infinite Infinite LoopsLoops

Programming Programming and and

Conceptual Conceptual

Conceptual LoopsConceptual Loops

Inadequate Planning Inadequate Planning More easily observed in constructed response More easily observed in constructed response

formats dependent on spelling, or rules of formats dependent on spelling, or rules of grammargrammar

More easily produced in tasks that are difficult More easily produced in tasks that are difficult for the student to comprehend for the student to comprehend

Conceptual Conceptual LoopsLoops

Error Counters, Conditions for alternative Error Counters, Conditions for alternative branchingbranching

Judge responses appropriately consider Judge responses appropriately consider issues of case, spelling, multiple responsesissues of case, spelling, multiple responses

Prompt students guide them to structure Prompt students guide them to structure appropriate responses by the wording of appropriate responses by the wording of questionsquestions

Modes and Designs Modes and Designs of CAIof CAI

TutorialsTutorials• Present New information, skills, or conceptsPresent New information, skills, or concepts• Self-ContainedSelf-Contained• Verification and ReinforcementVerification and Reinforcement• Well-Defined ObjectivesWell-Defined Objectives• Appropriate FeedbackAppropriate Feedback• Direct Students, Guide ResponsesDirect Students, Guide Responses• Expectations Stated EarlyExpectations Stated Early

Advantages of Advantages of TutorialsTutorials

Factual Information, Simple Factual Information, Simple Discriminations, Rules, Discriminations, Rules,

Applications of Rules, Learners Applications of Rules, Learners Pace ThemselvesPace Themselves

Limitations of TutorialsLimitations of Tutorials

1. Design Time1. Design Time 2. Difficulty Teaching High-Ordered Skills2. Difficulty Teaching High-Ordered Skills 3. Duplication of Instruction3. Duplication of Instruction 4. Complexity and Practicality4. Complexity and Practicality

Drill & Practice Drill & Practice AdvantagesAdvantages

Practice well-defined SkillsPractice well-defined Skills Offer Immediate FeedbackOffer Immediate Feedback Avoid Unchecked Error ResponsesAvoid Unchecked Error Responses Clear DirectionsClear Directions Assume Basic Information was Assume Basic Information was

Taught ElsewhereTaught Elsewhere Minimize Unrelated Narrative and Minimize Unrelated Narrative and

Procedural complexityProcedural complexity

Limitations of Drill & Limitations of Drill & PracticePractice

1. Electronic Flash Cards, 1. Electronic Flash Cards, Responses onlyResponses only

2. Process Remains Uncovered2. Process Remains Uncovered 3. Limited Potential3. Limited Potential 4. Additional Student Guidance4. Additional Student Guidance

Advantages of Advantages of SimulationsSimulations

1. Alternative Teaching Systems1. Alternative Teaching Systems 2. Cause-and-Effect Relationships 2. Cause-and-Effect Relationships

can be Studied, Thinking, Evaluationcan be Studied, Thinking, Evaluation 3. Eliminate Danger, difficulty3. Eliminate Danger, difficulty 4. Scenarios, High-fidelity images, 4. Scenarios, High-fidelity images,

Believable CircumstancesBelievable Circumstances 5. Emphasis on Processes, 5. Emphasis on Processes,

ProceduresProcedures

Disadvantages of Disadvantages of SimulationsSimulations

Problem SophisticationCost IssuesLesson Design

Instructional Instructional GamesGames

Advantages:• Competition, Develop, Reinforce, and

refine aspects of learning• Well understood, Provides explicit

guidelines and participatory rules• Attractive and motivational

Instructional Instructional GamesGames

Disadvantages:• Entertainment Value• Incongruent Reward Structure for Incorrect

Answers• Minimal Incidental Learning• Excessive Use of Computing Power

The The End End

““That’s all folks...”That’s all folks...”