2. Types of structures - TU Dresden

Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Massivbau, Prof. M. Curbach

2. Types of structures

Dresden, June 4th, 2018

Dr.-Ing. Patricia Garibaldi

TU Dresden, 04.06.2018 Structural Systems

Basic concepts for structures

Buch Leicht Weit, Schlaich J., Bergermann R.Folie 2 von 39


Basic concepts for structures

• Conventional floating bridge, with joints

• Integral Bridge – (largely) free of joints and bearings

Foto 1: http://en.structurae.de/files/photos/1/imgp/imgp0287.jpg

Foto 2: Just, M.

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“The only good joint is no joint”

Henry Derthick, Tennessee Department of Transportation

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1. Beams

• Simply supported• Simply supported chain

• Continuous beam

• Gerber beam

Buch Vorlesungen über Massivbau, Teil 6b Massivbrücken, Leonhardt F.Folie 5 von 46


1. Beams

Buch Brücken, David J. Brown, Callway, 2005

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Tarr_Steps_02.jpg

Tare steps, England

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1. Beams

Foto: Just, M.Folie 7 von 46


1. Beams

Fotos 1-3: Just, M.

Foto 4: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-R5gzvstJAqE/Tb2mVYHdRJI/AAAAAAAAE88/AnJP2F1khK8/s1600/Dresden_Carolabr%25C3%25BCcke_1921.jpg

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2. Truss

http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/ponts2/Dall61.JPG

http://www.geolocation.ws/v/P/37443150/brcke-alberthafen/en

• Single supported

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2. Truss

http://www.karl-gotsch.de/Bilder/Biesenbach2.jpg

• Chain of simply supported fish-belly beams

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2. Truss

http://de.academic.ru/pictures/technik/large/TL020653.jpg

• Continuous beam or Gerber beam

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2. Truss

Foto 1: http://www.karl-gotsch.de/Bilder/Forth_RW1.jpg

Foto 2: http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/images/Forth-Bridge2.jpg

• Cantilever bridge with suspended beam

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2. Truss

http://www.dresden-schillerplatz.de/Bilder/BlauesWunder.JPGFolie 13 von 46


2. Truss made of concrete

Foto 1: http://www.efreyssinet-association.com/oeuvre/ouvrages.php

Foto 2: Brückenexkursion 2010

• Eugène Freyssinet

Pont Boutiron sur l’Allier 1913

Pont de Plougastel (Finistère) 1925 – 1930

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TU Dresden 09.04.18 Structural Systems


Foto: http://photos.planete-tp-plus.com/galleries/regards_de_photographes/auvergne/1018597.jpgFolie 15 von 39



Foto: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Mangfallbruecke_Jan_2008.jpgFolie 16 von 39


3. Framework bridges

• Portal Frame

Schüller, M. - Konzeptionelles Entwerfen und Konstruieren von Integralen Betonbrücken, in Beton- & StahlbetonbauFolie 17 von 46



• Mulit-span framework

http://v1.cache6.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/47424648.jpg?redirect_counter=1Folie 18 von 46



• Semi-integral multi-span framework

http://www.cbing.de/pictures/pruefen/pruefen5.jpgFolie 19 von 46


4. Arch bridges

• Redevelopment: Bridge over the Priesnitz, Stauffenbergallee, Dresden

Foto 1: http://vigil.antville.org/static/vigil/images/kam35.jpg

Foto 2: http://maps.google.de/maps?hl=de&ll=51.074209,13.762695&spn=0.000779,0.002575&t=h&z=20&vpsrc=6

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4. Arch bridges

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3567/3613941887_d362dab8a1_o.jpg

• Elevated roadway

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4. Arch bridges

http://bilder.augsburger-allgemeine.de/img/15366991-1307095653000/topTeaser_crop_Lechbr-cke.jpg

• Suspended roadway

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4. Arch bridges

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Old_Svinesund_Bridge.jpg

• Roadway carrier and arch go together in the vertex of the arch

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4. Arch bridges

http://www.stahlbau-kaiser.de/referenzen/0043829d5f09d1833/xl001.jpg

• Mixed type (s. also Waldschlösschenbrücke in Dresden)

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5. Suspended and tension stiffend structures

• Cable stayed bridges -> Vorlesung Herr Svensson• Over-or underspanned structures:

• Bending capacity of the beam is increased by outsourced tension members

Foto 1: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/BadSchandau-Strassebruecke2.jpg

Foto 2: http://www.skiclub-klosters.ch/images/content/bilder_nordic/start_sam.jpg

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6. Suspension structures

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/39983014.jpgFolie 26 von 46


6. Modern suspension bridges

„real“ suspension bridge „fake“ suspension bridge

-> with rear anchorage -> self-anchoring+ only low forces in bridge deck + no (large) anchor blocks- Large Anchor blocks - massive bridge deck+ easy Installation - very complicated installation+ Large spans -> Superseded by:

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• Akashi-Kaikyo-Bridge, Kobe, Japan

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge.svg

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• 2 typical types of bridge decks• very high, stiff (hollow) box (american system)

• Streamlined cross section

• Large Deformation requieres calculation with 2nd order theory• Aerodynamic stability has to be proofed, avoid wind-induced vibrations

Foto 1: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_075.jpg&filetimestamp=20080520221018

Foto 2: http://www.deepblue-art.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/grosse_belt_bruecke.jpg

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• Tacoma-Narrows-Brücke (L=853m; B=11,9m; H=2,4m)

http://www.enm.bris.ac.uk/anm/tacoma/tac09.gifFolie 30 von 46


6. Tension-band bridges

• Rope-like

http://www.holidaycheck.de/data/urlaubsbilder/images/41/1157645059.jpg?29561Folie 31 von 46

Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Massivbau, Prof. M. Curbach

4. Types of construction

Dresden, May 8th, 2016

Dr.-Ing. Patricia Garibaldi

Concrete bridges

History of Bridge building

Pont Valentré over river Lot in Cahor, 14th Century

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Pont de Neuilly by Perronet, 1771-1772

1. Building on falsework

TU Dresden, 09.04.18 Structural SystemsSchalungstechnik Brücken, Produktunterlagen PERI

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TU Dresden, 09.04.18 Structural SystemsMehlhorn, G.: Handbuch Brücken

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2. Sliding formwork


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2. Sliding formwork


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3. Cantilever

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3. Cantilever

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4. Tact push-Launching system

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4. Tact push

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5. Precast


PE depending on length of bridge and of elements

(here) 4 precast elements (PE)

Longitudinal elements

Cross-section elements

Cross-section elements:

2 options:

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5. Precast


Longitudinal elements

Prestressing:

Design of precast cross section:

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5. Precast

TU Dresden, 09.04.18 Structural Systemshttp://www.gewerbeverein-alstaette.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/brücken.jpg

http://www.vde8.de/uploads/vde_pressemeldungen_bild1_4cc436ffdd10d/Unbenannt4.jpg

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Exam Preparation



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Exam Preparation



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Part 1Theory Concrete bridges

Time: 17 Minutes

This Part consists of 3 pages, including cover page

• You have to do this without any transcripts, books, etc.• Write your name and matriculation number on every page• Write with blue or black ink-based pens ore fine liners. For

sketches you are allowed to use pencils.

TU Dresden, 08.04.2013 Concrete bridges Folie 48 von 47

TU Dresden, 08.04.2013 Concrete bridges Folie 49 von 47

Exam Preparation



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Concrete bridges

Notional lanes

In general, notional lanes have a width, we = 3 m.

For narrower roadway widths, the notional lanes width are defined according to Table 4.1, below.

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Concrete bridges

Notional lanes

The number of notional lanes, „n“, is defined as:

n = integer (wo/we)

where:

wo: width of roadway (distance between curbs with h≥7 cm)We: width of nomimal lane = 3 m

The reamining area is called the „residual area.“

But, how is the roadway width actually defined?

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Concrete bridges

Notional lanes Roadway width definition according to EC1-2, section 4.2.3, (page 32)

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Concrete bridges

Notional lanes

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Concrete bridges

Live loads – Example layout (UDL system)

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Concrete bridges

Live loads – Example layout (Tandem system)

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Concrete bridges

Live load models – Model 1Adjustment Factors with German national annex:

Tanden System 𝛼𝛼Q1

Lane 1 1.0Lane 2 1.0Lane 3 1.0Other lanes 0.0

Uniform Load 𝛼𝛼q1

Lane 1 1.33Lane 2 2.40Lane 3 or more 1.20Residual area 1.20

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Concrete bridges

Live load models – Model 1

Arrangement of loads to investigate the local effect, for example the transverse analysis of structure.

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Concrete bridges

Live load models –Tire distribution pressure

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Concrete bridges Folie 60

Worst live load effects

Live load effects are ussually maximized (or minimized) by proper placement of live load to create maximum (or minimum) effects.

This is usually done with the help of influence lines


Muller Breslau Principle

The influence line follows the profile of the deflected shape of a structure generated by releasing the restraint corresponding to the action and applying a unit displacement or rotation in the direction of the action.


Design Example by Parsons and Brickerhoff , Proposed AASHTO-PCI-ASBI Standard Box Girder, 1996

Application and Live Load to Produce Maximum Positive Moment – Longitudinal Direction


Application and Live Load to Produce Maximum Negative Moment – Longitudinal Direction

Design Example by Parsons and Brickerhoff , Proposed AASHTO-PCI-ASBI Standard Box Girder, 1996


Worst live load effects

Live load effects are ussually maximized (or minimized) by proper placement of live load to create maximum or minimum effects.

Notice the difference between the following terms (as related for example to moment)

Moment Diagram – Moment at every point in the structure when a load is placed at a fixed location.

Influence line for maximum moment at a given point – Moment at a single pointcreated by a unit load moving along the length of the structure.

Moment envelope – Compilation of all maximum load effects along the length of the structure, created by various load combinations that maximize the effect at each point.


Worst live load effectsMoment diagram, when a unit load is place at 0.4 L of span 1


Worst live load effectsinfluence diagram at 0.4 L of span 1Example: Span 1= 12 m, Span 2 = 14.4 m


Worst live load effectsMoment envelope for a uniform distributed unit lane load


Worst live load effectsUsing influence charts to estimate the profile and value of influence ordinates.


Worst live load effectsUsing influence charts to estimate the profile and value of influence ordinates.(Tables give a influence coefficient)

Moment diagramLoad at 0.4 of span 1

Influence diagram for momentat 0.4 of span 1

Moment Envelope due to lane load

In this table, coefficient values have been normalized, with respect to the shortest length span L1, and by the use of a unit load. Therefore, the actual resulting in a given structure, with a shortest span = L1, longest span L2= 1.2 . L1due to a:concentrated load =P, or uniform load = wis given by:

Moment:M= P.(coefficient). L1

M=w.(coefficient).L12

ShearV= P.(coefficient)V= w. (coefficient)


Practical applications:

Explain the differences between a moment diagram, and influence line and a influence envelope

Draw the influence line for a given action at a given point

Define all load cases to calculate the shear envelope in a given span

See live load folder under the concrete design structures

Given a cross section of a bridge, draw the live load arrangement for Model 1, for the uniform loads, and the axle load. Indicate magnitude, lane position, and lane width.


Practical applications (Personal enrichment/development – NOT INCLUDED IN TEST)

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2. Types of structures - TU Dresden

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