2) Aeronautical Chart User Guides - 8th Edition

8/13/2019 2) Aeronautical Chart User Guides - 8th Edition

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1 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section are based on the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional). Sec-tionals include the most current data and are at a scale (1:500,000) most beneficial to pilots flying under Visual FlightRules. A pilot should have little difficulty in reading these charts which are, in many respects, similar to automobileroad maps. Each chart is named for a major city within its area of coverage.

The chart legend lists various aeronautical symbols as well as information concerning terrain and contourelevations. You may identify aeronautical, topographical, and obstruction symbols (such as radio and television tow-ers) by referring to the legend. Many landmarks which can be easily recognized from the air, such as stadiums,pumping stations, refineries, etc., are identified by brief descriptions adjacent to small black squares marking their

exact locations . Oil wells are shown by small open circles . Water, oil and gas tanks are shown by smal

black circles and labeled accordingly, if known. The scale of an item may be increased to make it easier toread on the chart.

NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC) and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department ofDefense (DoD).

TERRAIN AND OBSTRUCTIONS

The elevation and configuration of the Earth'ssurface are certainly of prime importance to pilots. Car-tographers devote a great deal of attention to showingrelief and obstruction data in a clear and concise manner.Five different techniques are used: contour lines, shadedrelief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and MaximumElevation Figures (MEF).

1. Contour lines are lines con-necting points on the Earth of equalelevation. On Sectionals, basic con-tours are spaced at 500' intervals.Intermediate contours may also be shown at 250' inter-vals in moderately level or gently rolling areas. Occasion-ally, auxiliary contours at 50, 100, 125, or 150' intervalsmay be used to portray smaller relief features in areas ofrelatively low relief. The pattern of these lines and theirspacing gives the pilot a visual concept of the terrain.Widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes, whileclosely spaced contours represent steep slopes.

2. Shaded relief is adepiction of how the terrainmight appear from the air. Thecartographer shades the

areas that would appear inshadow if illuminated by al ight from the northwest.Studies have indicated thatour visual perception has been conditioned to this view.

3. Color tints, also referred to ashypsotints, are used to depict bands of ele-vation reletive to sea level. These colorsrange from light green for the lowest eleva-tions to dark brown for the higher eleva-tions.

4. Obstruction symbols are used todepict man-made vertical features thatmay affect the National Airspace System.NACO maintains a database of over118,000 obstacles in the United States,Canada, the Caribbean and Mexico. Eachobstacle is evaluated by cartographersbased on charting specifications before it isadded to the visual charts. When the posi-tion or elevation of an obstacle is unveri-fied, it is marked UC (under construction orreported but not verified).

The data in the Digital Obstacle File (DOF) is col-lected and disseminated as part of NACOs responsibilityfor depicting the National Airspace System.

Source data on terrain and obstructions is some-times not complete or accurate enough for use in aero-nautical publications; for example, a reported obstructionmay be submitted with insufficient detail for determiningthe obstruction's position and elevation. Such cases areidentified by NACO and investigated by the FAA FlightEdit program.

The FAA Flight Edit crew conducts data verifica-tion missions, visually verifying cultural and topographicfeatures and reviewing all obstacle data. Charts are gen-erally flight-checked every three years. This reviewincludes checking for obstructions that may have beenconstructed, altered, or dismantled without proper notifi-cation.

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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 2

Generally, only man-made structures extendingmore than 200' above ground level (AGL) are charted.Objects 200' or less are charted only if they are consid-ered hazardous obstructions; for example, an obstruc-tion is much higher than the surrounding terrain or verynear an airport. Examples of features considered hazard-ous obstacles to low level flight are smokestacks, tanks,factories, lookout towers, and antennas.

Obstacles less than 1000' AGL are shown by thesymbol . Obstacles 1000' AGL and higher are

shown by the symbol . Man-made features which areused by FAA Air Traffic Control as checkpoints may berepresented with pictorial symbols shown in black withthe required elevation data in blue.

The elevation of the top of theobstacle above mean sea level (MSL) andthe height of the structure AGL are shownwhen known or when they can be reliablydetermined by the cartographer. The

AGL height is shown in parentheses below the MSL ele-vation. In extremely congested areas the AGL values maybe omitted to avoid confusion.

Obstacles are portrayed wherever possible. Butsince legibility would be impaired if all obstacles withincity complexes or within high density groups of obstacleswere portrayed, only the highest obstacle in an area is

shown using , the group obstacle symbol.

Obstacles under construction are indicated by

the letters immediately adjacent to the symbol. Ifavailable, the AGL height of the obstruction is shown in

parentheses; for example, . Obstacles with high-in tens i t y s t robe l i gh t i ng sys tems a re shown

as:

5. The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) repre-sents the highest elevation, including terrain and othervertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.), within a quadrant.

A quadrant on Sectionals is the area bounded by tickedlines dividing each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30minutes of longitude. MEF figures are depicted to thenearest 100' value. The last two digits of the number arenot shown. In this example the MEF represents 12,500'.

MEFs are shown over land masses as well as over openwater areas containing man-made obstacles such as oilrigs.

In the determination of MEFs, extreme care isexercised to calculate the values based on the existing

elevation data shown on source material. Cartographersuse the following procedure to calculate MEFs:

When a man-made obstacle is more than 200above the highest terrain within the quadrant:

1. Determine the elevation of the top of theobstacle above MSL.

2. Add the possible vertical error of the sourcematerial to the above figure (100' or 1/2 con-tour interval when interval on source exceeds200'. U.S. Geological Survey QuadrangleMaps with contour intervals as small as 10are normally used).

3. Round the resultant figure up to the nexthigher hundred foot level.

Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 2424Possible vertical error + 100

equals 2524Raise to the following 100 foot level 2600

Maximum Elevation Figure

When a natural terrain feature or natural vertical obstacle(e.g. a tree) is the highest feature within the quadrangle.:

1. Determine the elevation of the feature.

2. Add the possible vertical error of the sourceto the above figure (100' or 1/2 the contourinterval when interval on source exceeds200').

3. Add a 200' allowance for natural or man-made obstacles which are not portrayedbecause they are below the minimum heightat which the chart specifications require their

portrayal.4. Round the figure up to the next higher

hundred foot level.

Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 3450Possible vertical error + 100Obstacle Allowance 200

equals 3750Raise to the following 100 foot level 3800

Maximum Elevation Figure

Pilots should be aware that while the MEF isbased on the best information available to the cartogra-

pher, the figures are not verified by field surveys. Alsousers should consult the Aeronautical Chart Bulletin inthe A/FD or NACO website to ensure that your chart hasthe latest MEF data available.

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION

On visual charts, information about radio aids tonavigation is boxed, as illustrated. Duplication of data isavoided. When two or more radio aids in a general areahave the same name with different frequencies, TACANchannel numbers, or identification letters, and no misin-terpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may beindicated only once within the identification box. VHF/

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UHF radio aids to navigation names and identificationboxes (shown in blue) take precedence. Only those itemsthat are different (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) arerepeated in the box in the appropriate color. The choiceof separate or combined boxes is made in each case onthe basis of economy of space and clear identification ofthe radio aids.

Radio aids to navigation located on an airportdepicted by the pattern symbol may not always beshown by the appropriate symbol. A small open circleindicates the NAVAID location when co-located with anairport symbol. The type of radio aid to navigation maybe indicated by letter identification; e.g., VOR, VORTAC,or VOR-DME, positioned on and breaking the top line of

the identification box.

AIRPORTS

Airports in the following categories are charted asindicated (additional symbols are shown later in this Sec-tion).

Public use airports:

Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069' orsome multiple runways less than 8069'

Hard-surfaced runways 1500' to 8069'

Other than hard-surfaced runways

Seaplane bases

Military airports:

Other than hard-surfaced runways

Hard-surfaced runways are depicted the sameas public-use airports.

U.S. military airports are identified by abbrevia-tions such as AAF (Army Air Field), AFB (Air Force

Base), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), NAS(Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air Facility), NAASNaval Auxiliary Air Station), etc. Canadian militaryairports are identified by the abbreviation DND(Department of National Defense).

Services available:

Tick marks around the basic airport symbol indi-cate that fuel is available and the airport is tendedduring normal working hours. (Normal workinghours are Monday through Friday 10:00 A.M. to4:00 P.M. local time.)

Other airports with or without services:

Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-gation (navaid) at the same location. In such cases, theairport symbol will be displaced, but the relationshipbetween the airport and the navaid will be retained.

Airports are identified by their designated name

Generic parts of long airport names (such as "airport,"field or "municipal") and the first names of persons arecommonly omitted unless they are needed to distinguishone airport from another with a similar name.

The figure at right illus-trates the coded data that isprovided along with the airportname. The elevation of an air-port is the highest point on theusable portion of the landingareas. Runway length is thelength of the longest active run-way including displaced thresh-

olds and excluding overruns.Runway length is shown to thenearest 100', using 70 as thedivision point; a runway 8070' in length is charted as 81while a runway 8069' in length is charted as 80.

Ai rports with Control Towers (CT), and theirelated information, are shown in blue. All other airports

{


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and their related information, are shown in magenta (red-dish purple).

The symbol indicates that runway lights are onduring hours of darkness. A indicates that the pilotmust consult the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) todetermine runway lighting limitations, such as: availableon request (by radio call, letter, phone, etc), part-timelighting or pilot/airport controlled lighting. Lighting codesrefer to runway edge lights. The lighted runway may notbe the longest runway available, and may not be lightedfull length. A detailed description of airport and air navi-gation lighting aids available at each airport can be foundin the A/FD. When information is lacking, the respective

character is replaced by a dash. The symbol indicatesthe existence of a rotating or flashing airport beacon

operating continuously sunset to sunrise. The Aeronauti-cal Information Manual (AIM) thoroughly explains thetypes and uses of airport lighting aids.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Controlled airspace consists of those areaswhere some or all aircraft may be subject to air trafficcontrol, such as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D,Class E Surface (SFC) and Class E Airspace.

Class A Airspace

within the United Statesextends from 18,000' up to 60,000' MSL. While visualcharts do not depict Class A, it is important to note its

existence.

Class B Airspace

is shown in abbreviated formon the World Aeronautical Chart (WAC). The Sectional

Aeronautical Chart (Sectional) and Terminal Area Chart(TAC) show Class B in greater detail. The MSL ceiling andfloor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid blue fig-

ures with the last two digits omitted: Radials and

arcs used to define Class B are prominently shown onTACs. Detailed rules and requirements associated withthe particular Class B are shown. The name by which

the Class B is identified is shown as fo

example.

Class C Airspace

is shown in abbreviated formon WACs. Sectionals and TACs show Class C in greatedetail.

The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sectoare shown in solid magenta figures with the last two dig-

its eliminated: . The following figures identify a sec-tor that extends from the surface to the base of the Class

B: . The name by which the Class C is identified is

shown as: . Separate notes, enclosedin magenta boxes, give the approach control frequenciesto be used by arriving VFR aircraft to establish two-wayradio communication before entering the Class C (gener-

ally within 20 NM):

Class D Airspace

is symbolized by a blue

dashed line. Class D operating less than continuous isindicated by the following note: . Ceilings

of Class D are shown as follows: . A minus in fron

of the figure is used to indicate "from surface to but notincluding .... .

Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace

is symbolizedby a magenta dashed line. Class E SFC operating lessthan continuous is indicated by the following note

Class E Airspace

ex ists at 1200' above

ground level unless desig-nated otherwise. The lat-eral and vertical limits of allClass E up to but not including 18,000' are shown bynarrow bands of vignette on Sectionals and TACs. Con-trolled airspace floors of 700' above the ground aredefined by a magenta vignette; floors other than 700that abut uncontrolled airspace (Class G) are defined bya blue vignette; differing floors greater than 700' above

the ground are annotated by a symbol and a

number indicating the floor. If the ceiling is less than18,000' MSL, the value (prefixed by the word "ceiling") is

shown along the limits of the controlled airspace. Theselimits are shown with the same symbol indicated above.

UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Class G Airspace

within the United Statesextends up to 14,500' MSL. At and above this altitude isClass E, excluding the airspace less than 1500' abovethe terrain and certain special use airspace areas.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-ities and restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operat-


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ing within specific boundaries. Except for ControlledFiring Areas, special use airspace areas are depicted onvisual aeronautical charts. Controlled Firing Areas are notcharted because their activities are suspended immedi-ately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout posi-tions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area.Nonparticipating aircraft are not required to change theirflight paths. Special use airspace areas are shown in theirentirety (within the limits of the chart), even when theyoverlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated withinanother area. The areas are identified by type and identi-fying name or number, positioned either within or imme-diately adjacent to the area.

OTHER AIRSPACE AREAS

Mode C Required Airspace

(from the surface to10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-port(s) for which a Class B is designated, is depicted by

a solid magenta line . Mode C is required

but not depicted for operations within and above allClass C up to 10,000' MSL. Enroute Mode C require-ments (at and above 10,000' MSL except in airspace atand below 2500' AGL) are not depicted. See FAR 91.215and the AIM.

FAR 93

Airports and heliportswhere Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR93) special air traffic rules and airporttraffic patterns apply are shown by"boxing" the airport name.

FAR 91

Airports where fixed wing special visualflight rules operations are prohibited (FAR 91) are shownwith the type "NO SVFR" above the airport name.

National Security Areas

indicated with a brokenmagenta line and Special Federal AviationRegulations (SFAR) Areas

indicated with the following

symbol: , consist of airspace with definedvertical and lateral dimensions established at locationswhere there is a requirement for increased security andsafety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to volun-tarily avoid flying through these depicted areas. Whennecessary, flight may be temporarily prohibited.

Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) AreasRelating to National Security are indicated with a bro-ken blue line . A Temporary Flight Restriction

(TFR) is a type of Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). A TFRdefines an area restricted to air travel due to a hazardouscondition, a special event, or a general warning for theentire airspace. The text of the actual TFR contains thefine points of the restriction. It is important to note thatonly TFRs relating to National Security are charted.

Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs)

are

symbolized using the ADIZ symbol: . As

defined in 14 CFR Part 99, an ADIZ is an area in whichthe ready identification, location, and control of all aircraftis required in the interest of national security. ADIZboundaries include Alaska, Canada and the ContiguousU.S.

Due to federal security agencies concerns aboutunidentified VFR aircraft flying too close to the nationscapital, in early 2003 the FAA adapted the ADIZ conceptto address these concerns and issued a Flight Data Cen-ter (FDC) NOTAM that designated this airspace as theWashington DC Metropolitan Air Defense IdentificationZone (DC ADIZ).

The Washington DC Flight Restricted Zone(FRZ) Relating to National Security

is depicted usingthe Prohibited/Restricted/Warning Area symbology

and is located within the DC ADIZ. It isdefined as the airspace within approximately a 13 to15NM radius of the KDCA VOR/DME. Additional require-ments are levied upon operators requesting access tooperate inside the National Capitol Region.

Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs)

areshown in their entirety, symbolized by a screened blackoutline of the entire area including the various sectors

within the area .

The outer limit of the entire TRSA is a continuousscreened black line. The various sectors within the TRSAare symbolized by slightly narrower screened black lines

Each sector altitude is identified in solid blackcolor by the MSL ceiling and floor values of the respec-tive sector, eliminating the last two digits. A leader line isused when the altitude values must be positioned out-side the respective sectors because of space limitations

The TRSA name is shown near the north position of the

TRSA as follows: . Associated frequen-cies are listed in a table on the chart border.

Military Training Routes (MTRs)

are shown on

Sectionals and TACs. They are identified by the routedesignator: . Route designatorsare shown in solid black on the route centerline, posi-tioned along the route for continuity. The designator IR or

VR is not repeated when two or more routes are estab-lished over the same airspace, e.g., IR201-205-227Routes numbered 001 to 099 are shown as IR1 or VR99eliminating the initial zeros. Direction of flight along theroute is indicated by small arrowheads adjacent to and inconjunction with each route designator.


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The following note appears on Sectionals andTACs covering the conterminous United States.

There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows:

Route identification:

a. Routes at or below 1500' AGL (with no seg-ment above 1500') are identified by four-digitnumbers; e.g., VR1007, etc. These routes aregenerally developed for flight under VisualFlight Rules.

b. Routes above 1500' AGL (some segments ofthese routes may be below 1500') are identi-

fied by three-digit or less numbers; e.g., IR21,VR302, etc. These routes are developed forflight under Instrument Flight Rules.

MTRs can vary in width from 4 to 16 miles.Detailed route width information is available in the FlightInformation Publication (FLIP) AP/1B (a DoD publication),or in the Digital Aeronautical Chart Supplement (DACS)produced by NACO.

Special Military Activity

areas are indicated onthe Sectionals by a boxed note in black type. The notecontains radio frequency information for obtaining areaactivity status.

TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE

TAC coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/4" masked line as indicated below. Within thisarea, pilots should use TACs which provide greater detailand clarity of information. A note to this effect appearsnear the masked boundary line.

INSET COVERAGE

Inset coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/8" masked line as indicated below. A note tothis effect appears near the masked boundary line.

CHART TABULATIONS

Airport Tower Communications

are provided ina columnized tabulation for all tower-controlled airportsthat appear on the respective chart. Airport names arelisted alphabetically. If the airport is military, the type ofairfield, e.g., AAF, AFB, NAS, is shown after the airfieldname. In addition to the airport name, tower operatinghours, primary VHF/UHF local Control Tower (CT)Ground Control (GND CON), and Automatic TerminaInformation Service (ATIS) frequencies, when availablewill be given. An asterisk (*) indicates that the part-timetower frequency is remoted to a collocated full-time FSS

for use as Local Airport Advisory (LAA) when the tower isclosed. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) and/or Preci-sion Approach Radar (PAR) procedures are listed whenavailable.

Approach Control Communications

are pro-vided in a columnized tabulation listing Class B, Class C

Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) and SelectedRadar Facilities when available. Primary VHF/UHF fre-quencies are provided for each facility. Sectorizationoccurs when more than one frequency exists and/or isapproach direction dependent. Availability of servicehours is also provided.

Special Use Airspace (SUA)

information iscomprised of Prohibited, Restricted, Alert, and Warning

Areas. They are presented in blue and listed numericallyfor U.S. and other countries. Restricted, Danger and

Advisory Areas for Canada are tabulated separately inblue. A tabulation of Military Operations Areas (MOA) thatappear on the chart are presented in magenta and listedalphabetically. All are supplemented with altitude, time ofuse and the controlling agency/contact facility, and itsfrequency, when available. The controlling agency will beshown when the contact facility and frequency data isunavailable.


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Airport

Name

Hours of

Operation

(local time)

Frequencies (VHF/UHF)

Runway dependent

Approach

direction

dependent

Radar Instrument

Approach available

Airspace

Name

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

{ {

{

{

{

VHF

UHF{

{ Sectors forVHF and UHF traffic

local time

Sunrise to Sunset

Frequencies (VHF/UHF)

Radar

Approach

Control

Restricted

Danger

Advisory

{

NOTF

A IG

A ION


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8

VFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

CHART LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

CULTURE

RAILROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

POPULATED PLACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

LAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RELIEF

CONTOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

ELEVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

UNRELIABLE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

SHADED RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

AREA RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27


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9

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28




CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTSAIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33




CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

GENERAL INFORMATION

Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WACs), Sectional Aeronautical Charts (Sectionals), Terminal AreaCharts (TACs), VFR Flyway Planning Charts and Helicopter Route Charts. When a symbol is different on any VFRchart series, it will be annotated as such (e.g. WAC or Not shown on WAC).


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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 10

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE: CIVIL

Airports having con-trol towers (CT) are

shown in blue, all oth-ers are shown in

magenta.

All recognizable run-ways, including somewhich may be closed,

are shown for visualidentification pur-poses.

Refueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.

Runway patterns willbe depicted at air-ports with at least onehard surface runway1500 or greater in

length.

SEAPLANE: CIVILAERONAUTICALINFORMATION

LANDPLANE:CIVIL-MILITARY

LANDPLANE:MILITARY

Refueling and repairfacilities not indi-cated.

LANDPLANE:EMERGENCY

No facilities

or

Complete informa-tion is not available.

Add appropriate noteas required:(CLOSED)

SEAPLANE:EMERGENCY

No facilities or com-plete information isnot available.

HELIPORT(Selected)

ULTRALIGHT FLIGHTPARK

(Selected)

AIRPORT DATAGROUPING

(Pvt) - Non-public usehaving emergency orlandmark value.

AIRPORTS


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11 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO (VOR) RANGE

VOR

VORTAC

When an NDBNAVAID shares the

same name andMorse Code astheVOR NAVAID thefrequency can becolocated inside the

same box to conservespace.

VOR-DME

NON-DIRECTIONALRADIOBEACON(NDB)

NDB-DME

{

ILS COMPONENTS

Shown when compo-nent of airway sys-tem or used in thedescription of Class B

airspace.

BROADCASTSTATIONS (BS)

On request by theproper authority orwhen a VFR Check-

point.

FLIGHT SERVICESTATION (FSS)

REMOTECOMMUNICATIONSOUTLET (RCO)



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AIR FORCE STATION(AFS)

LONG RANGE

RADAR STATION(LRRS)

OFF AIRPORTAWOS/ASOS

AIRSPACE INFORMATION

CLASS B AIRSPACE

Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.

Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL are

shown.

(Mode C seeFAR 91.215 /AIM)

All mileagesare nautical (NM).

All radialsare magnetic.


L A S

0 0 2

CLASS C AIRSPACE



CLASS D AIRSPACE



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CLASS E AIRSPACE

The limits of Class Eairspace shall beshown by narrowvignettes or by thedashed magenta

symbol. Individualunits of designated

airspace are not nec-essarily shown;

instead, the aggre-

gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall bedefined by the follow-

ing:

Airspace beginning atthe surface (sfc) des-

ignated around air-ports ...

Airspace beginning at700 feet AGL ...

Airspace beginning at1200 feet AGL or

greater that abutsuncontrolled air-

space (Class G) ...

Differentiates floorsof airspace greaterthan 700 feet abovethe surface...

When the ceiling isless than 18,000 feetMSL, the value, pre-fixed by the word"ceiling, shall be

shown along the lim-its.

OFFSHORECONTROL AREAS


CANADIAN AIRSPACE

Individual units ofdesignated Canadian

airspace are not nec-essarily shown;

instead, the aggre-gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall be

portrayed as closelyas possible to thecomparable U.S. air-

space.


AIRSPACE OUTSIDEOF U.S.

Other than Canada


FLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS (FIR)and /or (CTA)

OCEANICCONTROL AREAS(OCA)



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LOW ALTITUDEAIRWAYSVOR and LF / MF(CLASS E AIRSPACE)

Low altitude FederalAirways are indicatedby centerline.

Only the controlledairspace effective

below 18,000 feetMSL is shown.

MISCELLANEOUSAIR ROUTES


SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE

Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL are

shown.

The type of area shallbe spelled out in large

areas if space per-mits.

MILITARY TRAININGROUTES (MTR)

SPECIAL MILITARYACTIVITY ROUTES(SMAR)

Boxed notes (as intext) shown adjacentto route.



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SPECIAL AIRTRAFFIC RULES /

AIRPORT PATTERNS(FAR 93)

Appropriate boxednote as requiredshown adjacent toarea.

SPACEOPERATIONS

AREA(FAR 91.143)

MODE C(FAR 91.215)


MISCELLANEOUSAIRSPACE AREAS

Parachute JumpingArea with Frequency

GliderOperating Area

UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

SPECIALCONSERVATION

AREAS

National Park,Wildlife Refuge,Primitive andWilderness Areas,etc.


SPECIAL AIRSPACEAREAS

SPECIAL FEDERALAVIATIONREGULATIONS(SFAR) AREAS


Note. Delimiting linenot shown when itcoincides with Inter-

national Boundary,projection lines orother linear features.

FLIGHT RESTRICTEDZONE RELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY

Example:

Washington DC


AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)



TEMPORARY FLIGHTRESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY

Example:P-40/R-4009



CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY

TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.

CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS

AND NOTAMS


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NATIONALSECURITY AREA


HIGH ENERGYRADIATION

AREAS


TERMINAL RADARSERVICE AREA(TRSA)




IFR ROUTES


Arrival

Departure

TRANSITION ROUTES


Uni-directional

Bi-directional

NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

ISOGONIC LINE &VALUE

Isogonic lines andvalues shall be basedon the five year epoch

magnetic variationmodel.

LOCAL MAGNETICNOTES

UnreliabilityNotes

COMPASS ROSETTE

Shown only in areasvoid of VOR roses.

Compass rosette willbe based on the fiveyear epoch magnetic

variation model.

VFR TRANSITION ROUTE

ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED

SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHICON SIDE PANEL


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INTERSECTIONS

Named intersectionsused as reporting

points. Arrows aredirected toward facili-ties which establish

intersection.

AERONAUTICALLIGHTS

AERONAUTICALLIGHTS


Site #

MARINE LIGHTS

With Characteristicsof Light

VISUAL GROUNDSIGNS

Shore andLandmarkers

VFR CHECKPOINTS

VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone

Collocated withVFR Checkpoint



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OBSTRUCTION

GROUPOBSTRUCTION

HIGH-INTENSITYOBSTRUCTIONLIGHTS

High-intensity lightsmay operate part-time.

WINDMILL FARMS

When highest wind-mill is unverified, UCwill be shown afterMSL value.

MAXIMUMELEVATIONFIGURE (MEF)

(see page 2 for expla-

nation).

WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES

Used when specificarea is not demar-cated.


CHART LIMITS

OUTLINE ONSECTIONAL OFTERMINAL AREACHART

OUTLINE ONSECTIONAL OFINSET CHART


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19 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information

CULTURE

RAILROADS

All gauges

Single TrackTOPOGRAPHICINFORMATION

Double Track

More ThanTwo Tracks

Electric

RAILROADS INJUXTAPOSITION

RAILROAD-NONOPERATING,ABANDONED,DESTROYEDOR UNDERCONSTRUCTION

RAILROAD YARDS

Limiting Track ToScale

Location Only

RAILROADSTATIONS

RAILROAD SIDINGSAND SHORT SPURS

ROADS

Dual-LaneDivided HighwayCategory 1

PrimaryCategory 2

SecondaryCategory 2

TRAILS

Category 3

Provides symboliza-

tion for dismantledrailroad when com-bined with label "dis-mantled railroad."

ROAD MARKERS

Interstate RouteNo.

U.S. Route No.

Air MarkedIdentification Label

ROAD NAMES

ROADS UNDERCONSTRUCTION

Features Related toRailroads and Roads

CULTURE


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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 20

BRIDGESAND VIADUCTS

Railroad

Road

OVERPASSES ANDUNDERPASSES

CAUSEWAYS

TUNNELS-ROADAND RAILROAD

POPULATEDPLACES

Large CitiesCategory 1

Cities and

Large TownsCategory 2

POPULATEDPLACES

Towns and VillagesCategory 3

CULTURE

FERRIES, FERRYSLIPS AND FORDS

PROMINENTFENCES

BOUNDARIES

International

State orProvince

Convention orMandate Line

Date Line

CULTURE


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TIME ZONES

MINES ORQUARRIES

Shaft Minesor Quarries

POWERTRANSMISSION &TELECOMMUNICA-TION LINES

PIPELINES

Underground

DAMS

DAM CARRYINGROAD

PASSABLE LOCKS

CULTURE

SMALL LOCKS

WEIRS ANDJETTIES

SEAWALLS

BREAKWATERS

PIERS, WHARFS,QUAYS, ETC.

MISCELLANEOUSCULTURALFEATURES

OUTDOORTHEATER

WELLS

Other Than Water

CULTURE


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RACE TRACKS

LOOKOUT TOWERS

Air markedidentification

LANDMARK AREAS

TANKS

COAST GUARDSTATION

AERIAL

CABLEWAYS,CONVEYORS, ETC.

HYDROGRAPHY

OPEN WATER

INLAND WATER

CULTURE

618 (Elevation Base of Tower)

SHORELINES

Definite

Fluctuating

UnsurveyedIndefinite

Man-made

LAKES

Label as required

Perennial

When too numerousto show individual

lakes, show represen-tative pattern anddescriptive note.

Non-Perennial

(dry, intermittent, etc.)Illustration includes

small perennial lake

RESERVOIRS

Natural Shorelines

Man-madeShorelines

Label when neces-

sary for clarity

Too small to show toscale

Under Construc-tion

HYDROGRAPHY


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STREAMS

Perennial

Non-Perennial

Fanned Out

Alluvial fanMISCELLA-

NEOUS HYDRO-GRAPHICFEATURES

Braided

Disappearing

SeasonallyFluctuating

with undefined limits

with maximum banklimits, prominent andconstant

Sand Deposits Inand AlongRiverbeds

HYDROGRAPHY

WET SAND AREAS

Within and adjacentto desert areas

AQUEDUCTS

Abandoned orUnderConstruction

Underground

Suspended orElevated

Tunnels

Kanats

Underground aque-duct with air vents

HYDROGRAPHY


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FLUMES,PENSTOCKS ANDSIMILAR FEATURES

Elevated

Underground

FALLS

Double-Line

Single-Line

RAPIDS

Double-Line

Single-Line

CANALS

HYDROGRAPHY

To Scale

Abandoned orUnderConstruction

Abandonedto Scale

SMALL CANALSAND DRAINAGE /IRRIGATIONDITCHES

Perennial

Non-Perennial

Abandonedor Ancient

NumerousRepresentative pat-tern and/or descrip-tive note.

Numerous

HYDROGRAPHY


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COASTAL HYDRO-GRAPHIC FEATURESSALT EVAPORATORS

AND SALT PANSMAN EXPLOITED

SWAMPS, MARSHESAND BOGS

HUMMOCKS ANDRIDGES

MANGROVE ANDNIPA

PEAT BOGS

TUNDRA

CRANBERRY BOGS

RICE PADDIES

Extensive areas indi-cated by label only.

HYDROGRAPHY

peat bog

LAND SUBJECT TOINUNDATION

SPRINGS, WELLSAND WATERHOLES

GLACIERS

GLACIAL MORAINES

ICE CLIFFS

SNOWFIELDS, ICEFIELDS AND ICECAPS

ICE PEAKS

FORESHORE FLATS

Tidal flats exposed atlow tide.

HYDROGRAPHY


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ROCKS-ISOLATED

Bare or Awash

WRECKS

Exposed

REEFS-ROCKYOR CORAL

MISCELLANEOUSUNDERWATERFEATURES NOTOTHERWISESYMBOLIZED

FISH PONDS AND

HATCHERIES

ICE

PermanentPolar Ice

Pack Ice

HYDROGRAPHY

RELIEF

CONTOURS

Basic

Approximate

Intermediate

Auxiliary

Depression

Illustration includesmound withindepression

Values

2000

1000


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SPOT ELEVATIONSELEVATIONS

Position Accurate

Position Accurate,

ElevationApproximate

UNRELIABLE RELIEFApproximatelocation

Highest in GeneralArea

Highest on Chart

MOUNTAIN PASS

HACHURING

UNSURVEYEDAREAS

Label appropriatelyas required

UNCONTOUREDAREAS

Label appropriatelyas required

DISTORTEDSURFACE

AREAS

LAVA FLOWS

RELIEF

12632

RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE

lava

SAND OR GRAVELAREAS

SAND RIDGES

To Scale

SAND DUNES

To Scale

SHADED RELIEF

ROCK STRATAOUTCROP

AREA RELIEF FEA-TURES

QUARRIES TOSCALE

STRIP MINES, MINEDUMPS ANDTAILINGS

To Scale

CRATERS

MISCELLANEOUSRELIEF FEATURES

ESCARPMENTS,BLUFFS, CLIFFS,DEPRESSIONS, ETC.

LEVEES ANDESKERS

RELIEF


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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 28

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE

All recognizable run-ways, including somewhich may be closed,

are shown for visualidentification.

HELICOPTER ROUTECHARTS

HELIPORT

SEAPLANE

ULTRALIGHTFLIGHT PARK

AIRPORT DATAGROUPING

Boxed airport nameindicates airport forwhich a Special Traf-fic Rule has beenestablished.

(Pvt) - Non-public use

having emergency orlandmark value.


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO (VOR) RANGE

VOR

VORTAC

When an NDBNAVAID shares the

same name andMorse Code astheVOR NAVAID thefrequency can be

colocated inside thesame box to conservespace.

VOR-DME


NDB-DME

{


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29 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

NAVAIDS USEDTO DEFINECLASS B AIRSPACE

BROADCAST

STATIONS (BS)

On request by theproper authority orwhen a VFR Check-

point.

FLIGHT SERVICESTATION (FSS)

REMOTE

COMMUNICATIONSOUTLET (RCO)

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AIRSPACE INFORMATION

CLASS B AIRSPACE

Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown. (Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)

All mileages arenautical (NM)

All radials aremagnetic.

CLASS C AIRSPACEAppropriate notes asrequired may beshown. (Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)

CLASS D AIRSPACEHELICOPTER ROUTECHARTS


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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 30

CLASS E SURFACE(SFC) AIRSPACE



Example:Washington DC






CANADIAN AIRSPACE


HELICOPTERROUTES



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31 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE

Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL is

shown.

The type of area shallbe spelled out in largeareas if space per-mits.



AIRPORT TRAFFICAREAS(FAR PART 93)

Appropriate boxednotes as requiredshown adjacent toarea.

MODE C(FAR 91.215)



Parachute Jumping

Area with Frequency


UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

SPECIALCONSERVATION

AREAS

National Park,

Wildlife Refuge,Primitive andWilderness Areas,etc.



AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

VFR CHECKPOINTS

VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone


OBSTRUCTIONS

MAXIMUMELEVATION FIGURE(MEF)

(see page 2 for expla-nation).

NAVIGATION DATA


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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Topographic Information 32

WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES

LOCAL MAGNETICNOTES

UnreliabilityNotes

CULTURE

RAILROADSSingle Track

Double Track

ROADSDual-Lane:Divided HighwaysMajor Boulevards &Major Streets

Primary

BRIDGES

POPULATEDPLACES

Built-up Areas

BOUNDARIES

International

State andProvincial


POWERTRANSMISSIONLINES

PROMINENTPICTORIALS

LANDMARKS

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES

MAJOR LAKES ANDRIVERS

RESERVOIRS

RELIEF

SPOT ELEVATIONS

Position Accurate

CULTURE


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33 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE

No distinction ismade between air-ports with servicesand those withoutservices. Runwaysmay be exaggeratedto clearly portray the

pattern. Hard-sur-faced runways which

are closed but stillexist are included inthe charted pattern.

FAR 91 - Fixed wingspecial VFR opera-tions prohibited.

(Pvt) - Non-public usehaving emergency orlandmark value.

VFR FLYWAY PLAN-NING CHARTS


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE (VOR)

VOR

VORTAC

VOR-DME


NDB-DME

NAVAIDS USED TODEFINE CLASS B

AIRSPACE


CLASS B AIRSPACE



All mileages arenautical (NM).

All radialsare magnetic.

CLASS C AIRSPACE


(Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)

CLASS D AIRSPACE


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VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 34

CLASS E SURFACE(SFC) AIRSPACE



Example:Washington DC





TEMPORARY FLIGHTRESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY

Example:



CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY

TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.

CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS

AND NOTAMS.

SUGGESTED VFRFLYWAY AND

ALTITUDE

IFR ROUTES

Appropriate notesas required maybe shown.

Arrival

Departure

TRANSITION ROUTES


Uni-directional

Bi-directional

SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE

Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL is

shown.



VFR TRANSITION ROUTE

ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED

SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC

ON SIDE PANEL


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35 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information


AIRPORT TRAFFICAREAS(FAR Part 93)

Appropriate boxednote as requiredshown adjacent toarea.

MODE C(FAR 91.215)




Parachute JumpingArea


UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

VFR CHECKPOINTS

VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone


OBSTRUCTIONS

Only those obstaclesspecified by the localATC Facility shall beshown.

Above Ground Level(AGL) heights are not

shown.

NAVIGATIONAL DATA


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VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Topographic Information 36

CULTURE

RAILROADS

Single andMultiple Tracks

ROADS

Dual-Lane

Divided Highway

Primary

POPULATEDPLACES

Built-up Areas

Towns

BOUNDARIES

International

POWERTRANSMISSIONLINES

PROMINENTPICTORIALS

LANDMARKS

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES

MAJOR LAKESAND RIVERS

RESERVOIRS

HARBOR FREEWAY

110

POWER PLANT

RELIEF

Spot Elevations

Position AccurateMountain Peaks


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37 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule)Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 3 of this guide)

The chart legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section wilprovide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on IFR charts.

NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC), and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of DefenseSome information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.

AIRPORTS

All active airports with hard-surfaced runways of

3000' or longer are shown on FAA IFR Enroute Charts.

All active airports with approved instrument approach

procedures are also shown regardless of runway length

or composition. Charted airports are classified according

to the following criteria:

Blue Airports with an approved Department of

Defense (DoD) Low Altitude Instrument Approach Pro-

cedure and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in

DOD FLIP (Flight Information Publication or the FAA

U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP).

Green

Airports and seaplane bases with an

approved Low Altitude Instrument Approach Proce-

dure published in the FAA TPP volumes.

Brown

Airports and seaplane bases that do not

have a published Instrument Approach Procedure.

Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-

tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-

gation (NAVAID) at the same location. In such cases, the

airport symbol will be displaced, but the relationship

between the airport and the NAVAID is retained.

Airports are identified by the airport name. In the

case of military airports, the abbreviated letters AFB (Air

Force Base), NAS (Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air

Facility), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), AAF (Army Air

Field), etc., appear as part of the airport name.

Airports marked "Pvt" immediately following the

airport name are not for public use, but otherwise meet

the criteria for charting as specified above.

Runway length is the length of the longest active

runway (including displaced thresholds but excluding

overruns) and is shown to the nearest 100 feet using 70

feet as the division point; e.g., a runway of 8,070' is

labeled 81.

The following runway composit ions (materials)

constitute a hard-surfaced runway: asphalt, bitumen

concrete, and tar macadam. Runways that are not

hard-surfaced have a small letter "s" following the run-

way length, indicating a soft surface.

A symbol following the elevation under the air-

port name means that runway lights are in operation

sunset to sunrise. A symbol indicates there is Pilot

Controlled Lighting. A symbol means the lighting is

part-time or on request. The pilot should consult the Air-port/Facility Directory for light operating procedures. The

Aeronautical Information Manual thoroughly explains the

types and uses of airport lighting aids.

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (NAVAIDs)

Al l IFR radio NAVAIDs that have been flight-

checked and are operational are shown on IFR enroute

charts. VHF/UHF NAVAIDs (VORs, TACANs, and UHF

NDBs) are shown in black, and LF/MF NAVAIDs (Com-

pass Locators and Aeronautical or Marine NDBs) are

shown in brown.

Longest runway length tonearest 100 feet with 70feet as the dividing point(add 00)s indicates soft surface

Part-time or established byNOTAM. See Airport/FacilityDirectory for times ofoperation. In Alaska seeSupplement Alaska

AirportName

AssociatedCity Name

1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level.2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93

Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91xed-wing special VFR ight is prohibited5. following the airport identier indicates Class C orClass D Airspace.6. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.7. Associated city names for public airports are shown above orpreceding the airport name. If airport name and city name arethe same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identierin parentheses follows the airport name. City names for militaryand private airports are not shown.

AutomaticTerminal

InformationService

AirportElevation

Part-time Frequency

LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA

AirportIdentier Airspace Class

orC

No lighting available

At private facilities - indicates nolighting information available.

Lighting availablePilot Controlled LightingPart-time or on request

For complete information consult theAirport/Facility Directory.

Lighting Capability:

L

L

L


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IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 38

On enroute charts, information about NAVAIDs is

boxed as illustrated below. To avoid duplication of data,

when two or more NAVAIDs in a general area have the

same name, the name is usually printed only once inside

an identification box with the frequencies, TACAN chan-

nel numbers, identification letters, or Morse Code identi-

fications of the dif ferent NAVAIDs al l shown in

appropriate colors.

NAVAIDs which may be, or are, scheduled forsome future corrective action within the life-span of the

chart shall be indicated by the note CHECK NOTAMs.

The affected component is indicated by diagonal lines

over the frequency or channel which indicates an abnor-

mal status.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Controlled airspace consists of those areas

where some or all aircraft may be subjected to air traffic

control within the following airspace classifications of A,

B, C, D, & E.

Class A Airspace

is depicted as open area

(white) on the Enroute High Charts. It consists of air-

space from 18,000 MSL to FL600.

Class B Airspace

is depicted as screened blue

area with a solid line encompassing the area.

Class C Airspace

is depicted as screened blue

area with a dashed line encompassing the area.

Class B and Class C Airspace

consist of con-

trolled airspace extending upward from the surface or a

designated floor to specified altitudes, within which al

aircraft and pilots are subject to the operating rules and

requirements specified in the Federal Aviation Regula-

tions (FAR) 71. Class B and C Airspace are shown in

abbreviated forms on Enroute Low Altitude charts. A

general note adjacent to Class B airspace refers the user

to the appropriate VFR Terminal Area Chart.

Class D Airspace

(airports with an operating

control tower) are depicted as open area (white) with afollowing the airport name.

Class E Airspace

is depicted as open area

(white) on the Enroute Low Charts. It consists of airspace

below 18,000 MSL.

Airports within which fixed-wing special VFR

flight is prohibited are shown as:

Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are

established to provide Air Traffic Control to aircraft oper-ating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, par-

ticularly during the enroute phase of flight. Boundaries of

the ARTCCs are shown in their entirety using the symbo

below. Center names are shown adjacent and parallel to

the boundary line.

ARTCC sector frequencies are shown in boxes

outlined by the same symbol.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-

ities or restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operating

within specific boundaries. Special use airspace areas

are depicted on aeronautical charts. Special use air-

space areas are shown in their entirety, even when they

NO SVFR

AIRPORTNAME


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overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within

another area. The areas are identified by type and identi-

fying number or name (R-4001), effective altitudes, oper-

ating time, weather conditions (VFR/IFR) during which

the area is in operation, and voice call of the controlling

agency, on the back or front panels of the chart. Special

Use Airspace with a floor of 18,000' MSL or above is not

shown on the Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Similarly,

Special Use Airspace with a ceiling below 18,000' MSLis not shown on Enroute High Altitude Charts.

OTHER AIRSPACE

Mode C Required Airspace

(from the surface to

10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-

port(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, is

depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Mode C is also

depicted within 10 NM of all airports listed in Appendix Dof FAR 91.215 and the Aeronautical Information Manual

(AIM).

Mode C is required within the limits of a Class C airspace

up to 10,000' MSL.

INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS

The FAA has established two fixed route systems

for air navigation. The VOR and LF/MF (low or mediumfrequency) systemdesignated from 1,200' AGL to but

not including 18,000' MSLis shown on Low Altitude

Enroute Charts, and the Jet Route systemdesignated

from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 inclusiveis shown on

High Altitude Enroute Charts.

VOR LF/MF AIRWAY SYSTEM(LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)

In this system VOR airwaysairways based on

VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDsare depicted in black and

identified by a "V" (Victor) followed by the route number

(e.g., "V12"). In Alaska, some segments of low-altitude

airways are based on LF/MF navaids and are charted in

brown instead of black.

LF/MF airwaysairways based on LF/MF

NAVAIDsare sometimes called "colored airways"

because they are identified by color name and number

(e.g., "Amber One", charted as "A1"). Green and Red air-

ways are plotted east and west, and Amber and Blue air-

ways are plotted north and south. Regardless of theircolor identifier, LF/MF airways are shown in brown. U.S

colored airways exist only in Alaska, those within the

conterminous U.S. have been rescinded.

AIRWAY/ROUTE DATA

On both series of Enroute Charts, airway/route

data such as the airway identifications, bearings or radi-

als, mileages, and altitude (e.g., MEA, MOCA, MAA) are

shown aligned with the airway and in the same color as

the airway.

Airways/Routes predicated on VOR or VORTACNAVAIDs are defined by the outbound radial from the

NAVAID. Airways/Routes predicated on LF/MF NAVAIDs

are defined by the inbound bearing.

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) T ROUTE SYSTEM

The FAA has created new low altitude area navi-

gation (RNAV) routes for the en route and terminal envi-

ronments. The RNAV routes will provide more direct

routing for IFR aircraft and enhance the safety and effi-

ciency of the National Airspace System. To utilize these

routes aircraft will need to be equipped with IFR

approved Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In

Alaska, TSO-145a and 146a equipment is required.

Low altitude RNAV only routes are identified by

the letter T prefix, followed by a three digit number (T-

200 to T-500). Routes are depicted in aeronautical blue

on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts. RNAV route

data (route line, identification boxes, mileages, way-

points, waypoint names, magnetic reference bearings

and MEAs) will also be printed in aeronautical blue

Magnetic reference bearings will be shown originating

from a waypoint, fix/reporting point or NAVAID. A GNSS

minimum IFR en route altitude (MEA) for each segment

will be established to ensure obstacle clearance and

3500G

V4

5500

*3500

30 310

Victor Route (with RNAV/GPS MEA shown in blue)


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IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 40

communications reception. MEAs will be identified with

a G suffix..

Joint Victor/RNAV routes will be charted as out-lined above except as noted. The joint Victor route and

the RNAV route identification box shall be shown adja-

cent to each other. Magnetic reference bearings will not

be shown. MEAs will be stacked in pairs or in two sepa-

rate columns, GNSS and Victor. On joint routes, RNAV

specific information will be printed in blue.

OFF ROUTE OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI-TUDE (OROCA)

The Off Route Obstruction Clearance Alt itude

(OROCA) is represented in thousands and hundreds of

feet above mean sea level. The OROCA represents the

highest possible elevation including both terrain and

other vertical obstructions (towers, trees., etc.) bounded

by the ticked lines of latitude and longitude. In this exam-

ple the OROCA represents 12,500 feet.

OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Ele-

vation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that it

provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in des-

ignated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical

buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United

States. For areas in Mexico and the Caribbean, located

outside the U.S. ADIZ, the OROCA provides obstruction

clearance with a 3,000 foot vertical buffer. Unlike a MEF,

when determining an OROCA the area 4 NM aroundeach quadrant is analyzed for obstructions. Evaluating

the area around the quadrant provides the chart user

the same lateral clearance an airway provides should the

line of intended flight follow a ticked line of latitude or lon-

gitude. OROCA does not provide for NAVAID signal cov-

erage, communication coverage and would not be

consistent with altitudes assigned by Air Traffic Control.

OROCAs can be found over all land masses and open

water areas containing man-made obstructions (such as

oil rigs). OROCAs are shown in every 30 x 30 minute

quadrant on Area Charts, every one degree by one

degree quadrant for U.S. Low Altitude Enroute Charts

and every two degree by two degree quadrant on Alaska

Low Enroute Charts.

MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTRs)

Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes estab-

lished for the conduct of low-altitude, highspeed military

flight training (generally below 10,000 feet MSL at air-speeds in excess of 250 knots IAS). These routes are

depicted in brown on Enroute Low Altitude Charts, and

are not shown on inset charts or on IFR Enroute High

Altitude Charts. Enroute Low Altitude Charts depict all IR

(IFR Military Training Route) and VR (VFR Military Training

Route) routes, except those VRs that are entirely at or

below 1500 feet AGL.

Military Training Routes are identified by designa-

tors (IR-107, VR-134) which are shown in brown on the

route centerline. Arrows indicate the direction of flight

along the route. The width of the route determines thewidth of the line that is plotted on the chart:

Route segments with a width of 5 NM or less

both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .02"

line.

Route segments with a width greater than 5 NM

either or both sides of the centerline, are shown by a

.035" line.

JET ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE EN-

ROUTE CHARTS)Jet routes are based on VOR or VORTAC

navaids, and are depicted in black with a "J" identifier fol-

lowed by the route number (e.g., "J12"). In Alaska, some

segments of jet routes are based on LF/MF navaids and

are shown in brown instead of black.

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) Q ROUTE SYS-TEM (HIGH ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)

The FAA has adopted certain amendments to

Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations which paved theway for the development of new area navigation (RNAV)

routes in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS)

These amendments enable the FAA to take advantage o

technological advancements in navigation systems such

as the Global Positioning System (GPS). RNAV Q

Route MEAs are shown when other than 18,000. MEAs

for GNSS RNAV aircraft are identified with a G suffix

MEAs for DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft do not have a

MagneticReferenceBearing

Waypoint

CBRYT NEHER

T270T270

087

269

70

5000G 268 088

6000G

6770

*5400

VAL10000

8000G

6700

10000

7000G

67007000G

4400T228 V333333

10 10

GARRY JIMMY KEVINJON

10949

40

332


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G suffix.. RNAV routes and associated data are charted

in aeronautical blue. Magnetic reference bearings are

shown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point, or

NAVAID. Joint Jet/RNAV route identification boxes will be

located adjacent to each other with the route charted in

black. With the exception of Q-Routes in the Gulf of

Mexico, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV are required,

unless otherwise indicated. Radar monitoring is required.

DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft should refer to the A/FD for

DME information. Altitude values are stacked highest to

lowest.

TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

recommended that terrain be added to Area Charts to

increase pilots situational awareness of terrain in the ter-

minal area and to increase the safety of flight. When the

terrain on an Area Chart rises at least 1000 above the

airport elevation, terrain will be depicted in shades of

brown. The initial contour value (lowest elevation)

depicted will be at least 1000, but no more than 2000

above the airport elevation. The initial contour value may

be less than 1000 only if needed to depict a rise in ter-

rain close to the airport. Subsequent contour values will

be depicted at a whole 1000 increment (2000/4000,

etc., NOT 2500/4500, etc.). The following Area Charts

are affected: Anchorage, Denver, Fairbanks, Juneau, Los

Angeles, Phoenix, Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco and Van-

couver.

The following boxed notes are added to affected

Area Charts as necessary:


RNAV Route

MEA - 23000G

Q7300

Waypoint

154 334NAMEE

MEA - 23000G

J12

MEA - 27000

300Q7

Joint Jet/RNAV Route

NOTE: TERRAIN CONTOURS HAVE BEEN ADDED TOTHOSE AREA CHARTS WHERE THE TERRAIN ON THECHART IS 1000 FOOT OR GREATER THAN THEELEVATION OF THE PRIMARY AIRPORT

UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE BOUNDARIES ARE DEPICTEDWITH A SOLID BROWN LINE AND A .125" WIDESHADED BROWN BAND. THE SHADED SIDE REPRESENTSTHE UNCONTROLLED SIDE


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42

IFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS

IFR Enroute Low/High Altitude (U.S. & Alaska Charts)

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43




CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

TOPOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Oceanic Route Charts

North Atlantic and North Pacific Route Charts

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50




CULTURAL BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

GENERAL INFORMATION

Symbols shown are for the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Enroute Low and High Altitude Charts.


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43 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS

AIRPORTS

AIRPORT DATAIFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDECHARTS

AERONAUTICALINFORMATION

AIRPORT DATADEPICTION

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BLUE andGREEN have an approved Instrument ApproachProcedure published. Those in BLUE have anapproved DoD Instrument Approach Procedureand/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in DoDFLIPS or FAA TPP. Airports/Seaplane bases shownin BROWN do not have a published InstrumentApproach Procedure.

All IAP Airports are shown on the Low AltituideCharts.

Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. LowAltitude Charts have a minimum hard surfacerunway of 3000'.

Non-IAP Airports shown on the Alaska LowAltitude Charts have a minimum hard or softsurface runway of 3000'.

Airports shown on the U.S. High AltitudeCharts have a minimum hard surface runwayof 5000'.

Airports shown on the Alaska High AltitudeCharts have a minimum hard or soft surfacerunway of 4000'.

Associated city names for public airports areshown above or preceding the airport name.If airport name and city name are the same,only the airport name is shown. City namesfor military and private airports are not shown.

The airport identier in parentheses follows theairport name or Pvt.

Airport symbol may be offset for enroutenavigational aids.

Pvt - Private Use

Longest runway length tonearest 100 feet with 70feet as the dividing point(add 00)s indicates soft surface

Part-time or established byNOTAM. See Airport/FacilityDirectory for times ofoperation. In Alaska seeSupplement Alaska

AirportName

AssociatedCity Name

1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91xed-wing special VFR ight is prohibited5. following the airport identier indicates Class C orClass D Airspace.6. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.7. Associated city names for public airports are shown above orpreceding the airport name. If airport name and city name arethe same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identierin parentheses follows the airport name. City names for militaryand private airports are not shown.

AutomaticTerminal

InformationService

AirportElevation

Part-time Frequency

LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA

AirportIdentier Airspace Class

orC

No lighting availableAt private facilities - indicates no

lighting information available.

Lighting availablePilot Controlled LightingPart-time or on request

For complete information consult theAirport/Facility Directory.

Lighting Capability:

AirportName

AssociatedCity Name

HIGH ALTITUDE - U.S.

AirportIdentier

Longest runway lengthto nearest 100 feetwith 70 feet as thedividing point (add 00)s indicates soft surface

AirportName

AssociatedCity Name

AirportElevation

HIGH ALTITUDE - ALASKA

AirportIdentier

AutomaticTerminal

InformationService

Part-time Frequency

CIVIL

CIVIL ANDMILITARY

MILITARY

SEAPLANE -CIVIL

HELIPORT

AIRPORTS


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44/66

IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 44


VHFOMNIDIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE(VOR)

DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT (DME)

TACTICAL

AIRNAVIGATION(TACAN)

NON-DIRECTIONALRADIO BEACON(NDB)

MARINERADIO BEACON(RBN)

COMPASSLOCATORBEACON

ILS LOCALIZER

VOR/DME RNAVWAYPOINT DATA

RNAVWAYPOINT

NAVIGATION andCOMMUNICATIONBOXES



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45/66



LOW ALTITUDEAIRWAYS

HIGH ALTITUDEROUTES

SINGLEDIRECTIONROUTES

DIRECTION OFFLIGHT INDICATOR

SUBSTITUTEROUTE

UNUSABLEROUTE

BY-PASSROUTE

AIRWAYRESTRICTION

V4 J4

VHF / UHF Data is depited in BlackLF / MF Data is depicted in BrownRNAV Route data is depicted in Blue

T000Low Altitude RNAV RouteGNSS Required

VOR Airway /Jet Route

LF /MF Airway

Uncontrolled LF MFAirway

Oceanic Route

ATS Route

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

HIGH ALTITUDE

RNAV Route

MagneticReferenceBearingMEA - 23000G

Q7300

Waypoint

154 334NAMEE

MEA - 23000G

J12

MEA - 27000

300Q7

Joint Jet/RNAV Route

V 193

1000-0600Z

Q11

1300-0600Z

Other times routes revert to bi-directional

V4

MILITARYTRAININGROUTES (MTR)

FIXES/ATC REPORT-ING REQUIREMENTS

TACTICAL AIRNAVIGATION(TACAN)FIX - ALASKA

RADIALSANDBEARINGS

All radials and bearingsare magnetic

FACILITYLOCATORS

MILEAGES

All Mileages areNautical (NM)

DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT (DME)FIX


LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

Fix-CompulsoryPosition Report

Coordinates are shownfor compulsory, offshoreand holding xes

Fix-Non-CompulsoryPosition Report

Off-set arrows indicate facility forming a x

Waypoint-Compulsory Report

Waypoint-Non-Compulsory Report

Airway away fromVHF/UHF NAVAID

Airway towardLF/MF NAVAID

LF/MFVHF/UHF

RNAV

(RCRCP)

Mileage Breakdown orComputer Navigation Fix(CNF)(no ATC function)

Five-letter identier inparenthesis indicates CNFwith no ATC function

Total Mileage betweenCompulsory ReportingPoints and/or NAVAIDs

Mileage between otherFixes, NAVAIDs and/orMileage Breakdown

LOW /HIGH ALTITUDE


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46/66


MINIMUMENROUTE

ALTITUDE (MEA)

All Altitudes Are MSLUnless Otherwise Noted

MINIMUMENROUTE

ALTITUDE (MEA)GAP

MAXIMUMAUTHORIZEDALTITUDE (MAA)

All Altitudes Are MSLUnless OtherwiseNoted

MINIMUMOBSTRUCTIONCLEARANCE

ALTITUDE (MOCA)

All Altitudes Are MSLUnless OtherwiseNoted

CHANGEOVERPOINT

ALTITUDECHANGE

MINIMUMCROSSING

ALTITUDE (MCA)

MINIMUMRECEPTION

ALTITUDE (MRA)

HOLDINGPATTERNS

RNAV Holding Pat-tern Magnetic Refer-ence Bearing isdetermined by the

isogonic value at thewaypoint or fix.


V4

V4

3000G

RNAV/GPS MEA3500

55003500

3500

55003500

A0

A0

J4

MEA is established whenthere is a gap in navigationsignal coverage

V4

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

V4

J4

5500*3500

5500*3500

LOW ALTITUDE

MOCA

V4

7000

T266112

*6300

T244

7400 SE

NEHER DIGGS

GRANTV6 4000 SW V6 4000 SW

COPEL SHIMY

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

V4

Waypoint

RNAV Holding


LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

AIRDEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)

AIR

ROUTETRAFFICCONTROLCENTER (ARTCC)

AIR TRAFFICSERVICEIDENTIFICATIONDATA

ALTIMETERSETTINGCHANGE

FLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS (FIR)

CONTROLAREAS (CTA)

UPPERINFORMATIONREGIONS (UIR)

UPPER

CONTROL AREAS(UTA)

ADDITIONALCONTROL

AREAS



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47/66


OFF ROUTEOBSTRUCTIONCLEARANCE

ALTITUDE(OROCA)

SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE

SPECIAL USE

AIRSPACEContinued


OROCA is computed similarly to the Maximun Elevation

Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that itprovides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet indesignated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 footvertical buffer in designated mountainous areas withinthe United States.

P - Prohibited AreaR - Restricted AreaW - Warning Area

Low OnlyA - Alert Area

Canada OnlyCYR - Restricted AreaCYD - Danger AreaCYA - Advisory Area

Caribbean OnlyD - Danger Area

In the Caribbean, the first 2 letters represent thecountry code, i.e. MY: Bahamas, MU: Cuba

EXCLUSION A REAAND NOTE

Internal lines delimitseparation of the sameSpecial Use Areas orExclusion Areas

SEE AIRSPACE TABULATION ON EACH CHARTFOR COMPLETE INFORMATION ON:

AREA IDENTIFICATIONEFFECTIVE ALTITUDEOPERATING TIMECONTROLLING AGENCY VOICE CALL

CONTROLLEDAIRSPACE



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48/66


CONTROLLEDAIRSPACE

CONTROLLEDAIRSPACECanada Only

UNCONTROLLEDAIRSPACE

CANADIAN AIRSPACE


AIRSPACE OUTSIDEOF U.S.

Other than Canada




ISOGONIC LINEAND VALUE

TIME ZONE

ENLARGEMENTAREA

MATCH MARK

During periods of Daylight SavingTime (DT), effective hours will be onehour earlier than shown. All statesobserve DT except Arizona and Hawaii.

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE


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49/66


CRUISINGALTITUDESU.S. only


NOTES

MORSE CODE

CULTURE

BOUNDARIESCULTURE &HYDROGRAPHY

International

U.S. /RussiaMaritime Line

Date Line

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINE

TOPOGRAPHY

TERRAIN

Area Charts



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OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 50

AIRPORTS

AIRPORT DATA

LANDPLANE-CIVILRefueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.

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2) Aeronautical Chart User Guides - 8th Edition

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