2001 Annual Report · 2019-01-17 · entists, we must provide them with modern, state-of-the-art...

2001 Annual Report2001 Annual Report

Woods Hole Village with R/V Knorr and R/V Atlantis at the WHOI pier.Cover Photos (counterclockwise from large front cover image): The WHOI

research vessels: Atlantis steams out of Woods Hole harbor; scientists andcrew prepare a CTD cast aboard Oceanus; Knorr crew on deck in the

Indian Ocean; mooring deployment aboard Knorr in the Indian Ocean;following overhaul, submersible Alvin is hoisted aboard Atlantis; Oceanus

in Iceland; and Knorr against Indian Ocean sky. Photos by Doug Weisman,Jim Canavan, Lori Dolby, Dave Fisichella, Dave Gray, and Penny Foster.

WOODS HOLE OCEANWOODS HOLE OCEAN

ContentsDirector and President’s Comments ............................ 2

Comments from the Director of Research .......... 4

Science Departments

Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering ............. 6

Biology ............................................................................................... 11

Geology & Geophysics ..................................................... 16

Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry ................. 22

Physical Oceanography .................................................. 27

Cooperative Institute for Climate& Ocean Research .................................................................. 33

Marine Policy Center .................................................................. 34

Coastal Ocean Institute andRinehart Coastal Research Center ..................... 35

WHOI Sea Grant Program ................................................... 36

Dean’s Report ..................................................................................... 38

Communications Outreach ................................................ 40

Research Voyages ............................................................................ 42

Trustees & Corporation Members ............................. 46

Directorate .............................................................................................. 49

Scientific & Technical Staff ................................................ 49

Support Staff ....................................................................................... 54

Degree Recipients ........................................................................... 58

Students, Fellows, & Visitors ............................................ 59

Financial Summary and Statements ........................ 64

©2002, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA 02543 • (508) 457-2000

www.whoi.edu

EDITOR: Vicky CullenDESIGNERS: Jim Canavan and Jeannine Pires

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is an Equal EmploymentOpportunity and Affirmative Action Institution.

NOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONNOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution • 2001 Annual Report

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Director and President’s Comments

The initial signs that an El Niñois taking shape are subtle. Tradewinds begin to diminish. Warm

surface waters start to move graduallyeastward across the equatorial PacificOcean. But inevitably, momentumbuilds and culminates in a dramaticoceanic and atmospheric shift that hasworldwide repercussions.

When El Niño comes, great schoolsof anchovies off the coast of Peru knowenough to migrate to cooler waterswhere food is more plentiful. In the face

of changing conditions, natural systemsperiodically adjust so that they can op-erate most efficiently and effectively.

So, too, must institutions. In yearshence, I believe that 2001 will mark thebeginning of a time of significantchange for the Woods Hole Oceano-graphic Institution. We have set in mo-tion strategies that inevitably will trans-form WHOI. They will put the Institu-tion in the strongest position to helpsolve many of the urgent challenges andanswer the needs of the next generation.

Those challenges include many thathave fundamental impact on the futureof life on Earth: global warming, cli-mate change, pollution, fisheries, watersupplies, energy resources, coastal devel-opment, and natural disasters such ashurricanes and earthquakes. None ofthese issues can be addressed, let alonesolved, without making significant in-roads into learning how our oceanswork. All of them are complicated andwill require expertise across a broadrange of disciplines.

In 2000, we established four OceanInstitutes to focus scientific firepoweron areas that have societal ramifica-tions—the ocean and climate change,ocean life, coastal oceans, and deepocean exploration. The Ocean Institutesrepresent a new intellectual frameworkdesigned to build bridges between a fullspectrum of oceanographic and otherrelevant fields. Their concurrent mis-sions are to catalyze innovative thinkingand collaborations that can lead to im-portant discoveries, and to convey these

discoveries expeditiously into the publicrealm, where they can be used to savelives, stimulate economic growth, andenhance our quality of life.

But the best new software does notwork optimally without upgrades inhardware. In 2001, wasting no time, wetook steps to build the infrastructure re-quired to fulfill our goals.

To tackle a new generation of ocean-related problems, we need the next gen-eration of cutting-edge instruments,and the facilities to house them. To at-tract, retain, and empower the best sci-entists, we must provide them withmodern, state-of-the-art laboratories.To stimulate interaction among scien-tists, we seek to create an environmentthat fosters creativity, collaboration,and breakthrough science.

In spring 2001, after a thoughtful as-sessment of our needs and a diligentsearch, we selected two firms to devise amaster plan for the future. The architec-tural firm Ellenzweig Associates of Cam-bridge, MA, is highly regarded for itslaboratory designs, and the Falmouth-based firm Stephen Stimson AssociatesLandscape Architects also has a na-tional reputation for excellence.

By late summer, the two had devel-oped a master plan to invigorate ourQuissett Campus. It starts with a new“ring road” that replaces the currentcentral patchwork of intersecting road-ways. A new pedestrian enclave formsthe heart of the campus where two newbuildings, now in the early planningstages, will be designed to further en-courage social and intellectual interac-tion. One of the buildings is intended tohouse biogeochemistry—whose nameitself indicates the multidisciplinary na-ture of modern oceanography.

The new buildings will provide50,000 to 60,000 square feet of much-needed space that will allow budding re-search initiatives to blossom, includinga multidisciplinary effort devoted tomarine mammal research. Some scien-tists will move from our laboratories inWoods Hole village, creating new op-portunities to reconfigure space there.

The master plan accommodates

Director and President Bob Gagosian, second from right, and Associate Director for MarineOperations Dick Pittenger, right, accept a Public Service Commendation from Coast Guard

Group Woods Hole officials on April 24, 2001. Captain Russ Webster, left, and Rear AdmiralGeorge Naccara cited both WHOI’s assistance with a number of highly visible projects,including airplane search and recovery efforts, and a productive long-term relationship

in their dockside remarks at the presentation ceremony.

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Director Bob Gagosian, right, and Senior Associate Director Jim Luyten, left, discuss WHOIcampus planning with Massachusetts legislators, The Honorable Thomas Birmingham and

Senator Therese Murray, during their visit in August 2001.

Improvements to the Quissett Campus will begin with a “ring road” to facilitate a pedestriancorridor and create a more academic campus atmosphere. A Trustees Campus Planning

Committee and a staff advisory committee worked during 2001 with members of theDirectorate and architectural and landscape firms toward a long-term campus plan

to enhance the Institution’s research and education programs.

more buildings and improves parking,but, at the same time, preserves and en-hances the natural landscape. In someplaces, it recreates Cape Cod meadowswhere there are now roads and parkinglots. That is one of the reasons that theBoston Society of Landscape Architectsawarded its prestigious 2001 MeritAward to WHOI for Stephen StimsonAssociates’ design.

Construction of the ring road isscheduled to begin in 2002. Our goal isto start construction of two new sciencebuildings in 2003. We have accom-plished a great deal in a short time, butWoods Hole Oceanographic Institutionhas a proud legacy of mobilizingquickly in response to society’s needs.

In 1940, on the eve of World War II,WHOI Director Columbus Iselin recog-nized the vital contributions oceanogra-phy could make and offered theInstitution’s services and facilities to thewar effort. Within months, the Oceano-graphic was transformed from a prima-rily summertime operation to a year-round endeavor. Its staff quintupled,and Woods Hole oceanographers madefundamental discoveries, invented newinstruments, trained naval personnel,and helped save countless lives.

In the mid 1960s—as a high-level na-tional commission was poised to recom-mend ambitious new exploration of theoceans and its potential resources, and agerminating environmental awarenessspurred new, urgent questions aboutthe degradation of coastal regions—WHOI Director Paul Fye seized the op-portunity to purchase the 166-acreFenno property and create our QuissettCampus. He also nurtured an unprec-edented educational partnership withthe Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy to establish a joint graduate pro-gram in oceanography that would pro-vide top-flight training to new oceanscience leaders.

Another era is beginning. We recog-nize the signs and our obligation to so-ciety. Our Institution is already mobi-lizing to answer the call.—Robert B. Gagosian, Director and President

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Comments from the Director of Research

It is common today to hear that “allof the interesting science is at theboundaries between disciplines.”

Though such a generality cannot betrue, this expression does capture thefeeling that many scientific problemsof current interest involve complex sys-tems and that their solutions may re-quire cooperation among several scien-tific disciplines. Studies of the GeorgesBank ecosystem, for example, includedetailed examination of food chain bi-ology, nutrient supply, sunlight’s role,and dispersion or concentration ofpopulations of fish, predators, and lar-vae by currents. There are problems ofcomparable complexity in almost everyarea of ocean science. Graduate stu-dents are often drawn to them, andthey are of interest to policy makersand the public.

To facilitate interdisciplinary re-search and to enhance communicationof the results, the Institution estab-lished four Ocean Institutes in May2000. Institute Directors were namedthe following October. They are: theOcean Life Institute (Larry Madin, Bi-ology), the Coastal Ocean Institute

(Ken Brink, Physical Oceanography),the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute(Susan Humphris, Geology & Geo-physics), and the Ocean and ClimateChange Institute (Bill Curry, Geology& Geophysics).

The four institutes share a basicstructure and governance. Each InstituteDirector works with an Advisory Com-mittee of five to six interested membersof the Scientific and Technical Staff. AnInstitute Oversight Committee consistsof the Chairs of the five scientific de-partments, the Director of the MarinePolicy Center, and the Vice Presidentsfor Research, Education, and ExternalAffairs.* The Ocean Institutes operatewithin the existing WHOI structure;staff have appoinments in the five sci-ence departments and the Marine PolicyCenter and may collaborate under themore fluid institute structure.

The general Ocean Institute plancalls for each group to develop researchthemes, to appoint Institute Fellowsfrom among the Scientific and Techni-cal Staff, to solicit and fund researchproposals associated with the themes,and to support graduate students andpostdoctoral researchers. Communica-tion of Ocean Institute research andactivities involves symposia, work-shops, and other outreach activities.

Ocean Biodiviersity, Health of Ma-

The Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory provides a variety ofdata for scientists involved in the Coastal Ocean Institute/Rinehart Coastal

Research Center. The photo shows Mike Purcell, left, and Butch Grant assemblingthe data-collecting/transmission node for the observatory.

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* Institution Associate Director titles were refor-matted as Vice President positions in March 2002.

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Forums planned for the Ocean Life Institute include discussion of applications for biomedicaltools in the marine sciences. This instrument, the first dedicated marine research CT scanner,

was installed in Caryn House in 2001 with funding from the Defense University ResearchInstrumentation Program and the Office of Naval Research. Darlene Ketten, right, andKristen Dubet (New England Aquarium) prepare a sea turtle for a diagnostic scan in

one of a wide range of uses already found for the scanner.


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rine Ecosystems, and New Tools forOcean Biology were designated as prin-cipal themes for the Ocean Life Insti-tute. The biodiversity theme encom-passes discovery and characterizationof organisms as well as investigation oftheir origins and ecological functions.The second theme includes identifyingindicators for ecosystem health andsustainability and development of newtheoretical and analytical methods toassess them. The tool theme coversnew sensors, instruments, and analysesfor biological properties and processes.As exploratory initiatives, Institute Di-rector Madin and colleagues are devel-oping collaborations with investigatorsfrom pharmaceutical industries andparticipating in planning for a privatetropical research facility in Panama.

WHOI faculty and MIT/WHOI Joint Programstudents examine an outcropping of the Lava

Creek Tuff, a 600,000-year-old ash flow on theYellowstone plateau, during the Deep Ocean

Exploration Institute-sponsored GeodynamicsSeminar field trip in summer 2001.

The Coastal Ocean Institute isbuilding on and expanding the work ofthe Rinehart Coastal Research Center(see page 35). The theme for its activi-ties focuses on the sources of nutrientsin coastal systems and the fate of theconsequent organic material. One ob-jective is to develop a national effort towork toward a better understanding ofthe coastal ocean’s role in global nutri-ent and carbon cycles. A close associa-tion with the Institution’s Martha’sVineyard Coastal Observatory offersbroad capabilities for understandingcoastal ocean processes.

Seafloor Observatory Science andInstrumentation is the current broadtheme of the Deep Ocean ExplorationInstitute, which promotes interdisci-plinary investigations of the dynamic

processes that shapeEarth’s surface, regulatethe chemistry of itsoceans, and impact itsinhabitants. Institutesupported projects in-clude deep submergencevehicle technology, im-proving time-series mea-surements in the deepsea, design of chemicalsensors and acousticcommunications sys-tems for observatories,and implications of sea-floor earthquakes forobservatories. The insti-tute co-sponsored thespring GeodynamicsSeminar on “Plume-Ridge Interactions.”

The goal of theOcean and ClimateChange Institute is toevaluate and understandthe role of the oceans inclimate change with theobjective of improvinglong-term climate fore-casts. Its current focus ison the Atlantic Ocean,and 2001 activities in-cluded sponsoring es-tablishment of “Station

The Ocean and Climate Change Institute sponsoredthe new “Station W” observatory mooring, set at

the edge of the Gulf Stream in fall 2001. RyanSchrawder, left, and Scott Worrilow, test the

mooring’s profiler on the WHOI pier.

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W.” This is a moored profiling systemlocated along the western boundaryof the Gulf Stream at the single mostimportant position for understand-ing how changes in ocean circulationaffect major ocean-atmosphere sys-tems. Institute Director Curry was in-volved in developing and funding astrategy for long coring to increasethe efficiency of US research vessels inretrieving sediments for study of his-toric climatology.

The Ocean Institutes provide a flex-ible framework for interdisciplinary re-search, fostering creativity, innovation,and breakthrough science. They offerstudents a rich, productive educationalenvironment, and they will provide aforum for dialogue between the publicand the scientific community.

During 2001, each institute ap-pointed Fellows, supported several re-search proposals, engaged studentsand postdoctoral investigators in insti-tute activities, and began to formulateplans for gathering the best mindsfrom within and outside the Institu-tion to consider oceanographic re-search issues that have significant bear-ing on society. This productive firstyear promises to be a springboard for anew era of research, education, andcommunication at the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution.

—James Luyten, Senior Associate Director& Director of Research

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Comments from the Director of Research


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Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Department

T he Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering De-partment (AOPE) maintains the cutting edge ofocean engineering research and technology. The De-

partment is renown for its technological contributions toocean exploration, including the pioneering development ofthe human-occupied submersible Alvin. More recently, teth-ered Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and AutonomousUnderwater Vehicles (AUVs, see photo) are extending ourobservational reach into the abyssal depths, as well as intothe shallow but muchmore turbulent coastalocean environment. TheDepartment also developsadvanced moored andbottom-mounted obser-vation systems for short-and long-term measure-ments. The Martha’sVineyard Coastal Obser-vatory integrates atmo-spheric and oceano-graphic measurementsinto a high-bandwidth,real-time data feed toWHOI and the World-wide Web, providing acontinuous source of in-terdisciplinary data forcoastal researchers.

Another major ele-ment of AOPE’s researchis in ocean acoustics andunderwater communica-tion. Two recent awardsrecognize our expertise inthis area. The British In-stitute of Acoustics pre-sented the 2001 A.B.Wood Medal to AssociateScientist John Colosi forhis contributions toacoustical oceanography. Lee Freitag received WHOI’s SkipMarquet Senior Technical Staff Award, recognizing hisleadership in the development of underwater acousticcommunications for oceanographic data transmission.

A growing component of AOPE is the Coastal and

Ocean Fluid Dynamics Lab, comprising scientists, engi-neers, technicians, postdocs, and students who pursue re-search in a broad range of environmental transport pro-cesses. These include turbulence studies in the surf zone,coastal boundary layers, and the deep ocean; air-sea inter-action at local and global scales; sediment transport in thesurf zone, estuaries, and continental shelf area; wave dy-namics from the deep ocean to the beach; and physical-biological coupling in plankton dynamics.

Assistant ScientistPeter Traykovski wasawarded the Office ofNaval Research Young In-vestigator Award for in-novative use of acousticinstruments to studyboundary-layer sedimenttransport. Gene Terraywas the 2001 recipient ofthe Institution’s Allyn C.Vine Technical Achieve-ment Award for his ac-complishments in upperocean velocity measure-ment technology.

John Trowbridge, aboundary layer dynamicsspecialist, was promotedto Senior Scientist in2001. Hanu Singh, an ex-pert in underwater imag-ing systems, and JimPreisig, signal processingand underwater commu-nication specialist, werepromoted to AssociateScientist positions dur-ing 2001. Mike Purcelland Ben Allen were pro-moted to Senior Engi-neer, Janet Fredericks to

Information Systems Associate III, Bob Elder to ResearchEngineer, Griff Outlaw to Engineer II, and Valery Kosnyrevto Research Associate III. John Reilly was appointed ournew Department Administrator.

—Wayne R. Geyer, Department Chair

Hanu Singh, right, and Joint Program student Oscar Pizarro testan autonomous vehicle on the WHOI pier. The vehicle is designed

for imaging benthic and Arctic environments.

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James F. Lynch, Senior Scientist,and the ASIAEX Group

Seven years ago, the Office of Na-val Research took a strong andunprecedented stance favoring

the development of Sino-American co-operation in the field of ocean acous-tics, a subject that has a strong connec-tion to naval applications, even thoughits basic scientific foundations rest onthe open literature and unclassified re-search. A number of developmentsquickly followed. In 1995, Chinese andAmerican researchers held their firstworkshop at the Naval PostgraduateSchool in Monterey, CA, and agreed toinstitute a joint program in shallow-water acoustics, an area of considerableexpertise for both China and the US.

Shallow water acoustics, the studyof how sound propagates and scatters

in coastal waters from the edge of thebeach to the continental shelfbreak,emphasizes the interaction of soundwith the bottom and surface bound-aries, as well as with the very complexwater column thermal structures typi-cal of coastal oceanography. It is im-portant for naval purposes, marinemammal studies, environmentalmonitoring, and as a remote sensingtool for physical oceanography, biol-ogy, and geology.

The Monterey workshop spawned a1996 acoustics experiment in the YellowSea that resulted in both scientific suc-cess and increased good will among thescientists involved. The next immediatestep was a large, international meetingdubbed “Shallow Water Acoustics ’97,”held in Beijing to showcase results fromYellow Sea ’96 and numerous other re-

cent experiments in shal-low-water acoustics.

Based on the first twoyears’ success, both scien-tists and sponsors were en-couraged to proceed with amuch larger scale experi-ment, and so ASIAEX (theAsian Seas InternationalAcoustics Experiment) wasborn. Discussions amongthe researchers identifiedtwo appealing sites—one inthe East China Sea, wherethe flat bottom was idealfor reverberation (acousticecho) studies, and one inthe South China Sea,where the shelfbreak re-gion (the transition zonebetween the continentalshelf and the deep ocean)displayed interesting char-acteristics that wouldstrongly affect acousticpropagation at low fre-quencies (50 to 600 hertz).Moreover, the success ofthe initial US–China col-laboration attracted the

Republic of Korea, Japan, Taiwan, andSingapore to join the effort.

The East China Sea and South ChinaSea experiments extended from Aprilthrough June 2001, involving 6 ships,38 principal investigators, 18 major in-stitutions, and 108 total days at sea.

WHOI’s involvement was princi-pally with the South China Sea study,whose goal was to understand acoustic

The ASIAEX South China Sea Experiment

A “spectrogram” picture of acoustic emissionsheard by the WHOI/NPS receiving array in the

ASIAEX South China Sea experiment. Thevertical line traces are FM sweep or “chirp”signals, while the more solid blocks are the

signatures of “pseudorandom noise sequences.”Both types of signals have very useful signalprocessing properties that will be exploited

during data analysis.

Will Ostrom, right, and ship technicians aboard aTaiwanese research vessel handle a LOCOMoor

float during ASIAEX operations.

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An acoustic array is laid out ready to deploy on thedeck of R/V Fisheries Researcher I (Taiwan). The hydro-

phone array forms a figure 8 at right with its rectangu-lar deployment controller at the top of the picture. Ablue tarp covers the data acquisition system, and theround yellow subsurface float is at upper left near ananchor recovery system festooned with yellow floats.

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propagation through shallow water inareas exhibiting strong oceanic andgeological variability. Measuring theacoustic field requires both soundsources and receivers. Supported by theOffice of Naval Research, WHOI, theNaval Postgraduate School (NPS), andthe Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)joined forces to deploy a number ofmoored and towed sources.

The spectrogram on page 7 displaystheir signatures. For the receiver,WHOI and NPS created a combinationvertical and horizontal hydrophone ar-ray that could look in any directionwith high resolution, much like an op-tical telescope does. This autonomous

array, designed and deployedby Keith von der Heydt andJohn Kemp of WHOI, col-lected close to a terabyte ofdata over three weeks, givingthe ASIAEX investigators thelongest duration and highest-quality, shallow-water acous-tics data set yet collected.

Of particular interest toWHOI acousticians are the“coherence properties” of sig-nals received on the horizon-tal portion of the array. Theydetermine how much pro-cessing capability is available.Scattering of the acoustic sig-nal by the ocean and itsboundaries results in a wa-vering acoustic signal that isvery much like the twinklingof stars due to scattering oflight by the atmosphere. Un-derwater acousticians are try-ing to understand this waver-ing and correct for it, much as as-tronomers do, in order to improve thepower of our instruments.

Acoustic data is most valuable whensupported by first-rate, simultaneousmeasurements of the area’s geologyand physical oceanography. ForASIAEX, leading researchers in bothphysical oceanography and marine ge-ology collaborated with the acousti-cians and conducted their own specificstudies. WHOI physical oceanographerGlen Gawarkiewicz teamed with Tai-wanese researchers to provide a con-tinuous, three-dimensional look at thewater column with the SeaSoar towedconductivity/temperature/depth sys-tem. WHOI acoustician Tim Duda de-ployed a number of temperature-sens-ing, low-cost moorings (dubbedLOCOMoors) to examine the verystrong internal tides in the region. Inaddition, a number of standardoceanographic moored instrumentscontributed a well-sampled view ofocean processes both along- andacross-shelf, particularly along themoored-source, acoustic-transmissionlines. Satellite images provided a view

WHOI mooring engineer John Kemp holds hisnewly adopted Taiwanese “pier puppy” Tai at the

vet’s office. In one of the more interesting “culturalexchanges,” several people adopted local stray

puppies that inhabited the ASIAEX pier andwarehouse staging areas in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Plan views of the general location of the ASIAEXSouth China Sea experiment (top) and the

location of the various experimental measure-ments made (bottom).

from above, and marine geology inves-tigators from the Florida Atlantic Uni-versity, the University of North Caro-lina, and the National Sun Yat SenUniversity in Taiwan performed chirpsonar, bathymetry, and coring studies.

The five-year experimental phase ofASIAEX concluded in June 2001. How-ever, the next phase, analysis of the vastdata set collected, promises to be everybit as exciting. ASIAEX investigatorsgathered in Hawaii and Seattle foranalysis meetings in November 2001and January 2002, and there will be anall-hands meeting in October 2002 inChengdu, near Tibet. Smaller gather-ings in Taiwan, Korea, and Japan arealso keeping the channels between sci-entists open, and, in a sense, this mightbe one of ASIAEX’s best accomplish-ments. Relations between nations de-pend in large part upon individual re-lations, and, in ASIAEX, the ocean sci-ence community proved once againthat the exploration of nature can be aunifying force among individuals fromdifferent countries and cultures. (Thephoto above shows an unusual ex-ample of “cultural relations!”)

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John Colosi, Associate Scientist

W ave forms are common ineveryday life and across sci-entific disciplines—optical,

acoustical, and water wave phenomenaare familiar to most of us, and quan-tum mechanical waves describe the dy-namics of atomic and subatomic par-ticles. In the social sciences, we hearabout cycles or “waves” of behavior andeconomic activity. Yet, in many waveproblems there is underlying statisticaluncertainty, and there are questionsconcerning what wave patterns scien-tists are most likely to observe. Thestudy of statistical wave phenomena

forms the basis of a general branch ofscience called “wave propagationthrough random media” (WPRM). Thephoto above shows a beautiful ex-ample: Light propagating through awavy air/water interface produces acomplex web of bright bands andbroad dark spots.

Disciplines awash in uncertaintylike economics have had to come togrips with this problem a long timeago, and natural scientists have workedon it in many different areas. The firstreference to WPRM may be that of SirIsaac Newton, who pointed out thateven were the most powerful telescopedesigned, “yet there would be certainbounds beyond which telescopes couldnot perform. For the air through whichwe look upon the stars is in a perpetualtremor; as may be seen by the tremu-lous motions of shadows cast fromhigh towers, and the twinkling of thefixed stars.”

WPRM phenomena are ubiquitousin geophysics and oceanography: Theyinclude seismic wave propagationthrough the variable earth; optical andacoustical propagation through seawa-ter with varying temperature, salinity,particulates, and biological matter; andhydrodynamic wave propagation

across variable bathymetry or throughthermal structures.

My own research, with supportfrom the Office of Naval Research, hasfocused on the problem of very long-range acoustic propagation in theocean. The ocean is relatively transpar-ent to low frequency sound andopaque to electromagnetic radiation,and therefore it is no surprise that ma-rine life has evolved remarkable audi-tory systems. Oceanographers havealso learned to utilize the ocean’ssound transmission ability to measureocean temperatures in much the sameway doctors use sound waves to ana-lyze the human body. We use the tech-nique called “ocean acoustic tomogra-phy” to estimate average temperatureby precisely measuring the time it takesfor a signal to travel from source to re-ceiver. A warmer ocean has a fastersound speed and thus a shorter traveltime. Further sound transmission oc-curs in the SOFAR (SOund Fixing AndRanging) channel, which ducts thesound along different “paths” thatsample temperature at a variety ofocean depths. By “resolving” these dif-ferent SOFAR paths, we can measureaverage temperature at several depths(see figure at top of page 10).

Ocean acoustic tomography is wellsuited to measure ocean climatechange since the estimated tempera-ture is an average over the distancefrom source to receiver; the spatial av-eraging allows suppression of localtemperature variations from waves andeddies so that large-scale temperaturevariations stand out. In fact, the tech-nique can measure average tempera-ture changes as small as a few milli-degrees over a 1,000-kilometer range.However, WPRM effects limit oceanacoustic tomography by reducing thevertical resolution of temperaturechanges, much as atmospheric turbu-lence limits ground-based telescopes,as Newton astutely observed.

The primary source of random

Bright, narrow bands of light and broad, low-intensity regions reflect off Tahitiansand. The interesting network of bright bands is a phenomenon called caustics,which form when sunlight passes through the rippled air/sea interface. Another

commonly observed—but not random—caustic is the rainbow.

Wave Phenomena Beneath the Surface



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sound-speed changes in the ocean is in-ternal gravity waves that undulatealong boundaries of layers of seawaterwhose densities differ. They are like thefamiliar ocean surface waves that occurat the air/sea interface, but they fill theentire ocean volume at all times and inalmost every geographical location. Mycolleagues and I have focused on thetheory of sound propagation throughinternal waves, which, to date, has pri-

Observed and theoretical acoustic field stability.

marily been based on a mathematicaltechnique developed by physicist Rich-ard Feynman and called path integrals.Examining data from several experi-ments that transmitted sound over theentire North Pacific Ocean, we wereable to demonstrate several severeshortcomings to the path integraltheory—namely, the theory predictsstrong instability for all the acousticenergy, while the observations show a

mixture of stableand unstable com-ponents. Abandon-ing the path inte-gral, we adopted ageometrical raytheory/nonlineardynamics approachto estimate the sta-bility of assortedsound paths thatagrees very wellwith the observa-tions (solid curvein figure at left).Further, we wereable to identify,both theoretically

and numerically, probability functionsassociated with the stability param-eters, which describe the variationsabout the smooth curve in this figure.In addition, we found that the stabilityof the sound field is not only a func-tion of the depth region that the soundsamples, but also that it is a strongfunction of the background soundchannel (SOFAR channel). The soundchannel in the North Atlantic is verydifferent from that in the North Pa-cific, and the North Atlantic channel ismuch more stable overall. Thereforeour work contributes to the refinementof the tomographic technique so thatimproved vertical resolution can be ob-tained when experiments are con-ducted in favorable sound channels.Further, our work to explain and pre-dict the stability characteristics of theocean sound channel may help in thedesign of an underwater Global Posi-tioning System (GPS) for navigationand communication—a technologythat could significantly advance manyother observational capabilities inoceanography and geophysics.

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An example of the ocean SOFAR (SOund Fixing And Ranging) channel in the North Pacific Ocean (left), and a sourceof sound (red circle) located near the sound speed minimum. Ray path propagation through the SOFAR channel (right).

Steeply cycling stable rays (blue) sample nearly the whole ocean depth, while low angle unstable rays (red)are trapped near the sound-speed minimum.

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Research in the Biology Department is wide rang-ing, in themes and subject material as well asgeographically. The broad themes continue to

involve nearly all aspects of life in the sea. Areas of spe-cial strength include microbiology (bacteria and proto-zoa), invertebrate zoology, toxicology, population stud-ies, and the biology of phytoplankton, marine larvae,and marine mammals.

While broadly similar to themes of previous years, weare addressing these areas with new approaches and ever-more-sophisticated and powerful field and laboratory in-struments. Molecularbiology and genomestudies are showing ushow populations andfamilies of organismsare related and evolve.Similar studies ad-dress relationshipsand evolution of genefamilies, and the rolesthey play in marinelife. Mathematicalanalyses and com-puter modeling ofpopulation dynamicsare more sophisticatedand effective. Opticalapproaches for studiesof phytoplankton and zooplankton are yielding new in-sights into the ecology at these foundations of the foodweb. A state-of-the-art CT scanner acquired this year isyielding new understanding of the effects of sound onwhales, and a new mass-spectrometer system is disclosingotherwise unobtainable information about fish popula-tions over time. Development of new instrumentation forremotely gathering data on biota and the marine chemis-try relevant to life continues apace.

During 2001, WHOI biologists carried out extensivefield work, both locally and globally, in most oceans. Thewaters of New England continue to yield new fundamen-tal information in some theme areas. There were studiesof deep-sea biota including vent animals and microbes inthe Pacific and Indian Oceans. Several Department mem-bers worked in the Artic, and others spent weeks tomonths on demanding cruises in the Southern Ocean(during the austral winter), studying zooplankton impor-tant to Antarctic ecology.

A broad array of federal agencies provide support for

our research, along with the increasingly important local,state, and private sources of funding. In 2001, the BiologyScientific Staff submitted 144 proposals to agencies, foun-dations, and individuals and were successful in receivingfull or partial funding for 62 percent of them, totaling alittle over $9 million for sponsored research. In addition totheir individual research programs, staff members con-tinue to participate and provide leadership in large na-tional and international programs, including GlobalOcean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) Atlantic andSouthern Ocean programs and national and international

Ridge Interdiscipli-nary Global Experi-ments (RIDGE) pro-grams for hydrother-mal vents. Headquar-ters for the Ecology ofHarmful Algal Blooms(ECOHAB) Gulf ofMaine program andthe US GLOBECNorthwest Atlanticprogram on GeorgesBank are based in theDepartment. During2001, Scientific Staffmembers made pre-sentations to Con-gress and served on

National Research Council committees and as editors oreditorial board members for 16 journals.

As 2001 drew to a close, Department personnel num-bered 27 Scientific Staff, along with 5 Scientists Emeritus,4 Oceanographers Emeritus, 21 Postdoctoral Scholars, Fel-lows, and Investigators, 34 Joint Program students, 19Technical Staff, and 36 other support staff. During theyear, our scientists pursued studies on nearly 200 separategrants, published 70 scientific papers and books and 14 re-ports, and had 110 papers either submitted or in press.Lauren Mullineaux was promoted to Senior Scientist,Scott Gallager was awarded tenure, and Rebecca Gast waspromoted to Associate Scientist. Postdoctoral ScholarsTim Shank and Eric Webb were appointed Assistant Scien-tists, and Assistant Scientist Sönke Johnsen took a posi-tion at Duke University. On the technical staff, Mary AnnDaher was promoted to Research Associate II.

Senior Scientist Hal Caswell was honored in a Bostonphoto exhibit of leading intellectuals in New England.

—John J. Stegeman, Department Chair

Rob Olson aligns a flow cytometer during a June 2001 cruise aboardR/V Endeavor (University of Rhode Island) to measure photosynthetic

characteristics of single-celled organisms.H

eidi

Sos

ik

Biology Department


12

Biology Department

Peter Wiebe, Senior Scientist

Vast, isolated, dark, and very coldduring the winter portion ofthe year, the waters surround-

ing the Antarctic continent have rarelybeen studied. Yet, what transpires eco-logically during overwintering hasgreat bearing on the dynamics of theAntarctic marine community, knownfor very high primary production andlarge populations of top predators(seals, whales, penguins, and sea birds)during well-lit seasons. Central in thefood chain that links phytoplankton(primary producers) and microzoo-plankton (secondary producers) to thetop predators are the krill, principally

Euphausia superba. Adult krill consti-tute a large fraction of the zooplank-ton biomass in key areas and often oc-cur in very large numbers, massed inintense patches and swarms ranging insize from a few tens of square metersto tens of square kilometers. While agreat deal has been learned over thepast three decades about the distribu-tion, abundance, and population biol-ogy of krill during the warmer, ice-freeperiods of the year, little is knownabout how the different life stages ofkrill survive the long, cold, ice-coveredwinter period.

Four members of the Biology De-partment Scientific Staff—Carin

Ashjian, Cabell Davis, Scott Gallager,and I—traveled to the Antarctic twiceduring 2001 to map the distributionand abundance of krill and other zoo-plankton. We were among 35 US in-vestigators from some 20 institutionsparticipating in the first field year ofthe Southern Ocean Global OceanEcosystems Dynamics (SO GLOBEC)Program. It was designed to examinecontinental shelf circulation processesand their effect on sea-ice formation,Antarctic krill distribution, and thefactors that govern krill survival andavailability to higher trophic levels.The study area is the central WesternAntarctic Peninsula continental shelf,

Dynamics of Overwintering Antarctic Krill Populations

Southern Ocean GLOBEC researchers and Nathaniel B. Palmer crew launch the BIo-Optical Multi-frequency Acoustical and PhysicalEnvironmental Recorder (BIOMAPER-II), a newly developed, towed system designed for quantitative surveys of the spatial distribu-tion of coastal and oceanic plankton. The system consists of multi-frequency up-looking and down-looking sonar, a video plank-

ton recorder system, an environmental sensor system (conductivity/temperature/depth sensors plus fluorometer and transmissom-eter), and several other bio-optical sensors. Special handling equipment travels with the 1,500-pound BIOMAPER II. The vehicleoperates to a depth of 300 meters (990 feet) at 4 to 6 knots, while near the surface it may be towed at speeds up to 10 knots.

Pete

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in particular, Marguerite Bay. This re-gion exhibits unusually high krill pro-duction thought to result from aunique combination of physical andbiological factors that contribute toenhanced krill growth, reproduction,recruitment, and survival throughoutthe year. The program is especially fo-cusing on physical factors deemed fa-vorable for winter survival of larvaland adult krill, including: 1) shelf cir-culation that retains the krill popula-tion in a favorable environment onthe shelf for extended periods of time,2) a persistent winter ice cover thatprovides dependable food and protec-tion for larval krill to grow and sur-vive over the winter, and 3) on-shelfintrusions of Upper CircumpolarDeep Water that supply heat, salt, andnutrients that affect ice propertiesand enhance biological production.

The SO GLOBEC program, like itsGLOBEC predecessors on GeorgesBank and off the northwest US coast,has four basic components:

1) Periodic broad-scale surveys toquantify the distribution and abun-dance of the target species (krill) aswell as its prey and predators and toprofile environmental features (tem-perature, salinity, meteorology, cur-rents, etc.).

2) Process studies of the feeding,growth, development, and behavior ofthe krill and their prey and predators.Because sea ice is thought to be impor-tant in the overwintering survival oflarval krill, this program also empha-sizes understanding of sea-ice forma-tion and processes.

3) Use of long-term moorings andautomated weather stations to collectdata between cruises.

4) Integration and synthesis ofresults using physical/biologicalcoupled models.

We deployed the moorings early inthe calendar year (late austral sum-mer). In mid to late austral fall, scien-tists aboard two National ScienceFoundation research vessels, NathanielB. Palmer (with icebreaking capability)and Lawrence M. Gould, conducted

broad-scale and process work in thestudy area while it was largely ice-free.A second pair of cruises took place inthe winter period (July to September)when the area is covered with pack ice.Each voyage was 40 to 50 days long.

Southern Ocean GLOBEC investigators experimented with using strobe lights mountedon some of their collecting nets to surprise the krill and reduce their net avoidance capability.

They found that, though the catch of smaller krill was not affected, use of the lightsnearly doubled the catch volume for larger, adult krill, indicating that further work in

this area may improve sampling techniques.

During the relatively ice-free fallcruise, krill adults and larvae weredistributed principally in the upper200 meters (660 feet) of the water col-umn. Through extensive towing ofthe multi-sensored BIOMAPER-II, we

Euphausia superba, the focus of Southern Ocean GLOBEC, is central to the Antarctic waterfood chain. Shown in a collection tray, they ranges in size from 5 to 15 millimeters

for the small larval forms to 30 to 60 millimeter adults.

Pete

r W

iebe

Pete

r W

iebe

Strobe Light➛

Biology Department


14

Biology Department

acquired high-resolution acoustic andvideo data that provided new insightsabout “krill hotspots,” places in Mar-guerite Bay and off Alexander Islandwhere adult krill occurred in largepatches and very high numbers. Largenumbers of whales, crabeater seals,and sea birds were also observed here.An unexpected finding was that krilllarvae were distributed across the en-tire shelf survey area. During the win-ter cruise when ice pack covered thestudy site, we surveyed the iceundersurface with a remotely oper-ated vehicle equipped with a pair ofhigh-resolution video cameras. Aspredicted, krill larvae had moved upto the sea surface near the ice pack.Large numbers of larval krill, how-ever, were observed only in regionswhere the ice undersurface was highlyirregular as a result of the ridging anddown thrusting caused by ice sheet

John Waterbury, Associate Scientist,Eric Webb, Assistant Scientist,

Sonya T. Dyhrman, Postdoctoral Scholar

O cean life accounts for ap-proximately half of globalprimary production (conver-

sion of atmospheric carbon dioxide tocell carbon through the process ofphotosynthesis). Traditional thought

attributed most of this production toeukaryotic algae (whose cells have dis-tinct nuclei) such as diatoms anddinoflagellates. However, studies donein the last 20 years show that a groupof bacteria (prokaryotes, with no dis-tinct nucleus) called cyanobacteria areprominent at the base of the marinefood web where they contribute sig-

nificantly to the oceanic carbon cyclethrough photosynthetic fixation ofcarbon dioxide.

They include the unicellular speciesSynechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and Cro-cosphaera and filamentous species ofTrichodesmium. The factors that controltheir growth directly impact not onlytheir contribution to the carbon cyclebut, in the case of Crocosphaera and Tri-chodesmium, also their contribution tothe nitrogen cycle through nitrogenfixation. (Some groups of bacteria canfix nitrogen by enzymatically reducingatmospheric nitrogen to ammonia,which they use to make amino acidsand ultimately cell proteins. No higherorganisms can fix nitrogen exceptthose that live in symbiosis with nitro-gen-fixing bacteria.)

Mariners have known Trichodes-mium for centuries. Members of thisgroup form aggregates that sailorscalled “sea sawdust.” During calmweather in the tropics, colonies of Tri-

New Tools Help Reveal Role of Cyanobacteria

collision and compaction during vio-lent winter storms.

We are scheduled to repeat these ex-tensive observations in 2002 toward

further understanding of SouthernOcean dynamics and GLOBEC’sbroader goal of determining whatmakes a marine ecosystem productive.

John

Wat

erbu

ry

Photos show two cultured species of Trichodesmium, T. thiebautii at left (about 2 millimetersin diameter) and T. erythraeum (about 2 millimeters long). In calm weather in the tropics,T. erythraeum colonies float to the surface where they can form large windrows that sailors

used to refer to it as “sea sawdust” for the tan color its colonies impart to water.

Maps show the SouthernOcean GLOBEC study area

around Alexander Island andMarguerite Bay and their

locations off the AntarcticWestern Peninsula.


15

chodesmium gather at the sea surface toform blooms that can cover thousandsof square kilometers. Trichodesmiumhas fascinated biological oceanogra-phers since the 1960s when researchdetermined that members of thisgroup fix nitrogen. Since then,progress in studying them has beenslow because they are difficult to iso-late and culture. As a result, much ofwhat we do know about them is basedon studies at sea.

Following limited success by severalgroups in culturing one of the species,T. erythraeum, we developed techniquesthat permitted us to culture five of thesix species and to obtain pure culturesof two (T. erythraeum and T. thiebautii).In hindsight, the necessary proceduresseem almost trivial: Because this grouplives in the pristine, nutrient-depletedwaters of the central oceanic gyres,they are extremely sensitive to con-tamination, by heavy metals, for ex-ample. Using rigorous clean tech-niques and ultra pure chemicals, it isnow possible to grow Trichodesmiumrapidly, at high cell densities and inlarge volumes. Similar techniques alsoallowed us to isolate a new genus ofunicellular, nitrogen-fixing cyanobac-terium, Crocosphaera, from the tropicalAtlantic and Pacific Oceans. This cy-anobacterium is unusual because ithas a minimum growth temperatureof about 26° C (78.8° F), which effec-tively restricts it to equatorial regions.

With the ability to isolate these oce-anic cyanobacteria in pure culture andto grow them in the laboratory, micro-biologists developed new approachesto assess their roles in nature. One ofthe most exciting is the field of micro-bial genomics, sequencing of the en-tire genomes of microorganisms. Sincethese studies began in the mid 1990s,more than 100 bacterial genomes havebeen or are currently being sequenced.We collaborated with colleagues at sev-eral institutions and at the Depart-ment of Energy’s Joint Genome Insti-tute to complete entire sequences ofmarine Synechococcus and Prochlorococ-cus. T. erythraeum is currently being se-

quenced, and we have proposed thatCrocosphaera watsonii be sequenced inthe near future. The next steps will bedetailed comparative studies of ge-nomic composition and gene organi-zation and functional analyses of generegulation to gain new insights intothe factors controlling the growth ofthese cyanobacteria and their speciessuccession under varying environmen-tal conditions.

In another newapproach we usemolecular diag-nostics to measurephosphorus andiron stress in oce-anic cyano-bacteria, particu-larly Trichodes-mium. Recent ad-vances in measur-ing the very lowconcentrations ofiron and phospho-rus in the nutri-ent-limited centraloceanic gyres haveled to hypothesesthat one or bothof these elementsmay limit Tri-chodesmium growthand nitrogen fixa-tion. However,demonstratingphosphorus oriron limitation of phytoplankton isnot trivial because of these two ele-ments’ complex geochemistry. Meth-ods currently available are generallyunable to resolve how nutrient limi-tation impacts specific phytoplank-ton species.

Over the past two years, with fund-ing from the National Science Foun-dation and WHOI, we have developedtwo new techniques to assess phos-phorus and iron stress at the cellularlevel in natural populations of Tri-chodesmium. Using pure cultures ma-nipulated to induce stress, we learnedthat Trichodesmium cells produce theenzyme alkaline phosphatase when

there is little or no phosphorus avail-able to them. Addition of a substancecalled ELF-97 to a phosphorus-stressed culture produces an insolublefluorescent precipitate that tags thephosphorus-stressed cells, which wecan then view using light microscopyand record as digital images. Iron-stressed Trichodesmium cells produce aspecific protein known as IdiA that

can be identified using immunologicaltechniques. In the first field test ofthese two new diagnostics conductedduring 2000 in the subtropical westernnorth Atlantic, we determined thatpopulations of Trichodesmium experi-enced iron stress in August and phos-phorus stress in November. We believethat iron and phosphorus availabilityare both important factors controllingTrichodesmium productivity and thatthere may be a dynamic interplay be-tween these two essential elementsthat depends on location and seasonalchanges. Further work on this hypoth-esis begins with a research voyage inearly 2002.

John Waterbury (foreground) and Eric Webb use a hose and pumpto collect seawater for culturing algae during an R/V Endeavor

(University of Rhode Island) cruise in June 2001.

Ende

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Par

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Biology Department


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Geology & Geophysics Department

T he Department of Geology and Geophysics(G&G) conducts research into the oceans’ rolein past climate change, the geologic structure and

tectonics of the ocean basins and their margins, and thecomposition and dynamics of Earth’s mantle. There were235 active awards in the Department during 2001 totaling$11.6 million in funding.

We added one new member to the Department’s residentScientific Staff in 2001. Olivier Marchal, who completed hisPh.D. thesis in 1996at the Centre desFaibles Radioactivi-ties in Gif-Sur-Yvette,France, joined theDepartment’s strongclimate researchgroup. His thesiswork involved devel-oping a model simu-lation of the seasonalcycle of carbon diox-ide in the upper layerof the Sargasso Sea,including effects ofgas exchange withthe atmosphere andplankton activity.Olivier spent fouryears as a postdoc-toral fellow at theUniversity of Bern,where he incorporated biochemical components into theBern paleoclimate model. At WHOI, Olivier’s research isaimed at understanding the mechanisms responsible forrapid climate changes in the recent geological past by com-bining paleoclimate data with paleoclimate models. Associ-ate Scientist Neal Driscoll left WHOI for a faculty appoint-ment at Scripps early in 2001.

With these changes, the size of the Department’s residentScientific Staff remained constant at 34 at the end of 2001.We currently also have 28 Technical Staff members, 22 MIT/WHOI Joint Program Ph.D. students, 11 Postdoctoral Fel-

lows, Scholars, and Investigators, 15 graded staff, and 10 ad-ministrative staff working in the Department. Three new ad-junct appointments were made in 2001—Maureen Raymo(Boston University), Chris German (University ofSouthampton), and Wayne Crawford (Institut de Physiquedu Globe, University of Paris)— bringing the total numberof Adjunct Scientists in G&G to 11.

In 2001 Deborah Smith was promoted to Senior Scien-tist, and Associate Scientist Greg Hirth was awarded tenure.

Rindy Ostermannwas promoted to Re-search Specialist, andDana Stuart-Gerlachand Sean Sylva, bothmembers of the Na-tional Ocean Sci-ences AcceleratorMass Spectrometergroup, were pro-moted to the Techni-cal Staff as ResearchAssociate IIs.

Several Depart-ment members re-ceived recognitionfor their scientific ac-complishments in2001. The W. VanAlan Clark, Sr., Chairwas awarded to Se-nior Scientist Dan

Fornari, recognizing his contributions to our understandingof submarine volcanism, mid-ocean ridge processes, and theuse of deep submergence technology for exploration of thedeep sea. John Hayes and Lloyd Keigwin were both namedFellows of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), bring-ing the total number of AGU Fellows in G&G to six. Finally,G&G Joint Program Student Carolyn Gramling received anAGU Outstanding Student Paper Award in the Hydrologysection for her poster titled “Reactive Transport: A Compari-son of Experimental and Model Results.”

—Robert S. Detrick, Department Chair

Working on the WHOI pier, Assistant Scientist Rob Sohn, left, and GuestInvestigator Peter Hall conduct dynamic control tests on a vehicle designed

to map unexplored regions of the Arctic seafloor under the ice cap.To

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Dorinda Ostermann, Research Specialist

Records from sediment traps de-ployed worldwide since the1970s quantify the amounts,

composition, and timing of particledeposition to the ocean floor. Themost revealing particles we collect insediment traps are the skeletons ofsurface-water plankton that die andsettle to the seafloor. Changing theflow of cold polar and warm Atlanticwaters into the Greenland/Iceland/Norwegian Sea gyre influence both at-mospheric and oceanographic condi-tions, which impact the type of par-ticles collected. As research under-scores the importance of the Arctic toglobal climate, it is imperative that weunderstand oceanographic processesin this area. Since 1986, colleagues atthe Marine Research Institute inReykjavík, Iceland, and I have con-tinuously deployed a time-series sedi-ment trap that allows us to monitorthe effects of changes in polar and At-lantic flows in the Iceland Sea, andthe effect these changes have on theamount and types of particles.

Prior to 1997, the majority of the

particles we collected were siliceousplankters (diatoms, dinoflagellates,and radiolarians). But after monitor-ing the particle flux in the Iceland Seafor 15 years, a remarkable event wascaptured both in our samples and bySea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor(SeaWiFS) satellite imagery (see figurebelow). In the summer of 1999, we col-lected as much calcium carbonate inone two-week interval as in the previ-ous 15 years of collection combined!All but one percent of the material wecollected was composed of thecoccolithiphore Coccolithus pelagicus. Toput this in perspective, satellite imag-ery showed the Iceland Sea C. pelagicusbloom covered 29,220 square kilome-ters (11,688 square miles), a land massequivalent to the country of Belgiumor the state of Maryland. A bloom ofthis size and extent produced a car-bonate flux equal to that of the mon-soonal upwelling in the Western Ara-bian Sea, one of the most productiveregions of the world’s oceans.

Why did a carbonate and not a sili-cate plankter, as normal, bloom in theIceland Sea in 1999? We believe that a

number of hydro-graphic and atmo-spheric conditionscoincided to allowfor the C. pelagicusbloom. Starting inwinter 1996, nutri-ent data show thatdissolved silica wastotally depletedwhile importantnutrients such asphosphate and ni-trate remainedavailable for in-creased productionof nonsiliceousplankters such ascoccolithiphores.Surface waters ofthe Iceland Seathen freshened and

cooled dramatically, causing a watercolumn instability that we believe isthe trigger for maximum growth ofthis species. Sediment trap data fromthe Sea of Okhotsk supports this hy-pothesis with indications that spring

surface waters in the Sea of Okhotskfreshen due to input from the AmurRiver and melting sea ice, leading to in-creased carbonate production and flux.

The freshening of the water massat the Iceland Sea mooring locationmay be a result of Arctic Sea ice thin-ning and/or Greenland glacial wast-ing. Arctic sea ice has thinned froman average of 3.1 meters (about 10feet) in the 1950s to 1.8 meters (6feet) in the 1990s, resulting in 15 per-cent less total coverage than in 1978.NASA’s Program for Arctic RegionalClimate Assessment has shown thathigh elevation (more than 2,000meters) glacial Greenland appears tobe in overall balance while glaciersalong coastal regions thinned be-

Iceland Sea Carbonate Flux Increases Dramatically

GREENLAND

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Modified from McCartney et al., 1996. Oceanus, vol. 39(2).

ICELAND

Representative surface circulation scheme forthe North Atlantic with a green star marking

the Iceland Sea mooring location. The mooringis located in 1,853 meters (6,115 feet) of water,

1,420 meters (4,686 feet) below the surfaceat 68°N, 12.6°W. It is ideally situated to

monitor interactions between the cold (drawnin blue) and warm (drawn in red) currents

crossing the Nordic Seas today.

Jack

Coo

k

SeaWiFS satellite composite image for June 18, 1999, to July31, 1999. The areal extent of the Coccolithus pelagicus bloom

(lighter colors) was about 29,220 square kilometers (11,688square miles). The bloom is centered at 70.23° N, 9.75° W, a

full 120 nautical miles from the mooring location (green star).


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JAN MAYEN ISLANDJAN MAYEN ISLAND


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Coccolithiphores such as Coccolithus pelagicus are one of some5,000 species of single-celled phytoplankton that drift freely

and photosynthesize in the upper layers of the world’s ocean.These microscopic plants grow armored platelets made ofcarbonate. The white cliffs of Dover are an example of the

accumulation of eons of coccoliths, the fossilized remains ofthe platelets. Coccolithus pelagicus is one of the largest (8 to16

microns) and most robust of the coccolithophore speciesfound in the water column today.

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tween 1 meter (3.3 feet) per year in thenorth to 10 meters (33 feet) per yearin the southeast. The fresh water re-sulting from Arctic and Greenlandglacial thinning flows into the EastGreenland Current, which feeds intothe waters of the mooring location.

The remarkable Iceland Sea carbon-ate flux is not an isolated conditionbut part of a larger pattern of increasedcarbonate production in high latituderegional seas connected to the Arctic.SeaWiFS data compilations show thatthe Bering, Norwegian, and BarentsSeas each experienced major coccolithblooms in 1998, followed in 1999 bythe large bloom of C. pelagicus in theIceland Sea. The carbonate blooms ofthe Greenland, Iceland, Norwegian,and Barents Seas were not repeated in2000 or 2001.

Dramatic changes in the IcelandSea carbonate flux will certainly affectthe amount and kind of material pre-served in the sedimentary record dur-ing unique production events such asthe 1999 pulse our trap recorded.Conditions altering the relativeamounts of polar and Atlantic watersnot only influence the atmosphereand the surface ocean but also thedeposition of particles to the deepocean. For instance, because theNorth Atlantic is an important sinkfor atmospheric carbon dioxide,coccolithiphore blooms can signifi-cantly affect the drawdown of green-house gases such as carbon dioxide,possibly altering the air-sea fluxes ofclimate controlling chemical constitu-ents. These kinds of linked observa-tions are critical to our ability to inter-pret paleoclimate variability of sedi-mentary records from deep-sea corescollected in the Greenland, Iceland,and Norwegian Seas.

This project was funded initially by theNational Science Foundation as a one-yeardeployment. However, we have been ableto used limited funds from associatedprojects to keep this project going for 17years. The Iceland Sea sediment trap is nowthe second longest such time-series data setin the world.

A sediment trap is basically alarge funnel anchored to the

seafloor (see illustrations rightand left). It catches materialon its way down through thewater column to become part

of the geological record. Amotor moves an emptysample cup under the

collection funnel at predeter-mined intervals of a few weeks

to a month. For the first 15years of the Iceland mooring,

the sample interval wasaround 27 days. In 1999, theinterval was changed to twoweeks during the spring and

summer and two monthsduring the winter. To theresearchers delight, thisturned out to align the

production and eventualdeposition of C. pelagicusperfectly with satellite imagery of the bloom. Large, heavy

particles such as foraminifera and clumps of coccoliths maysettle from the surface to the trap at rates of 100 meters perday or around 14 days. Cup #4 (above) shows the early July1999 sample of C. pelagicus. Each cup can hold 250 milliliters

of material (about 8 oz).

Jayn

e D

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Loui

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Mar

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Jeff Standish, Joint Program Student,and Henry Dick, Senior Scientist

O f all the world’s oceans, themost inaccessible is the Arc-tic. Covered by ice and

shrouded in darkness for six months ofthe year, it represents the last greatfrontier for ocean sciences. The few re-liable maps available at the turn of thecentury were made by nuclear subma-rine only in the last few years. To thoseof us studying ocean ridges and theevolution of Earth’s deep interior, itwas the last unexplored ocean ridge—akey gap in our global collection of rockfrom the ocean basins.

Some three-fifths of Earth’s crustforms at ocean ridges, and the GakkelRidge occupies a unique and impor-tant place within the global ridge sys-tem. It runs over the top of the world,extending 1,080 miles from off the

northeastern corner of Greenland,across the Eurasian Basin, to the conti-nental margin in the Laptev Sea. It isthe deepest oceanridge, and it has theslowest spreadingrate, decreasing rap-idly west to eastfrom one inch peryear near Greenlandto a half an inch peryear at its easternend. Because fastand slow spreadingridges exhibit greatdifferences in the composition andstructure of the ocean crust, theorypredicted that as seafloor spreadingslows along the Gakkel Ridge, a majorchange would occur. Namely, volcan-ism would wither as seafloor spreadingdecreased, and the ridge would become

essentially a crack in the planet wheresolid mantle rock from depth would bepulled up by the spreading plates to

form new seafloor.Lavas erupting

from deep within theearth at mid-oceanridges provide theprinciple means forinferring the compo-sition of the mantleand its global varia-tion. The GakkelRidge has long tan-talized geochemists

because sampling rocks along itslength promised a view into the inte-rior of the earth beneath the pole ofplanetary rotation. It also presented,however, the possibility of samplingmantle peridotite over a large regionand directly observing lateral varia-

Icebreaker Voyage to North Pole Brings New World in View

Two icebreakers equipped for oceanographic research traveled together on the 2001 Gakkel Ridge/North Pole expedition.The US Coast Guard’s Healy, foreground, was on its first research cruise, while the German Polarstern has made

nearly 30 Arctic and Antarctic voyages since its commissioning in 1982.

Hen

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Hen

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Jeff Standish hugs the North Pole.



20


Gre

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cean

tions in mantle composition—a uniqueopportunity simply not available any-where else. In July 2001, US oceanogra-phers not only got their first detailedlook at the Gakkel Ridge but alsogained a new ocean to explore whenthe US Coast Guard’s icebreaker Healymade its first research voyage. Alongwith WHOI Research Specialist JimBroda and Postdoctoral InvestigatorDeborah Hassler, we were fortunate tobe among 21 US scientists embarkingfrom Tromso, Norway, for an epic two-ship expedition to the Arctic Ice Cap.Among the scientific party were JointProgram graduates David Graham (Or-egon State University) and HedyEdmonds (University of Texas at Aus-tin) and a former Summer Student Fel-low, Peter Michael (University ofTulsa), the lead scientist aboard Healy.We were accompanied by German sci-entists aboard R/V Polarstern, includinganother Joint Program graduate, JonSnow (Max Planck Institute for Chem-istry, Mainz, Germany). Our objectivewas to do detailed rock sampling alonga 1,000-kilometer (690-mile) section of

actively spreading ridge and to moni-tor for hydrothermal plume activitywithin the rift valley.

A great deal of logistical and scien-tific planning preceded this expedition,yet the largest unknown remained:How would Healy perform on its firstscientific voyage? One old Arctic handpredicted we wouldn’t be able to do“dredge 1.” No one even contemplatedcollecting high quality SWATHbathymetery data while poundingthrough the ice. It did not take long forHealy to impress us, both with its icebreaking and its technologicalstrength. Any doubts about Healy’s ca-pabilities were quickly put to rest, aswe, along with the Polarstern scientificparty, proceeded to conduct 200 suc-cessful dredges and to produce a highresolution bathymetry map.

The character of the Gakkel Ridgeturned out to be a bit different thanpredicted. As we moved from west toeast, instead of gradually dying away,the volcanoes abruptly stopped at 3°E.From there, for nearly 100 kilometers(60 miles), we found mantle rock from

Joint Program graduate HedyEdmonds, now at the University of

Texas at Austin, marks potential dredgesites on a SWATH bathymetry map

created during the Gakkel Ridge cruise.

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Nansen BasinNansen Basin

SvalbardSvalbard

Laptev SeaLaptev Sea

Lomonosov RidgeLomonosov Ridge

Hen

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ick

Healy cruise track shows extensive exploration of the Gakkel Ridge and an excursion to the pole.


21

deep within the earth rising up in greatsolid slabs to form new seafloor. Then,surprisingly, a new volcano appeared.Further east, there was more mantlerock, then another volcano, and so onas far as we surveyed (figure belowright). This showed for the first timethat ocean ridge volcanism isn’t simplya primary function of spreading rate.The generation of magmas deep withinthe earth’s interior is more compli-cated than ever imagined!

Based on the ultra-slow spreadingrate, current dogma also predicted nearabsence of hydrothermal vent activity—as spreading rate slows, less volcanismshould also mean that hydrothermalvents disappear. However, on a Knorrcruise in 2000 to the slow-spreadingSouthwest Indian Ridge, we sampledsix new hydrothermal deposits in arelatively small area of ridge. Did thismean that hydrothermal venting wasmore frequent than predicted for ultra-slow spreading ridges? This was dra-matically confirmed when we dredgedseveral hydrothermal deposits on theGakkel Ridge and our sensors regis-tered hydrothermal plume anomaliesat 12 separate sites. Nearly as many hy-drothermal plumes were discovered inthis one cruise as in the last 20 years ofMid-Atlantic Ridge exploration. Alongwith vent sulfides dredged from an ac-tive black smoker, we recovered a vari-ety of biological fauna—a discovery ofgreat potential importance. Like theMediterreanean Sea, the Arctic Oceanis unusual because of its limited con-nections to other major oceans—withthe extraordinary feature of being cov-ered by ice. The abundant biology wefound, then, was a great surprise.

In addition to the unexpected scien-tific discoveries and the overall successof the cruise, we all became “polar ex-plorers.” On September 6, 2001, Healyreached 90°N latitude. None of us willever forget the exhilaration of steppingoff Healy to stand at the point whereall Earth’s lines of latitude convergeand having the entire world directlybelow our feet!

In addition to the many scientific

discoveries of this cruise, to many, itsmost important aspect was the remark-able capabilities of the ship. With theadvent of Healy, carefully planned by acooperative Coast Guard/US science

community effort, the US has gone ina single season from a minor presencein the Arctic Ocean to perhaps theprinciple player.

Hen

ry D

ick

A Gakkel Ridge dredge sample comes aboard Healy. Inset showshydrothermal sulfide dredged from Gakkel Ridge rift valley.

New Lava

Lav

Dike

Gabbros

Mantle

Rock

New

Cru

Magma Chamber

Ice Flows

ce Breaker

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Mantle Flow

Direction


Along-axis profile of the easternGakkel Rift. Slabs of mantle rock emerge

from the seafloor to form the rift valley walls.Two volcanoes (purple color) erupt over the mantle

blocks, creating belts of crust that extend out in thedirection of seafloor spreading, while a single small isolated

volcano erupts in the rift valley between them. The asthenosphere/lithosphere boundaryoccurs where rising hot mantle cools to form the rigid lithosphere.

E. P

aul O

berla

nder


22

Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department

Research in the Department of Marine Chemistryand Geochemistry (MCG) involves all aspects ofchemical fluxes to and from the oceans. MCG re-

searchers use laboratory and field-based tools to under-stand the many processes that control the chemistry of theoceans and its variations with time. The research projectsoften focus on the mechanisms and rates of chemicaltransport at ocean boundaries, ranging from the ground-water fluxes in coastal areas to the importance of hydro-thermal activity in thedeep ocean. Many ofthese studies involvethe use of ships: MCGresearchers participatedin cruises in most of themajor oceans, from theGalápagos Islands nearthe equator to the RossSea off Antarctica.

Ongoing researchprojects also includeupper ocean bio-geochemical cycles, or-ganic geochemical tran-formations, seafloorhydrothermal circula-tion, photochemistry,atmospheric chemistry,marine aerosols, thesediment-ocean inter-face, mantle geochemis-try, extraterrestrialfluxes to the oceansand atmosphere, an-thropogenic contaminants, and remote sensing of theoceans. These projects often involved international col-laborations. In 2001, a delegation from MCG, includingBill Martin, Jim Moffett, Chris Reddy, and Fred Sayles,traveled to Chile to teach a marine chemistry course at theUniversity of Concepción.

At the end of 2001, there were 22 Scientific Staff mem-bers, 5 Scientists Emeritus, 20 Technical Staff members, 10graded staff, 6 administrative support staff, 4 Adjunct Sci-entists, and 1 Adjunct Oceanographer. In addition, therewere 18 MIT/WHOI Joint Program Ph.D. students, 14postdoctoral researchers, and 5 summer fellows. MCGstaff taught four graduate courses as part of the MIT/

WHOI Joint Program. Department members submitted 89proposals and participated in 134 actively funded projects,a significant number of which were initiated and aug-mented with internal WHOI funds. The main source of re-search funding for the department is the National ScienceFoundation, but outside support also came from the Of-fice of Naval Research, Department of Energy, NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, EnvironmentalProtection Agency, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration.There were a number

of important personnelchanges in 2001. JimMoffett was promotedto Senior Scientist andJeff Seewald to Associ-ate Scientist with ten-ure. Kathleen Rutten-berg received theWoman Scholar Awardfrom Michigan Techno-logical University, butalso announced thatshe is leaving MCG totake a position at theUniversity of Hawaii.Two new ScientificStaff appointmentswere announced in2001: Bill Jenkins, whorecently received theA.G. HuntsmanFoundation’s Award forExcellence in Marine

Science, will return to MCG following four years at theUniversity of Southampton. Scott Doney, a 1991 MIT/WHOI Joint Program graduate who received the AmericanGeophysical Union’s 2001 MacElwane Medal, recognizingsignificant contributions to the geophysical sciences by ayoung scientist of outstanding ability, will join the depart-ment from the National Center for Atmospheric Researchin Boulder, Colorado. We are pleased to welcome these twooutstanding scientists to WHOI; they will enhance the de-partmental research programs through studies of air/seagas exchange and global biogeochemical models.

—Mark D. Kurz, Department Chair

Nelson Frew, foreground, and Nick Witzell, right, work with col-leagues to prepare the sampling/sensor package called LADAS forair-sea interaction investigations aboard R/V Ron Brown (National

Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) during a January-to-March2001 research voyage in the Pacific Ocean.

Bob

Nel

son


23

Matthew A. Charette, Assistant Scientist

N early 97 percent of Earth’sfreshwater reservoir exists asgroundwater, yet groundwa-

ter is often neglected in calculations offreshwater and associated dissolvedsubstance input to the coastal zone.Groundwater movement into salt-wa-ter bodies, called submarine ground-water discharge, occurs wherever thewater table is above sea level and hy-draulically connected to the ocean. Un-til recently, however, submarinegroundwater discharge has receivedlittle attention, mainly because it is dif-ficult to quantify. New applications ofgeochemical tracers have led to greatadvances in this emerging topic overthe past several years.

Recent estimates put global subma-rine groundwater discharge at 2,200square kilometers per year, roughlyequivalent to five percent of total riverinput. Though this may not representa significant component of freshwaterflux to the oceans, some dissolved sub-stances carried by groundwater may beorders of magnitude higher than theyare in rivers or receiving water bodiesand thus account for a significantcomponent of the geochemical budgetof certain elements.

On Cape Cod, the key biogeochemi-cal problem associated with coastalgroundwater flow is the introductionof “new” nitrogen entrained bygroundwater plumes passing throughseptic tank fields located along thecoastline. It is not unusual for CapeCod groundwater to contain dissolvedinorganic nitrogen concentrationsranging from 100 to1,000 times greaterthan receiving water concentration.This has caused eutrophication ofcoastal embayments where much ofthe nitrogen is stored as particulate ni-trogen (for example, as macroalgae).

A number of investigations haveconsidered the impact of submarinegroundwater discharge on a widerange of spatial scales from global

fluxes to processes occurring at thegroundwater/ocean interface. Thiszone was recently termed the “subter-ranean estuary” by 1999 WHOIKetchum Award winner WillardMoore (University of South Carolina).He describes parallels with the surfaceestuary, including that both are mix-ing interfaces for freshwater and sea-water bodies and both are signifi-cantly impacted by human activities.

Since early 2000, with support fromthe National Science Foundation, EdSholkovitz and I have been studyingthe subterranean estuary of WaquoitBay, a large semi-enclosed surface estu-ary located about 15 kilometers (9miles) east of WHOI. On a routinesampling trip, we observed relativelyhigh concentrations of dissolved ironin the groundwater at the head of thebay. From prior studies, we knew thatapproximately 30,000 cubic meters ofsubmarine groundwater discharge perday were flowing into the bay. Giventhe iron content of the groundwater,this meant that nearly 30 tons of ironwas being carried toward the bay eachyear. But where was it going? There was

some surficial evidence of iron-stainedsands in the northeastern portion ofthe bay, but not nearly enough to bal-ance the calculated input rate.

This led us to hypothesize that an“Iron Curtain” was forming in thesubterranean estuary beneath thehead of the bay. Sediment cores wecollected from the intertidal zone on acold and rainy day in April 2001 vali-dated our hypothesis. They exhibitediron oxide-rich sands colored darkred, yellow, and orange and formed bythe oxidation of iron-rich groundwa-ter near the groundwater-seawater in-terface. The iron oxide content ofthese “Iron Curtain” sediments wasfour to six times greater than that ofsurface sands and 10 to15 timeshigher than that of sands collectedfrom an off-site location.

Many elements readily attach to thesurface of iron oxides in the presenceof oxygen. Because of this immensebinding capacity, the Iron Curtainsediments created a geochemical bar-rier by retaining and accumulating cer-tain dissolved chemical species alongwith the iron. Indeed, phosphorus con-

Submarine Groundwater Discharge Creates “Iron Curtain”

Matt Charette and colleagues operate a coring rig in Waquoit Bay to collect sediments.

Chr

is W

eidm

an, W

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24


A life-saving example of submarine groundwater discharge isdescribed by Nathaniel Philbrick in his account of the

whale ship Essex tragedy titled “In the Heart of the Sea” (Pen-guin paperback, 2001). In 1822, about one month at sea afterthe sinking of their ship, the sailors happened upon a small up-lifted coral atoll. Having nearly exhausted their supply of freshwater, they began to search the island for any sign of the pre-cious liquid. After nearly two days of searching, they got lucky ina most unlikely location:

“Up in the cliffs, Nickerson had noticed the…display of ‘ex-traordinary spirit and activity’ and soon became part of a generalrush for the beach. The men had, in fact, found a spring bub-bling up from a hole in a large flat rock…once everyone had beengiven a chance to drink, they began to marvel at their good for-tune. The spring was so far below the tide line that it was ex-posed for just a half-hour at dead low; at high tide it was asmuch as six feet underwater. They had time to fill only two smallkegs before the rock once again disappeared below the surf.”

Rusty color of extracted sediment core indicatesiron-rich sediments influenced by groundwater

discharging offshore.

Cou

rtes

y of

the

Nan

tuck

et H

isto

rical

Ass

ocia

tion

centrations in the iron oxide-rich sandsof Waquoit Bay were five to seven timesgreater than in overlying surface sands.

The formation of an Iron Curtainrequires an aquifer that is rich in dis-solved iron and flowing into oxygen-ated coastal sediments. Iron Curtainsmay be common in coastal regions:Conditions favorable to their forma-tion have been described for a sandy

German beach on the North Sea, NewYork coastal areas, a freshwater floodplain in Ontario, Canada, and in wet-lands of New Zealand’s North Island.As we work toward a better understand-ing of the geochemistry of subterra-nean estuaries, we expect to find moreIron Curtain type conditions. The nextstep will be to examine their implica-tions for the health of coastal waters.

Thomas Nickerson, the 15-year-old cabin boy aboard Essex,was the first to spot the huge whale and was at the helm when

it struck. Nickerson's sketch of the whale attacking the shipshows members of the crew already beginning to untie the

spare whaleboat from the rack above the quarterdeck.

Groundwater Flow

Fresh Groundwater No Dissolved Oxygen High Dissolved Iron High Phosphate

"Iron Curtain"Dissolved Iron Iron OxidesIron Oxides "Scavenge" Phosphate

Saline Porewater High Dissolved Oxygen Low Dissolved Iron Low Phosphate

Mixing Zone

Waquoit Bay

Chr

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ay N

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This cross section of the“subterranean estuary” of Waquoit Bay shows the location

of the “Iron Curtain.” Dissolved iron oxidizes rapidly in the presence of oxygen. Theprocess of iron-rich groundwater upwelling at the shoreline and encountering

oxygenated sediments forms the “Iron Curtain.” Because phosphate (as well as otherdissolved chemicals in the groundwater) has a strong affinity for iron oxide surfaces, it

is essentially filtered out by the Iron Curtain before it can enter the estuary.

Jack

Coo

k


25

Wolfgang Bach, Assistant Scientist

I n volcanically active areas of theseafloor, seawater circulatingthrough subseafloor rock can

reach temperatures over 400° C(750° F). After leaching largeamounts of metals from Earth’s oce-anic crust, the heated water rises tothe seafloor-seawater interface. Dis-solved in the hot fluid, the metalsmay be transported considerable dis-tances before precipitating from thecooled water in the form of ore min-erals at or near the seafloor. Thesehydrothermal systems are com-mon along the 60,000-kilome-ter (36,000-mile) network ofsubmarine volcanoes thatform the global mid-ocean ridge system. Ma-rine scientists have longrecognized their impor-tant role in our planet’senergy and chemical bud-gets. They also know thatsome of the world’s larg-est copper and gold de-posits were created bysubmarine volcanic andhydrothermal activity.

More than a decadeago, economic geologistsSteve Scott (University ofToronto) and Ray Binns(Commonwealth Scien-tific & Industrial ResearchOrganisation, Australia)set out to explore large ar-eas of southwest PacificOcean seafloor in search of modernsulfide ore deposits, with the idea thatstudying modern deposits wouldbring insight into the historic forma-tion of ores. In 1991, they discoverednumerous active hydrothermal sites inthe eastern Manus Basin on the crestof the 35-kilometer- (21-mile-) longPual Ridge and named the area thePACMANUS Hydrothermal Field. Tenyears later, the Ocean DrillingProgram’s JOIDES Resolution began to

recover samples from the basementunderlying PACMANUS to examineore formation in this environment.

Clouds of ash erupting fromRabaul, one of many volcanoes that oc-cur in chains around the Manus Basin,reminded drill ship scien-tists that theywere work-

ing in one of the Earth’s mostmagmatically and plate tectonically ac-tive areas. We were drilling into a sub-marine volcano in water nearly a miledeep. The eastern Manus Basin offeredus the unique opportunity to study thebirth of a new sea: Crust pushed abovesea level long ago is being ripped apartby plate-tectonic forces and replaced bymagmatic rocks that become new sea-floor. Just south of the Manus Basin,in the New Britain Trench, the same

forces are subducting ocean crust backdown into the earth’s mantle. Watersqueezed from the downgoing crusttriggers mantle melting that feeds vol-canism in the Manus Basin and adja-cent volcanic arcs. Cycling of elements

through the subduction zone andspecifics of melting re-

actions in thepresence

of water result in volcanic rock whosecomposition differs drastically fromthe rock formed at mid-ocean ridges.Manus Basin rocks exhibit higher con-tents of silica and metals such as cop-per, zinc, silver, and gold. These mag-mas are also very gas-rich, due to re-lease of water and carbon dioxide fromthe subducting ocean crust.

The JOIDES Resolution team drilledholes as deep as 386 meters (1,274feet), with significant penetration of

Ocean Drilling Program Explores the Making of Ore Deposits

Schematic model of the PACMANUS hydrothermal system. Magma reservoirs at depth provide heat todrive hydrothermal circulation of seawater and feed gases and metals into the hydrothermal system.

Circulation of Seawat

er

Influ

x o f Magmat

icGase

s

MAG MA

300°

C

400°C

Pual RidgeSn

ow

cap

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ll Si

te Ro

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ins

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ll Si

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nDioxide, Sulfu

r Dioxid

e,

Chlorin

e, Fluorin e

2,000 Meters

Seafloor

HydrothermalPlume


Jayn

e D

ouce

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26


Cathodoluminescence microscopy image of an anhydrite vein recovered from ODP Site 1188. Color variations indicate different levels ofmanganese and rare earth element incorporation in the crystal lattice. Width of image is 5 millimeters.

the subseafloor in the Snowcap field(an area of diffuse discharge of cooledhydrothermal fluids mixed with largefractions of seawater) and the RomanRuins field (focused fluid flow that re-sults in the formation of sulfide chim-ney structures). Analysis of rocks andminerals recovered from these drillholes will help me to elucidate chemi-cal reactions occurring between heatedseawater and basement rock. I willstudy the role of magmatic vapor re-

leased from the gas-rich magmas uponcooling and solidification and examinethe distinct mineral assemblages thatform when sulfur dioxide releasedfrom the crystallizing magmas reactswith hydrothermal fluid. It will also beof interest to decipher fluid pathwaysand the extent to which fluids arecooled, heated, and mixed with one an-other in different parts of the systems.

Curiously, PACMANUS drilling re-covered only a small amount of ore.

However, data from sensors loweredinto the bore holes to measure rockdensity and electrical conductivity in-dicate the presence of massive amountsof ore in some areas. The mineral anhy-drite, common in submarine hydro-thermal systems, is an excellent re-corder of subseafloor hydrothermalprocesses. It is a salt composed of cal-cium, sulfur, and oxygen, but, unlikemost salts, it dissolves better in coldwater than in hot. Study of active sys-tems therefore allows scientists to gaininsights into ore deposit formationthat is not available from work on an-cient deposits found on land, becauseanhydrite dissolves in groundwater.

Analysis of anhydrite will help tounravel the spatial and temporal devel-opment of the PACMANUS hydrother-mal system and further our under-standing of hydrothermal ore forma-tion. I plan to examine the ratios of dif-ferent sulfur, oxygen, and strontiumisotopes, which, like fingerprints, allowreconstruction of fluid sources andformation temperatures. This researchwill further our understanding of hy-drothermal ore formation and will al-low estimation of consequences for ele-ment fluxes into the ocean.

Sequence of maps showing the regional tectonic setting of the PACMANUS vent field in theeastern Manus Basin. (A) The Manus basin is a rapidly opening marginal sea, forming in

response to a major reorganization of plate boundaries in the Southwest Pacific. The EasternManus Rift zone is a pull-apart structure between two of the major transform faults. Dots

represent active volcanoes. (B) Distribution of hydrothermal deposits and drill sites within thePACMANUS field along the crest of Pual Ridge.

5°S

145°E 150°E

5°S

10°S

PACMANUS,

East Manus

155°E

Manus Basin

Manus

Trench

New Britain Trench

Woodlark

Basin

PapuaNew Guinea

East Manus Basin

PACMANUS

Spreading Centers

Rabaul

A

Pual

Ridge

1700

1800

1900

Dep

th (m

eter

s)

151°40.5'E 100 Meters151°40'E3°44'S

3°43'30

B

Snowcap

Roman Ruins

3°43'S

Iron-Manganese Sulfide chimneys

Diffuse VentingDrill Holes

Dav

id V

anko

, Tow

son

Uni

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27

The Physical Oceanography Department includesscientists who study broad-scale, general oceancirculation on time scales from seasonal to

decadal and longer, the role of the ocean in climate vari-ability, and processes affecting water mass formationsuch as mixing and air-sea interaction. Department in-vestigators make fundamental observations of theocean, spanning the globe from the Arctic to the Antarc-tic, from the coastal ocean to the deep sea, and from thesurface layer to theocean bottom.

Over the last year,two new Assistant Sci-entists joined the De-partment. Steve Jayne,an MIT/WHOI JointProgram graduate, re-turned to WHOI aftera postdoctoral term atthe National Centerfor Atmospheric Re-search/University ofColorado. Steve plansto concentrate onstudies begun duringhis Ph.D. thesis onproblems related toeddy dynamics, and heis an active participantin a new NationalAeronautics and SpaceAdministration Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment(GRACE) mission. It is scheduled for launch in 2002 tomake precise measurements of Earth’s shifting watermasses and to map their effects on our planet’s gravityfield. The important ocean signal measured by this newsatellite will be time-varying pressure at the bottom of theocean. Bernadette Sloyan came to WHOI following a post-doctoral appointment at the National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration’s Pacific Marine EnvironmentalLaboratory in Seattle. She completed a Ph.D. at the Univer-sity of Tasmania, Australia, and her area of expertise is theuse of inverse models to study ocean dynamics. Her mainfocus thus far has been on the Southern Ocean, and she

plans to initiate new measurements there in collaborationwith others in the Department.

During 2001, we made two adjunct appointments, GregHolloway (University of British Columbia Institute ofOcean Sciences) and Changsheng Chen (University of Mas-sachusetts Dartmouth). Greg is interested in Arctic pro-cesses and eddy dynamics while Changsheng will collabo-rate with our coastal group. Sonya Legg was promoted toAssociate Scientist, and Dick Payne, a long-term member

of our Technical Staff,retired and was ap-pointed Oceanogra-pher Emeritus.

Several departmentmembers have re-cently received hon-ors. Nelson Hogg ac-cepted the HenryStommel Award fromthe American Meteo-rological Society, andRui Xin Huang wasawarded WHOI’s W.Van Alan Clark, Jr.,Chair. Ken Brink wasappointed a fellow ofboth the AmericanGeophysical Unionand the American Me-teorological Society,and Karl Helfrich was

elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society.Amy Bower undertook perhaps the most perilous re-

search in 2001. As Chief Scientist aboard R/V MauriceEwing (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) in the Gulf ofAden, she had to alter the cruise plan due to a piracy inci-dent when Ewing was fired upon (without injuries or dam-age to the ship) off the Somali coast. The scientists com-pleted their work, avoiding coastal waters, and debarked inDjibouti, where they were escorted to the airport for aflight to Paris—and were stranded in Paris for several daysin the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attack onthe United States.

—Terrence M. Joyce, Department Chair

Dave Wellwood, left, John Toole, and Ellyn Montgomery prepare thehigh-resolution profiler for a plunge through the water column. The

instrument made its 1,000th data collection profile in fall 2001.

Tom

Bol

mer

Physical Oceanography Department


28

Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Sea Ice Area

Surface Air Temperature

North PoleIceland

J. Walsh DataReconstruction

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Andrey Proshutinsky, Associate Scientistand Arctic Coordinator

Significant variations are evidentin the last century’s records ofthe Arctic, which is considered

the “canary” of climatechange. They include adramatic decrease insea-ice area, a general in-crease in precipitationand river discharge, ris-ing sea level, and alter-nating cyclonic (coun-terclockwise) and anti-cyclonic (clockwise)wind patterns.

Assembling these ob-servations is not easy: Be-fore 1943, most of the ex-isting data do not coverthe central Arctic area.Relatively good-qualitybut scarce observationsfrom high latitudes are available follow-ing 1942, and there are large numbers ofdata points after 1978 when satellitesand surface buoys began to provide in-

formation from the central Arctic. De-spite the paucity of information, it is im-portant to understand past Arctic condi-tions as we work toward prediction of cli-mate change. Therefore, with support

from the Wadati Fund of the Geophysi-cal Institute at the University of AlaskaFairbanks and WHOI funding for Arcticcoordination, we integrated data from

many sources to construct a picture of20th century Arctic conditions.

Monthly mean atmospheric sealevel pressure data is available from theNational Center for Atmospheric Re-

search for the entire cen-tury. Though there areno data for the centralArctic until 1943, we re-constructed data for theearlier period and used itas a basis for determiningother central Arctic char-acteristics for the early20th century. Our meth-ods included both amathematical techniquefor determining principalmodes of variability anduse of data from later pe-riods to create analogsfor earlier periods withno data available. The

figures show some of our results forthe North Pole and for Iceland. Sealevel atmospheric pressure at theNorth Pole and over the ocean (notshown) decreases from the beginningof the century, with the maximum de-crease at the North Pole. Variability ona decadal scale is also evident.

The plot marked C at left shows sur-face temperature. It exhibits two coldand two warm climate states duringthe 20th century, with a positive trendof about 0.8°C (1.44°F). Note the sig-nificant warming event from the 1920sto the 1940s.

The plot labeled B, annual meansea-ice area, shows a dramatic decreasesince approximately 1950. After 1950,sea-ice area correlates very well withsurface air temperature; that is, therewere colder air temperatures and in-creased sea ice in the 1960s and 1970s,and warmer temperatures in the 1980sand 1990s correlate with a significantdecrease in sea-ice area. We recon-structed pre-1950s sea-ice conditionsbased on our sea level pressure recon-struction by assuming that each

Arctic Climate Variability in the 20th Century

Observed and reconstructed anomalies of Arctic climate parameters. Solid lines show 5-yearrunning mean and bars depict annual mean anomalies from observations. Dotted lines depict

5-year running mean reconstructed anomalies. Dashed lines show trends.

And

rey

Pros

hutin

sky

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Precipitation

River Discharge

Sea Level

40

20

0

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-40

Mill

imet

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6420

-2-4x1

.E3

M^

3/se

c

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Cen

tim

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D

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F

In 1978, the author joined colleagues in the Russian Arctic Program for aresearch expedition to the North Pole region. Using three AN-2 airplanes (two

planes carried scientists and equipment and a third worked as a shuttle,providing fuel for the long distance legs between oceanographic stations),

the team measured meteorological and oceanographic phenomena.

And

rey

Pros

hutin

sky


29

monthly sea-level pressure field has itsown sea-ice distribution pattern. Thedotted line shows the results: There ismuch greater decadal variability for1899 to 1943 than in the original dataset, and its variability is consistent withair temperature variations. There is asea-ice area maximum at the beginningof the century when air temperatureanomalies were negative. From the1920s to the 1940s, when the Arctic airtemperature anomalies were positive,sea ice area was significantly lowerthan normal. Based on the recon-structed data, we conclude that sea icearea decreased by 1 million square kilo-meters during the 20th century.

Plot D shows an increase in precipi-tation during the century at an overallrate of 3 millimeters per 100 years, andriver discharge (Plot E) is consistentwith increased precipitation, thoughthe positive trend is not as evident.

About 60 tide-gauge stations in theSiberian seas recorded sea-levelchanges from the 1950s through the1990s. Most of these stations show sig-nificant sea-level rise. The dotted linein Plot F depicts annual mean sea levelfrom a numerical simulation based onthe reconstructed sea level pressurerecord. The observed and simulated seasurface heights are in good agreement,and the simulated positive sea leveltrend of 10 centimeters per 100 yearscorresponds very well with the ob-served trend.

Changes in the thermohaline andwind-driven circulation of the Arcticalong with decreasing sea-level pressureexplain the sea-level changes. To exam-ine the wind-driven Arctic Ocean circu-lation, we constructed a set of numeri-cal coupled ice-ocean models andfound that wind-driven motion in thecentral Arctic alternates between cy-clonic and anticyclonic, with each re-gime persisting for five to seven years.Anticylonic wind-driven motion in thecentral Arctic predominates during fiveperiods (1946 to 1952, 1958 to 1963,1972 to 1979, 1984 to 1988, and 1998to the present) and cyclonic motionduring four periods (1953 to 1957,

1964 to 1971, 1980 to 1983, and 1989to 1997). Changes in the location andintensity of the Icelandic low and theSiberian high result in shifts from oneregime to another. These transforma-tions occur quite rapidly and can be de-fined as climate shifts. The top part ofthe figure above shows a typical distri-bution of sea-level pressure, ice circula-tion, and surface wind-driven currentsfor the anticyclonic and cyclonic circu-lation regimes. In order to reconstructthe ice and ocean circulation, we simu-lated ice drift and ocean circulation for1899 to 1999 using the reconstructedmonthly sea level pressure data.

The lower panel above shows a timeseries of simulated sea level gradients.A positive gradient means that sea levelin the center of the Arctic Basin ishigher than along the coastline andthat the circulation is anticylonic. Anegative sea level gradient indicateslower sea level in the central Arctic and

increased sea level along the coastline.Before 1942, the strong anticycloniccirculation regime dominated over theArctic Ocean, and the alternating re-gimes described above are evident afterthat. Detailed analysis of available ob-servational data and the results of nu-merical modeling reveal significant dif-ferences in the Arctic atmosphere, icecover, and ocean during these two cli-mate states: The anticyclonic “winter”circulation regime brings a cold anddry atmosphere, increased ice thick-ness and concentration, and a saltier,colder upper ocean. During the cy-clonic “summer” regime, the atmo-sphere is relatively warm and wet, icedecreases, and the ocean is fresher andwarmer. We expect that the 1998 shiftfrom cyclonic to anticyclonic will bringsome cooling in the Arctic with in-creased ice thickness, ice concentra-tion, and ice extent during the periodfrom 2000 to 2005.

Upper panels: Typical annual wind-driven sea-ice and surface water circulation and atmo-spheric pressure distribution during anticyclonic (left) and cyclonic (right) circulation regimes.

Bottom panel shows time series of the Arctic Ocean Oscillation index or sea level gradient(see details in the text) simulated using a 2-D model and reconstructed sea level pressure data.

Arctic Ocean Oscillation Index

Anticyclonic Circulation Regime Cyclonic Circulation Regime

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

4

2

0

-2

-4Sea

Leve

l Gra

die

nt,

1.E

-6

North

America

North

America

RussiaRussia

Greenland

Greenland



30


David M. Fratantoni, Assistant Scientist

Swift western boundary currents,including the Gulf Stream andthe Gulf of Mexico Loop cur-

rent, generate energetic, swirling rings.The largest ocean rings spin off theNorth Brazil Current (NBC) near 8°Nin the western tropical Atlantic off-shore of Suriname and French Guinea.NBC rings, which can exceed 450 kilo-meters (270 miles) in diameter and2,000 meters (6,600 feet) in vertical ex-tent, move northwestward parallel tothe South American coastline untilthey collide with the Windward Islandsin the southeastern Caribbean Sea.These energetic rings and their re-mains, including filaments of nutrient-and sediment-rich Amazon andOrinoco River discharge, disrupt re-gional ocean circulation patterns, im-

pact the distribution of fish larvaefrom island coral reefs, and pose aphysical threat to expanding offshoreoil and gas exploration near Trinidadand Tobago. In a global context, the sixNBC rings generated annually are re-sponsible for up to one-third of theequatorial-to-subtropical mass andheat transport associated with the At-lantic meridional overturning circula-tion, a fundamental component ofEarth’s climate system.

Recently, with Scientist EmeritusPhil Richardson and colleagues at theUniversity of Miami, Lamont-DohertyEarth Observatory, and the NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministration’s Atlantic Oceano-graphic and Meteorological Labora-tory, we completed the first compre-hensive investigation of NBC ring

North Brazil Current Rings Engulf the Windward Islands

Dave Fratantoni displays a drifter readyfor launch from a ship.

The Amazon River discharges onto the continental shelf of equatorial Brazil, resulting in elevated nutrient concentrations andenhanced biological productivity. A plume of phytoplankton-rich, high-chlorophyll water is swept northwestward along the

nearshore edge of the North Brazil Current (NBC) and into the interior as the current turns offshore into the North EquatorialCountercurrent. Surface chlorophyll fields derived from satellite-based, ocean-color observations reveal filaments of highly produc-tive, Amazon-influenced water adjacent to and surrounding relatively lifeless mid-ocean water. This contrast permits visualization

of the cyclic advance and retreat of the NBC retroflection and the accompanying formation of pinched-off NBC rings.

80W 70W 60W 50W 40W 30W

0

10N

20N

Amazon River

Orinoco River

North Brazil Current Ring

North Equatorial Countercurrent

North Brazil Current

0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 5.00

Chlorophyll-a Concentration (Milligrams Per Cubic Meter)


31

generation, structure, and evolution.From 1998 to 2001 we conducted fourresearch cruises, each lasting a month,aboard R/V Seward Johnson (HarborBranch Oceanographic Institution) aspart of the National Science Founda-tion (NSF)-supported North BrazilCurrent Rings Experiment. On eachcruise we identified and surveyed oneor two NBC rings with an acousticDoppler current profiler and collectedvertical profiles of temperature, salin-ity, and dissolved oxygen within theswirling ring core. These velocity andwater property measurements werethe first ever collected within an NBCring and revealed much about the ori-gin of water trapped within the ringsand the efficiency of NBC rings as atransport mechanism. As each ring iscomparable in area to the state ofPennsylvania, a single ring surveytook more than a week.

Once we determined the ring’s basicgeometry and located its center, welaunched several acoustically trackedsubsurface floats and satellite-trackedsurface drifters into the ring core. Thefloats were ballasted to drift at one ofthree depths (250, 550, and 900meters). We were interested in how therings respond to abrupt topographicfeatures such as ridges, seamounts, andthe Lesser Antilles island chain. We de-ployed floats and drifters in a total offive different rings during the course ofthe experiment. Individual instru-ments swirled around the ring core forperiods as short as several days and aslong as several months. The final col-lection of trajectories provides aunique depiction of the horizontal andvertical velocity structure, downstreamevolution, and eventual catastrophicdemise of NBC rings.

We found the float and drifter mea-surements particularly valuable and re-vealing during the final phases of theNBC ring life cycle. Ring structure andintensity are radically modified whenrings collide with the Windward Is-lands and break into filaments andsmaller scale vortices, some of whichpenetrate the narrow island passages of

99/02/15 to 99/02/25 99/03/01 to 99/03/11 99/03/18 to 99/03/28

99/04/03 to 99/04/12 99/04/16 to 99/04/26 99/04/24 to 99/05/04

1 2

4

3

5 6

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2 2 2

2

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3

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3

Win

dwar

dIs

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Barbados

Time-series of drifter trajectories deployed in successive North Brazil Current rings during aFebruary 1999 cruise. As the first ring crashes into the Windward Islands the drifters that werein its core disperse through several shallow island passages. In contrast, the second ring turns

northward and passes over the island of Barbados while retaining a relatively intact core.Drifters looping around a third ring are visible in panels 5 and 6.

the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Un-like simulations performed with nu-merical ocean models, our results sug-gest that the much of the water con-tained within the core of NBC ringsdoes not enter the eastern Caribbeanbut is instead dispersed east of the is-lands as the rings are sheared apart. In-terestingly, the surface drifter observa-tions revealed that at least two NBC

rings completely engulfed the island ofBarbados while maintaining theirswirling structure. These close encoun-ters between a ring and a reef–fringedisland are consistent with the belief ofUniversity of Miami biologists thatNBC rings may contribute signifi-cantly to the dispersal of fish larvaethroughout the eastern Caribbean.

The drifter trajectories indicated

The Slocum glider is a two-meter-long torpedo-shaped winged vehicle conceived byHenry Stommel and Doug Webb and built by Webb Research Corporation of East

Falmouth, MA. It maneuvers through the ocean at a forward speed of one knot in asawtooth-shaped gliding trajectory for as long as 45 days while making measure-

ments of temperature, salinity, and bio-optical water properties.



32


that neighboring rings exert substan-tial influence on each other, affectingthe time and location at which ringcore water escapes into the tropical/subtropical gyre circulation. Also, de-formation of the generally ellipticalrings occurs rapidly, indicating thatprediction of high-velocity events at aparticular location (such as an islandor oil rig) depends on knowledge ofboth the ring’s travel speed and defor-mation history. Because NBC rings in-teract continually with neighboringrings and topographic features, exist-ing simple models of ring translationand evolution provide insufficient pre-dictive capabilities. Improved simula-tion and/or prediction of the intensevelocity fluctuations requires morethorough understanding of a ring’sevolution from genesis to demise, withparticular emphasis on the mecha-nisms of ring interaction with the un-derlying bottom topography.

Over the next two years we will re-duce and analyze the results of our re-cent field expeditions and make plansfor a new and larger experiment fo-cused specifically on the collision ofNBC rings with the Windward Islands.With NSF support, we are developinga new autonomous moored launchplatform with engineers Dan Frye (Ap-plied Ocean Physics and EngineeringDepartment) and Jim Valdes. ThisSubmerged Autonomous Launch Plat-form (SALP) will allow us to deploylarge numbers of floats and driftersautomatically or by remote controlwithout the expense of multiple re-search cruises. In addition to the pas-sive floats and drifters used previously,we plan to use a new class of long-range, high-endurance, autonomousgliding vehicle called Slocum devel-oped by Webb Research Corporationto conduct continuous, three-dimen-sional surveys of NBC rings as theytranslate and evolve. These new tech-nologies will be of immense value aswe attempt to further elucidate thephysics and societal implications ofNBC ring collisions with the Wind-ward Islands.

MooredProfiler

SubsurfaceFlotation

AcousticRelease

SubmergedAutonomousLaunch Platform

AutonomousUnderwater

Vehicle

ATLANTISWOODS HOLE

ATLANTISWOODS HOLE

Jayn

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ouce

tte

The Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform (SALP), currently in late-design stage, to bedeployed at depths as great as 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) on a standard oceanographic mooring,will allow scientists to launch floats and drifters by time according to a user-defined schedule, byreal-time, acoustic, remote control from a ship or autonomous underwater vehicle, or adaptively

on the basis of local environmental conditions. SALP will facilitate intensive and cost-effectivestudies of ocean circulation in rapidly changing, geographically remote, or environmentallyhostile regions, and will enable investigators to address difficult research problems that are

presently financially or logistically untenable. As a component of an autonomous oceanobserving system, SALP will allow investigators to project and maintain an interactive presence at

sea while promoting the efficient use of community seagoing resources.


33

T he Cooperative Institute forClimate and Ocean Research(CICOR), initiated in 1998,

provides the framework at WHOI forfacilitating research activities fundedby the National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration (NOAA).CICOR’s objectives include buildingties between WHOI investigators andcolleagues at NOAAlaboratories and devel-oping cooperativeNOAA-funded researchat academic institutionsin the northeasternUnited States. A newfive-year CooperativeAgreement was signedby WHOI and NOAA inJuly 2001.

CICOR research re-volves around threethemes: the coastalocean and near-shoreprocesses, the ocean’srole in climate and cli-mate variability, andmarine ecosystem pro-cesses. The amount ofNOAA-funded researchat WHOI is growing,with WHOI scientiststaking lead roles in many projects.

Participation in CICOR’s activitiesextends across the full range ofWHOI’s scientific staff, from graduatestudents to senior scientists. An impor-tant goal of the Cooperative Instituteis to bring students and postdoctoralinvestigators into NOAA research pro-grams. Toward this end, CICOR com-mits to the support of graduate stu-dents and Postdoctoral Scholars. MIT/WHOI Joint Program students RobJennings (Biology Department) andSteve Fries (Applied Ocean Physics andEngineering Department) were CICORGraduate Research Assistants during2001. In September, Fries became thefirst CICOR Joint Program student todefend his Ph.D. thesis, titled “En-

hancement of Fine Particle Depositionto Permeable Sediments.”

This year’s report highlights thework of the first three CICOR Postdoc-toral Scholars. Fiamma Straneo’s re-search follows the climate and climatevariability theme and James Lerczak’sthe coastal oceanography and near-shore processes theme. Both are based

in the Physical Oceanography Depart-ment. CICOR’s third PostdoctoralScholar, Liviu Giosan, who joined theMarine Chemistry and GeochemistryDepartment in the fall, is also workingunder the coastal oceanography andnear-shore processes theme.

Collaborating with Robert Pickart,Fiamma Straneo investigated theinterannual variability of Labrador Seadeep convection, a mechanism that re-moves heat from the mid to deep oceanand releases it to the atmosphere. This re-sults in the formation of Labrador SeaWater, a water mass found throughoutthe entire North Atlantic and a compo-nent of the meridional overturning circu-lation. Observations reveal that deep con-vection in the Labrador Sea is a highly

time-dependent process, and modelingstudies show that such variability has apotentially large impact on the NorthAtlantic’s thermohaline circulation, andthus on our climate system. To improveunderstanding of this heat- and salinity-driven system, Straneo coupled a modelfor the spreading of Labrador Sea Waterthrough the Atlantic basin and an ideal-ized convective model. Her work showsthat, rather than passively mimicking at-mospheric variability, as was hypoth-esized, the ocean can modify the atmo-spheric signal. The time series Straneo de-rived for the amplitude of convection inthe Labrador Sea using realistic atmo-spheric fluxes from 1950 to the presentconstitutes a substantial improvement inthe prediction of observed Labrador Sea

Water variability. Working with Rocky

Geyer of the AppliedOcean Physics and En-gineering Department,Jim Lerczak studiescross-channel flows inestuaries using bothfield observations in theHudson River and nu-merical modeling.While currents mainlyflow along estuary

channels, the comparatively weakcross-channel flows influence howsalty water from the ocean mixes withfresh water from rivers. These flows areimportant to the dispersion of tracers,such as pollutants, within estuaries.The cross-channel flows are driven bycross-channel density differences, bythe influence of Earth’s rotation, andby meanders in the estuary channel. InMay 2001, with Bob Chant of RutgersUniversity and Bob Houghton of theLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory,they injected a fluorescein dye patchinto the Hudson River Estuary to di-rectly measure the influence of cross-channel flows on mixing and disper-sion. They also collected current anddensity profiles to measure the mecha-

Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research

Above, CICOR Postdoctoral ScholarFiamma Straneo heads for the R/V Oceanus

lab with a water sample log while BobPickart and Summer Student Fellow Jimmy

Mistler of Susquehanna University drawwater samples collected near Iceland. Right,on an Indian Ocean cruise, Straneo learns

about ship control from KnorrThird Mate Kent Sheasley.

Chr

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Centers and Other Programs


34


The Marine Policy Center (MPC)conducts social scientific re-search to advance the conserva-

tion and management of marine andcoastal resources. A new focus of MPCresearch in 2001 is the assessment ofproposed management measures to re-duce mortalities of the northern rightwhale, Eubalaena glacialis.

The northern right whale is ahighly endangered species, cur-rently numbering only about 300animals, so losses of any indi-viduals are taken seriously. Smallnumbers of losses are known tohave resulted from collisionswith large ships along the USeastern seaboard. The NationalMarine Fisheries Service is cur-rently considering ship trafficmanagement measures to reducethe incidence of ship strikes, andMPC researchers are contribut-ing estimates of the costs and ef-fectiveness of alternative man-agement measures.

The primary form of regula-tion under consideration is thedesignation of ship traffic man-agement areas where traffic over-laps whale habitat or migrationroutes. During specified periodsor “seasons,” ships would be re-quired either to reduce speed

when transiting a management area orto reroute around it. The requirementcould be static (continuously in effect)or dynamic (activated by the observedor inferred presence of whales).

The first phase of the MPC researchfocused on producing a rough, upper-bound estimate of the total economic

cost to vessel operators of a set of basecase management measures affectingall traffic headed into or out of USports from Portland, Maine, to PortCanaveral, Florida. Two main types ofcosts—expected and unexpected—havebeen estimated for all vessels, based ontheir normal operating speeds, daily

costs, and other relevant factorssuch as tide windows.

Expected costs are those asso-ciated with anticipated additionaltransit time when either a staticmeasure is in force, or when themeasure is dynamic and a vesseloperator takes a low-risk responseof planning transit times for theentire management season as ifthe measure in force were a staticspeed restriction. Unexpectedcosts apply only to inbound tran-sits and arise only in cases wherethe management measure is dy-namic, the vessel operator makesa high-risk assumption that therestriction will not be triggeredduring transit, but the restrictionis triggered and causes the vesselto miss a tide or daylight windowfor entering port. For cruise shipsand container ships that incurunexpected costs, additional pen-alties for missing a scheduled ar-rival or berth assignment are in-

Marine Policy Center

nisms driving the cross-channel flowsover a tidal cycle. Lerczak and Geyer de-veloped numerical simulations tostudy the driving forces for cross-chan-nel flows in idealized estuaries underdifferent tidal conditions, varying riverflows, and channel meandering.Lerczak also works with Cabell Davisand Carin Ashjian of the Biology De-partment and Bob Beardsley of thePhysical Oceanography Department toanalyze data collected in Cape Cod Bayin 1999 and 2000 for studies of howcopepods use convergences in tidal cur-

rents to help them aggregate. Denseaggregations enhance reproductivesuccess for the copepods and provide acritical food source for North Atlanticright whales. The scientists used de-tailed measurements of copepod be-havior and density as well as currentand water property data to determinethe dynamics of the tidal convergencesand how the copepods responded tothe currents.

Liviu Giosan, who came to WHOIfollowing completion of his Ph.D. at theState University of New York at Stony

Brook, is contining his work on samplesfrom the Blake Ridge sediment drift torecover climatic information over thePliocene/Pleistocene periods (2 to 5 mil-lion years ago). He will be participatingin Ocean Drilling Program Leg 202,planned to extract sediment cores fromthe southeast Pacific in 2002, to studythe same time interval using sedimentphysical properties and geochemicaltechniques. Giosan also studies wave-influenced deltas to determine causesfor asymmetric delta evolution.

—Robert Weller, CICOR Director

50 fathoms

CANADA

USA

Portland

Boston

40 0 40 80 Kilometers

Right Whale Sightings1 km trackline, May 1999

Precautionary Area00.001 – 0.0330.033 – 0.0770.077 – 0.1750.175 – 0.432

Separation Zone

Ship Lane

NE Critical Habitat

NE Shipping Lanes

Estimated seasonal densities of northern right whales(based on sightings per unit survey effort in May 1999)

in relation to established shipping lanes and critical whalehabitat in the New England region. This informationwill be combined with data on vessel traffic densities

to estimate the effectiveness of alternative vessel trafficmanagement measures in reducing the incidence of

ship-whale encounters and fatal strikes.

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The Coastal Ocean Institute andRinehart Coastal ResearchCenter (RCRC) is dedicated to

promoting coastal ocean researchwithin the Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution. A “center without walls,” itsupports new technologies, innovativescientific directions, and interdiscipli-nary research. These activities often in-clude “proof of concept” projects thatprovide a basis for federal funding.

2001 has been a year of major tran-sitions for the Center, beginning with achange in leadership. Rocky Geyerserved very capably as Director for fiveyears, including the critical scaling-upperiod following the generous Mont-gomery bequest. His leadership was in-sightful, decisive, and extremely effec-tive. A second major change is reflectedin the Center’s new title: RCRC hasevolved to become one of the Insti-tution’s four new Ocean Institutes, a

change that offers a wonderful rangeof new challenges and opportunities.

Diverse Center activities include ad-ministering the Coastal Research Labo-ratory (which provides valuable spacefor large equipment such as flumes)and maintaining a fleet of small boatsavailable for working in local waters.Providing small grants that initiatenew lines of research is central to theCenter’s mission. Three such innova-tive projects are described below.

Eutrophication (high nutrientloading) is a common ecological prob-lem in estuaries located near popu-lated areas. Nitrogenous wastes canleak into the watershed, with pro-found effects on the ecology and spe-cies composition of estuarine ecosys-tems, including populations of eco-nomically important fish and shell-fish. Little work has been done onhow eutrophication affects the ability

of predators to visually locate theirprey, despite the fact that the associ-ated phytoplankton blooms can dra-matically decrease underwater lightlevels and visibility (especially in theultraviolet range). Larry Madin andSönke Johnsen were funded to mea-sure the optical effects of eutrophica-tion in three estuaries with differingnitrogen loads within nearby WaquoitBay. They also measured the opticalcharacteristics of common prey and,using established models, estimatedthe effects of eutrophication on visualpredation. Because recent researchsuggests that the mummichog Fundu-lus heteroclitus—a very small fish that isa key predator in Waquoit Bay—cansee ultraviolet light, they examined theeffects on ultraviolet visual predationparticularly closely.

During late summer, nutrient over-loading combined with otherwise fa-

cluded in the estimated cost as well.Using the US Army Corps of Engi-

neers’ port-level vessel traffic data for1999–2000, the first phase of the re-search project produced annual cost es-timates at the port level for 18 catego-ries of vessels. Estimated costs rangefrom a high of about $4.8 million forthe Port of New York & New Jersey to alow of about $300,000 for Wilmington,DE, and Portland, ME. Container shipsaccount for the most significant costs($780,000/per port/per year), followedby cruise ships ($460,000/per port/peryear). Dry bulk ships, tankers, LNGships, car carriers, and roll-on/roll-offcargo vessels are each estimated to ac-count for an average of $120,000 to$160,000/per port/per year. The totalestimated annual cost of the base casemanagement measures along the USeast coast is about $17 million.

The objectives of the current phaseof the project are twofold: to refine theestimates already developed to capture

more information about vessel trafficpatterns and the regional economicimpacts of increases in vessel costs, andto develop a model for evaluating theeffectiveness of the proposed manage-ment measures in reducing the inci-dence of ship strikes.

The first task is to develop data setsof recent historical and expected futurevessel traffic densities along additionalareas of the east coast, with particularemphasis on critical whale habitat ormigration areas. Using these data andright whale distribution estimates fromaerial and ship-based whale surveys,MPC researchers will develop a modelof recent historical exposure of rightwhales to ship strike as a function ofgeographic area and season. Two com-ponents of baseline risk will be esti-mated: the expected number of ship-whale encounters (potential collisons)and the expected number of fatal strikesgiven the number of encounters.

These estimates will serve as the

starting point in developing a frame-work to estimate the reduction in shipstrike risk that may be expected fromalternative traffic management mea-sures. Broadly speaking, vessel diver-sions can be expected to lower thenumber of encounters, while speed re-ductions can reduce the risk of colli-sion given an encounter. The effective-ness of speed reductions is modeled asa function primarily of well-under-stood whale behaviors (feeding, mat-ing, transiting, calving) and how theyaffect an animal’s awareness of and re-sponsiveness to approaching vessels.

Finally, the research team will inte-grate its model of vessel costs with aneconomic “input-output” model thatcaptures how the increases in costs toindividual shippers will ripple throughaffected economic sectors and down tothe level of households in the coastalcounties of the New England, mid-At-lantic, and South Atlantic regions.—Andrew Solow, Marine Policy Center Director

Coastal Ocean Institute and Rinehart Coastal Research Center

Centers and other Programs


36


vorable conditions led to a dramaticbloom of microscopic plants inWaquoit Bay, especially those branchesthat are most heavily developed. Themummichog’s sighting distance for itsprey dropped by a factor of about five.While it is clear that this isstrongly detrimental for themummichog, it is actuallydifficult to evaluate this lossof feeding ability since thereare so many other negative ef-fects, such as toxicity, associ-ated with the eutrophication-driven bloom.

Another research area con-cerns the discharge of terres-trially derived fresh wateronto the continental shelf.Though this phenomenonprovides an important flux ofnutrients onto the seafloor,few geophysical techniquesare sensitive to the presence offresh pore water in sedimentson the continental shelf. Con-sequently, our ability to esti-mate the volume and distribution ofsub-bottom fresh water remains weak.Rob Evans surmised that the differencein electrical conductivity between freshwater and salt water might be a keysince salt enhances the conductivity ofseawater. He tested the ability of arange of commercially available electro-magnetic tools to detect electrical resis-tivity features both offshore and be-neath the beach at Wrightsville Beach,North Carolina. The most successfultool was an inductive system thatprobes 20 to 30 meters beneath the

beach. Data from 6-kilometer-long pro-files show reduced electrical resistivitiesin the mid-part of the beach at a depthconsistent with the location of the re-gional Castle Hayne aquifer. Since off-shore data show that this aquifer is a

continuous feature throughout the re-gion, Evans interpreted the reducedresistivities to mean that salt water isintruding into the aquifer as a result ofpumping. In this project, Center fund-ing allowed for evaluating instruments,refining future sampling plans, andfinding evidence for a previously unde-tected saltwater intrusion.

Petroleum spills represent a signifi-cant environmental threat to coastalregions. Although physical processeslike wind and wave action dispersemuch of the spilled oil, true remedia-

Postdoctoral Investigator Ann Pearson works with shallow coresof marsh mud near Wood Neck Beach in Falmouth for studies

on microbial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Sea Grant Program

T he WHOI Sea Grant Programsupports research, education,and advisory projects to pro-

mote the wise use and understanding ofocean and coastal resources for the pub-lic benefit. It is part of the National SeaGrant College Program of the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion, a network of 29 individual pro-grams located in each of the coastal andGreat Lakes states. The goal of the pro-gram is to foster cooperation amonggovernment, academia, and industry.WHOI Sea Grant-supported projects

provide linkages between basic and ap-plied aspects of research and promotecommunication among the scientificcommunity and groups that utilize in-formation on the marine environmentand its resources.

During 2001 the WHOI Sea Grant

tion ultimately is achieved by microbialbiodegradation. It is difficult to verifythe in situ consumption of petroleumhydrocarbons, however. Traditionallaboratory methods in microbiology(such as growth of enrichment cultures

on oil inoculant) may yield re-sults that are not representativeof processes occurring within acomplex, natural bacterial con-sortium. Employing moleculartechniques and geochemicalisotopic measurement methodsin a pioneering approach, Post-doctoral Investigator AnnPearson, in cooperation withKatrina Edwards, John Hayes,and Andreas Teske, utilized thedifference between the naturalradiocarbon concentration ofoil (which exhibits no carbon14 because it has all decayedaway while the oil was formingunderground) and fresh or-ganic matter (exhibiting carbon14 at modern atmospheric lev-els) to monitor metabolism of

this oil by salt marsh bacteria. In theend, using sensitive accelerator/massspectrometer assays of carbon isotopes,the group found that the stable, natu-rally occurring carbon isotope carbon13 was actually a much better tool fortracking the effects of environmentalpetroleum. This finding provides an ef-ficient, well-targeted new method thatwill open new doors for studying howoil spills can affect specific organismsin the coastal ocean.

—Kenneth H. Brink, Coastal Ocean Instituteand Rinehart Coastal Research Center Director

Kat

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Program supported 15 concurrent re-search projects and six new initiativeawards. These projects are included inthree theme areas: Estuarine and CoastalProcesses, Fisheries and Aquaculture,and Environmental Technologies. Manyof the projects address local and regionalneeds; some have national or even globalimplications. Investigators from theWoods Hole scientific community, uni-versities throughout Massachusetts, andscientists from industry and other statesall participate in WHOI Sea Grant’s com-petitive funding process.

In 2001, WHOI Sea Grant provided18 months of support for graduate stu-dents and five months of support for un-dergraduate students through researchawards. WHOI Sea Grant also supportedChristopher Grogan, adoctoral candidate inthe wildlife and fisher-ies graduate programat the University ofMassachusettsAmherst, as part of aNational Sea GrantCollege Program/Na-tional Marine FisheriesService Joint GraduateFellowship Program inPopulation Dynamics.

In terms of informaleducation, WHOI SeaGrant maintains closeworking relationshipswith the MassachusettsMarine Educators, theNational Marine Edu-cators Association, andthe Woods Hole Sci-ence and TechnologyEducation Partnership.At the local level, SeaGrant is an active participant in sciencefairs, with staff serving as project advi-sors and judges. Each year, top sciencefair winners are guest speakers at theopening night of the spring “OceansAlive” lecture series. For the ninth con-secutive year, WHOI Sea Grant spon-sored “Sea Urchins,” a summer programfor children ages five to seven. PerhapsSea Grant’s most important contribu-

tion to education in our region is theprovision of educational materials to nu-merous programs, including Children’sSchool of Science, Cape Cod Children’sMuseum, Cape Cod Museum of NaturalHistory, Association for the Preservationof Cape Cod, Cape Cod National Sea-shore, Wellfleet Audubon Sanctuary,New England Aquarium, Thornton W.Burgess Society, and school districtsthroughout Southeastern Massachusettsand the world.

Transferring the results of researchand providing general marine-relatedinformation are important componentsof the WHOI Sea Grant Marine Exten-sion and Communications Programs.Both facilitate communication amongusers and managers of marine re-

sources, including members of the fish-ing community, aquaculturists, local of-ficials, environmental regulatory agencymanagers, educators, and the generalpublic. Two areas of particular interestin the marine extension program arecoastal processes and fisheries andaquaculture. Workshops, training pro-grams, and informational meetingssponsored by Sea Grant emphasize bet-

ter management of resources at the lo-cal and regional levels.

WHOI Sea Grant provides informa-tion to a broad audience through a va-riety of means, including WorldwideWeb sites. The WHOI Sea Grant Website (www.whoi.edu/seagrant) providesaccess to information on current re-search and outreach projects and fund-ing opportunities. With support fromthe National Sea Grant office, theWHOI and New Hampshire Sea Grantprograms offer a Web site devoted tocareers in the marine sciences (www.marinecareers.net) as a companion tothe publication Marine Science Careers:A Sea Grant Guide to Ocean Opportunities.

Publications are another outreach ve-hicle for WHOI Sea Grant. Along with

MIT Sea Grant, wepublish the Two if bySea newsletter threetimes each year. Oureducational fact sheetsseries, “Focal Points,” isgeared for legislatorsand coastal decisionmakers. Another series,“Marine ExtensionBulletins,” is designedfor a more technicalaudience.

Beginning in 2001,WHOI Sea Grant col-laborated with theWHOI Informationand Education Officesto organize teacherworkshops based at theExhibit Center. Theworkshops, offered inthe spring and fall formiddle- and high-school teachers as well

as informal educators, consider varioustopics in oceanography. Interaction withWHOI scientists and engineers, the op-portunity to network with peers fromother schools, and the take-home re-sources and classroom activities are someof the workshop aspects praised by par-ticipants in follow-up evaluations.—Judith E. McDowell, Sea Grant Coordinator

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WHOI geochemist Matt Charette (left) and Research Assistant Craig Herboldmeasure nitrate concentration in a Cape Cod estuary using a nitrate analyzer.

They can track groundwater-derived nutrients and identify their sources byanalyzing chemical tracer data from this instrument.

Centers and other Programs


38

Dean’s Report

W e are proud to announcethat Woods Hole Oceano-graphic Institution was ac-

credited in 2001 by the New EnglandAssociation of Schools and Colleges,Inc. through its Commission on Insti-tutions of Higher Educations. (See boxbelow for the official statement.) Priorto the 1990s, no need was seen for theInstitution to seek accreditation forseveral reasons: MIT’s accreditation en-compassed MIT/WHOI Joint Programgraduate degrees, the Institution had aCommonwealth of Massachusettscharter to grant graduate degrees, andperiodic reviews by external commit-tees of distinguished colleagues at-tested to the excellence of WHOI’s edu-cation programs.

In the early 1990s, discussions withthe Educational Council and EducationAssembly, and with the WHOI Trustees’Education Committee led us to seek ac-creditation for the following reasons:

1) During the 1980s and into the1990s, an increasingly significant por-tion of the MIT/WHOI Joint Programteaching and advising effort was cen-tered at WHOI.

2) Accreditation would verify thequality of the Institution’s educationefforts within the broader communityof higher education programs and notjust within the ocean sciences andocean engineering communities.

3) The accreditation process pro-vides a useful framework for self studyand evaluation.

4) Accreditation would remove thenecessity for seeking special exemptionsfor the Institution and Institution Sci-entific Staff when applying for fundinggrants reserved for accredited organiza-

tions, or for eligibil-ity for certainmatching gifts.

The self studyreport was submit-ted in early 2001.The review teamvisited in April andsubmitted their re-port in July. Inearly October, theInstitution receivedofficial notice ofaccreditation, andon December 6th Ihad the honor andpleasure of offi-cially accepting theAccreditation Cer-tificate at a meet-ing of the Commis-sion on Institutions of Higher Educa-tion, New England Association ofSchools and Colleges, Inc.

The Institution’s Education pro-grams are described on the WHOIWeb site at www.whoi.edu, and cur-rent students and postdocs are listedlater in this report. We continue the

practice established in the 2000 An-nual Report of highlighting individualstories as exemplars of the many stu-dents and postdocs involved in ourEducation Programs.

Jeff Donnelly grew up in Massachu-setts and thought he was headed

west when he began a master’s pro-gram at Yale following completion of aB.S. in Earth Science at the Universityof Massachusetts Boston. However, thenext step was a U-turn to Brown, wherepart of his Ph.D. thesis work was

funded by WHOI Sea Grant.This research chronicled changes in

salt marsh vegetation over time, drivenby an acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise, through analysis of peatsamples. In addition Jeff pioneeredmethods aimed at reconstructing thehistory of past hurricane activity fromcoastal sediments. Storm surges re-lated to the intense onshore winds ofmajor hurricanes overtop barrier is-lands and result in the deposition ofoverwash fans behind the beach. Sandlayers in cores extracted from such ar-eas provide a record of these paststorms. This work was supported bythe reinsurance industry based in Ber-muda, whose interest in long recordsof intense hurricane strikes wassparked by major losses associatedwith Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

Jeff ’s work drew the attention ofWHOI staff concerned with coastalgeological processes, and he was en-couraged to apply for a postdoctoralposition here. He received an appoint-ment as a US Geological Survey(USGS)/WHOI Postdoctoral Scholarand arrived in September 2000. Anhour later he was on the McKee BallField engaged in a pickup softballgame for postdocs and their advisors.Jeff hit a line drive into the forehead of

Accreditation Statement: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is accreditedby the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Inc. through its Commis-sion on Institutions of Higher Education. Inquires regarding the accreditation statusby the New England Association should be directed to the administrative staff of theinstitution. Individuals may also contact: Commission on Institutions of Higher Edu-cation, New England Association of Schools and Colleges, 209 Burlington Road,Bedford, MA 01730-1433. Phone: (781) 271-0022. E-mail: [email protected].

Jeff Donnelly climbs out of a pit excavated in a Pawcatuck, CT,salt marsh, where samples yielded a 1,300-year

record of sea-level change.

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Senior Scientist Joe Pedlosky, breakinghis glasses and sending him to theemergency room. (Joe forgave Jeff, re-turned to the game, and hit a triple.)Jeff went on to spend 18 months con-tinuing his work on sedimentaryrecords of coastal environmentalchange. In late 2001 he was appointedAssistant Scientist beginning inFebuary 2002.

In one interesting project, he is col-laborating with USGS colleagues to ex-amine evidence of catastrophic drain-age of inland lakes created by glacialscraping and melting. One such lakewas Glacial Lake Iroquois in what isnow the Lake Ontario Basin located inthe upstate New York area. Sedimen-tary evidence suggests that the north-ern retreat of glacial ice that was dam-ming the lake allowed the lake water torush down the Hudson River valleyand out into the Atlantic, where thelarge, rapid surge of fresh water mayhave been a trigger for an abrupt cli-mate change episode.

The pathway to Woods Hole prob-ably began for MIT/WHOI Joint

Program student Anna Cruse during avoyage aboard the University of Texasresearch vessel Longhorn. Though shewas working on land-based geologyproblems in a master’s program at theUniversity of Missouri–Columbia, heradvisor studied both rocks and oceanicsediments and invited her to join thecruise. “I was hooked on oceanogra-phy,” she says.

Anna found the independencepromised by the Joint Program cur-riculum attractive as a follow-on to themore structured academic setting ofher master’s work. “In the Joint Pro-gram, students are treated as col-leagues,” she observes.

With master’s course work on herrecord, Anna needed just one year,rather than the usual two years, ofclasses when she arrived in summer1997. She is in her fifth Joint Programyear, scheduled to complete her Ph.D.in fall 2002, having taken some timeoff for the birth of her daughter Maia,

who turned three in January. In a bit oftricky (although completely un-planned) timing, Anna defended herthesis proposal on January 8, 1999, andMaia arrived (two weeks early) on Janu-ary 10. “Having supportive advisors inJeff Seewald and my thesis committeemembers has made combining familyand student life work well for me,”Anna says.

Anna’s research focuses on identify-ing and quantifying the concentrationsand stable carbon isotopic composi-tion of organic molecules in hydrother-mal vent fluids from two sites on theJuan de Fuca Ridge (abut 35 miles offthe coast of Vancouver) that have dif-ferent geological characteristics. It willcontribute knowledge about reactionsbetween inorganicand organic sub-stances in mid-ocean ridge sys-tems, leading to abetter understand-ing of water-sedi-ment and water-ba-salt interaction insubseafloor envi-ronments. This in-formation can thenbe applied to betterunderstand thesubsurface flowpaths and chemicalregimes in mid-ocean ridge sys-tems. Anna partici-pated in a summer2000 Atlantis re-search voyage andmade two dives in Alvin to collectsamples for her thesis research.

She will be attending an invitation-only, government-agency-sponsoreddissertation symposium for new Ph.D.sin May 2002, and she is looking at a va-riety of next-step possibilities. Theseinclude academic postdoctoral andjunior faculty positions as well as in-dustrial research. “At least we’re notfacing the challenge of finding two re-search positions,” says Anna. “That’s areal issue for many graduating Ph.D.s.

Fortunately, my husband’s sales careeris very portable.”

The success of the Institution’s edu-cation programs depends on the

efforts of many individuals working inconcert over the years. It is with sadnessthat we note the passing on February28, 2001, of Arnold Arons, a member ofthe Trustees’ Committee whose workwith Director Paul Fye led to establish-ment of a formal degree program atWHOI in 1967 and the MIT/WHOIJoint Program in 1968. Arnold’s guid-ance for the Joint Program has been asignificant factor in its success. Tohonor his contributions to Institutioneducation programs, the Arnold B.Arons Award for Excellence in Teaching,

Advising, and Mentoring will be con-ferred periodically to recognize the edu-cational efforts of a WHOI Scientific orSenior Technical Staff member.

On a personal note, I miss Arnoldand his thoughtful advice. I am com-forted by the knowledge that his legacylives on with the experience of eachparticipant in WHOI’s education pro-grams, and especially with the gradu-ates of the MIT/WHOI Joint Program.

—John W. Farrington, Associate Directorfor Education and Dean of Graduate Studies

MIT/WHOI Joint Program student Anna Cruse, left, and AssistantScientist Katrina Edwards wait to board Alvin on July 25, 2000, fordive 3597 to collect fluid samples from the Juan de Fuca Middle

Valley hydrothermal vent field.

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Dean’s Report


40

Communications Outreach

One of WHOI’s core values isdeclared forthrightly in ourmission statement: “It is the

goal of the Institution to be a worldleader in advancing and communicat-ing a basic understanding of the oceansand their decisive role in addressingglobal questions.”

For decades, we’ve strived to achievethat—by means ranging from face-to-face conversations and publications tobroadcasts over the Internet, for audi-ences ranging from congressional repre-sentatives on the Hill to kindergartnersstrolling in off the ferry with theirgrandparents. It is testimony to our suc-cess that so many and such varied audi-ences regularly come to us seekingknowledge of the oceans.

But in recent years, our mes-sage has become more ur-gent. Communicationsavenues have become farmore numerous andcomplex, and our audi-ences are overwhelmedwith competing infor-mation. To fulfill ourmission, we have re-doubled our outreachefforts, launching initia-tives to harness an exploding assort-ment of media and venues. Here aresome recent examples:

Increasingly, the Internet has be-come the portal and public face of mostorganizations. Our new Web Communi-cations team has implemented a thor-ough redesign of WHOI’s Web site thatmakes www.whoi.edumore attractive, user-friendly, and rich incontent. Behind thesplash pages, the teamis also setting up thenecessary technologi-cal foundation to sup-port rapidly expand-ing future Web com-munications efforts.

To build newbridges with the media, WHOI estab-lished the Ocean Science Journalism

Fellowship Program for profes-sional science writers and

editors. Journalists in avariety of media spend aweek at WHOI, visitinglabs, observing field-work, and participating

in seminars with scien-tists who introducethem to a broad range ofcurrent and futureoceanographic research

and engineering. Fellows in 2000 and2001 included journalists from TheNew York Times, USA Today, National

Public Radio, theAssociated Press,and U.S. News &World Report.

Extending ef-forts to Washing-ton, an intensive,three-day sympo-sium brought 15key congressionalstaff to WoodsHole. The programhighlighted impor-tant ocean issueswhere science andpolicy have strongconnections, suchas fisheries, climatechange, coastalproblems, and

technology needs. The two-way ex-change was lively with pointed ques-tions and discussions.

WHOI scientists were called to givecongressional testimony an impressive

five times in 2001—ontoxic waste dumping,harmful algal blooms,climate change, pos-sible effects of sonar onmarine mammals, anda global ocean observ-ing system.

A facet of that sys-tem, the ARGO floatprogram, received con-gressional funding

with the help of information suppliedin an ARGO brochure designed byWHOI at the request of the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion. WHOI Graphic Designer JimCanavan received a Society for Techni-cal Communication 2001–2002 Awardof Excellence for the work.

WHOI Director and President BobGagosian also helped galvanize atten-tion for a global ocean observing systemand the societal imperative for ocean re-search in a New York Times op-ed piece inAugust 2001, headlined “What the SeasCan Offer.” He also took that messageto influential audiences, giving multi-media presentations to world leaders atthe World Economic Forum and toworld energy industry leaders at theCambridge Energy Research Associatesannual meeting.

We increased proactive outreach ef-forts in 2001 by publishing “Perhapsour planet should be called Ocean,” aprovocative, eye-catching brochure de-signed to stimulate awareness of theoceans’ impact on our lives andWHOI’s important work. Our Infor-mation, Education, and Sea Grant of-fices organized pilot Teacher TrainingWorkshops, providing ocean-science-related information and teaching ma-terials to teachers who, in turn, spreadthe message to students, their stu-dents’ parents, other educators, andcommunity leaders and legislators.

WHOI also joined 13 other premier

Bob Weller, Director of the Cooperative Institute for Climate andOcean Research, left, and Fred Grassle of Rutgers University testifiedon global ocean observing systems before a joint hearing of the House

Science and Resources Committees.

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Logo for prize-winning Web site.

Cover of “ocean impact” publication.


41

Vice President for External Relations’ Report

research institutions providing Web-based information and seminars forfathom.com, the online educationventure launched by Columbia Uni-versity. Other fathom.com member in-stitutions include the British Mu-seum, Cambridge University Press, theNew York Public Library, and theRAND Corporation.

In 2001, WHOI also formalized adecades-long relationship with theNational Geographic Society (NGS) toprovide scientific stories and imagesfor NGS’s new cable channel and Website, as well as its traditional magazineand television production group.WHOI and NGS together producedpublic service announcements pro-moting WHOI and ocean research forairing on the NGS channel.

Another partnership with BBH Ex-hibits, Inc. (now part of Clear ChannelEntertainment) resulted in “ExtremeDeep—Mission to the Abyss,” a travelingmuseum exhibit highlighting WHOI re-search. With 2001 venues in NorthCarolina, Oklahoma, and Mexico, thenumber of Extreme Deep visitors takingthe opportunity to learn about deep-ocean exploration totals well over a mil-lion. And back at Woods Hole, we havemade improvements to our ExhibitCenter, which receives 25,000 to 30,000visitors each year.

One of 2001’s highlights, the Diveand Discover Web site, demonstratesthe team effort required to create andexecute successful, broad-based out-reach campaigns. Our Web, Publica-tions, and Graphics staff worked withscientists to create a rich body of acces-sible information on deep-sea researchfor broad and diverse audiences. Our In-formation and Sea Grant staff enlistedteacher participation in Dive and Dis-cover, and more than 10,000 students in22 US states, Canada, Great Britain,Guam, and the Seychelles followed Ex-pedition 4 in their classrooms. Wepartnered with COSI Toledo (Ohio’sCenter of Science and Industry) to de-velop and distribute a free “educators’companion,” explaining the science andtechnology behind the cruise and pro-

Communications Outreach

Atlantis was part of a fall public outreach and education eventsponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Office of Ocean Exploration in Charleston, South Carolina. Alvin Groupmembers Brian Leach, left, and Jason Stephens introduce

a school group to the submersible.

Oceanographer Emeritus Graham Giese, holding tube, and Senior Scientist Stan Hart,third from left, led a coastal processes discussion during a lunchtime walk with

congressional staff attending a June symposium in Woods Hole.

viding classroom activities to help stu-dents create their own experiments. Wealso partnered with NASA to orches-trate a joint Webcast, leveraging NASA’slarge (1 million hits/month) audience.

Dive and Discover reached a largeaudience, peaking March 26 during Ex-pedition 4 with 170,000 hits! Yahoo.com,The Wall Street Journal, and ScientificAmerican all identified it as a top site forearth and environmental science infor-mation. Dive and Discover—as well asWHOI’s Web site—each received nomi-nations for 2001Webby Awards(considered the“Oscar” of theWeb). A “WebSource” review inthe American Geo-physical Union’sEos called it a “vir-tual treasure chestof deep sea scienceand classroomresources.”

As we lookahead, we are con-ceiving and launch-ing a variety of in-novative communi-cations initiatives

with our newly established Ocean Insti-tutes, whose mission includes a con-certed effort to convey the results ofoceanographic research to policy mak-ers and the public.

We feel strongly that our future de-pends on understanding our oceans.Therefore, it also depends on gettingthat message out to the widest pos-sible audience.

—Jacqueline M. Hollister, AssociateDirector for Communications,

Development, and Media Relations

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Voyage Statistics

R/V Knorr

R/V Oceanus

R/V Atlantis

Cruise Tracks 2001

R/V Atlantis & DSV Alvin Total Nautical Miles in 2001—23,751 • Total Alvin Dives in 2001—91 • Total Days at Sea—218

Voyage Cruise Period Cruise Objective/Area of Operation Ports of Call Chief Scientist

4-I 27 Dec’00–2 Jan’01 Transit Tampa

4-II 11 Feb–18 Feb Supporting Littoral Warfare Advanced Development (LWAD) systems Charleston E. Thiel, Navaltesting with deployment of the Navy’s TB-16 array, acoustic Doppler Air Warfare Centercurrent profiles (ADCPs), CTDs and XBTs. 32˚45'N, 78˚10'W.

4-III 26 Feb–2 Mar Transit San Juan, P.R.

4-IV 6 Mar–31 Mar Recover and redeploy six hydrophone moorings along the Mid-Atlantic Woods Hole D. SmithRidge; deploy towed camera system and make SeaBeam survey.15˚30'N, 24˚50'W.

5-I 14 Jun–17 Jun Over-the-side testing of DSL-120 during transit. St. George’s B. WaldenBermuda

5-II–5-IID 19 Jun–24 Jun Test Certification and engineering dives for Alvin. St. George’s B. WaldenAt dock, 1 dive. Leg 5-IIA, 6 dives. Leg IIB, 1 dive. Leg IIC, 1 dive. Leg IID, 1 dive Bermuda

5-III 26 Jun–Jul 29 Sampling at vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for mussel bed Ponta Delgada, C. Van Doverbiodiversity studies and recovery of data at ODP Borehole site #395A. Azores William and MaryCTDs and SeaBeam surveys. 17 Alvin dives.

5-IV 4 Aug–30 Aug Collect images of hydrothermal vent and environments with IMAX and St. George’s, R. Lutz HDTV camera systems at TAG (26˚08'N, 44˚49'W) and Lost City (30˚00'N, Bermuda Rutgers U 42˚00'W) vent sites and at a site near Bermuda Islands. 18 Alvin dives.

5-V–5VI 1 Sep–3 Sep Sample deep escarpments for living and fossil deep-sea corals northeast of St. George’s, B. WaldenSt. George’s harbor entrance. 2 Alvin dives on 1 Sep, 1 Alvin dive on 2 Sep. Bermuda

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Voyage StatisticsVoyage Statistics

R/V KnorrTotal Nautical Miles in 2001—35,888 • Total Days at Sea—250

5-VII 3 Sep–5 Sep Transit Woods Hole B. Walden

6-IA 9 Sep–15 Sep Study diversity of coral communities in Oceanographer, Lydonia, and Woods Hole L. WatlingHydrographer Canyons and Bear and Physalia Seamounts focusing on their U Mainereproductive, class size distribution, habitat, and genetic characteristics.2 Alvin dives.

6-IB 16 Sep–21 Sep Explore deep-sea diversity in Hudson Canyon and the effects of past Woods Hole F. Grassledumping activities at Deep Water Dumpsite 106. 5 Alvin dives. Rutgers U

7-I 22 Sep–30 Sep Study mussel bed diversity and chemosynthetic bacterial mats and collect Charleston C. Van Dover multibeam bathymetry data on Inner Blake Ridge. 32˚30'N and 76˚11'W. William and Mary4 Alvin dives.

7-II 2 Oct–10 Oct Transit Puntarenas, Costa Rica D. Sims

7-III 15 Oct–1 Nov Collect filamentous epibiotic bacteria for gene characterization and Manzanillo C. Caryphenotypic analyses; deploy PLASMA Plankton Pump. East Pacific Rise near Mexico U Delaware 9˚N, 105˚W. 12 Alvin dives.

7-IV 5 Nov–3 Dec Near-bottom mapping of the Central Axial Magnetic High on the Manzanillo, H. SchoutenEast Pacific Rise. Eight days of DSL-120 surveying and ABE deployment; Mexicorock dreding and gravity coring. East Pacific Rise near 9˚N, 104˚W.

7-V 9 Dec–1 Jan '02 Conduct biological studies of vent communities and collect biological Manzanillo, C. Fishersamples for laboratory studies. East Pacific Rise near 9˚N, 104˚W. Mexico Penn State 20 Alvin dives.


162-VII 8 Dec'00-5 Jan'01 Swath mapping of the Southwest Indian Ridge to acquire multi- Cape Town, H. Dickbeam, gravity, and magnetic data; rock dredging. 51˚54'S, 9˚22'E. S. Africa

162-VIII 7 Jan–10 Jan Second Southwest Indian Ridge cruise. Cape Town, S. Africa H. Dick

162-IX 11 Jan–30 Jan Third Southwest Indian Ridge cruise. Durban, S. Africa H. Dick

162-X 4 Feb–11 Feb Transit Mombasa, Kenya R. Laird

162-XI 11 Feb–15 Mar Study pathways, structure, and variability of Red Sea outflow water as it Victoria, W. Johnsleaves the Red Sea through the Bab-al-Mandab Strait and spreads into the Seychelles U MiamiGulf of Aden and Indian Ocean using CTD casts, acoustic Doppler currentprofilers (ADCPs), RAFOS float deployments, and short-term moorings.Western Gulf of Aden.

162-XII 24 Mar–27 Mar Transit to Port Louis to mobilize Deep Submergence Operations Group Port Louis, C. Van Dovercontainer vans. Mauritius William and Mary

162-XIII 30 Mar–1 May Extensive surveys of Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal vent communities Port Louis, C. Van Doverincluding mapping and biological sampling of vent fluids and plumes using Mauritius William and MaryWHOI vehicles Jason, DSL-120, and Argo II; CTD casts, rock dredging, coring;SeaBeam and magnetometer and gravimeter data collection.18˚25'S, 65˚70'E.

162-XIV 2 May–5 May Transit Victoria, Seychelles C. Van Dover, W&M

162-XV 7 May–20 May Transit with collection of XBT profiles and SeaBeam and acoustic Doppler Istanbul, B. Waldencurrent profiler data. Turkey

162-XVI 23 May–1 Jun Study water column geochemistry in the suboxic zone located at 100 meters Istanbul J. Murrayand complete water column geochemistry from surface to 2100 meters; Turkey U Washington (UW)collect water and net samples for characterization of biological food web;obtain sediment cores for geochemical analyses. Black Sea/Western Basin.


44

Voyage Statistics


365-I 5 Jan–12 Jan Transit from Woods Hole to Bridgetown, Barbados Bridgetown, Barbados L. Goepfert

365-II 15 Jan–12 Feb Salt Finger Tracer Release Experiment survey of sub-surface mixed layers; Bridgetown, R. SchmittCTD high resolution profiler and RAFOS float deployments; XBTs. Barbados12˚N, 54˚W.

365-III 16 Feb–1 Mar Study variability of Antarctic bottom water as it flows into the North Fortaleza R. LimeburnerAtlantic using CTDs, moored instruments, and drifting floats. Brazil15˚N, 55˚W and 1˚N, 36˚W to 1˚S, 36˚W.

365-IV 5 Mar–25 Mar Study interaction between off-equatorial currents and the Equatorial Bridgetown, R. MolinariUndercurrent using CTDs, ADCP surveys, deployment of 10 PALACE Barbados C. Schmidfloats and 6 surface drifters. Western Tropical Atlantic from 5˚S to 12˚N NOAA/AOMLand 36˚W to 62˚W.

365-V 28 Mar–8 Apr Detemine in-situ air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture, and memomentum Bridgetown, A. Plueddemannin the Northwest Tropical Atlantic for comparison with operational Barbados M. McCartneymodels; measure structures of eastward flow of bottom and deep watersthrough Vema Fracture Zone for VEX project; CTDs, ADCP surveys,and mooring deployments. Tropical Atlantic east of Barbados near11˚N, 43˚W to 15˚N, 51˚W.

365-VI 10 Apr–17 Apr Measure the transport and water mass properties of the upper ocean flow St. Thomas, W.D. Wilsonbetween the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. CTD survey and diving Virgin Is. NOAA/AOMLoperations along an inter-island cruise track through the Caribbean.

365-VII 18 Apr–19 Apr Second transport and water mass property cruise. St. Thomas, R. WatlingtonVirgin Is. U Virgin Is.

365-VIII 20 Apr–23 Apr Transit Miami S. Eykelhoff

R/V Oceanus Total Nautical Miles in 2001—35,633 • Total Days at Sea—239 days

162-XVII 1 Jun–10 Jun Second geochemistry cruise. Istanbul, Turkey J. Murray, UW

162-XVIII 13 Jun–22 Jun Transit and collect surface plankton samples. Las Palmas, E. GoetzGrand Canary Island Scripps

162-XIX 25 Jun–24 Jul Studies of nitrogen and carbon cycling in upper water column; CTD casts, Bridgetown, D. CaponeA, B, C MOCNESS tows, OPTIC cage deployments, recover/redeploy sediment trap Barbados U Southern California

moorings. 30˚N, 45˚W to 10˚N, 45˚W.

162-XX 25 Jul–17 Aug Second nitrogen/carbon cycling cruise. Bridgetown, E. Carpenter15˚N to 5˚N and 38˚W to 60˚W. Barbados San Francisco State U

A. SubramaniamU Maryland

162-XXI 21 Aug–27 Aug Transit Woods Hole R. Laird

163 24 Sep–27 Sep Mechanical trials of the Lightweight Broadband Variable Depth (LBVDS) Woods Hole M. Simard, Naval UnderseaODIM winches, and overboarding system. 39˚20’N, 70˚50’W. Warfare Center (NUWC)

164-I 5 Oct–8 Oct LBVDS trials. Charleston M. Simard, NUWC

164-II 9 Oct–23 Oct Demonstration sea test of the LBVDS; tow sonar fish and acoustic array. Charleston M. Simard, NUWC32˚30’N, 78˚30’W.

164-III 23 Oct–26 Oct Hydrocasts along transit track to Woods Hole. Woods Hole M. Simard, NUWC

165 6 Nov–10 Nov Sea trial for GLAD-800 drill apparatus. 40˚N, 70.5˚W. Woods Hole G. Mountain, LDEO

166-I 30 Dec–3 Jan 2002 Acoustic Doppler current profiler tests during transit. Fort Lauderdale F. Bahr


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Voyage StatisticsVoyage Statistics

365-IX 26 Apr–7 May Time series observations to measure the current transport and water mass Miami M. Baringerproperties east of Abaco, Bahamas, in support of the CLIVAR -Atlantic NOAA/AOMLclimate variability studies; CTD and ADCP survey in the Florida Straits andNorthwest Providence Channel near Abaco Island.

365-X 10 May–30 May Examine high levels of nitrate in subsurface waters in the Caribbean and Woods Hole D. HansellSargasso Seas to improve understanding of cycling of major elements in the U Miamiocean. CTDs to 1,000 meters.

366 5 Jun–14 Jun Repeat earlier large-scale survey to compare evolution of plankton bloom Woods Hole J. Churchilldistribution, vertical migration behavior, and frontal dynamics of thetoxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium; perform fluorescent dye release to observefate and dynamics of Alexandrium cell patch over 2–3 day period; CTD castsADCP survey, and tow sled through dye patch. Western Gulf of Maine.

367 18 Jun–29 Jun Sea surface micro-layer chemical study along biological productivity gradient; Woods Hole N. Frewdeploy semi-autonomous SCIMS catamaran for chemical mapping ofsurface films; CTD casts, ADCP survey; Zodiac operations to collectuncontaminated seawater. US Continental Shelf southeast of Woods Hole.

368 3 Jul –16 Jul Map extent of salp populations and collect animals for shipboard Woods Hole L. Madinexperiments; open-water scuba diving for biological sampling, CTDs,tucker trawls, and plankton net tows. US continental shelf and slopewaters southeast of Woods Hole.

369-I 20 Jul–29 Jul Deploy two moorings. 59˚N, 40˚W. Reykjavik, Iceland S. Worrilow

369-II 1 Aug–27 Aug Conduct CTD/ACDP survey and other operations in the Irminger Sea to Reykjavik, R. Pickartobserve deep convection and quantify basinwide circulation. Irminger Sea, IcelandEast Coast of Greenland and Denmark Straits.

369-III 31 Aug –9 Sep Transit Woods Hole

370 14 Sep–26 Sep Map salp populations and collect animals for shipboard experiments; open Woods Hole L. Madinwater scuba diving for biological samples plus CTDs, tucker trawls, andplankton net tows. U.S. continental shelf and slope waters southeast ofWoods Hole.

371 4 Oct–6 Oct Initiate “Station W”—a long-term ocean time series station on the continental Woods Hole J. Tooleslope south of Woods Hole; deploy moored profiler and conduct CTDsection from the 4,000 meter isobath offshore to onshore of the shelf break.30˚N and 69˚W.

372-I 11 Oct–15 Oct Transit to Atlantic Drydock Jacksonville

372-II 2 Dec–5 Dec Transit Woods Hole

R/V Knorr spent several months in the Indian Ocean early in 2001.

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Trustees & Corporation Members

As of December 31, 2001

Officers of theCorporationJames E. Moltz

Chairman of theBoard of Trustees

James M. ClarkChairman of the Corporation

Robert B. GagosianDirector and President

Peter H. McCormickTreasurer

Carolyn A. BunkerClerk of the Corporation

Board of TrusteesArthur Yorke Allen

Hovey, YoungmanAssociates, Inc.New York, NY

Rodney B. BerensOyster Bay, NY

Percy Chubb IIIThe Chubb CorporationWarren, NJ

William C. Cox Jr.Hobe Sound, FL

Robert A. Day Jr.Trust Company of the West, Inc.Los Angeles, CA

Gail E. DeeganNewtonville, MA

Sylvia A. EarleOakland, CA

H. David GreenwayNeedham, MA

Robert D. Harrington Jr.Greenwich, CT

Joseph W. Hill IIGreenwich, CT

Robert F. HoerleNew York, NY

James B. Hurlock Esq.White & Case LLPNew York, NY

Robert L. JamesGreenwich, CT

Eric H. JostromManchester-by-the-Sea, MA

William J. KealyDuck, NC

Paul J. KeelerGreenwich, CT

Walter E. MasseyMorehouse CollegeAtlanta, GA

Newton P.S. MerrillThe Bank of New YorkNew York, NY

William C. MorrisJ. & W. Seligman & Co.,IncorporatedNew York, NY

Richard S. Morse Jr.Morse, Barnes-Brown &Pendleton, P.C.Waltham, MA

David G. MugarMugar Enterprises, Inc.Boston, MA

Thomas D. MullinsCambridge, MA

George F. Russell Jr.Sunshine ManagementServices, LLCGig Harbor, WA

Hardwick SimmonsKatonah, NY

John M. StewartMcKinsey & Company, Inc.New York, NY

Richard F. SyronThermo Electron CorporationWaltham, MA

Stephen E. TaylorMilton, MA

Thomas J. TierneyWellesley, MA

J. Craig VenterCelera Genomics CorporationRockville, MD

Thomas B. WheelerNaples, FL

John J. WisePrinceton, NJ

Arthur ZeikelWestfield, NJ

Ex Officio TrusteesJames E. Moltz






Honorary TrusteesRuth M. Adams

Hanover, NH

Gerald W. Blakeley Jr.Blakeley InvestmentCompanyBoston, MA

Joan T. BokNational Grid USAWestborough, MA

Lewis M. BranscombHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Edwin D. Brooks Jr.Falmouth, MA

Harvey BrooksCambridge, MA

Louis W. CabotCabot-Wellington, LLCBoston, MA

Melvin A. ConantLusby, MD

Kathleen S. CrawfordCleveland, OH

Joel P. DavisBrooksville, ME

Thomas J. DevineNew York, NY

William EverdellGlen Head, NY

Robert A. FroschBoston, MA

Ruth E. FyeFalmouth, MA

W.H. Krome GeorgeSewickley, PA

Cecil H. GreenBig Sandy, TX

Daniel S. GregoryGreylock ManagementCorporationWaltham, MA

Caryl P. HaskinsWashington, DC

Edwin W. HiamChestnut Hill, MA

Frank W. HochIrvington, NY

Lisina M. HochIrvington, NY

Lilli S. HornigLittle Compton, RI

Weston Howland Jr.Howland CapitalManagement, Inc.Boston, MA

Howard W. JohnsonMassachusetts Institute ofTechnologyCambridge, MA

Breene M. KerrBrookside CompanyEaston, MD

Harvey C. KrentzmanAdvanced ManagementAssociates, Inc.Chestnut Hill, MA

Karen G. LloydSouth Dartmouth, MA

John F. MageeConcord, MA

Frank E. MannAlexandria, VA

Nancy S. MilburnWinchester, MA

Richard G. MintzMintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.Boston, MA

Gratia R. MontgomerySouth Dartmouth, MA

George K. MossNew York, NY

Guy W. NicholsNational Grid USAWestborough, MA

Chester W. Nimitz Jr.Needham, MA

Frank PressWashington, DC

Reuben F. RichardsFar Hills, NJ

Kenneth S. Safe Jr.Welch & Forbes LLCBoston, MA

David D. ScottSan Francisco, CA

John A. ScullyBernardsville, NJ

Robert C. Seamans Jr.Beverly Farms, MA

Cecily Cannan SelbyNew York, NY

Frank V. SnyderGreenwich, CT

Robert M. SolowMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologyCambridge, MA

John H. SteeleWoods Hole, MA

H. Guyford SteverGaithersburg, MD

Clockwise from left, Peter McCormick, Coley Burke, Arthur Allen, FrankSnyder, and Tom Devine enjoy a lunchtime discussion during the October

2001 Trustee and Corporation meetings.

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47

Trustees & Corporation MembersTrustees & Corporation Members

E. Kent Swift Jr.Woods Hole, MA

Maurice TempelsmanLeon Tempelsman & SonNew York, NY

Charles H. TownesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA

Marjorie M. von StadeSpring Island, SC

Sidney J. Weinberg Jr.Marion, MA

F. Thomas WestcottAttleboro, MA

Alfred M. ZeienThe Gillette CompanyBoston, MA

Members of theCorporationRichard D. Abrams

Lexington, MA

Rex D. AdamsThe Fuqua School of BusinessDurham, NC

Tenley E. AlbrightBoston, MA

Richard I. ArthurSippican, Inc.Marion, MA

James A. Austin Jr.The University ofTexas at AustinAustin, TX

George F. Baker IIIHouston, TX

William N. BancroftJ.M. Forbes & Co.Boston, MA

Joseph S. Barr Jr.Needham, MA

Samuel M. BemissRichmond, VA

Philip L. BernsteinJacob Stern & Sons, Inc.Santa Barbara, CA

John P. Birmingham Jr.Eel River Racing LLCBoston, MA

Lillian C. BorroneAvon By The Sea, NJ

Edward C. Brainard IIMarion, MA

William C. BrasharesMintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,Glovsky, and Popeo, P.C.Washington, DC

Coleman P. BurkeWaterfront NY, L.P.New York, NY

Richard M. Burnes Jr.Charles River VenturesWaltham, MA

Truman S. CasnerRopes & GrayBoston, MA

Philip W. CheneyRaytheon CompanyLexington, MA

James M. Clark Jr.Elm Ridge Resources, Inc.Dallas, TX

Jill Ker ConwayBoston, MA

Trudy CoxePreservation Society ofNewport CountyNewport, RI

Molly M. CrowleyPiedmont, CA

Victoria R. CunninghamSouth Dartmouth, MA

Nancy R. CushingSquaw Valley SkiCorporationOlympic Valley, CA

J.H. Dow DavisWeston, MA

Michael R. DelandWashington, DC

Alfred T. Dengler Jr.New York, NY

Sara Greer DentChevy Chase, MD

Craig E. DormanUSN (Ret.)

Office of Naval ResearchArlington, VA

Paul A. DowneyDowney CapitalIncorporatedSan Francisco, CA

John R. Drexel IVNew York, NY

Robert C. DucommunNew York, NY

Joseph Z. Duke IIIOff-Road AmericaEngineeringJacksonville, FL

James L. DunlapHouston, TX

Ariana A. FairbanksWoods Hole, MA

Michele S. FosterPortsmouth, RI

David M. GaffneyHamilton, MA

Charles K. GiffordFleetBoston FinancialCorporationBoston, MA

Bernard A. GoldhirshManchester, MA

Halsey C. HerreshoffBristol, RI

Harold HestnesHale & DorrBoston, MA

Ann L. HollickWashington, DC

Stanley K. HoneySporTVision Systems, LLCMountain View, CA

Kinnaird HowlandEdwards and AngellProvidence, RI

Weston Howland IIIHowland CapitalManagement, Inc.Boston, MA

Lily Rice HsiaHamilton, MA

Columbus O. Iselin Jr.St. Croix,Virgin Islands

Geoffrey H. JenkinsWellesley Hills, MA

Laura A. JohnsonMassachusetts AudubonSociety, Inc.Lincoln, MA

John E. KellyJK Research Associates, Inc.Breckenridge, CO

Lee A. KimballWashington, DC

Charles R. LaMantiaLexington, MA

Timothea S. LarrOyster Bay, NY

Margaret M. LillyWest Falmouth, MA

Susan C. LivingstonBrown Brothers Harriman& CompanyBoston, MA

William K. MackeyWoods Hole, MA

John F. MaherThe John F. Maher FamilyFoundationSherman Oaks, CA

William J. MarshallVantagePoint VenturePartnersStamford, CT

C. Russell McKeeMcKee AssociatesOld Greenwich, CT

Dodge D. MorganCape Elizabeth, ME

Giles E. Mosher Jr.Waban, MA

Joyce L. MossNew York, NY

Waring PartridgeKingsville, TX

Joseph F. Patton Jr.Boston, MA

Robert M. RaiffCenturionNew York, NY

Anthony W. RyanGrantham, Mayo, VanOtterloo & Co. LLCBoston, MA

Lisa F. SchmidCambridge, MA

John S. Sculley IIISculley BrothersNew York, NY

Carolyn W. SlaymanHamden, CT

Peter J. SteinScientific Solutions, Inc.Nashua, NH

Carol T. StuartUniversity of MassachusettsBoston, MA

Kathryn D. SullivanCOSIColumbus, OH

Stephen P. SwopeRiverside, CT

Christopher R. TapscottExxonMobil ExplorationCompanyHouston, TX

William C. TaylorSaddle Island CorporationBoston, MA

George E. ThibaultAlexandria, VA

Cecil B. ThompsonDraper, UT

Geoffrey A. ThompsonNew York, NY

Keith S. ThomsonOxford, England

Michele G. Van LeerJohn Hancock FinancialServices, Inc.Boston, MA

Charles M. VestMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologyCambridge, MA

Malte von MatthiessenYellow SpringsInstrument Co., Inc.Yellow Springs, OH

Warren M. WashingtonNational Center forAtmospheric ResearchBoulder, CO

Eric A. WittenbergWittenberg-Livingston, Inc.Newport Beach, CA

Edmund B. WoollenRaytheon CompanyArlington, VA

Barbara J. WuWilmette, IL

Ex Officio MembersJames E. Moltz





Robert D. Harrington Jr.President of the Associates


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Dana Yoerger talks with Corporation partner BobDucommun following the May 2001 annual meetings of

the Trustees and Corporation.


48

Trustees & Corporation Members

John W. FarringtonAssociate Director forEducation and Dean ofGraduate Studies

Jacqueline M. HollisterAssociate Director forCommunications,Development, andMedia Relations

James R. LuytenSenior Associate Director andDirector of Research

Richard F. PittengerUSN (Ret.)

Associate Director for MarineOperations

Daniel H. StuermerDirector of Development

Honorary MembersRichard F. Alden

Los Angeles, CA

Marjorie AtwoodNewport, RI

Glenn W. BaileyHobe Sound, FL

John M. BaitsellJupiter, FL

George F. BennettFalmouth, MA

Charles A. BlackWoodside, CA

Randolph W. BromeryAmherst, MA

Richard W. Call M.D.Pasadena, CA

Hays ClarkHobe Sound, FL

Ruth P. ClarkPalm Beach, FL

Gorham L. Cross Jr.Wellesley, MA

Nelson S. GiffordWellesley, MA

Prosser GiffordWashington, DC

Charles GoodwinBaltimore, MD

William P.E. GravesLancaster, PA

Donald R. GriffinLexington, MA

Ann T. HaleSan Francisco, CA

Richard D. HillBank of Boston CorporationBoston, MA

Townsend HornorOsterville, MA

Kosaku InabaIshikawajima-Harima HeavyIndustries Co., Ltd.Chiyoka-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Mary Draper JanneyWashington, DC

George F. Jewett Jr.San Francisco, CA

Eugene H. KummelNew York, NY

A. Dix LeesonRockport, ME

Stanley Livingston Jr.Bristol, RI

Renville H. McMann Jr.New Canaan, CT

Denman K. McNearEast Dennis, MA

James F. Mooney Jr.Boston, MA

George L. MosesEast Falmouth, MA

Frank L. NickersonFalmouth, MA

Phyllis McKee OrbGreenwich, CT

Susanne La CroixPhippen

Wenham, MA

Allen E. PuckettPacific Palisades, CA

Willis B. RealsFalmouth, MA

Walter N. Rothschild Jr.New York, NY

Anne W. SawyerWoods Hole, MA

David S. SaxonUniversity of California,Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Charles W. SchmidtWeston, MA

Charles P. SlichterUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Hope Noyes SmithHamilton, MA

David B. StoneNorth AmericanManagement Corp.Boston, MA

Wm. Davis TaylorBrookline, MA

Richard F. TuckerFairfield, CT

Emily V. WadeBedford, MA

Elizabeth S. WarnerIthaca, NY

2001/2002 StandingCommittees

Audit CommitteeStephen E. Taylor, ChairEdward C. Brainard IIJ.H. Dow DavisGail E. DeeganKinnaird HowlandAnthony W. Ryan

ExecutiveCommitteeJames E. Moltz, ChairLouis W. CabotRobert A. FroschRobert B. GagosianWeston Howland Jr.Robert L. JamesNancy S. MilburnGeorge K. MossRobert M. SolowJames M. Clark*Robert D. Harrington*Peter H. McCormick*

Finance & BudgetCommitteePeter H. McCormick, ChairArthur Yorke AllenEdwin W. HiamRobert F. HoerleBreene M. KerrReuben F. RichardsKenneth S. Safe, Jr.Carolyn A. Bunker*

InvestmentCommitteeArthur Zeikel, ChairDaniel S. GregoryEric H. JostromWilliam J. KealyThomas D. MullinsPeter H. McCormick*James E. Moltz*

MemberInformationCommitteeWilliam P. Graves, ChairJames A. Austin, Jr.Richard W. CallRuth P. ClarkCharles GoodwinC. Russell McKeeJoyce L. MossMarjorie M. von Stade

Elizabeth S. WarnerJacqueline M. Hollister*

NominatingCommitteeThomas B. Wheeler,ChairH. David GreenwayLisina M. HochJames B. HurlockPaul J. KeelerWalter E. MasseyNewton P.S. MerrillRichard G. MintzJoseph F. Patton, Jr.Marjorie M. von StadeJames M. Clark*Robert B. Gagosian*Robert D. Harrington*Jacqueline M. Hollister*James E. Moltz *

Trustee/EmployeeRetirement TrustNewton P.S. Merrill(2002)John A. Scully (2003)Rodney B. Berens (2004)

20001-2002 Ad HocCommittees

EducationCommitteeNancy S. Milburn, ChairLewis M. BranscombJoel P. DavisLilli S. HornigCecily C. SelbyRobert M. SolowCarol T. StuartKeith S. ThomsonJohn W. Farrington*Christopher R. Tapscott*

Ships CommitteeE. Kent Swift, ChairRichard I. ArthurLouis W. CabotJames M. ClarkJoel P. DavisThomas J. DevineJoseph Z. DukeCharles GoodwinRobert D. HarringtonFrank W. HochLisina M. HochRobert L. JamesPaul J. Keeler

Peter H. McCormickGratia R. MontgomeryDodge D. MorganGeorge K. MossThomas D. MullinsGuy W. NicholsKenneth S. Safe Jr.Robert C. SeamansFrank V. SnyderDavid B. StoneMarjorie M. von StadeF. Thomas WestcottRobert B. Gagosian*James E. Moltz*Richard F. Pittenger*

2001-2002 SpecialCommittees

BusinessDevelopmentCommitteeRobert A. Frosch, ChairPhilip L. BernsteinDaniel S. GregoryHarvey C. KrentzmanRichard S. MorseDavid G. MugarCarolyn A. Bunker*Robert B. Gagosian*James R. Luyten*Daniel H. Stuermer*

Campaign SteeringCommitteeJames M. ClarkRobert L. JamesJames E. MoltzThomas J. TierneyThomas B. WheelerRobert B. Gagosian*Jacqueline M. Hollister*Daniel H. Stuermer*

Campus PlanningCommitteeF. Thomas Westcott, ChairJames M. ClarkTrudy CoxeThomas J. DevineMichele S. FosterCarolyn A. Bunker*James R. Luyten*

*Ex Officio Committee Members


49

Ship’s crew, Alvin group members, and others in the scientific party line the rail as Atlantis leaves WoodsHole June 13, 2001, for Alvin sea trials near Bermuda following the sub’s regular overhaul period.

Directorate and Scientific & Technical Staff

DirectorateRobert B. Gagosian

Director and President

James R. LuytenSenior Associate Director andDirector of Research

Carolyn A. BunkerActing Associate Director forFinance and Administration

John W. FarringtonAssociate Director forEducation and Dean ofGraduate Studies

Jacqueline M. HollisterAssociate Director forCommunications,Development andMedia Relations

Richard F. PittengerAssociate Director for MarineOperations

Applied OceanPhysics andEngineeringDepartmentW. Rockwell Geyer

Department Chair andSenior Scientist

Lane J. AbramsResearch Engineer

John J. AkensSenior Engineer

Ben G. AllenSenior Engineer

Laurence A. AndersonResearch Associate II

Thomas C. AustinSenior Engineer

Kiyoshi BabaPostdoctoral Investigator

John W. BaileyEngineer II

Robert D. BallardScientist Emeritus

Stacey E. BeaulieuVisiting Investigator

Andrew D. BowenResearch Specialist

Martin F. BowenResearch Associate III

Albert M. BradleyPrincipal Engineer

Neil L. BrownOceanographer Emeritus

Robert S. BrownResearch Associate II

William M. CareyAdjunct Scientist

Megan M. CarrollEngineer I

Jayn

e D

ouce

tte

Rodney M. CatanachEngineer II

Alan D. ChaveSenior Scientist

Dezhang ChuResearch Specialist

John A. ColosiAssociate Scientist

Richard E. CrawfordVisiting Investigator

Kenneth W. DohertySenior Engineer

Terence G. DonoghueEngineer II

James A. DouttResearch Associate III

Timothy F. DudaAssociate Scientist

Alan R. DuesterEngineer II

Calvert F. EckResearch Engineer

James B. EdsonAssociate Scientist

Robert L. ElderResearch Engineer

Stephen L. ElgarSenior Scientist

Falk FeddersenPostdoctoral Scholar

Kenneth G. FooteSenior Scientist

Ned C. ForresterSenior Engineer

Dudley B. FosterResearch Specialist

Janet J. FredericksInformation SystemsAssociate III

Andrew J. FredricksPostdoctoral Fellow

Lee E. FreitagSenior Engineer

George V. FriskSenior Scientist

Daniel E. FryeSenior Research Specialist

Xavier A. GarciaResearch Associate III

Stephen R. GeggInformation SystemsAssociate II

Eric W. GiffordResearch Associate III

Robert G.Goldsborough

Research Engineer

Robert L. GreenEngineer II

Mark A. GrosenbaughAssociate Scientist and J.Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Matthew D. GrundEngineer II

Robert T. GuzaVisiting Investigator

Terence R. HammarResearch Associate II

Seon M. HanPostdoctoral Scholar

Matthew C. HeintzEngineer II

Edward L. HobartEngineer II

Jonathan C. HowlandSenior Engineer

Kelan HuangInformation SystemsAssociate III

David HurtherPostdoctoral Scholar

James D. IrishSenior Research Specialist

Anatoliy N. IvakinAdjunct Scientist

Houshuo JiangPostdoctoral Scholar

Mark P. JohnsonResearch Engineer

Gail C. KinekeAdjunct Scientist

Peter A. KoskiEngineer I

Valery K. KosnyrevResearch Associate III

Andone C. LaveryPostdoctoral Scholar

James R. LedwellSenior Scientist

Steven A. LernerResearch Engineer

Pamela LezaetaSotomayor

Postdoctoral Fellow

Stephen P. LiberatoreResearch Engineer

Daniel R. LynchAdjunct Scientist

James F. LynchSenior Scientist

Ann MartinInformation SystemsAssociate II

Glenn E. McDonaldEngineer II

Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr.Associate Scientist

Wade R. McGillisAssociate Scientist

David A. MindellVisiting Investigator

A. Todd Morrison IIIVisiting Investigator

Matthew L. NaimanEngineer II

Arthur E. NewhallResearch Specialist

Griffith OutlawEngineer II

James W. PartanEngineer II

Walter PaulSenior Engineer

Kenneth R. PealSenior Engineer

Donald B. PetersResearch Engineer

Robert A. Petitt Jr.Research Engineer

James C. PreisigAssociate Scientist

Michael J. PurcellSenior Engineer

Britt RaubenheimerAssistant Scientist

Peter A. RaymondPostdoctoral Investigator


50

Scientific & Technical Staff

George T. ReynoldsAdjunct Scientist

Donald C. RhoadsVisiting Investigator

Edward K. ScheerInformation SystemsAssociate III

Peter T. SchultzResearch Associate I

Cynthia J. SellersResearch Associate III

Arnold G. SharpSenior Engineer

Kenneth A. ShorterEngineer I

Robin C. SingerEngineer II

Hanumant SinghAssociate Scientist

Sandipa SinghEngineer II

Carolyn F. SkinderVisiting Investigator

Timothy K. StantonSenior Scientist

Victoria R. StarczakResearch Associate II

Roger P. StokeySenior Engineer

Miles A. SundermeyerVisiting Investigator

Eugene A. TerrayResearch Specialist

Fredrik T. ThwaitesResearch Engineer

Peter A. TraykovskiAssistant Scientist

John H. TrowbridgeSenior Scientist

Christopher J. von AltPrincipal Engineer

Keith von der HeydtSenior Engineer

Barrie B. WaldenPrincipal Engineer

Jonathan D. WareEngineer II

Joseph D. WarrenPostdoctoral Fellow

Robert A. WatersEngineer II

Sarah E. WebsterEngineer I

Louis L. WhitcombVisiting Investigator

Sheri N. WhitePostdoctoral Investigator

Albert J. Williams 3rdSenior Scientist

Warren E. Witzell Jr.Engineer II

Jonathan D. WoodruffResearch Associate II

Dana R. YoergerAssociate Scientist

Christopher J. ZappaPostdoctoral Scholar

Jack ZhangEngineer II

Biology DepartmentJohn J. Stegeman


Philip AlataloResearch Associate II

Donald M. AndersonSenior Scientist

Carin J. AshjianAssociate Scientist

Richard H. BackusScientist Emeritus

Soraya M. BartolPostdoctoral Investigator

Hal CaswellSenior Scientist and TheRobert W. Morse Chair forExcellence in Oceanography

James E. CraddockOceanographer Emeritus

John W.H. DaceyAssociate Scientist

Mary Ann DaherResearch Associate II

Cabell S. Davis IIISenior Scientist

Mark R. DennettResearch Specialist

Michele D. DurandPostdoctoral Investigator

Sonya T. DyhrmanPostdoctoral Scholar

Virginia P. EdgcombPostdoctoral Fellow

Judith FenwickResearch Associate II

Iris A. FischerResearch Associate I

Jennifer L. Fitzgerald-Kearney

Research Associate I

Michael FogartyAdjunct Scientist

Deborah FrippPostdoctoral Fellow

Scott M. GallagerAssociate Scientist

Rebecca J. GastAssociate Scientist

Joel C. GoldmanScientist Emeritus

J. Frederick GrassleAdjunct Scientist

Charles H. GreeneVisiting Investigator

Robert C. GromanInformation SystemsSpecialist

Mark E. HahnAssociate Scientist

Kenneth M. HalanychAssistant Scientist

George R. HampsonOceanographer Emeritus

G. Richard HarbisonSenior Scientist

Robert HaselkornAdjunct Scientist

Erich F. HorganResearch Associate II

Sibel I. KarchnerResearch Associate III

Bruce A. KeaferResearch Associate III

Darlene R. KettenAssociate Scientist

Heather KoopmanPostdoctoral Scholar

Konstantinos A.Kormas

Postdoctoral Investigator

Anke KrempPostdoctoral Fellow

Dale F. LeavittResearch Associate III

Laurence P. MadinSenior Scientist and Directorof Ocean Life Institute

Sarah MarshVisiting Investigator

Judith E. McDowellSenior Scientist

Rebeka MersonPostdoctoral Fellow

Anna MetaxasAdjunct Scientist

Patrick J. MillerPostdoctoral Investigator

Zofia J. MlodzinskaResearch Associate II

Stephen J. MolyneauxResearch Associate II

Michael J. MooreResearch Specialist

J. Ru MorrisonPostdoctoral Investigator

Lauren S. MullineauxSenior Scientist and J. SewardJohnson Chair as EducationCoordinator

Michael G. NeubertAssociate Scientist

Douglas P. NowacekPostdoctoral Fellow

James F. O’ConnellResearch Associate III

Robert J. OlsonSenior Scientist

P. Edward ParnellPostdoctoral Investigator

Mercedes Pascual-Dunlap

Adjunct Scientist

Jesús G. PinedaAssociate Scientist

Pamela A. PolloniVisiting Investigator

John A. QuinlanResearch Associate III

John H. RytherScientist Emeritus

Amélie ScheltemaInstitution Visiting Scholar

Rudolf S. ScheltemaScientist Emeritus

Anne F. SellPostdoctoral Investigator

Mario R. SengcoPostdoctoral Investigator

Alexi A. ShalapyonokResearch Associate III

Timothy M. ShankAssistant Scientist

Stefan SievertPostdoctoral Scholar

Heidi M. SosikAssociate Scientist

Tracey T. SuttonPostdoctoral Scholar

Craig D. TaylorAssociate Scientist

John M. TealScientist Emeritus

Andreas P. TeskeAssistant Scientist

Rebecca E. ThomasPostdoctoral Investigator

Simon R. ThorroldAssociate Scientist

Sanjay TiwariVisiting Investigator

Linda MartinTraykovski


Peter L. TyackSenior Scientist and TheWalter A. and Hope NoyesSmith Chair

Frederica W. ValoisOceanographer Emeritus

John B. WaterburyAssociate Scientist

William A. WatkinsOceanographer Emeritus

Eric A. WebbAssistant Scientist

Peter H. WiebeSenior Scientist

Carl O. Wirsen Jr.Senior Research Specialist

Bruce R. WoodinResearch Associate III

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John Toole, right, describes the moored profiler to ViceAdmiral Conrad Lautenbacher Jr., USN (Ret.), who visitedWHOI in August 2001 during his term as president of theConsortium for Oceanographic Research and Education.


51

Scientific & Technical StaffScientific & Technical Staff

Amy Bower, shown here aboard R/V Knorr, withthe Seychelles shoreline in the background, hadtwo cruises to the Indian Ocean during 2001 for

REDSOX (Red Sea Outflow Experiment).

Tim Duda, foreground, and Clayton Jones of WebbResearch Corporation unload shear meter floats

aboard Oceanus at the WHOI pier in preparation for workin the Guiana Basin.

Geology &GeophysicsDepartmentRobert S. Detrick


David G. AubreyAdjunct Scientist

Marie-Pierre AubryGuest Investigator

William A. BerggrenScientist Emeritus

Karen L. BiceAssistant Scientist

Jerzy S. BlusztajnResearch Associate III

S. Thompson BolmerInformation SystemsAssociate II

Carl O. BowinScientist Emeritus

Anne BriaisGuest Investigator

James E. BrodaResearch Specialist

Wilfred B. BryanSenior Scientist (Retired)

Elizabeth T. BunceScientist Emeritus

Juan Pablo CanalesCisneros

Research Associate III

Johnson R. CannAdjunct Scientist

Mary R. CarmanResearch Associate I

Peter D. CliftAssociate Scientist

Anne L. CohenResearch Associate III

John A. CollinsAssociate Scientist

Wayne CrawfordAdjunct Scientist

William B. CurrySenior Scientist andDirector of Ocean andClimate Change Institute

Columban de VargasPostdoctoral Fellow

Henry J.B. DickSenior Scientist

Jeffrey DonnellyPostdoctoral Scholar

Joanne C. DonoghueEngineer II

Neal W. DriscollAssociate Scientist (LOA)

Kathryn L. ElderResearch Associate II

Robert L. EvansAssociate Scientist

Daniel J. FornariSenior Scientist

Toshiya FujiwaraGuest Investigator

Glenn A. GaetaniAssistant Scientist

Alan R. GagnonResearch Associate III

Chris GermanAdjunct Scientist

Graham S. GieseOceanographer Emeritus

Kathryn GillisAdjunct Scientist

Tracy K.P. GreggAdjunct Scientist

Van S. GriffinResearch Associate III

Peter HallGuest Investigator

Karen HanghojResearch Associate III

Stanley R. HartSenior Scientist

Gerald HangAdjunct Scientist

John M. HayesSenior Scientist

Richard J. HealyInformation SystemsAssociate II

Kai-Uwe HinrichsAssistant Scientist

James G. HirthAssociate Scientist

Susumu HonjoSenior Scientist

Allegra Hosford-Scheirer


Susan E. HumphrisSenior Scientist, Director ofDeep Ocean ExplorationInstitute, and J. SewardJohnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Matthew G. JullPostdoctoral Investigator

Lloyd D. Keigwin Jr.Senior Scientist

Peter B. KelemenSenior Scientist andThe Adams Chair

Sang-Wook KimPostdoctoral Investigator

Richard A. KrishfieldResearch Specialist

Peter B. LandryEngineer II

Graham D. LayneResearch Specialist

Peter C. LemmondResearch Associate III

Jian LinAssociate Scientist

George P. LohmannAssociate Scientist

John A. MadsenAdjunct Scientist

Steven J. ManganiniResearch Specialist

Olivier MarchalAssistant Scientist

Daniel C. McCorkleAssociate Scientist

Jerry F. McManusAssistant Scientist

Ann P. McNicholResearch Specialist

Peter S. MeyerAdjunct Scientist

Peter H. MolnarAdjunct Scientist

Richard D. NorrisAssociate Scientist

Delia W. OppoAssociate Scientist

Dorinda R. OstermannResearch Specialist

Mark PatzkowskyGuest Investigator

Gregory E. RavizzaAssociate Scientist

Maureen RaymoAdjunct Scientist

David A. RossScientist Emeritus

Peter E. SauerVisiting Investigator

Robert J. SchneiderSenior Research Specialist

Hans SchoutenSenior Scientist

Brian SchroederResearch Associate II

Adam SchultzAdjunct Scientist

Alex L. SessionsPostdoctoral Investigator

Nobumichi ShimizuSenior Scientist and The W.Van Alan Clark, Jr., Chair

Enid K. SichelGuest Investigator

Kenneth W. W. SimsAssistant Scientist

Deborah K. SmithSenior Scientist

Robert A. SohnAssistant Scientist

Roger SummonsAdjunct Scientist

Ralph A. StephenSenior Scientist

Dana R. Stuart-GerlachResearch Associate II

Helen F. SturtPostdoctoral Investigator

Stephen A. SwiftResearch Specialist

Sean P. SylvaResearch Associate II

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Dav

id F

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Scientific & Technical Staff

Uri S. ten BrinkAdjunct Scientist

Maurice A. TiveyAssociate Scientist

Brian E. TucholkeSenior Scientist andThe Henry Bryant BigelowChair for Excellencein Oceanography

Elazar UchupiScientist Emeritus

Richard P. Von HerzenScientist Emeritus

Karl F. Von RedenSenior Research Specialist

Christopher R. WeidmanVisiting Investigator

Frank B. WoodingResearch Specialist

Li XuResearch Associate III

Wen-Lu ZhuAssistant Scientist

Marine Chemistry &GeochemistryDepartmentMark D. Kurz

Department Chair, SeniorScientist, and The Edward W.and Betty J. Scripps Chair

Robert P. Ackert Jr.Postdoctoral Investigator

John E. Andrews IIIResearch Associate II

Wolfgang BachAssistant Scientist

Michael P. BaconSenior Scientist

Lary A. BallResearch Specialist

Ken O. BuesselerSenior Scientist

Cynthia L. ChandlerInformation SystemsAssociate II

Matthew A. CharetteAssistant Scientist

Robert ChenAdjunct Scientist

Maureen H. ConteAssociate Scientist

Jay T. CullenPostdoctoral Scholar

Joshua M. CurticeResearch Associate II

Minhan DaiResearch Associate III (LOA)

Michael D. DeGrandpreAdjunct Scientist

Werner G. DeuserScientist Emeritus

Katrina J. EdwardsAssistant Scientist

Geoffrey EglintonAdjunct Scientist

Lorraine EglintonResearch Associate III

Timothy I. EglintonAssociate Scientist

Alan P. FleerResearch Associate III

Gary R. FonesVisiting Investigator

Roger FrançoisAssociate Scientist

Nelson M. FrewSenior Research Specialist

James N. GallowayGuest Investigator

David M. GloverResearch Specialist

Martin HassellovPostdoctoral Fellow

George F. HeimerdingerVisiting Investigator

Eric J. HintsaAssistant Scientist

Leah A. HoughtonResearch Associate II

Konrad A. HughenAssistant Scientist

John M. HuntScientist Emeritus

Keith HunterGuest Investigator

William J. JenkinsSenior Scientist (LOA)

Carl G. JohnsonResearch Associate III

Timothy C. KennaPostdoctoral Investigator

Kee Hyun KimGuest Investigator

Kirsten L. LaarkampPostdoctoral Investigator

Joseph M. LicciardiPostdoctoral Scholar

Dempsey E. Lott IIISenior Research Specialist

William R. MartinAssociate Scientist and J.Seward Johnson Chair asEducation Coordinator

Thomas M. McCollomPostdoctoral Investigator

Scott J. McCueInformation SystemsAssociate II

James W. MoffettSenior Scientist

Daniel B. MontluçonResearch Associate II

Willard S. MooreAdjunct Scientist

Jennifer L. MorfordPostdoctoral Scholar

Raymond G. NajjarGuest Investigator

Robert K. NelsonResearch Associate III

Nana Ogawa OhkouchiPostdoctoral Investigator

Naohiko OkhouchiPostdoctoral Fellow

Ann PearsonGuest Investigator

Edward PeltzerAdjunct Oceanographer

Steven T. PetschPostdoctoral Scholar

Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink

Associate Scientist

Steven M. PikeResearch Associate II

Christopher M. ReddyAssistant Scientist

Daniel J. RepetaSenior Scientist and TheStanley W. Watson Chair forExcellence in Oceanography

Daniel R. RogersResearch Associate II

Kathleen C. RuttenbergAssociate Scientist

Julian SachsGuest Investigator

Makoto A. SaitoPostdoctoral Investigator

Frederick L. SaylesScientist Emeritus

David L. SchneiderResearch Associate III

Jeffrey S. SeewaldAssociate Scientist

Wayne ShanksAdjunct Scientist

Edward R. SholkovitzSenior Scientist

Gregory F. SlaterPostdoctoral Fellow

Derek W. SpencerScientist Emeritus

Geoffrey ThompsonScientist Emeritus

Margaret K. TiveyAssociate Scientist

Rodrigo TorresPostdoctoral Fellow

Thomas W. TrullAdjunct Scientist

Wei WangGuest Investigator

John C. WeberResearch Associate II

Jean K. WhelanSenior Research Specialist

Oliver C. ZafiriouSenior Scientist

PhysicalOceanographyDepartmentTerrence M. Joyce


Carol A. AlessiInformation SystemsAssociate II

Geoffrey P. AllsupResearch Engineer

Steven P. AndersonAssociate Scientist (LOA)

Frank BahrResearch Specialist

Robert C. BeardsleySenior Scientist

Amy S. BowerAssociate Scientist

Annalisa BraccoPostdoctoral Scholar

Keith F. BradleyResearch Associate III

Kenneth H. BrinkSenior Scientist and Directorof Coastal Ocean Instituteand Rinehart CoastalResearch Center

Michael J. CarusoInformation SystemsSpecialist

Claudia CenedeseAssistant Scientist

David C. ChapmanSenior Scientist

Changsheng ChenAdjunct Scientist

Yang-Ki ChoGuest Investigator

James H. ChurchillResearch Specialist

Ruth G. CurryResearch Specialist

Jerome P. DeanOceanographer Emeritus

Raffaele FerrariPostdoctoral Scholar

Claude FrankignoulGuest Investigator

Nick P. FofonoffScientist Emeritus

David M. FratantoniAssistant Scientist

Paula S. FratantoniResearch Associate III

Paul D. FucileResearch Engineer

Heather H. FureyResearch Associate II

Ocean and Climate Change Institute Director Bill Curry,left, explains the use of sediment cores in

paleoceanography to visiting professional staffmember Chris Miller of the US Senate Committee on

Environment and Public Works.

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Scientific & Technical StaffScientific & Technical Staff

Nancy R. GalbraithInformation SystemsAssociate III

Glen G. GawarkiewiczAssociate Scientist

Deborah A. GlicksonResearch Associate II

Melinda M. HallResearch Specialist

Karl R. HelfrichSenior Scientist and J. SewardJohnson Chair as EducationCoordinator

Nelson HoggSenior Scientist, and The W.Van Alan Clark, Sr., Chair

David S. HosomPrincipal Engineer

Rui Xin HuangSenior Scientist

Steven R. JayneAssistant Scientist

Xiangze JinResearch Associate II

Caroline A. KatsmanPostdoctoral Investigator

Kara L. LavenderPostdoctoral Scholar

Richard L. KoehlerSenior Engineer

Joseph H. LaCasce Jr.Assistant Scientist

Sonya A. LeggAssociate Scientist

Steven J. LentzSenior Scientist

James A. LerczakPostdoctoral Scholar

Richard LimeburnerSenior Research Specialist

Christopher A. LinderResearch Associate II

Susan LozierGuest Investigator

Alison MacdonaldResearch Associate

Jochem MarotzkeGuest Investigator

John MarshallGuest Investigator

Craig D. MarquetteEngineer II

Cecilie MauritzenAssistant Scientist

Michael S. McCartneySenior Scientist and TheColumbus O’Donnell IselinChair for Excellence inOceanography

Robert C. Millard Jr.Senior Research Specialist

Ellyn T. MontgomeryResearch Specialist

W. Brechner OwensSenior Scientist

Richard E. PayneOceanographer Emeritus

Joseph PedloskySenior Scientist andHenry L. and GraceDoherty Oceanographer

Helen E. PhillipsPostdoctoral Scholar

Robert S. PickartAssociate Scientist

Albert J. PlueddemannAssociate Scientist

Kurt L. PolzinAssociate Scientist

Lawrence J. PrattSenior Scientist

James F. PriceSenior Scientist

Mark PritchardPostdoctoral Investigator

Andrey Yu ProshutinskyAssociate Scientist

Philip L. RichardsonScientist Emeritus

Paola RizzoliGuest Investigator

Raymond W. SchmittSenior Scientist

William J. SchmitzScientist Emeritus

Robert K. ShearmanPostdoctoral Scholar

Vitalii A. SheremetAssistant Scientist

Bernadette M. SloyanAssistant Scientist

Michael A. SpallAssociate Scientist

Fiamma StraneoPostdoctoral Investigator

H. Marshall Swartz Jr.Research Associate III

John M. TooleSenior Scientist

Daniel J. TorresResearch Associate II

Richard P. TraskResearch Specialist

George H. TupperResearch Associate II

James R. ValdesSenior Engineer

Charlotte B. ValleeResearch Associate II

Michal VanicekPostdoctoral Investigator

Bruce A. WarrenSenior Scientist

Robert A. WellerSenior Scientist

Sandra WernerGuest Investigator

Deborah E. West-MackResearch Associate II

John A. WhiteheadSenior Scientist andThe Paul M. Fye Chair

Christine M. WoodingResearch Associate II

Carl WunschGuest Investigator

Jiayan YangAssociate Scientist

Lisan YuAssistant Scientist

Guocheng YuanPostdoctoral Investigator

Marine PolicyCenterAndrew R. Solow

Director andAssociate Scientist

Jesse H. AusubelAdjunct Scientist

Arthur G. Gaines Jr.Oceanographer Emeritus

Makram GergesSenior Research Fellow

Hillel GordiniSenior Research Fellow

Porter Hoagland IIIResearch Specialist

Di JinAssociate Scientist

Richard KazmierczakSenior Research Fellow

Hauke L. Kite-PowellResearch Specialist

Ann E. MulliganAssistant Scientist

Robert RepettoSenior Research Fellow

John H. SteeleScientist Emeritus

Coastal OceanInstitute andRinehart CoastalResearch CenterKenneth Brink

Director and Senior Scientist

Bruce W. TrippResearch Associate II

Alvin OperationsWilliam N. Lange

Research Specialist

Computer andInformationServicesJulie M. Allen

Information SystemsSpecialist

Eric F. CunninghamInformation SystemsAssociate II

Roger A. GoldsmithInformation SystemsSpecialist

Helen E. GordonInformation SystemsAssociate II

Robert W. KatcherInformation SystemsAssociate II

John KrauspeInformation SystemsAssociate III

Karl A. KruegerInformation SystemsAssociate II

William S. Little Jr.Information SystemsSpecialist

Andrew R. MaffeiInformation SystemsSpecialist

Randal N. ManchesterInformation SystemsAssociate III

Jonathan E. MurrayInformation SystemsAssociate I

Elizabeth B. OwensInformation SystemsAssociate II

Carpenters Sonny Cummings, left, and Craig Hendersonand machinist John Fetterman, right, watched Atlantis’s

June 13 departure from the Iselin Facility south mezzanine.

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Warren J. SassInformation SystemsSpecialist

Deborah K. ShaferInformation SystemsAssociate II

Adam ShepherdInformation SystemsAssociate I

Angela YorkInformation SystemsAssociate I

CommunicationsLori A. Dolby

Information SystemsAssociate II

Danielle M. FinoInformation SystemsAssociate III

Dina A. PandyaInformation SystemsAssociate II

LibraryStuart A. Culy

Information SystemsAssociate II

Colleen D. HurterInformation SystemsAssociate III

Melissa LamontInformation SystemsAssociate III

Margaret A. RiouxInformation SystemsAssociate III


54

Support Staff

Susan W. MillsDawn M. MoranPhoebe PooleDaniel W. SmithLis SuefkeSusan F. TomeoNancy Y. Trowbridge

Geology &GeophysicsDepartmentVictor H. BenderKatherine W. BrownM. Christina CuellarDavid L. DuBoisAnne S. EdwardsPamela V. FosterC. Eben FranksC. Frances HalbrooksRobert E. HandyMarleen H. JeglinskiJanet M. JohnsonPatricia LongJulianne PalmieriKari A. ParoDiane B. PencolaDane PercyKira A. PrattEllen R. RoosenSusan R. TrimarchiElaine A. TulkaHeather V. WaringLuPing Zou

Marine Chemistry &GeochemistryDepartmentTracy L. AbbruzzeseRebecca A. BelastockScot P. BirdwhistellL. Susan Brown-LegerJustin DumouchelleLucinda J. GathercoleJoanne E. GoudreauChristie L. HaupertCraig HerboldChanda J. HerringJoanna F. IrelandDonna M. MortimerElta C. SmithMargaret M.SulanowskaMarcie WorkmanTori M. Ziemann

PhysicalOceanographyDepartmentEleanor M. BotelhoPaul R. BouchardKenton M. BradshawNancy J. BrinkMargaret F. CookLawrence P. CostelloAnne DoucetteDaniel J. DuffanyJane A. Dunworth-BakerDavid C. FisichellaJeanne A. FlemingPenny C. Foster

Rosanna R. FucileBrian J. GuestJason J. HolleyWilliam H. HornGeorge P. Knapp IIIJeffrey B. LordTheresa K. McKeeAnne-Marie MichaelElizabeth A. MorenoWilliam M. OstromMarguerite A. PachecoJohn B. ReeseHazel SalazarRyan SchrawderJason C. SmithRobert D. TavaresDeborah A. TaylorRochelle A. UgstadBryan S. WayW. David WellwoodScott E. Worrilow

Marine PolicyCenterAndrew BeetGretchen McManaminKimberly T. MurrayMary E. Schumacher

Rinehart CoastalResearch Centerand Coastal OceanInstituteOlimpia L. McCall

Applied OceanPhysics andEngineeringDepartmentShirley J. BarkleyPhilip J. BernardAnthony H. BerryAndrew S. BillingsPaul E. BourdeauDolores H. ChaussePeter A. CollinsCharles E. CorwinThomas CrookJack DelliboviBetsey G. DohertyJames M. DunnStephen M. FaluoticoAndrew P. GirardMatthew R. GouldCarlton W. GrantSusan M. GrieveSheila K. HurstThomas P. HurstCraig E. JohnsonJohn N. KempOlga I. KosnyrevaKaren LittlefieldChristopher LumpingMarguerite K. McElroyNeil M. McPheeGeorge A. MeierMarlene B. MessinaStephen D. MurphyDerek A. NewhallAnita D. NortonGregory J. PackardMarjorie J. ParmenterTracy L. Pugh

Judith A. Rizoli WhiteJames R. RyderDavid S. SchroederJohn J. Schwind Jr.William J. SellersJohn D. SissonLinda M. SkibaGary N. StanbroughAnn E. StoneMax O. von der HeydtKarlen A. WannopBrandon R. WasnewskiAndrew C. Waterbury

Biology DepartmentMolly D. AllisonKimberly A. AmaralEllen M. BaileyNicoletta BiassoniMari ButlerMeredith J. CanodeCarol D. CarsonChip ClancySheila ComerfordNancy J. CopleyScott R. CramerPieter DeHartDiana G. FranksLinda G. HareElizabeth JablonskiAmy KukulyaDavid M. KulisDanielle KurzBruce A. LancasterShannon B. LyonsCarolyn ManningJane E. MarshGail McPhee

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Carol Hampton, Management Information Services, was honored for40 years’ service to WHOI at the fall Employee Recognition Ceremony.She is flanked at the lectern by Director and President Bob Gagosian

and Human Resources Manager Kathy LaBernz.

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Matt Gould, left, Andy Girard, and Amy Kukulyarun tests on Scott Gallager’s Autonomous Vertically

Profiling Plankton Observatory.


55

Support StaffSupport Staff

Computer andInformationServicesMichael J. BishopNicholas A. BrighamGail F. CaldeiraFay M. CaliBruce R. ColeEdward F. Dow Jr.Timothy J. GageJason H. JohnsonDennis E. LadinoJames MacConnellClara Y. Pires

LibraryMaureen E. CarragherRobin L. HurstEllen LevyLisa M. RaymondNancy Stafford

Administrative StaffDeborah A. Aimone

Senior Accountant II

Nancy E. BarryHuman ResourcesInformation SystemsManager

Marie R. BasileProcurementRepresentative II

Marsha G. BissonetteAssociate Registrar

Susan A. CassoDepartment Administrator,Marine Chemistry &Geochemistry

Amy C. CavasosFinance Systems Coordinator

Christine S. CharetteDevelopment Officer

Linda L. ChurchAccountant

Sheila A. CliffordAdministrative Associate I,Marine Chemistry &Geochemistry

Tracey I. CragoSea Grant Communicator

Vicky CullenCommunications Director

Peggy A. DalyAdvancement ServicesManager

Cheryl C. DanielsAccountant

Hilary C. DavisHuman ResourcesInformation Systems Analyst

Sheri D. DerosaAdministrative Associate I,Sea Grant

Stacey B. DrangeAdministrative Associate I,Education

Dana FernandezManager of Budgets &General Accounting

Maryanne F. FerreiraDepartment Administrator,Geology & Geophysics

Susan P. FerreiraGrants Administrator II

Janet A. FieldsAdministrative Associate I,Education

Patricia R. FiskBoard RelationsAdministrator

Karen E. FlahertyBusiness Analyst

Annda W. FlynnCenter Administrator I,Computer & InformationServices

Dennis J. FoxProcurement Manager

Kenneth R. FriendNT Administrator/Developer

David G. GalloDirector of SpecialCommunication Projects

Ellen M. GatelyCenter Administrator II,Marine Policy

Arthur S. GaylordComputer & InformationServices Director

Ruth E. GoldsmithExecutive Secretary to theAssociate Director forMarine Operations

Pamela J. GoulartSenior HR Representative

Veta M. GreenProcurementRepresentative II

Monika GrinnellSenior Grants Administrator

Deborah F. HamelAdministrator, Office ofAssociate Director of Finance& Administration

Christine L. HammondAssistant Director ofComputer & InformationServices

Carolyn S. HamptonSenior Software Developer/Database Administrator

Susan K. HandworkCenter Administrator II,National Ocean SciencesAccelerator MassSpectrometry Facility

Pamela C. HartDirector ofGoverment Relations

Frederic R. HeideManager of Graphic Services

Wendy T. HenleyDevelopment Officer

Hartley HoskinsNetwork Group Leader

Kevin F. HudockBenefits Manager

Charles S. Innis Jr.Security Officer

Judith L. KleindinstCenter Administrator II,Ecology of Harmful AlgalBlooms

Kathleen P. LaBernzHuman Resources Manager

Linda J. LagleCenter Administrator I,Global Ocean EcosystemsDynamics

Michael P. LagrassaAssistant ProcurementManager

Shelley M. LauzonMedia Relations Director

Laurence S. LippsettSenior Science Writer/Editor

John M. LombardiBusiness Analyst

Mary Ann LucasAdministrative Associate I,Physical Oceanography

Molly M. LumpingAdministrative Associate I,Office of Director of Research

Katherine C.A. MadinCurriculum Coordinator

Judith E. McDowellAssociate Dean

Stacey L. MedeirosController

Joseph Messina IIIWindows NT Developer/Database Administrator

Laura A. MurphyAssistant Controller

Sandra E. MurphyAdministrative Associate I,Communications

Steven M. MurphyGrants Administrator II,Communications

Stephanie A. MurphyInformation Office & ExhibitCenter Manager

Thomas G. NemmersDirector of Board Relations

Jane B. NeumannDirector of Principal Gifts

Catherine N. NortonDirector, MBL/WHOILibrary

Kathleen PattersonMedia RelationsAdministrator

A. Lawrence Peirson IIISpecial Assistant to theDirector of Education

Taryn E. PetersonWeb Developer/Designer,Management InformationSystems

Andrey Yu ProshutinskyArctic Coordinator

James RakowskiDirector of Major Gifts

Karen P. RaussOmbuds/EEO Officer

Claire L. ReidExecutive Assistant to theDirector of Research

John M. ReillyDepartment Administrator,Applied Ocean Physics &Engineering

Lesley M. ReillyDirector of Annual Giving

Dena RichardAssistant Payroll Manager

Audrey M. RogersonDirector of Foundations andCorporate Relations

Peggy A. RoseExecutive Secretaryto the Director

Emily H. SchorerAssistant Human ResourcesManager

Sandra A. SherlockSr. ProcurementRepresentative

Marcella R. SimonExecutive Assistant to theAssociate Director forEducation

Paul S. SmithMarine ProcurementRepresentative

Timothy R. StarkManagement InformationSystems Manager

David StephensManager of AccountsReceivable and GovernmentRegulations

Illustrator Paul Oberlander works on an ocean life mural in the Exhibit Centercourtyard as visitors approach the lower-floor entrance.

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56

Support Staff

Senior Plant Mechanic Charlie Olson, at left with wife Brenda, received the 2001 Vetlesen Award for a variety of exceptional contributionsto the WHOI community over a long period of time. Members of the R/V Knorr crew, represented in the center photo by Chief EngineerSteve Walsh, were named winners of the Penzance Award for overall exceptional performance, WHOI spirit, and contributions to the

personal and professional lives of Institution staff. Associate Director for Marine Operations Dick Pittenger is at the lectern. TheLinda Morse-Porteous Award for leadership, mentoring, dedication to work, and involvement in the WHOI community went to

Information Systems Associate Debbie Shafer, shown at right receiving congratulations from Annda Flynn.

Michéle Stokes-MatteraInstitution MeetingsCoordinator

Daniel H. StuermerDirector of Development

June E. TaftRetirement BenefitsAdministrator

Maurice J. TavaresManager of Grants &Contracts

Alison TilghmanDevelopment Officer

Mary Jane TucciAdministrative Associate I,Biology

Janis M. UmschlagDepartmentAdministrator, Biology

Julia G. WestwaterRegistrar & GraduatePrograms Administrator

Mary Ann WhiteProcurement RepresentativeII–Travel Coordinator

Patricia A. WhiteCenter Administrator I,Joint North PacificResearch Center

Maryanne H. WrayDepartment Administrator,Physical Oceanography

Dianna M. ZaiaManager of TreasuryOperations

Mary ZawoyskyAdministrative Associate I,Marine Chemistry &Geochemistry

AdministrativeSupport StaffKathleen A. AdamsPierrette M. Ahearn

Steven W. AllsoppMarion AndrewsMary AndrewsMatthew G. BartonLinda BenwayKatherine A. BillingsSuzanne M. BoltonSusan E. BurlingameIrene M. BurnsJames J. CanavanRobyn A. CarlissLeonard CartwrightPaula CloningerJohn E. CookRachel H. DahlDina M. DicarloLinda J. DoaneJayne H. DoucetteAnn M. DunniganKittie E. ElliottLynne M. EllsworthGlenn R. EnosPaul R. GentileDavid L. GrayLeman HadwayRenee M. HansenMark V. HickeyAura V. HolguinJane A. HopewoodKatherine S. JoyceLorraine E. KeefeThomas N. KleindinstDonna L. LamondeSamuel J. LombaHélène J. LongyearJeanne LoveringRichard C. LoveringJennifer H. LynchPamela D. Morse

E. Paul OberlanderSharon J. OmarIsabel M. PenmanJeanne A. PetersonJeannine M. PiresEdward F. ReardonTariesa A. ReineStacey L. ReisPatricia A. RileyBrenda M. RowellWendy L. SandnerTracy L. SavageSandra L. SherlockTimothy M. SilvaMildred TealJudith A. ThrasherJoanne E. TrompBonnie A. WadsworthJohn A. Wood Jr.Edmund Zmuda

Facilities andServices StaffErnest G. Charette

Assistant Facilities Manager

Alberto Collasius Jr.Mechanical Services Engineer

Richard E. GalatFacilities Engineer

Robert J. GreeneDistribution Manager

Penelope HilliardProperty Administrator

Lewis E. KarchnerSafety Officer

William E. McKeonFacilties Manager

Debra A. SnurkowskiAssistant DistributionManager

Eileen R. WicklundAdministrative Associate II

Facilities andServices SupportStaffEsmail A. AliJohn W. AllisonDouglas H. Andrews IIIThomas A. BoucheRonald J. BragaEdmund K. BrownMark BuccheriBarbara G. CallahanHenry R. CarlisleRichard J. CarterJohn J. CartnerCharles ClemishawThomas N. ColonMarc A. CostaJohn A. CrobarRobert M. CrowleyWilliam B. CruwysRowland N. CummingsJudith O. CushmanElizabeth S. DelaneyPeter P. DeloreyKirk DirubioGeoffrey K. EkblawJohn FettermanMichael J. FieldJason E. GaudetDamon E. GayerEdward S. GoodBilly GuestDavid S. Hamblin

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Captain A.D. Colburn, left, consults withSteve Page on Knorr’s bridge.


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Support StaffSupport Staff

Patrick J. HarringtonCraig T. HendersonRobert W. HendricksJ. Kevin KayFred W. KellerTroy KelleyRaymond G. KimballRemmert H. KokmeyerDonald C. LeBlancPaul E. LeBlancWendy W. LiberatorePamela A. LopezKeith A. MannRobert A. McCabeNapoleon McCall Jr.Carlos A. MedeirosNorman E. MorrisonJose S. MotaJay R. MurphyJohn R. MurphyCharles A. OlsonSheila T. PayneDavid C. PetersonVasco PiresDennis J. ReardonJeremy T. RoacheJohn P. RomizaLewis J. SaffronMichael J. SawyerRobert W. SchreiterDaniel L. SlevinSteven P. SolboWilliam F. SparksRobert G. SpenleMark L. St. PierreAnne Marie TaylorKevin D. ThompsonRobert WichtermanBonnie L. Woodward

Alvin and MarineOperations StaffJonathan C. Alberts

Marine OperationsCoordinator

Courtenay Barber IIIChief Mate, R /V Oceanus

Richard C. BeanThird Mate, R/V Atlantis

Lawrence T. BearseMaster, R/V Oceanus

Michael P. BrennanMarine PersonnelCoordinator

Richard S. ChandlerSubmersible OperationsCoordinator

Richard P. Chase IISecond Mate, R/V Oceanus

Gary B. ChiljeanMaster, R/V Atlantis

Carl H. ChristensenChief Mate, R/V Atlantis

Joseph L. Coburn Jr.Ship Operations Manager

Arthur D. Colburn IIIMaster, R/V Knorr

Margaret M. CraneChief Mate, R/V Atlantis

Sallye A. DavisThird Mate, R/V Atlantis

Craig D. DicksonSecond Mate, R/V Atlantis

Richard S. EdwardsPort Captain

Deidra L. EmrichThird Mate, R/V Knorr

Kevin C. FiskChief Engineer, R/V Atlantis

Larry D. FlickMarine OperationsAdministrator

Philip E. ForteDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Lynn GriffinAdministrative Associate I

Christopher L. HainesFirst Assistant Engineer,R/V Atlantis

K.I. Faith HampshireCenter Administrator I

J. Patrick HickeyDeep Submergence VehicleExpedition Leader

Jeffrey LittleFirst Assistant Engineer,R/V Atlantis

Timothy P. LoganCommunications Officer,R/V Atlantis

J. Douglas MayerSecond Mate, R/V Knorr

Anthony D. MelloSecond Mate, R/V Oceanus

Patrick S. MoneFirst Assistant Engineer,R/V Knorr

Theophilus Moniz IIIMarine Engineer

Christopher D. MorganFirst Assistant Engineer,R/V Knorr

Richard F. MorrisChief Engineer,R/V Oceanus

David I. OlmstedBoat Operator

Terrence M. RiouxDiving Safety Officer

James A. SchubertSecond Assistant Engineer,R/V Atlantis

Adam B. SeamansThird Mate, R/V Knorr

Kent D. SheasleyThird Mate, R/V Knorr

George P. SilvaChief Mate, R/V Atlantis

Wallace C. StarkFleet Planning Officer

William B. StrickrottDeep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Wayne A. SylviaSecond Assistant Engineer,R/V Knorr

Barrie B. WaldenManager, OperationalScience Services

Stephen A. WalshChief Engineer, R/V Knorr

Ernest C. WegmanPort Engineer

William R. WhiteThird Mate, R/V Knorr

Robert L. WilliamsChief Deep SubmergenceVehicle Pilot

Alvin and MarineOperationsSupport StaffWayne A. BaileyLinda J. BartholomeeMatthew L. BartlettHarold A. BeanBrett S. BluesteinNelson L. BotsfordLeonard BoutinKevin D. ButlerLeonidas ByckovasSherry H. CartonJohn A. CawleyMichael J. CondaAlden CookBarbara L. CostelloChristina CourcierMichael R. DohertyWilliam J. Dunn Jr.Gavin EppardEdwin A. EstanielSteven J. EykelhoffLaura GoepfertAllan G. GordonJerry M. GrahamEdward F. Graham Jr.Jay GrantPatrick J. HennessyMarjorie M. HollandAlan J. HopkinsOrville B. Kenerson

Robbie LairdBrian LeachPeter T. LeonardCharles R. LewisManuel P. LopesTimothy P. LoganPiotr MarczakEduwiges L. MartinezNoel MasiasJames M. McGillTodd D. MeekerMirth N. MillerChristopher MoodyIgor V. MyachinBrian M. O’NuallainStephen G. PageEdward S. PopowitzKenneth W. RandVictoria R. SimmsAmy SimoneauDavid SimsJeffrey M. StolpKeith L. StrandLinwood J. SwettAnthony TarantinoPhilip M. TreadwellPaul A. VinitskyColin L. WalcottCarl O. Wood

2001 RetireesRichard E. PayneHélène J.H. LongyearNorman E. MorrisonBarbara GaffronJudith O. CushmanJohn PorteousHerman WagnerAlden H. CookMargaret M. Walden

Medic Janet Costello left, and ShipboardScientific Services Technician Amy Simoneauenjoy a break during a Knorr port call in the

Indian Ocean.

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Ed Popowitz aboard Knorr hands a line off to LarryCostello as the ship ties up in Woods Hole in August 2001.

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Degree Recipients

Doctor of PhilosophyShannon M. Bard

Université de Nantes, France,DiplomaStanford UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Characterization of P-glycoprotein Expression as aMultixenobiotic Resistance Mechanismin Fish

Jennifer E. GeorgenUniversity of Virginia, CharlottesvilleSpecial Field: Marine GeophysicsDissertation: Interactions betweenMantle Plumes and Mid-Ocean Ridges:Constraints from Geophysics,Geochemistry, and GeodynamicalModeling

Allegra Hosford-ScheirerBrown UniversitySpecial Field: Marine GeophysicsDissertation: Crustal Accretion andEvolution at Slow and Ultra-SlowSpreading Mid-Ocean Ridges

Nicole PoultonVirginia Polytechnic InstituteSpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Physiological andBehavioral Diagnostics of NitrogenLimitation for the Toxic DinoflagellateAlexandrium fundyense(Dinophyceae)

Makoto SaitoOberlin CollegeSpecial Field: Chemical OceanographyDissertation: The Biogeochemistry ofCobalt in the Sargasso Sea

Paulo SallesNational Autonomous University ofMexicoMIT/WHOI JointProgram, SMSpecial Field: Oceanographic EngineeringDissertation: Hydrodynamic Controls onMultiple Tidal Inlet Persistence

Mario R. SengcoLong Island University,SouthamptonSpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: The Aggregation of ClayMinerals and Marine Microalgal Cells:Physicochemical Theory and Implicationsfor Controlling Harmful Algal Blooms

Alexandra H. TechetPrinceton UniversitySpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Experimental Visualizationof the Near Boundary HydrodynamicsAbout Fish-LikeSwimming Bodies

Rebecca E. ThomasDuke UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Relating BehavioralContext to Acoustic Parameters ofBottlenose Dolphins (Tursiopstruncatas) Vocalizations

Joseph D. WarrenHarvey Mudd CollegeSpecial Field: Applied Ocean SciencesDissertation: Estimating Gulf of MaineZooplankton Distributions UsingMultiple Frequency Acoustic, Video andEnvironmental Data

Wen XuUniversity of Science & Technologyof ChinaInstitute of Acoustics, China, MSMIT/WHOI Joint Program, SMSpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Performance Bounds onMatched-Field Methods for SourceLocalization and Estimation of OceanEnvironmental Parameters

Master of ScienceJuan Botella

School of MarineSciences, MexicoAutonomous Universityof Baja, California,Mexico, MSSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Mesoscale Variability andMean Flow Interaction Near the GulfStream as Seen by Satellite Altimetryand Numerical Modelling

Heather E. DeeseGeorgetown UniversitySpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Chaotic Advection andMixing in a Eastern Boundary Current-Recirculation System: LaboratoryExperiments

Christie L. HaupertUniversity of MinnesotaSpecial Field: Chemical OceanographyDissertation: A Seasonal Study ofAlkaline Phosphatase Activity in aCoastal Cape Cod Pond

Jody KatreinMaine Maritime AcademySpecial Field: Ocean EngineeringDissertation: Evaluation of TransportRelative to the Tidal Mixing Front onSouthern Georges Bank

Sarah MarshRice UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Morphometric Analyses ofEars in Two Families of Pinnipeds

Amy R. McKnightColgate UniversitySpecial Field: Marine GeophysicsDissertation: Structure and Evolution of anOceanic Megamullion on the Mid-Atlantic Ridgeat 27˚N

Timothy J. PresteroUniversity ofCalifornia, DavisSpecial Fields: Ocean Engineering andMechanical EngineeringDissertation: Verification of a Six-Degree ofFreedom Simulation Model for the REMUS AUV

Anna Fortunato RhodesMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Nutritional Factors and Toxic TraceMetals Affecting Growth of the MarineCyanobacterium Prochlorococcus

Matthew B. SullivanLong Island UniversitySpecial Field: Biological OceanographyDissertation: Prochlorococcus cyanophage:Isolation, Characterization, and NaturalAbundances

Erin N. SweeneyVirginia Polytechnic InstituteSpecial Field: Chemical OceanographyDissertation: Monthly Variability in Upper OceanBiogechemistry due to Mesoscale Eddy Activity inthe Sargasso Sea

Alison E. WalkerUniversity of Sydney, AustraliaSpecial Field: Physical OceanographyDissertation: Linear Normal Mode Analysis ofBaroclinic Instability in a Meridional Channel

Degree Statistics2001 1968–2001

WHOI Ph.D. 0 4MIT/WHOI Ph.D. 11 415MIT/WHOI Sc.D. 0 32MIT/WHOI Engineer 0 55MIT/WHOI S.M. 11 125MIT/WHOI M.Eng. 0 4

Total Degrees Granted 22 635


59

Students, Fellows, & Visitors

MIT/WHOI JointProgram 2001-2002Fall TermAmyMarie Accardi-Dey

Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitute

Erik J. AndersonGordon College

Claudia A. AugustoMartins

Faculdade de Ciencias deUniversidade de Lisboa,Portugal

Mark D. BehnBates College

Bridget A. BergquistUniversity of Wisconsin

Margaret S. BoettcherBrown University

Christopher G. BohnerNorth Carolina StateUniversity

Katie RoseBoissoneault-Cellineri

University ofMassachusetts,DartmouthMIT/WHOI JointProgram, SM

Michael G. BraunBrown University

Rosemarie E. CameBoston College, BS, MS

Regina P. Campbell-Malone

State University of NewYork, Buffalo

Susan J. CarterHarvard University

Mea Young S. CookPrinceton University

Anna M. CruseUniversity ofMissouri, BS, MS

Kristina A. DahlBoston University

Brian J. DeMartinGeorgia Institute ofTechnology, BS, MS

Amy G. DrautTufts University

Nicholas J. DrenzekRensselaer PolytechnicInstitute

Donald P. EickstedtMichigan TechnologicalUniversityJohns HopkinsUniversity, MS

Amy C. EnglebrechtLake Superior StateUniversity

Ryan M. EusticeMichigan State University

J. Thomas FarrarUniversity of OklahomaBA, BS

Melanie R. FewingsWestern WashingtonUniversityCornell University, MS

Baylor T. Fox-KemperReed CollegeBrandeis University, MS

Heidi L. FuchsUniversity of Wisconsin,MadisonUniversity of Wyoming

Masami FujiwaraUniversity ofAlaska, BA, MS

Geoffrey A. GebbieUniversity of California,Los Angeles

Annette F. GovindarajanUniversity ofConnecticut BS, MS

Carolyn M. GramlingUniversity of PennsylvaniaFlorida InternationalUniversity

Rebecca E. GreenCalifornia Institute ofTechnology

Kristin E. GribbleLawrence University

Lara K. GulmannUniversity of California,Berkeley

Jennifer A. HammockMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Heather M. HandleyJames Cook University,Australia

Marc A. HesseTechnische Universität,Munchen, GermanyUniversity ofEdinburgh, Scotland

Fernanda G. HoefelUniversidade Federaldo Rio de Janeiro,Brazil, BS, MS

Qiao HuUniversity of Science& Technology ofChina, BS, MS

Jason HyattUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of California,Berkeley, MS

Michael V. JakubaMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Robert M. JenningsUniversity of Michigan

Markus JochumUniversität DesSaarlandes, GermanyUniversität Kiel, Germany

Seth G. JohnCarleton College

Linda H. KalnejaisUniversity of WesternAustralia, BS, BE

Robyn K. KellyUniversity of SouthCarolina

Shinichiro KidaUniversity of Tokyo, Japan

Tin KlanjscekUniversity ofZagreb, Croatia

Petra KlepacUniversity of Zagreb,Croatia

Vanja KlepacBeloit College

Andrea L. KraayGeorge Mason University

Astri J. KvassnesUniversity of Bergen,Norway, BS, MS

Joy M. LapseritisSmith College, BA, MS

Gareth L. LawsonMcGill University, CanadaMemorial University ofNewfoundland, Canada,MS

Stephen C. LichtYale University

Emily L. LillySmith College

Weichang LiHarbin Ship BuildingInstitute, PRC, BS, MSMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology, SM

Xingwen LiUniversity of Science &Technology of China

Ana Lucia L. LimaUniversidade do Estado doRio de Janeiro, BrazilUniversidad Politecnica deCatalunya, Spain, MS

David C. LundCarleton CollegeOregon StateUniversity, MS

Wenyu LuoOcean University ofQingdao, PRCInstitute of Acoustics,CAS, MS

William J. LyonsConnecticut CollegeUniversity ofWyoming, MS

Daniel G. MacDonaldUniversity of NewHampshireCornell University, MS

Matthew C. MakowskiState University of NewYork, Binghamton

Amanda A. McDonaldUniversity of NorthCarolinaMichigan StateUniversity, MS

Carlos F. MoffatUniversidad deConcepción, Chile, BS, MS

Eric W. MontieUniversity of Rhode IslandClemson University, MS

Andrew D. MosedaleHarvard UniversityCooper UnionRutgers University, MS

Rajesh R. NadakuditiLafayette College

Mitchihiro OhiwaUniversity of Tokyo, Japan

Payal P. ParekhUniversity of Michigan

Susan E. ParksCornell University

Yale J. PassamaneckUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Oscar R. PizarroUniversidad deConcepción, Chile, BS, MS

Diane K. PoehlsUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Travis L. PooleLuther College

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Joint Program students say farewell as they leave aboard Sea Education Association’sWestward for the annual new student summer cruise.


60


Welkin H. PopeMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Timothy J. PresteroUniversity of California,Davis

Tracy M. QuanUniversity of California,San Diego

Rebecca A. RapozaDartmouth CollegeHumboldt StateUniversity, MA

Linda L. RasmussenCalifornia State UniversityMexico StateUniversity, MAFlorida StateUniversity, MS

D. Benjamin ReederClemson University

Matthew K. ReuerCarleton College

Christopher N. RomanVirginia PolytechnicInstituteUniversity of California,San Diego, MS

Sarah L. RussellPomona College

James J. RuzickaOregon State UniversityUniversity of Hawaii, MS

Cara M. SantelliUniversity of Wisconsin

Theodore H. SchroederUniversity of Missouri

Sheri L. SimmonsPrinceton University

Emily F. SlabyCarnegie MellonUniversity

Luiz A. SouzaFaculdade da Cidade,BrazilNaval PostgraduateSchool, Brazil, MS

J. Jeffrey StandishColgate UniversityUniversity of Idaho, MS

Rachel StanleyMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Charles A. StockPrinceton UniversityStanford University, MS

Matthew B. SullivanLong Island UniversityMIT/WHOI JointProgram, SM

Fabian J. TapiaUniversidad deConcepción, Chile, BS, MS

Janelle R. ThompsonStanford University,BS, MS

James M. ThomsonMiddlebury College

John D. TolliSan Diego State University

Andrew C. TolonenDartmouth College

Caroline B. TuitBeloit College

Emily M. Van ArkNorthwestern University

Matthew R. WalterUniversity of Illinois

Benjamin D. WaltherUniversity of Texas, Austin

Jessica M. WarrenUniversity of Cambridge,UK, BA, MS

Jennifer A. WatsonUniversity ofMassachusetts Amherst,BS, MS

Stephanie L. WatwoodUniversity ofNebraska, Lincoln

Judith R. WellsRadcliffe/HarvardUniversityUniversity of California,Berkeley, MCPUniversity ofMassachusetts Boston, BS

Helen K. WhiteUniversity of Sussex,England

Clare M. WilliamsUniversity of Leeds

Joanna Y. WilsonMcMaster University,CanadaUniversity of Victoria,Canada, MS

Joshua D. WilsonUniversity of Idaho

Rachel J. WisniewskiUniversity of Georgia

Rhea K. WorkmanUniversity of Missouri

Jinshan XuOcean University ofQingdao, PRC, BS, MS

PostdoctoralScholars/FellowsAbdallah S. Al-Zoubi

St. Petersburg MiningInstitute, RussiaFullbright Postdoctoral Fellow

Annalisa BraccoUniversity of Genoa, ItalyUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Ilya V. BuynevichBoston UniversityUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Jay T. CullenRutgers UniversityJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Colomban de VargasUniversity of Geneva,SwitzerlandSwiss NSFPostdoctoral Fellow

Claudio DiBaccoScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoNSERC Postdoctoral Fellow

Jeffrey P. DonnellyBrown UniversityUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Sonya T. DyhrmanScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoStanley W. Watson Chair/Seaver FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Virginia P. EdgcombUniversity of DelawareNRC/NASAAstrobiology InstituteMBL/WHOI PostdoctoralResearch Associate Fellow

Falk FeddersenScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Raffaele FerrariScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Andrew J. FredricksRensselaer PolytechnicInstituteOffice of Naval ResearchOcean AcousticsPostdoctoral Fellowship

Deborah FrippMIT/WHOI Joint ProgramNRSA/NIH PostdoctoralFellow

Liviu GiosanState University of NewYork at Stony BrookCICOR Postdoctoral Scholar

Seon M. HanRutgers UniversityJ. Seward Johnson Fund/Johnson Chair PostdoctoralScholar

The Education Office was host in September 2001 for the InternationalWorldwide Young Researchers for the Environment 10-day research camp

sponsored by Deutsche Bank and Jugend forscht. Seven national competition prizewinners, including, left to right, Peter Adamik of Slovakia and Nancy Cardinezand Maurice Oudith, both of Trinidad and Tobago, participated in a range ofoceanographic activities, including a coastal collecting trip (photo at right).

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Nicole Hill of the University of Delaware was a2001 Summer Student Fellow in John Stegeman’slab. Here she aspirates media from a cell culture.


61


Martin HassellovGöteborg University,SwedenKnut & Alice WallenburgFoundation MIT PostdoctoralScholarship Fellow

David HurtherSwiss Federal Institute ofTechnology, SwitzerlandJ. Seward Johnson Fund/Allyn Vine Senior TechnicalStaff Award PostdoctoralScholar

Houshuo JiangJohns Hopkins UniversityGeorge D. Grice PostdoctoralScholar

Heather N. KoopmanDuke UniversityDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Anke KrempUniversity of Helsinki,FinlandGerman Academic ExchangeService/Academy of FinlandPostdoctoral Fellow

Kara L. LavenderScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Andone LaveryCornell UniversityJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Jae-Il LeeSeoul National UniversityKorea Science andEngineering FoundationPostdoctoral Fellow

James A. LerczakScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoCICOR Postdoctoral Scholar

Pamela LezaetaSotomayor

Freie Universität Berlin,GermanyFundación Andes ChileanPostdoctoral Fellow

Aibing LiBrown UniversityJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Joseph M. LicciardiOregon State UniversityWoods Hole OceanographicInstitution PostdoctoralScholar

Gillemette MenotUniversity of Bern,SwitzerlandSwiss NSF PostdoctoralFellow

Rebeka R. MersonUniversity of Rhode IslandNational Institutes of Health/Donaldson Foundation/Cabot MarineEnvironmental Science FundPostdoctoral Fellow

Laurent G. J. MontesiMassachusetts Institute ofTechnologyUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Jennifer L. MorfordUniversity of WashingtonCabot MarineEnvironmental ScienceFund/J. Seward JohnsonFund Postdoctoral Scholar

Ann E. MulliganUniversity of ConnecticutUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Douglas NowacekMIT/WHOI Joint ProgramNRC/NOAA PostdoctoralAssociateship Fellow

Naohiko OhkouchiUniversity of Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for thePromotion of SciencePostdoctoral Fellow

Steven T. PetschYale UniversityUSGS Postdoctoral Scholar

Helen E. PhillipsUniversity of Tasmania,AustraliaVetlesen FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Karin E. RengeforsUppsala University,SwedenSwedish Foundation forInternational Cooperationin Research andHigher EducationPostdoctoral Fellow

Timothy M. ShankRutgers UniversityDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Robert K. ShearmanOregon State UniversityDevonshire FoundationPostdoctoral Scholar

Stefan SievertUniversity of Bremen,GermanyTownsend PostdoctoralScholar

Gregory F. SlaterUniversity of Toronto,CanadaNSERC/J. Seward JohnsonFund Postdoctoral Fellow

Fiamma StraneoUniversity of WashingtonCICOR Postdoctoral Scholar

Tracey T. SuttonUniversity of SouthFloridaOcean Life InstitutePostdoctoral Scholar

Aaron M. ThodeScripps Institution ofOceanography, Universityof California, San DiegoSecretary of the Navy–MITPostdoctoral Fellow

Rodrigo TorresGöteborg University,SwedenFundación Andes ChileanPostdoctoral Fellow

Joseph D. WarrenMIT/WHOI Joint ProgramOffice of Naval ResearchOcean Acoustics PostdoctoralFellowship

Eric A. WebbUniversity of Wisconsin,MadisonJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Christopher J. ZappaUniversity of WashingtonJ. Seward Johnson FundPostdoctoral Scholar

Geophysical FluidDynamics SeminarFellows (GFD)Helen C. Andersson

Göteborg University,Sweden

Fiona J.R. EcclesUniversity of Oxford,England

Edwin P. GerberPrinceton University

Takamitsu ItoMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Shreyas D. MandreNorthwestern University

Matthew S. SpydellUniversity of California,San Diego

Lianke A. Te RaaUtrecht University,The Netherlands

Chiara TonioloUniversity of Genoa, Italy

GFD Staff andVisitorsJames L. Anderson

Stevens Institute ofTechnology

Neil J. BalmforthUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

David BattistiUniversity of Washington

Andrew J. BernoffHarvey Mudd College

Joseph A. BielloRensselaer PolytechnicInstitute

Sebastien BigorreFlorida State University

Giulio BoccalettiPrinceton University

Gregory BuckSaint Anselm College

John BushMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

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Joint Program student Sarah Marsh, right, andResearch Assistant Scott Cramer work with marine

animal specimens in a Redfield wet lab.

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Matt Makowski was a Summer Student Fellow in1997 and entered the Joint Program in 1999 as a

Geology and Geophysics student.


62


Joint Program student Margaret Boettcher is inher third year of studies in the Geology and

Geophysics Department.

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Sandro CalmantiIstituto di Cosmogeofisicadel CNR, Italy

Paola CessiUniversity of California,San Diego

Eric P. ChassignetUniversity of Miami

Liam ClarkeUniversity of Oxford,England

Arnaud CzajaMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Agatha DeBoerFlorida State University

Paul J. DellarSt. John’s College, England

William K. DewarFlorida State University

Henk DijkstraUtrecht University,The Netherlands

Abebech DioneUniversity of Miami

Charles DoeringUniversity of Michigan

Russell DonellyUniversity of Oregon

Kerry EmanuelMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Alexey V. FedorovPrinceton University

Dargan FriersonPrinceton University

Eric GaidosCalifornia Institute ofTechnology

Thomas W.N. HaineJohns Hopkins University

Chris HallstromBrown University

Louis N. HowardFlorida State University/Massachusetts Instituteof Technology

Thierry HuckUniversité de BretagneOccidentale, France

Christopher JonesBrown University

Joseph B. KellerStanford University

Yochanan KushnirColumbia University

Norman R. LebovitzUniversity of Chicago

Dmitri LeonovFlorida State University

Willem V.R. MalkusMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

David MarshallUniversity of Reading,England

John MarshallMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Igor MezicUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Philip J. MorrisonUniversity of Texasat Austin

Joseph J. NiemelaUniversity of Oregon

Francesco PaparellaUniversity of Lecce, Italy

Antonio ParodiUniversity of Genoa, Italy

Claudia PasqueroIstituto di Cosmogeofisicadel CNR, Italy

Giuseppe PassoniPolitecnico di Milano,Italy

Vinicio PelinoCentro Nazionale diMeteorologia eClimatologia Aeronautica(CNMCA), Italy

Raymond T.Pierrehumbert

University of Chicago

Antonello ProvenzaleIstituto di Cosmogeofisicadel CNR, Italy

Alan W. RempelUniversity of Washington

Claes G. RoothUniversity of Miami

Tapio SchneiderNew York University

Wayne H. SchubertColorado State University

Michael J. ShelleyNew York University

Leonard SmithLondon School ofEconomics, England

Edward A. SpiegelColumbia University

Melvin SternFlorida State University

Kevin TrenberthNational Center forAtmospheric Research

Eli TzipermanWeizmann Institute ofScience, Israel

Geoffrey K. VallisPrinceton University

George VeronisYale University

Jeffrey WeissUniversity of Colorado

John S. WettlauferUniversity of Washington

Philip A. YeckoColumbia University

William R. YoungUniversity of California,San Diego

Summer StudentFellowsHeather Abbott

Marshall University

Jonathan BlytheUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Maureen ColemanDartmouth College

Francesca DeLeonardisUniversity of California,Berkeley

Joanne DonahueMarlboro College

Brandon FornwaltUniversity of SouthCarolina Honors College

Jeffrey HarrisUniversity of Washington

Nicole HillUniversity of Delaware

Laura HmeloCarleton College

Amy HurfordFairfield University

Susan LeadbetterUniversity of St. Andrews

Donald LucasUniversity of Texasat Austin

Farah MaloofWellesley College

James MistlerSusquehanna University

Danielle MitchellCalifornia State University

Takako NodaKobe University, Japan

Jonathan NuwerState University of NewYork, Syracuse

David ScottUniversity of Colorado

Morgan SimmonsCarnegie MellonUniversity

David StuebeDuke University

Kristen WhalenUniversity of NorthCarolina, Wilmington

Third-year Joint Program Student Charlie Stock isproposing thesis work on harmful algal blooms in

the Gulf of Maine.


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Marcie WorkmanUniversity of Missouri,Columbia

Minority FellowsShawn Arellano

University of Kansas

Arthur Hardy-Doubleday

Trinity College

Barbara JuncosaUniversity of Miami

Aura ObandoDuke University

Guest StudentsCarlin F. Aloe

Wesleyan University

Xabier ArzuagaUniversity of Kentucky

Christine J. BandSchmidt

CIBNOR, La Paz, Mexico

Mark BaumgartnerOregon State University

Christoph BeierUniversity of Kiel,Germany

Simone BoerUniversity of Oldenburg,Germany

Andrea BogomolniBoston University

Ryan BrownUniversity of Miami

Matthew S. CarsonHunter College HighSchool

Amanda ChaseCarnegie MellonUniversity

Corrina ChaseMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Ming-Qi ChuPhillips Exeter Academy

Kathleen ColgroveVirginia-MarylandRegional College

Susan CosierWesleyan University

Paul CraddockSouthampton University

Michael J. DeLeo IIIMiddlebury College

Jill EricksonWheaton College

Brad EvansBoston University

Jeff EvansHamilton College

Karen FisherCornell University

Jeanne-Marie GherardiÉcole Normal Superieur,France

Rodrigo GonzalezUniversity ofConcepción, Chile

Lily GrayLoomis Chaffee School

Ivo GrigorovSouthampton University

Haidi HancockJames Cook University

Peter HuybersMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Paal Erik IsachsenUniversity of Bergen,Norway

Elisabeth JablonskiEckerd College

Christian JadlowicUniversity ofMassachusetts Dartmouth

Tim JanssenDelft University ofTechnology, Netherlands

Ida-Maja KarleGöteborg University,Sweden

Evan KingsleyUniversity of Rochester

Nell KurzFalmouth High School

Phyllis LamUniversity of Hawaii,Manoa

Carolina LuxoroUniversity of Santiago,Chile

Lisa MangiameleColgate University

Hallie MarbetBridgewater State College

Erin MayberryUniversity of California,Santa Barbara

Elena McCarthyUniversity of Rhode Island

Breda McKayBoston University

Jennifer L. MiksisUniversity of Rhode Island

Carolyn A. MillerBoston University

Gesine MollenhauerUniversity of Bremen,Germany

Tracey MorinUniversity ofMassachusetts, Boston

Seth NewtonUniversity of Alabama

KatarzynaNiewiadomska

Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Kerry A. NortonUniversity of California,Santa Cruz

Akiko OkusuHarvard University

Dane PercyBridgewater State College

Marie PythonObservatoire Midi-Pyrenees, France

Maria G. ReznikoffRensselaer PolytechnicInstitute

Amalia SalditosUniversity ofMassachusetts Dartmouth

Jordan SanfordEckerd College

Alex SessionsIndiana University

Philip SextonSouthampton University

Ari ShapiroBoston College

Ketil SorensenUniversity of SouthernDenmark

Ann Michelle StanleyHarvard University

Alexander StineMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Mindy SweenyBoston University

Andrew SweetmanSouthampton University

Jennifer SzlosekMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

Timothy B. TalmadgeRensselaer PolytechnicInstitute

Jackie Van EttenBridgewater State College

Cristian VargasUniversity ofConcepción, Chile

Patti WatersBates College

Hendrik J. ZemmelinkUniversity of Groningen,The Netherlands

Oliver ZenkUniversity of AppliedSciences, Kiel, Germany

Joint Program students Rose Marie Came, left,and Kristina Dahl examine radiolarians and

diatoms during a lab session of the “Pre-Pleistocene Paleoceanography” course taught

by Dick Norris and Karen Bice.


64

Financial Statements

0

30

60

$90

Other

Navy

NSF

1992

Tota

ls in

Mill

ions

of D

olla

rs

Sources of Research Funding

1998 1999 20001997

$76.4

$18.2 24%

$20.5 27%

$37.7 49%

$73.3

$17.1 15%

$17.8 24%

$38.4 61%

$69.2

$18.0 26%

$15.2 22%

$36.0 52%

$77.6

$20.5 27%

$16.621%

$40.552%

2001

$88.8

$25.8 29%

$18.120%

$44.951%

$80.7

$21.4 27%

$37.5 46%

$21.8 27%

0

60

40

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

$280

1992

Tota

ls in

Mill

ions

of D

olla

rs

120

100

80

20

$121.7

1998 1999 20001997

$231.6

$270.5$278.8

2001

$268.2

$215.5

Endowment Market Value(excluding supplemental retirement plan)

Despite the September 11 tragedy and weakness inthe financial markets, the Institution’s overallfinancial position was stable during 2001. A gift of

$28 million for the Ocean Institutes from an anonymousphilanthropist generated much optimism for the future andwe experienced continued supportfrom our friends who share theirfinancial resources, their counsel,and advice.

Sponsored research revenuereleased to operations increased to$88.8 million in 2001 compared to$77.6 million in 2000, and govern-ment sponsored research, excludingship and submersible operations, was$58 million compared to $51.5 millionin 2000. This represents increases of14 percent and 13 percent, respec-tively. The Institution had a modestunderrecovery of overhead expenses,which we view as favorable in light oflarge overrecoveries in prior years.

Unrestricted income from gifts andpledges exceeded budget while theexpense for bridge support, whichcovers salaries for scientists who arebetween funding, again came in underbudget, contributing to an unre-stricted operating surplus. Theseresources allowed us to continue aproductive cash management pro-gram. The income received frominvesting current Institution financialassets has increased from approxi-mately $100,000 in 1995 to almost$650,000 in 2001.

Gifts, grants, and pledges fromprivate sources totaled $23.1 millionin 2001, substantially exceeding 2000, which at $14.5 millionhad previously been the best non-campaign year ever.Outstanding pledges at the end of 2001 were $1.8 million,compared to $2.9 million in 2000.

Consistently good operating and financial performancehas allowed WHOI to build a strong balance sheet. Although

our endowment investment performance was better thanmost indices, we nevertheless experienced a decline inendowment from $278.8 million to $268.2 million. TheInstitution had $5 million in long-term debt on its balancesheet at year-end, and we believe the use of debt has a

substantial financial benefit based onthe low cost of tax-exempt borrowing.The Institution is in full compliancewith all federal regulations, and in2001, for the seventh consecutive year,all government audits are currentand satisfactory.

With the support of an Ad HocCommittee on Campus Planning thatincludes Trustees and Corporationmembers, we have developed a masterplan to guide development of newlaboratory space on the QuissettCampus. Additional laboratory spaceis essential if we are to remaincompetitive in the conduct of re-search, graduate education, and theretention and recruitment of the bestscientists. In order to support a majorconstruction program, we are prepar-ing financing plans and long-rangefinancial projections. We anticipatethat tax-exempt borrowings willfinance a substantial portion of thenew construction.

We believe we must continue todevelop sustainable sources ofunrestricted income to meet thegrowing demands of research and newinitiatives. In order to achieve ourgoals, we must build our endowment,seek research funding from the privatesector, and find nontraditional

sources of income. We acknowledge with gratitude that ourability to meet our objectives comes from the efforts of thepeople of WHOI: our scientists, students, and staff.

—Carolyn A. Bunker, Acting Associate Directorfor Finance and Administration


65


Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2001(with comparative information as of December 31, 2000)

2001 2000AssetsCash, unrestricted $25,279,708 $21,637,368Cash, restricted 2,127,319 2,373,675Reimbursable costs and fees: Billed 1,830,744 2,078,150 Unbilled 4,244,992 3,102,994Interest and dividends receivable 747,738 835,835Other receivables 489,022 415,364Pledges receivable 1,837,433 2,875,144Inventory 1,338,200 1,070,303Deferred charges and prepaid expenses 632,799 314,906Investments, pooled 255,533,434 278,691,287Investments, nonpooled 16,914,043 11,340,898Prepaid pension and postretirement benefit cost 7,196,027 4,629,623Supplemental retirement 6,464,586 7,158,614Other assets 4,255,459 4,374,491

328,891,504 340,898,652

Property, plant and equipment:Land, buildings and improvements 58,416,408 54,977,722Vessels and dock facilities 3,186,277 3,186,277Laboratory and other equipment 12,687,970 11,036,930Construction in process 1,714,908 1,959,353

76,005,563 71,160,282

Accumulated depreciation (41,311,575) (37,627,865)

Net property, plant and equipment 34,693,988 33,532,417

Remainder trusts 10,819,303 570,317

Total assets $374,404,795 $375,001,386

LiabilitiesAccounts payable and other liabilities $10,099,366 $8,059,206Accrued payroll and related liabilities 5,835,734 5,537,049Payable for investments purchased 281,912 402,557Accrued supplemental retirement benefits 6,464,586 7,158,614Deferred revenue and refundable advances 7,497,139 7,545,281Deferred fixed rate variance 2,196,646 3,595,425Loan payable 5,067,952 3,921,516

Total liabilities 37,443,335 36,219,648

Commitments and contingencies

Net AssetsTemporarily Permanently

Unrestricted restricted restrictedUndesignated $7,595,488 $ - $ - $7,595,488 $7,828,139Designated 1,716,744 11,800,984 - 13,517,728 13,908,054Pledges and other - 4,096,061 9,744,516 13,840,577 4,703,597Plant and facilities 30,418,781 - - 30,418,781 30,623,733Education - 3,389,196 - 3,389,196 2,889,562Endowment and similar funds 64,151,461 160,938,965 43,109,264 268,199,690 278,828,653

Total net assets $103,882,474 $180,225,206 $52,853,780 336,961,460 338,781,738

Total liabilities and net assets $374,404,795 $375,001,386

Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2001(with comparative information for the year ended December 31, 2000)

2001 2000Cash flows from operating activities:Total change in net assets $(1,820,278) $15,638,470

Adjustments to reconcile (decrease) increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation 3,683,710 3,338,844Contributions and change in value of remainder trusts (10,608,626) 530,166Allowance for uncollective pledges 200,000 -Discount on pledges 58,064 -Gain on sale of property - (481,000)Net realized and unrealized gain on investments 24,307,603 (3,235,539)Contributions to be used for long-term investment (1,080,551) (4,787,404)(Increase) decrease in assets:

Restricted cash 246,356 (1,547,366)Interest and dividends receivable 88,097 (301,974)Reimbursable costs and fees: Billed 247,406 (153,145) Unbilled (1,141,998) 672,100Receivable for investments sold - 152,708Other receivables (73,658) (59,862)Pledges receivable 779,647 2,533,839Inventory (267,897) (261,384)Deferred charges and prepaid expenses (317,893) (255,270)Prepaid pension and postretirement benefit cost (2,566,404) (2,401,239)Other assets 478,672 261,408Supplemental retirement 694,028 575,317

Increase (decrease) in liabilities:Accounts payable and other liabilities 2,040,160 146,806Accrued payroll and related liabilities 298,685 238,499Payable for investments purchased (120,645) 402,557Deferred revenue and refundable advances (48,142) 3,462,346Accrued supplemental retirement benefits (694,028) (575,317)Deferred fixed rate variances (1,398,779) 525,277

Net cash provided by operating activities 12,983,529 14,418,837

Cash flows from investing activities:Capital expenditures:Additions to property and equipment (5,045,978) (5,414,975)Disposals of property and equipment 200,697 697,065Short-term investments:Purchase of investments (5,573,145) -Endowment:Proceeds from the sale of investments 197,143,639 203,949,829Purchase of investments (198,293,388) (214,112,022)

Net cash used in investing activities (11,568,175) (14,880,103)

Cash flows from financing activities:Borrowings under debt agreement 1,146,435 922,302Contributions to be used for long-term investment 1,080,551 4,787,404

Net cash provided by financing activities 2,226,986 5,709,706

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 3,642,340 (5,248,440)

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 21,637,368 16,388,928

Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $25,279,708 $21,637,368

Supplemental disclosures: Interest paid $154,472 $116,690


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UnrestrictedSponsored Temporarily Permanently

Operating research restricted restricted 2001 2000Operating:Revenues:

Fees $480,048 $480,048 $398,557Sponsored research:

Government $57,999,323 57,999,323 51,483,430Nongovernment 11,720,948 $3,324,977 15,045,925 11,995,608Ships and subs operations 16,318,230 16,318,230 14,577,061Sponsored research assets released to operations 88,784,540 (86,038,501) (2,746,039) - -

Education:Tuition 2,422,919 2,422,919 2,300,021Endowment income 3,507,720 1,579,582 5,087,302 4,772,920Gifts and transfers 441,327 441,327 232,210Education funds released from restriction 1,525,075 (1,525,075) - -

Investment return designated for current operations 3,324,643 3,324,643 3,347,291Contributions and gifts 4,067,506 15,204,231 $10,283,499 29,555,236 11,375,378Contributions in kind 569,524 569,524Contributions and gifts released 12,203 (12,203) - -Change in split-interest agreements (27,220) 50,564 276,210 299,554 1,058,858Rental income 681,800 681,800 689,987Communication and publications 230,953 230,953 204,607Other 17,407 17,407 835,531

Total revenues 105,597,118 - 16,317,364 10,559,709 132,474,191 103,271,459

Expenses:Sponsored research: National Science Foundation 32,319,177 32,319,177 28,905,513 United States Navy 16,294,420 16,294,420 14,833,446 Subcontracts 5,602,882 5,602,882 5,885,445 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 5,091,049 5,091,049 4,097,038 Department of Energy 760,432 760,432 683,316 United States Geological Survey 913,216 913,216 939,757 National Aeronautics & Space Administration 752,414 752,414 725,017 Ships Operations 12,050,433 12,050,433 10,868,821 Submersible and ROV operations 4,267,797 4,267,797 3,708,240 Privately funded grants 2,976,296 2,976,296 1,810,335 Other 7,756,424 7,756,424 5,176,329

Education:Faculty expense 2,396,656 2,396,656 2,288,385Student expense 3,134,580 3,134,580 2,904,506Postdoctoral programs 478,479 478,479 476,988Other 630,559 630,559 560,659

Rental expenses 523,835 523,835 536,965Communication publications and development 1,731,513 1,731,513 1,454,465Fundraising expenses 1,783,952 1,783,952 1,642,199Unsponsored programs 3,174,119 3,174,119 4,152,772Other expenses 2,291,793 2,291,793 1,142,875Write off of fixed assets 531,614 531,614 -

Total expenses 105,461,640 - - - 105,461,640 92,793,071

Change in net assets from operating activities 135,478 - 16,317,364 10,559,709 27,012,551 10,478,388

Nonoperating income:Investment return (less than) in excess of amounts designated for sponsored research, education and current operations (8,751,729) (22,442,548) (31,194,277) 3,235,539Change in prepaid pension cost 2,566,404 2,566,404 2,401,239

Nonoperating expenses: Other nonoperating expenses (204,956) (204,956) (476,696)Net asset transfers 246,459 (17,516) (228,943) - -

Change in net assets from nonoperating activities (6,143,822) - (22,460,064) (228,943) (28,832,829) 5,160,082

Total change in net assets (6,008,344) - (6,142,700) 10,330,766 (1,820,278) 15,638,470Net assets at beginning of year 109,890,818 - 186,367,906 42,523,014 338,781,738 323,143,268

Net assets at end of year $103,882,474 $ - $180,225,206 $52,853,780 $336,961,460 $338,781,738

Statement of Activities for the year ended December 31, 2001(with summarized financial information for the year ended December 31, 2000)


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Report of Independent Accounts

To the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution: In our opinion, the accompanying statement offinancial position and the related statements of activities and ofcash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financialposition of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (the“Institution”) at December 31, 2001 and the changes in its netassets and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformitywith accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America. These financial statements are the responsi-bility of the Institution’s management; our responsibility is toexpress an opinion on these financial statements based on ouraudit. The prior year summarized comparative information hasbeen derived from the Institution’s 2000 financial statements,and in our report dated March 9, 2001, we expressed anunqualified opinion on those financial statements. We

conducted our audit of these statements in accordance withauditing standards generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica, which require that we plan and perform the audit toobtain reasonable assurance about whether the financialstatements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amountsand disclosures in the financial statements, assessing theaccounting principles used and significant estimates made bymanagement, and evaluating the overall financial statementpresentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonablebasis for our opinion.

March 8, 2002

1. BackgroundWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (the “Institution”) is

a private, independent not-for-profit research and educationalinstitution located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Founded in1930, the Institution is dedicated to working and learning atthe frontier of ocean science and attaining maximum return onintellectual and material investments in oceanographicresearch.

The Institution is a qualified tax-exempt organization underSection 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code as it is orga-nized and operated for education and scientific purposes.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been preparedon the accrual basis and in accordance with the reportingprinciples of not-for-profit accounting.

The financial statements include certain prior-year summa-rized comparative information, but do not include sufficientdetail to constitute a presentation in conformity with account-ing principles generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica. Accordingly, such information should be read inconjunction with the Institution’s audited financial statementsfor the year ended December 31, 2000, from which the summa-rized information was derived.

Net assets, revenues, and realized and unrealized gains andlosses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions and legal restrictions imposed underMassachusetts State law. Accordingly, net assets and changestherein are classified as follows:

Permanently Restricted Net AssetsPermanently restricted net assets are subject to donor-

imposed stipulations that they be maintained permanently bythe Institution. Generally the donors of these assets permit theInstitution to use all or part of the income earned and capitalappreciation, if any, on related investments for general orspecific purposes.

Temporarily Restricted Net AssetsTemporarily restricted net assets are subject to donor-

imposed stipulations that may or will be met by actions of theInstitution and/or the passage of time. Unspent endowmentgains are classified as temporarily restricted until the Institu-tion appropriates and spends such sums in accordance with theterms of the underlying endowment funds at which time theywill be released to unrestricted revenues.

Unrestricted Net AssetsUnrestricted net assets are not subject to donor-imposed

stipulations. Revenues are reported as increases in unrestrictednet assets unless use of the related assets is limited by donor-imposed restrictions. Expenses are reported as decreases inunrestricted net assets. Gains and losses on investments andother assets or liabilities are reported as increases or decreases inunrestricted net assets unless their use is restricted by explicitdonor stipulations or law. Expirations of temporary restric-tions on net assets, that is, the donor-imposed stipulatedpurpose has been accomplished and/or the stipulated timeperiod has elapsed, are reported as reclassifications between the


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applicable classes of net assets. Amounts received for spon-sored research (under exchange transactions) are reflected inunrestricted sponsored research and released to operationswhen spent for the appropriate purpose, or as deferred revenueif expenditures have yet to be incurred.

ContributionsContributions, including unconditional promises to give,

are recognized as revenues in the period received. Contribu-tions subject to donor-imposed stipulations that are met in thesame reporting period are reported as unrestricted support.Promises to give that are scheduled to be received after thebalance sheet date are shown as increases in temporarilyrestricted net assets and are reclassified to unrestricted netassets when the purpose or items’ restrictions are met. Prom-ises to give, subject to donor-imposed stipulations that thecorpus be maintained permanently, are recognized as increasesin permanently restricted net assets. Conditional promises togive are not recognized until they become unconditional, thatis, when the conditions on which they depend are substantiallymet. Contributions other than cash are generally recorded atmarket value on the date of the gift (or an estimate of fairvalue), although certain noncash gifts, for which a readilydeterminable market value cannot be established, are recordedat a nominal value until such time as the value becomes known.Contributions to be received after one year are discounted atthe appropriate rate commensurate with risk. Amortization ofsuch discount is recorded as additional contribution revenue inaccordance with restrictions imposed by the donor on theoriginal contribution, as applicable. Amounts receivable forcontributions are reflected net of an applicable reserve forcollectibility.

The Institution reports contributions in the form of land,buildings, or equipment as unrestricted operating support.

Dividends, interest and net gains on investments of endow-ment and similar funds are reported as follows:

• as increases in permanently restricted net assets if theterms of the gift require that they be added to theprincipal of a permanent endowment fund;

• as increases in temporarily restricted net assets if theterms of the gift or relevant state law impose restrictionson the current use of the income or net realized andunrealized gains; and

• as increases in unrestricted net assets in all other cases.

OperationsThe statement of activities report the Institution’s operating

and nonoperating activities. Operating revenues and expensesconsist of those attributable to the Institution’s current annualresearch or educational programs, including a component of

endowment income appropriated for operations (see Note 3).Unrestricted endowment investment income and gains over theamount appropriated under the Institution’s spending plan arereported as nonoperating revenue as investment return inexcess of amounts designated for sponsored research, educationand current operations.

Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market

accounts, certificates of deposit and overnight repurchaseagreements with initial maturities of three months or less whenpurchased which are stated at cost, which approximates marketvalue. At times the Institution maintains amounts at a singlefinancial institution in excess of federally insured limits.

Included in restricted cash at December 31, 2001 and 2000 is$1,890,053 and $2,143,974, respectively, representing advancesreceived from the United States Navy and other U.S. Govern-ment and state agencies. Such amounts are restricted as to usefor research programs. Interest earned on unspent funds isremitted to the federal government.

Also included in restricted cash at December 31, 2001 and2000 is $237,266 and $229,701, respectively, representing cashrestricted by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health.Interest earned on unspent funds is reinvested within therestricted cash account.

In addition, cash and cash equivalents include uninvestedamounts from each classification of net assets (e.g., endow-ment).

InvestmentsInvestment securities are carried at market value determined

as follows: securities traded on a national securities exchangeare valued at the last reported sales price on the last businessday of the year; securities traded in the over-the-counter marketand listed securities for which no sales prices were reported onthat day are valued at closing bid prices. For investments inventure capital and investment partnerships, the Institutionrelies on valuations reported to the Institution by the managersof these investments except where the Institution may reason-ably determine that additional factors should be considered.

Purchases and sales of investment securities are recorded ona trade date basis. Realized gains and losses are computed on aspecific identification method. Investment income, net ofinvestment expenses, is distributed on the unit method.

Options and FuturesAn option is a contract in which the writer of the option

grants the buyer the right to purchase from (call option) or sellto (put option) the writer a designated instrument at a specifiedprice within a period of time. Premiums received on written


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options are recorded as negative cost basis until the contract isclosed. The liability representing the Institution’s obligationunder a written option or the Institution’s investment in apurchase option is valued at the last sale price or, in the absenceof a sale, the mean between the closing bid and asked price or atthe most recent asked price (bid for purchase option) if no bidand asked price are available. Over-the-counter written orpurchased options are valued using dealer-supplied quotations.Over-the-counter options have the risk of the potential inabilityof counterparts to meet the terms of their contracts. TheInstitution’s maximum exposure for purchased options islimited to the premium initially paid.

A futures contract is an agreement between a buyer or sellerand an established futures exchange or clearinghouse in whichthe buyer or seller agrees to take (or make) delivery of anamount of an item at a specific price on a specific date (settle-ment date). Upon entering into a futures contract, the Institu-tion deposits with a financial intermediary an amount (“initialmargin”) equal to a percentage of the face value of the futurescontract. Subsequent payments are made or received by theInstitution each day, dependent on the daily fluctuations in thevalue of the underlying security, and are recorded as unrealizedgains or losses. The Institution will realize a gain or loss equalto the difference between the value of the futures contract tosell and the futures contract to buy at settlement date or byclosing the contract. Futures contracts are valued at the mostrecent settlement price.

Investment Income UnitizationThe Institution’s investments are pooled in an endowment

fund and the investments and allocation of income are trackedon a unitized basis. The Institution distributes to operationsfor each individual fund an amount of investment incomeearned by each of the fund’s proportionate share of investmentsbased on a total return policy.

The Board of Trustees has appropriated all of the incomeand a specified percentage of the net appreciation (deprecia-tion) to operations as prudent considering the Institution’slong and short-term needs, present and anticipated financialrequirements, expected total return on its investments, pricelevel trends, and general economic conditions. Under theInstitution’s current endowment spending policy, which iswithin the guidelines specified under state law, between 4percent and 5.5 percent of the average of the market value ofqualifying endowment investments at September 30 of each ofthe previous three years is appropriated. This amounted to$11,106,742 and $10,109,203 for the years ending Decem-ber 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively, and is classified in operat-ing revenues (research, education, and operations). TheInstitution has interpreted relevant state law as generally

permitting the spending of gains on endowment funds over astipulated period of time.

InventoriesInventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is

determined using the first-in, first-out method.

Contracts and GrantsRevenues earned on contracts and grants for research are

recognized as related costs are incurred.

Property, Plant and EquipmentProperty, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Deprecia-

tion is provided on a straight-line basis at annual rates of 8 to50 years on buildings and improvements, 28 years on vesselsand dock facilities, and 3 to 5 years on laboratory and otherequipment. Depreciation expense on property, plant, andequipment purchased by the Institution in the amounts of$3,583,734 and $3,238,068 in 2001 and 2000, respectively, hasbeen charged to operating activities.

Depreciation on certain government-funded facilities (theLaboratory for Marine Science and the dock facility) amount-ing to $99,976 and $100,776 in 2001 and 2000, respectively, hasbeen charged to nonoperating expenses as these assets weregifted by the Government.

Included in construction in process is $526,059 and $42,700at December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively, relating tocampus planning.

Use of EstimatesThe preparation of the financial statements in accordance

with accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates of America requires management to make estimates andassumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets andliabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilitiesat the date of the financial statements and the reportedamounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actualresults could differ from those estimates.

Reclassification of AmountsCertain prior year amounts have been reclassified to

conform to the December 31, 2001 presentation.


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3. InvestmentsThe cost and market value of investments held at December

31 are as follows:

2001 2000

Cost Market Cost MarketU.S. Government and government agencies $10,884,250 $10,706,678 $6,010,333 $6,205,973Corporate bonds 39,449,169 39,747,540 42,266,542 42,396,551International bonds 11,463,914 11,719,036 6,290,635 5,911,656Equity securities and mutual funds 90,717,251 108,384,925 95,417,513 123,939,867International equities 42,946,376 38,653,939 50,557,666 47,850,287Hedge fund limited partnerships 23,920,000 31,516,655 18,920,000 32,251,037Venture Capital and private equity 15,974,232 14,590,510 13,410,006 19,800,254Other 192,773 192,773 299,465 299,465

Subtotal investments 235,547,965 255,512,056 233,172,160 278,655,090

Purchased call options 59,618 21,903 66,294 38,387Written call options (1,358) (40) (19,653) (1,006)Written put options (20,394) (485) (17,625) (1,184)

Total investments $235,585,831 $255,533,434 $233,201,176 $278,691,287

Amounts held in Venture Capital and Investment Partner-ships and other investments are invested in securities or otherassets for which there is not necessarily a publicly-tradedmarket value or which are restricted as to disposition. Thereturn on such investments was $7,773,970 and $7,095,950 forthe years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively,including dividends, distributions and changes in the esti-mated value of such investments.

The following schedule summarizes the investmentreturn and its classification in the statements of activities:

Temporarily 2001 2000Unrestricted restricted Total Total

Dividend and interest income $4,526,534 $1,579,582 $6,106,116 $5,550,890Investment management costs (1,233,720) - (1,233,720) (1,307,813)Net realized gains 394,069 840,836 1,234,905 15,826,500Change in unrealized appreciation (2,259,124) (23,283,384) (25,542,508) (5,796,075)

Total return on investments 1,427,759 (20,862,966) (19,435,207) 14,273,502

Investment return designated for:Sponsored research (3,347,125) - (3,347,125) (2,917,752)Education (3,507,720) (1,579,582) (5,087,302) (4,772,920)Current operations (3,324,643) - (3,324,643) (3,347,291)

Total distributions to operations (10,179,488) (1,579,582) (11,759,070) (11,037,963)

Investment return (less than) in excess of amounts designated for sponsored research, education and current operations $(8,751,729) $(22,442,548) $(31,194,277) $3,235,539

Investment return distributed to operations includes$652,328 and $928,760 earned on non-endowment investmentsfor the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively.

Endowment income is allocated to each individual fundbased on a per unit valuation. The value of an investment unitat December 31, is as follows:

2001 2000

Unit value, beginning of year $4.5650 $4.5884Unit value, end of year 4.0787 4.5650

Net change for the year (.4863) (.0234)Investment income per unit for the year .0655 .0536

Total return per unit $(.4208) $.0302

4. Pledges ReceivablePledges receivable consist of the following at December 31:

2001 2000Unconditional promises expected to be collected in:

Less than one year $982,658 $1,979,540One year to five years 1,112,839 895,604Reserve for uncollectible pledges receivable (200,000) -Unamortized discount (58,064) -

$1,837,433 $2,875,144

5. Contribution Receivable from Remainder TrustsThe Institution recorded $10,819,303 and $570,317 at

December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively, relating to variouscharitable remainder trusts in its statement of financialposition. The receivable and related revenue is measured at thepresent value of estimated future cash flows to be received andrecorded in the appropriate net asset category based on donorstipulation. During the term of these agreements, changes inthe value are recognized based on amortization of discountsand changes in actuarial assumptions.

6. Deferred Fixed Rate VarianceThe Institution receives funding or reimbursement from

federal government agencies for sponsored research undergovernment grants and contracts. The Institution has negoti-ated fixed rates with the federal government for the recovery ofcertain fringe benefits and indirect costs on these grants andcontracts. Such recoveries are subject to carryforward provi-sions that provide for adjustments to be included in thenegotiation of future fixed rates. The deferred fixed ratevariance accounts represent the cumulative amount owed to ordue from the federal government. The Institution’s rates arenegotiated with the Office of Naval Research (ONR), theInstitution’s cognizant agency.

The composition of the deferred fixed rate variance is asfollows:


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Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 1999 $(3,070,148)

2000 indirect costs 34,876,2952000 adjustment (76,092)Amounts recovered (35,325,480)

2000 change in liability (525,277)

Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 2000 (3,595,425)

2001 indirect costs 39,546,8292001 adjustment (63,312)Amounts recovered (38,084,738)

2001 change in liability 1,398,779

Deferred Fixed Rate Variance (liability), December 31, 2001 $(2,196,646)

As of December 31, 2001, the Institution has recovered acumulative amount in excess of expended amounts of$2,196,646 which will be reflected as a reduction of future yearrecoveries. This amount has been reported as a liability of theInstitution.

7. Loan PayableOn May 27, 1999, the Institution entered into a $3,000,000

loan agreement with the Massachusetts Health and Educa-tional Facilities Authority (the “Authority”) to finance variouscapital projects. On January 31, 2000, the agreement wasamended to increase the maximum loan commitment to$6,000,000. As of December 31, 2001, $5,067,952 had beendrawn down on the loan and was outstanding at year-end.Drawdowns are expected to occur during an eighteen-monthperiod subsequent to the amendment to the loan agreement.During this period, no principal payments are due on the loan,but the Institution is required to pay interest on the drawdownsat a variable rate established by the Authority, which was 3.25%at December 31, 2001. Once the final drawdown has occurredor the eighteen-month period has lapsed, a schedule ofprincipal payments will be established by the Authority untilthe final payment due on July 1, 2010.

On March 1, 2001, the Institution entered into a$11,000,000 loan agreement with the Massachusetts Healthand Educational Authority (the “Authority”) to financeadditional capital projects. As of December 31, 2001, noamount had been drawn down on the loan. Drawdowns areexpected to occur during an eighteen-month period. Duringthis period, no principal payments are due on the loan, but theInstitution is required to pay interest on the drawdowns at avariable rate established by the Authority. Once the finaldrawdown has occurred or the eighteen-month period haslapsed, a schedule of principal payments will be established bythe Authority until the final payment due on July 1, 2010.

The loan agreements have covenants, the most restrictive ofwhich requires the Institution to maintain unrestricted net

assets at a market value equal to at least 1.0x outstandingindebtedness.

8. Retirement PlansThe Institution maintains a noncontributory defined

benefit pension plan covering substantially all employees of theInstitution, as well as a supplemental benefit plan which coverscertain employees. Pension benefits are earned based on yearsof service and compensation received. The Institution’s policyis to fund at least the minimum required by the EmployeeRetirement Income Security Act of 1974.

Qualified PlanPension Benefits2001 2000

Change in Benefit Obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning of year $127,889,230 $115,969,678 Service cost 3,933,908 3,669,981 Interest cost 9,652,748 9,085,277 Actuarial (gain)/loss 9,003,337 4,860,581 Benefits paid (8,315,517) (5,696,287)

Benefit obligation at end of year $142,163,706 $127,889,230

Change in Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $182,595,594 $179,573,553 Actual return on plan assets (14,025,221) 8,718,328 Benefits paid (8,315,517) (5,696,287)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $160,254,856 $182,595,594

Qualified PlanPension Benefits

2001 2000Funded status $18,091,150 $54,706,364Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss (21,492,494) (61,207,888)Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset) at transition - (642,223)Unrecognized prior service cost 9,808,545 10,984,544

Net amount recognized $6,407,201 $3,840,797

Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position consist of:

Prepaid benefit cost $6,407,201 $3,840,797

Weighted-Average Assumptions:Discount rate as of December 31 7.25% 7.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 10.00%Rate of compensation increase as of December 31 3.50% 3.50%

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost:Service cost $ 3,933,908 $ 3,669,981Interest cost 9,652,748 9,085,277Expected return on plan assets and reserves (15,167,435) (13,982,038)Amortization of: Transition obligation/(asset) (642,223) (647,070) Prior service cost/(credit) 1,175,999 1,247,238 Actuarial loss/(gain) (1,519,401 (1,774,627)

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) $(2,566,404) $(2,401,239)

The Institution has reflected the net periodic benefit incomein nonreporting income as the change in prepaid pension cost.


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Supplemental PlanPension Benefits

2001 2000Change in Benefit Obligation:

Benefit obligation at beginning of year $3,178,410 $3,277,024Service cost 84,148 90,501Interest cost 227,879 233,808Actuarial (gain)/loss 2,918 (154,526)Benefits paid (250,334) (268,397)


Change in Plan AssetsFair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ - $ -Employer contribution 250,334 268,397Benefits paid (250,334) (268,397)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ - $ -

Funded status (3,243,021) (3,178,410)Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss (405,902) (534,216)Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset) at transition - 127,993

Net amount recognized (3,648,923) (3,584,633)True up to earmarked reserves (2,815,663) (3,573,981)

Total earmarked reserves $(6,464,586) $(7,158,614)


Accrued benefit liability $(6,464,586) $(7,158,614)

Weighted-Average Assumptions:Discount rate as of December 31 7.25% 7.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 10.00%Rate of compensation increase as of December 31 3.50% 3.50%

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost:Service cost $84,148 $90,501Interest cost 227,879 233,808Expected return on plan assets and reserves (270,575) (279,486)Amortization of: Transition obligation 127,993 128,957 Actuarial loss/(gain) (39,384) (50,131)

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) 130,061 123,649Investment return on invested reserves 184,563 184,631

Total periodic cost $314,624 $308,280

The earmarked reserves are matched by a “Rabbi” Trust with$6,464,586 and $7,158,614, respectively as of December 31,2001 and 2000

9. Other Postretirement BenefitsIn addition to providing retirement plan benefits, the

Institution provides certain health care benefits for retiredemployees and their spouses. Substantially all of theInstitution’s employees may become eligible for the benefits ifthey reach normal retirement age (as defined) or elect earlyretirement after having met certain time in service criteria.

OtherPostretirement Benefits

2001 2000Change in Benefit Obligation:

Benefit obligation at beginning of year $20,694,387 $19,030,443Service cost 449,011 361,902Interest cost 1,692,874 1,490,203Plan participants’ contributions * - -Actuarial (gain)/loss 2,409,584 630,033Benefits paid (1,046,819) (907,756)Plan participants’ contributions 106,619 89,562


Change in Plan Assets:Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $15,642,206 $15,866,313Actual return on plan assets (1,069,644) 129,370Employer contribution 900,520 464,718Plan participants’ contributions * - -Benefits paid net of plan participants’ contributions (940,200) (818,195)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year $14,532,882 $15,642,206

* plan participants’ contributions are netted out of benefit claims

Funded status $(9,772,774) $(5,052,181)Unrecognized actuarial (gain)/loss 4,332,017 (715,548)Unrecognized portion of net obligation/(asset) at transition 9,389,045 10,242,594Unrecognized prior service cost/(credit) (3,159,462) (3,686,039)

Net amount recognized $788,826 $788,826


Prepaid benefit cost $788,826 $788,826

Weighted-Average Assumptions:Discount rate as of December 31 7.25% 7.75%Expected return on plan assets for the year 10.00% 10.00%

For measurement purposes, a 10% annual rate of increase inthe per capita cost of covered healthcare benefits was assumedfor 2002 for both pre-65 and post-65 benefits.

These were assumed to decrease gradually to 5.0% andremain at that level thereafter.

2001 2000Components of net periodic benefit cost:

Service cost $449,011 $361,902Interest cost 1,692,874 1,490,203Expected return on plan assets and reserves (1,568,337) (1,574,077)Recognized actuarial (gain)/loss - (69,043)Amortization of: Transition obligation/(asset) 853,549 853,549 Prior service cost/(credit) (526,577) (526,577)

Net periodic benefit cost/(income) $900,520 $535,957

The Institution has reflected the net periodic benefit cost inoperating expenses, as the amount is reimbursed throughfederal awards.


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Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effecton the amounts reported for the health care plan. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trendrates would have the following effects:

1-Percentage 1-PercentagePoint Increase Point Decrease

Effect on total of service cost and interest cost $ 403,732 $ (296,270)Effect on the postretirement benefit obligation 3,588,614 (2,915,007)

10. Commitments and ContingenciesThe Defense Contract audit Agency (DCAA) is responsible

for auditing both direct and indirect charges to grants andcontracts on behalf of the ONR. The Institution and the ONRhave settled the years through 2000. The current indirect costs

recovery rates, which are fixed, include the impact of prior yearsettlements. While the 2001 direct and indirect costs are subjectto audit, the Institution does not believe settlement of this yearwill have a material impact on its change in net assets or itsfinancial position.

The Institution through its endowment fund is committedto invest $53,040,000 in certain venture capital and investmentpartnerships, of which $20,104,260 has been contributed as ofDecember 31, 2001.

The Institution is a defendant in legal proceedings inciden-tal to the nature of its operations. The Institution believes thatthe outcome of these proceedings will not materially affect itsfinancial position.

December 31, 2001

R/V Oceanus heads into Woods Hole from Vineyard Sound as Atlantis, in the distance,begins a new voyage on September 10, 2001.

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