1Revolusi Industri

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Revolusi Industri

Muhammad Ary Murti

[email protected]



Revolusi Industri

The term Industrial Revolution was firstpopularized by the English economic historian

Arnold Toynbee to describe England'seconomic development from 1760 to 1840.



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"An outstanding feature of the

Industrial Revolution has been the

advance in power technology."




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Enabler Technology :

³STEAM ENGINE´




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Steam Engine

The history of the steam enginestretches back as far as the first century

AD; the first recorded rudimentarysteam engine being the aeolipile

described by Hero of Alexandria.[3] In the following centuries, the few

engines known about were essentiallyexperimental devices used by inventorsto demonstrate the properties of steam,

such as the rudimentary steam turbinedevices developed by Taqi al-Din[4] in1551 and Giovanni Branca[5] in 1629.




Thomas Savery (1650-1715)

Thomas Savery was an

English military

engineer and inventor

who in 1698, patented

the first crude steam

engine, based on Denis

Papin's Digester or pressure cooker of

1679.





Thomas Savery had beenworking on solving the problemof pumping water out of coalmines, his machine consistedof a closed vessel filled withwater into which steam under pressure was introduced.

This forced the water upwardsand out of the mine shaft. Thena cold water sprinkler was used

to condense the steam. Thiscreated a vacuum whichsucked more water out of themine shaft through a bottomvalve.





Thomas Savery later

worked with Thomas

Newcomen on the

atmospheric steamengine.

Among Savery's other

inventions was an

odometer for ships, a

device that measured

distance traveled




The first commercially-successful engine did notappear until 1712.

Incorporating technologies discovered by Saveryand Denis Papin, the atmospheric engine,invented by Thomas Newcomen, paved the wayfor the Industrial Revolution.

Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient,and in most cases was only used for pumpingwater.

It was mainly employed for draining mine

workings at depths hitherto impossible, but alsofor providing a reusable water supply for drivingwaterwheels at factories sited away from asuitable 'head'.




Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729)

Thomas Newcomen

was an English

blacksmith, who

invented the

atmospheric steam

engine, an

improvement over Thomas Slavery's

previous





The Newcomen steam engineused the force of atmosphericpressure to do the work.

Thomas Newcomen's enginepumped steam into a cylinder.The steam was then condensedby cold water which created avacuum on the inside of thecylinder. The resultingatmospheric pressure operated apiston, creating downward

strokes. In Newcomen's engine theintensity of pressure was notlimited by the pressure of thesteam, unlike what ThomasSavery had patented in 1698.





In 1712, Thomas Newcomentogether with John Calley builttheir first engine on top of awater filled mine shaft and

used it to pump water out of themine.

The Newcomen engine was thepredecessor to the Watt engineand it was one of the most

interesting pieces of technologydeveloped during the 1700's




James Watt (1736-1819)

James Watt was a Scottishinventor and mechanicalengineer, born in Greenock,who was renowned for hisimprovements of the steam

engine. In 1765, James Watt while

working for the University of Glasgow was assigned the taskof repairing a Newcomenengine, which was deemedinefficient but the best steamengine of its time.

That started the inventor towork on several improvementsto Newcomen's design.





Most notable was Watt's 1769patent for a separatecondenser connected to acylinder by a valve.

Unlike Newcomen's engine,Watt's design had a condenser that could be cool while thecylinder was hot.

Watt's engine soon became thedominant design for all modern

steam engines and helpedbring about the IndustrialRevolution.

A unit of power called the Watt was named after JamesWatt. the Watt symbol is W, and it is equal to 1/746 of ahorsepower , or one Volt times one Amp.





Watt's engine used 75% lesscoal than Newcomen's, andwas hence much cheaper torun.

Watt proceeded to develop hisengine further, modifying it toprovide a rotary motion suitablefor driving factory machinery.

This enabled factories to besited away from rivers, and

further accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.




Around 1800, Richard Trevithick introducedengines using high-pressure steam.

These were much more powerful than previousengines and could be made small enough for transport applications.

Thereafter, technological developments andimprovements in manufacturing techniques(partly brought about by the adoption of the

steam engine as a power source) resulted in thedesign of more efficient engines that could besmaller, faster, or more powerful, depending onthe intended application





















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Power Plant



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Steam engines remained the dominant

source of power well into the 20th century,

when advances in the design of electric

motors and internal combustion engines

gradually resulted in the vast majority of

reciprocating steam engines being

replaced in commercial usage, and theascendency of steam turbines in power

generation.



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Teknologi yang ada saat ini

merupakan suatu proses

pengembangan Teknologi yang

berkisambungan

Muhammad Ary Murti

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