Soil Fertility Research and Education Advisory Board

2

Bill Gates, Carlos Slim, CIMMYT

Soil Fertility Research and Education Advisory Board

Objective: Improve in-season estimate of yield for winter wheat utilizing profile soil moisture (0-80 cm) obtained from Oklahoma Mesonet data.

Improving In-Season Estimates of Wheat Yield with Soil Moisture Data

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

6

f(x) = 0.929915139231393 x + 1.06349813293848R² = 0.585650579950823

In-Season Estimate of Grain Yield (Mg ha-1)

Act

ual G

rain

Yie

ld (M

g ha

-1)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6

f(x) = 0.364994741588337 x + 2.1418444078619R² = 0.30220432065898

In-Season Estimate of Grain Yield (Mg ha-1)

Act

ual G

rain

Yie

ld (M

g ha

-1)

Lahoma 2012--New INSEY with Soil Moisture Lahoma 2012--Current INSEY

Bushong

Objective: Determine proper nitrogen source and application method and timing for optimizing corn grain yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency.

Nitrogen Sources: Ammonium sulfate, urea ammonium nitrate, Nitamin (Foliar)

Application Methods and Timings: Pre-plant incorporated, mid-season between row and foliar.

Managing Nitrogen in Corn in a Water-Limited Environment

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

f(x) = 25.2527735819574 x − 43.8297926975363R² = 0.853816526752559

f(x) = 28.9889189470399 x − 42.5109249817917R² = 0.596867717401451

Irrigated

Linear (Ir-rigated)

Rainfed

Linear (Rainfed)

Water Use Efficiency (kg grain/meter of water)

N U

se E

ffici

ency

(Per

cent

)

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

Irri

gate

d

Rain

fed

2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Yld

NUE

WUE

Gra

in Y

ield

(bu/

acre

)--O

rgan

ge B

ars

N U

se E

ffici

ency

(Per

cent

)--B

lue

Squa

res

Wat

er U

se E

ffici

ency

(k

g gr

ain/

met

er o

f wat

er)

Bushong

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Timing After Chemical Burndown of Cover Crop in Sorghum

CHECK 40 80 1600

10

20

30

40

50

600 DAA

7 DAA

14 DAA

Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate (lb N/acre)

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

re)

Objective: Determine optimum rate and timing of N fertilizer application after chemical burndown to maximize yield and nitrogen use efficiency in no-till sorghum

6

Objective: Evaluate the use of mid-season NDVI readings to predict NUE and GPC in

winter wheat.

Three locations in Oklahoma Hennessey, Lahoma and Lake Carl Blackwell

14 treatments, 4 replicates in RCBD

Preplant N rates; 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 224 kg N/ha

Top-dress N rates: 28, 56, 84, 112, 140 kg N/ha

NDVI measurements at growth stages F3, F4, F5,F6, and F7

Predicting Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein in Winter Wheat using GreenSeeker NDVI

7

Results

Grain yields and GPC increased with increasing N rates;

Protein levels ranged from 8-18%, over three locations;

Optimum N rate in relationship to NUE varied over locations;

NUE ranged from 20-42%, over three locations;

No significant relationship between NDVI at F3, F5, F6, F7 and GPC at two locations; F7 at Lahoma significant relationship with GPC;

For NUE and GPC, differences recorded between pre-plant and split N fertilizer application

NDVI at Feekes 6 and NUE, Lahoma, OK

Preplant N Placement, Corn Row Distance

Objective: Evaluate preplant N placement at different distances from corn rows on grain yield.

Methodology: Preplant N Rates (0, 56, 112, 224 kg N ha-1); Distances of 0, 8, 15, 25, 38 cm.

N applied preplant with RTK-GPS with toolbar shifted to achieve X distance from row. Corn was planted with same “A-B” line.

Mullock

Corn

Objective: Utilize the N response in winter wheat and barley to predict N requirements in corn

Indicator Crop N-Rich Reference Strips

Photo Courtesy of Jacob Bushong3/21/2013

0 lbs NNDVI=0.34

150 lbs NNDVI=0.62

Feekes 5

Barley WheatWheat

Miller

Objective: Determine NUE and WUE of drought tolerant and non-drought tolerant corn hybrids in dryland and irrigated production systems

Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Corn Hybrids in Different Production Systems

Hybrids:◦ Drought Tolerant

Pioneer P1498: Optimum AQUAmax Dekalb 63-55: Droughtgard

◦ Non-Drought Tolerant Pioneer P1395 Dekalb 62-09

Irrigated Production System◦ Seeding Rate

30,000 seeds ac-1 ◦ N Fertilizer Rates

0, 90, and 180 lbs N ac-1

Dryland Production System◦ Seeding Rate

22,000 seeds ac-1 ◦ N Fertilizer Rates

0, 60, and 120 lbs N ac-1

Photo Courtesy of Jacob Bushong

Miller

Grain Sorghum Response to Nitrogen Rate and Planting Date

Objective: Determine optimum preplant N rate for early and late planted sorghum.

Photo Courtesy of Bill Raun

LateEarly

0 40 80 120 1600

20

40

60

80

100Early Planted Late Planted

N rate (lbs N ac-1)

Gra

in y

ield

(bu

ac-1

)

Miller

Influence of Foliar Sulfur, Chloride and Nitrogen on Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Protein

ObjectiveEvaluate the main effects and interactions of foliar applied N, S, and Cl on winter wheat grain yield and protein

Methods• Two sites, Lahoma & Lake Carl

Blackwell, RCBD 4 reps and 16 treatments

• 10 kg Cl ha-1 half of each plot in rep 4 and treatment 16 in each rep.

• Foliar applied using CO2 back pack sprayer at flag leaf stage

• Data analyzed using SAS: Proc GLM, Non-orthogonal contrasts, Paired T-test

TRTPre-plant Nkg N/ha

Foliar N rate,kg N/ha

Foliar N source

Foliar Skg S/ha

1 0 0 0

2 40 0 0

3 40 10 UAN 0

4 40 10 UAN 65 40 10 N-Sure 0

6 40 20 UAN 0

7 40 20 UAN 68 40 20 N-Sure 0

9 80 0 0

10 80 10 UAN 0

11 80 10 UAN 612 80 10 N-Sure 0

13 80 20 UAN 0

14 80 20 UAN 615 80 20 N-Sure 016 80 20 N-Sure 6+

CaCl2

Dhital

Results

When grain yields were higher protein levels were lower

Linear increase in grain protein with increasing preplant N at LCB and LAH

Linear increase in yield at Lahoma with increasing preplant N

Quadratic increase in yield at LCB with increasing preplant N

No response to foliar S at both locations No response to foliar Cl at both locations

Source of Variation df

LahomaYield Protein

Lake C. Blackwell Yield Protein

PR > FPre N 2 0.0002 0.0003 0.3209 0.0449Fol N 2 0.4630 0.4386 0.6650 0.6207Fol S 1 0.6458 0.2931 0.7590 0.3276Pre N *Fol N 2 0.3901 0.7689 0.8066 0.2053Fol N *Fol S 1 0.3527 0.8838 0.8544 0.6523Pre N *Fol S 1 0.5643 0.5044 0.6821 0.4734Pre N *Fol N*Fol S 1 0.9711 0.5474 0.2516 0.8838

Dhital

Objective: Evaluate the effects of droplet size and foliar N rate on wheat grain yield and protein.

Wyatt

Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat

Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat

Location: EFAW, Stillwater, OK Figure 1: Linear relationship between nitrogen rate and grain protein

concentration (significant at the 5% level) Figure 2: Differences in yield and grain protein (droplet size).

0 11.2 22.412.8

1313.213.413.613.8

1414.2

f(x) = 0.41891835 x + 12.8496732R² = 0.998620782687249

Relationship of Nitrogen Rate and Grain Protein Concentration

Nitrogen Rate (kg/ha)

Grai

n Pr

otei

n, %

Figure 1.

Check

10 FA

10 MA

10 CA

10 F 10 M

10 C 20 F 20 M

20 C0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15Relationship Between Yield and Grain

Protein

KGHAGrain ProteinTreatment

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

Pro

tein

%

Figure 2.

Wyatt

Location: Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma Figure 1: Interaction of droplet size and

nitrogen rate on yield. Foliar N at 22.4 kg/ha significantly different (5% level)

Figure 2: Relationship of yield and nitrogen uptake with droplet size. Yield and N uptake significant (5% level)

Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat

C M F0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

05101520253035

Relationship of Yield and Nuptake with Droplet Size

KGHANUPTAKEDroplet Size

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

Nit

roge

n U

ptak

e (k

g/ha

)Figure 1.

Figure 2

11.2 C 11.2 M 11.2 F 22.4 C 22.4 M 22.4F0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Interaction of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Yield

FoliarN Rate*Droplet Size

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

Figure 3: Applying foliar nitrogen to the droplet size experimental plots.

Wyatt

EFFECT OF SEED DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN YIELDS

Objective To determine the significance

of yield difference between one, two and three seeds per hill

• Average maize yield in the developing world is ≤ 2 t/ha

• Current planting methods are ineffective

• Planting single seeds per strike can increase yield

Omara

Materials and Methods

Start trial: Summer 2013

• Locations: LCB and Efaw, near Stillwater, OK.

• 13 treatments and 3 reps at each location

Factorial study • Plant placement distances

0.16, 0.32 and 0.48 M• Number of seeds per hill: 1, 2

and 3.• Traditional stick planter and new

OSU designed Hand Planter

Expect significantly increased yields when maize is planted

with single seeds per strikeOmara

19

Products

2005 to 2013: ◦ 25,000 N Rich Strips have been put on in Oklahoma◦ represents 1,973,040 acres. ◦ Average profit of $10.00/ac, producers using the GreenSeeker and OSU N Rate

recommendation, represents a total positive economic impact of $19,730,400

i-phone, algorithm developed Trimble Greenseeker Hand Held Crop Sensors manufactured and now sold all over

the world Colorado State University – OSU Workshop Hand planter prototype nears completion

Alternative Product Evaluation (Avail, Nutrisphere, Agrotain, ESN, Super U, CoRoN, MESZ, ASPA80)

Critical soil pH levels established for sorghum and sunflower Grain protein optimizer Ammonia loss calculator Seed placement, leaf orientation

http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php

currently 30 options, New-protein optimizer

21

Faculty level graduatesOklahoma State University Washington State University Montana State University Virginia Tech Louisiana State University IPNI Alabama McNeese State (LA) Northwest College (WY) USDA-ARS (SD) Industry/Private graduatesMosaic VP Potash Corp. Director Agronomy Noble Foundation John Deere Bayer Crop Science SST CIMMYT-Kenya CARE-El Salvador Chapingo, Mexico National Program, Indonesia Monsanto 5 Pioneer 2

22

Sustained Focus Areas

Benefits of variable rate technology for treating spatial variability Continued demonstration of the N Rich Strip in many crops including

canola, corn, switchgrass, and sorghum Participation in regional trials with Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado,

Iowa, and Minnesota. Continued search for alternative light indices capable of detecting P, K, S,

and other micronutrient deficiencies. Graduate program training. Development of regionally specific algorithms for improved N fertilization (

http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php) GreenSeeker based i-phone applications. BAE-PASS team development/evaluation of relevant precision agriculture

technologies. By-plant recognition, seed placement-seed orientation, hand-planter, new-age-wireless VRT system design.

Refinement of the pocket sensor for widespread use and adoption