2-1

2-1

Design of UAV Systems

Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation

Lesson objective -• Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)• Where are they headed?• What are the challenges?

• Design• Technology

Lesson expectations -

• Gain Familiarity• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options

Objectives

Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable

UAVYes = UAVNo =

2-1a



• The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896)

• The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917)

• The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918)

• The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935)

• 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944)

• Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945)

Amazing UAV facts

Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997

Pre-World War II• Manned aircraft

- Reciprocating engines- Biplanes to monoplanes- Fabric to semi-monocoque

• Unmanned- First unmanned vehicle- First UAV

2-2



Historical comparison - US

2002 and on- UAVs mature- Manned/unmanned

synergy,co-existence

World War II• Manned aircraft

- Recips mature- Structures mature- First jets

• Unmanned- First combat use- First drones

1950s• Manned aircraft

- Turbojets mature- Advanced metalics- Supersonics mature

• Unmanned- First real systems- UAVs stagnate


- Turbofans mature- First composites- First fly by wire- Complex analog systems

• Unmanned- UAVs go to war

• Other - Unmanned space


- Full fly by wire- Early digital systems

• Unmanned- First combat UAV- First research UAV- First tactical UAV


- Commercial FBW- Composites mature- Full digital systems

• Unmanned- Cruise missiles - Tactical UAV (again)

1990s - Manned aircraft- Co-cured composites- Pilots as managers- Netted systems

1990s - Unmanned- DARO Family of Vehicles- Tactical UAVs (again)- USAF / DARPA UCAV

• Other - Reusable launchers

2-3



Pre War

Kettering Bug (1918)Aerial Torpedo

Radioplane 0Q-2A

(1935) Culver PQ-14B (1940)

Target droneshttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

UAV

UAV

UAV

2-4



World War II

U.S. Buzz Bomb

V-1 Buzz Bomb

USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F)

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

UAV

UAVUAV



1950s

Matador- 600 NMi Range

Mace - 1217 Nmi Range

Snark - 5497 NMi Range

Strategic

Surface-to-Surface Missiles

USSR had similar typesof systems


UAV

2-5



1950s (cont’d)

Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles

Regulus 1 Regulus 2

USSR also had similar types

http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm

UAV

2-6

D21 Tagboard onM12 Mother Ship

Lightning Bug AQM-34



1960s

Reconnaissance UAVs


UAVUAV

2-7



1960s - other

http://www.fas.org

Launch and space systems

http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1

UAV

UAV

2-8



1970s

Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34

EO Maverick EO Hobo

EO Maverick Attacking SAM Sitehttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

UAV UAV

UAV

2-9



1970s

Reconnaissance(Recce) UAVs

Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull

Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern

Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled

Compass Cope - High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE)

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

UAV

2-10



1970s

Cruise Missiles

Boeing AGM-86 General Dynamics BGM-109

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm

UAV

2-11



1970s

Flight Research UAVs

HiMAT YF-16 RPRV

Self-RepairingFlight Control Sys.

XBQM-106http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html

UAV

2-12



1970s

Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila

UAV

2-13



1980s

Cruise Missiles

GD RGM-109C

GD BGM-109G

GD UGM-109C

General Dynamics AGM-129

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm

UAV

2-14



1980s

HALE UAV

Boeing Condor


UAV

2-15



1980s

Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs

US Army HunterPioneer - USN/USMC

GNAT-750 MR - UAV

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

UAV

2-16



1990s

DARO UAVs

Outrider (TUAV) Predator (Tier II)

Dark Star (Tier III-)Global Hawk (Tier II+)

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm

UAV

2-17



Global Hawk & Predator

Size Comparison

http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF

2-18



http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm

1990s - Tactical UAV

General AtomicsProwler

TRW/S-TECSentry

Alliant TechsystemsOutrider

US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200

2-19

UAV



1990s - VTUAV

Cancelled

NG Fire Scout selected

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

2-20

UAV



1990s - Manned synergy Design of UAV Systems

Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation 2-21

http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htmUAV

UAV



1990s - Reusable launchers Design of UAV Systems


UAV

UAVhttp://www.fas.org

2-22



Next subject

2-23







Today - DARPA/Army

Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)

2-24

• Armed unmanned complement to manned systems- Future Combat System - RHA-66 Comanche

• Perform the most dangerous missions- Strike and support

• $500M over four (4) phases- First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors- Many competitors

Lockheed MartinRaytheon SikorskyPlus...



Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV

2-25

X-45A

X-45B



AIR VEHICLE• XX,XXX lb Gross Weight• X,XXX lb Empty Weight• High subsonic speed• Med-high altitude • XXX-XXXX nmi radius• XXXX-XXXX lb payload

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm

Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV

http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm

http://www.northrop grumman.com

Requirements

increasing?

2-26



Today - other DARPA

A-160 Hummingbird

• Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor• VTOL range > 2,000nm • Endurance > 24-48 hours

http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html

http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.htmlhttp://www.auvsi.org/members

2-27

http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html



Today - Global Hawk

• ACTD successfully completed• Low rate initial production approved

- 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements

• Full-rate production starts FY-06 - 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter

• Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence - Requires payload weight/volume increase

• Will remain unarmed

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm

2-28



Today - Predator

• USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation - Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp- 4,500kg take-off gross weight - Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft- 20m wingspan- Triplex systems- 1,360kg fuel- 340kg internal payload - 1360kg external payload- 6 store stations/14 Hellfires

Predator B

http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm

• Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles

http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html

2-29



Affordably expendable UAV

Today - USMC

2-30



Dragon Eye approach

2-31



Today - US Navy Roadmap

Today

MRE Transitioning to UCAV-N?

2-32



Today - US Navy VTUAV?

Parametric Performance Comparison

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Power/Disc Area (shp/sqft)

Manned rotary wingUmmanned rotary wingManned TiltrotorsUnmanned Tiltrotors

VTUAV requirement

(Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets)

2-33



Tomorrow

Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

UAV

2-34



Final subject

2-35





Design and technology challengesDesign of UAV Systems


Payloads- Auto target recognition- On board data processing- Data compression- Cost

Support system - Reliability and Safety- Logistics footprint- Off base support- Aerial refueling- Cost

2-36

System Level - Concepts of Operation- Communications

availability/reliability- Multi-UAV operations- UAVs in manned airspace

Air Vehicle- Reliability and Safety- Very long endurance- Survivability- Cost

Mission control- Reliability and Safety- Operators per vehicle- Multi-vehicle control- Cost

Example - Manned airspaceDesign of UAV Systems


All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace.

• Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Rules apply to two types of airspace - Enroute airspace - the airways - Terminal airspace - around airports

Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience

• The established system is complex and slow to change

Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft

• UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots

UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system

2-37

Example - Logistics footprintDesign of UAV Systems

Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation 2-38

Example - Base operationsDesign of UAV Systems


Main Base

Forward Base

Emergency Base

2-39

QuestionDesign of UAV Systems


What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)?

• UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment

- They are designed like air vehicles

- They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements

- Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges

• We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems

We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems- UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge

2-40

2-41



Intermission

Date post:	01-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	todd-roy
View:	38 times
Download:	0 times

2-1

Documents