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Chapter 2 Notes - The Nature of Matter
Lesson 2.1
Atoms
The subatomic particles that make up atoms are _____________________, ___________________and
___________________________.
Elements
An __________________is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of __________________.
Atomic number of the atom above = __________________________.
Isotopes
Because they have the same number of _____________________, all _____________________ of an element have the same chemical _____________________.
Chemical Bonds
A chemical ________________________ is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more __________________ in definite proportions.
The ____________________ and ________________________ properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.
Ionic Bonds
An _________________ bond is formed when one or more electrons are __________________ from one atom to another.
Covalent Bonds
A _______________________ bond is formed when atoms ________________ electrons.
Van Der Waals Forces
Van der Waals forces are _____________________________ forces of attraction due to a slight ______________________ between ______________________ charged regions of nearby molecules.
Electrons in oxygen = _______________
Total electrons = ___________________
Review of Bonding
Compare and contrast ionic bonds and covalent bonds using a Venn diagram.
Chapter 2 Notes – Properties of Water
Lesson 2.2
The Water Molecule
Water molecules are ____________________; the charges are _____________________ distributed in the molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding
Cohesion
Cohesion : ___________________________ between molecules of the same __________________.
Adhesion
__________________: attraction between molecules of ______________________ substances
Heat capacity
______________________: amount of ______________ it takes to raise __________________________
Solutions
Water’s __________________________ gives it the ability to ______________________ both ionic compounds and other polar molecules.
Acids, Bases, and pH
______________________ pH = _________________________; higher concentration of H+
______________________ pH = _________________________; lower concentration of H+
Buffers
___________________________ help maintain _____________________________ in organisms.
Chapter 2 Notes – Carbon Compounds
Lesson 2.3
The Chemistry of Carbon
_______________ ___________________
Macromolecules
____________________________ are large organic molecules found in living things.
Carbohydrates
Living things use ______________________________ as sources of _________________ and for structural purposes.
_______________________ _____________________
Lipids
___________________________are a large and varied group of ______________________ that are not generally ___________________________ in water.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are ____________________________ made of __________________________monomers.
Proteins
__________________________ are polymers made of ____________________________ monomers.
Protein structure
A _______________________ is a functional molecule built from one or more ____________________.
Chapter 2 Notes – Chemical reactions and enzymes
Lesson 2.4
Chemical Reactions
A ______________________________________ changes one set of chemicals into another.
Energy in Reactions
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur _______________________________.
Chemical reactions that __________________ energy require a source of ______________________.
Which reaction can occur spontaneously?__________________________________________________
Enzymes in the body
Carbonic anhydrase _______________________________ up this reaction by a factor of 10 million.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The Active Site
The ________________________ of the enzyme and the substrate have __________________________ shapes.
Explain how an enzyme and substrate is like a lock and key.