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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
1
THE BROOKI NGS I NSTI TUTI ON
A CALL TO ACTI ON FOR GLOBAL EARLY CHI LD DEVELOPMENT
Washi ngt on, D. C.
Thur sday, December 4, 2008
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
2
PARTI CI PANTS:
Moderator:
CHARLES KOLBPr esi dentCommi t t ee f or Economi c Devel opment
Panelists:
RUTH LEVI NEVi ce Pr esi dentCent er f or Gl obal Devel opment
GENE SPERLI NGDi r ect or , Cent er f or Uni ver sal Educat i onCounci l on For ei gn Rel at i ons
J OAN LOMBARDIDi r ect or , The Chi l dr en s Pr oj ectResear ch Pr of essor , Publ i c Pol i cy I nst i t ut e
Geor getown Uni ver si t y
Closing Remarks:
J AMES WOLFENSOHNChai r man and CEO, Wol f ensohn & Company, LLCFormer Presi dent of t he Wor l d Bank
* * * * *
P R O C E E D I N G S
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
3
MR. KOLB: Wel come, ever yone. Thank you f or
comi ng back t o t he f i nal panel di scussi on t hi s
af t er noon wher e we are goi ng t o t al k about A Cal l t o
Act i on f or Gl obal Ear l y Chi l d Devel opment , i n ot her
wor ds, what do we do wi t h ever yt hi ng we ve hear d
t hr oughout t he mor ni ng and f i r st par t of t he
af t er noon.
And I m ver y pl eased t o wel come our
panel i st s. We r e goi ng t o hear f r om our t hr ee
di st i ngui shed speaker s, and t hen I m goi ng t o ask our
host , J i m Wol f ensohn, t o t ake t he podi um and summar i ze
ever yt hi ng and t el l us how i t s al l goi ng t o happen.
Thank you, J i m.
I m ver y pl eased t o wel come Rut h Levi ne,
Vi ce Pr esi dent of t he Cent er f or Gl obal Devel opment .
I t hi nk, Rut h, t hi s i s t he f i r st t i me we ve wel comed
you t o a CED event . You may have been at Br ooki ngs, I
suspect you ve been at Br ooki ngs, and both Br ooki ngs
and CED are very pl eased t o have you wi t h us t hi s
af t er noon and l ook f orward t o your r emarks.
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
4
Gene Sper l i ng, wel come back. I t hi nk t hi s
i s your second appearance at a CED event . We r emember
f ondl y some year s ago when you were i n the Cl i nton
Whi t e House j oi ni ng us f or one of our Washi ngt on
meet i ngs wi t h Tr ust ees. Gene i s the Di r ect or of t he
Cent er on Uni ver sal Educat i on at t he Counci l on
For ei gn Rel at i ons, and we r e ver y pl eased t o have you.
And i t s al ways a pl easur e t o i nt r oduce J oan
Lombardi , Resear ch Prof essor , t he Georget own Publ i c
Pol i cy I nst i t ut e her e at Geor get own. As I say al ways,
anyt hi ng I know about ear l y educat i on I ve l ear ned
f r om J oan, who has been a ment or and al so someone t hat
I j ust I m enor mousl y f ond of . She was a par t ner
wi t h us at CED as we have devel oped our own ear l y
educat i on work, and I know she has i nspi r ed t hose of
us at CED, Br ooki ngs, and al l over t he count r y, and I
shoul d add t he wor l d, wi t h her work and commi t ment t o
ear l y educat i on.
I m goi ng t o ask each of our speaker s t o
t al k f or about t en mi nut es, and t hen we wi l l have
di al ogue among our sel ves and wi t h you, and t hen J i m
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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Wol f ensohn wi l l cl ose i t out f or us. So I t hi nk,
Rut h, we r e goi ng t o st ar t wi t h you.
MS. LEVI NE: Thanks ver y much. I t s r eal l y
a pl easur e and al so a l i t t l e i nt i mi dat i ng t o be
pr esent i ng, because I am i n no way, shape, or f or m
near l y t he ki nd of exper t on ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment t hat many of t he peopl e i n t hi s r oom are,
but f or t unat el y I know t hat Gene, and t hen af t er hi m,
J oan, wi l l mop up and gent l y cor r ect anyt hi ng I may
mi sst at e or omi t acci dent al l y. So when I t hi nk of
ear l y chi l dhood devel opment , t he i mage that comes t o
mi nd i s somet hi ng about bi cycl e chai ns. And t hat s
not j ust because bi cycl es ar e t hi ngs t hat of t en
chi l dr en l i ke t o pl ay wi t h, but al so because bi cycl e
chai ns get gear s goi ng, get wheel s goi ng.
And i n t he case of ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment , I t hi nk we can t hi nk of t wo ki nds of
vi r t uous cycl es t hat ar e dr i ven f or war d by ear l y
chi l dhood devel opment . One i s r eal l y r el at ed t o t he
nut r i t i on and t he heal t h of young chi l dr en who woul d
ot her wi se be mor e vul ner abl e t o mal nut r i t i on, t o
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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i nf ect i on t hat s associ at ed wi t h poor nut r i t i on, and,
you know, as i s wel l document ed i n al l mat t er of
ever yt hi ng f r om bi omedi cal t o soci al sci ence,
l i t er at ur e, i mpr oved nut r i t i onal st at us has and
heal t h st at us has many posi t i ve f ol l ow on ef f ect s f or
t he l i f et i me oppor t uni t i es f or educat i onal at t ai nment
and f or psychosoci al devel opment of chi l dr en as t hey
move i nt o f ur t her i nt o chi l dhood and i nt o
adol escence and adul t hood.
So t hat s one and par t of t he vi r t uous cycl e.
The ot her i s di r ect l y t hrough educat i on and t hrough
t he r eadi ness f or school t hat ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment pr ogr ams pr ovi de, and then f or al l t he
good benef i t s t hat accrue when educat i onal at t ai nment
i s i mpr oved, and I t hi nk Gene wi l l speak more about
t hat .
So my backgr ound i s ver y much f r om t he
heal t h sect or , and I know t hat s t r ue f or at l east
some peopl e i n t hi s r oom. And so I was t hi nki ng
about , wel l , how do we t ypi cal l y sor t of make t he case
f or donor and f or nat i onal gover nment and ot her t ypes
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
7
of bot h pr i vat e and publ i c i nvest ment i n good heal t h
i nt er vent i ons, and t her e ar e a f ew sor t of cri t er i a
t hat ar e t ypi cal l y i nvoked.
So one i s t hat t he i nt er vent i on or t he
pr ogr am benef i t s, bot h t he i ndi vi dual s who pr ovi de
pr i vat e benef i t s, and al so t he br oader communi t y.
Thi s i s, you know, t ypi cal l y how i mmuni zat i on programs
ar e at l east par t i al l y j ust i f i ed, i s on t he basi s of
t he spi l l over ef f ect t hat t hey have, and al so t he
benef i t s over t he l i f et i me of t he i ndi vi dual .
So one i s t hi s ki nd of , you know, i dea of ,
wel l , what ar e t he benef i t s t o t he i ndi vi dual and t he
br oader soci et y. Second i s, does t he pr ogr am or t he
i nt er vent i on di spr opor t i onal l y benef i t t he poor and
ot her soci al l y mar gi nal i zed popul at i ons. A t hi r d sor t
of cr i t er i on i s whet her t he i nt er vent i on passes some
ver si on of economi c anal ysi s, whet her t hat s cost
ef f ect i veness anal ysi s, or l ess f r equent i n t he heal t h
sector, cost benef i t anal ysi s. A f our t h cri t er i on i s
whet her i t s af f or dabl e, whi ch i s qui t e a separ at e
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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quest i on f r om whet her or not i t s cost ef f ect i ve, can
i t be af f or ded gi ven t he cur r ent budget const r ai nt s.
And a f i nal cri t er i on t hat s t ypi cal l y used
i s , i s i t t echni cal l y and i nst i t ut i onal l y f eas i bl e.
Yes, i t may be a good i dea i n concept , but can we
act ual l y do i t gi ven t he t ool s t hat we cur r ent l y have,
or do we have t o i nvest i n r esearch and t ool s t o make
i t mor e possi bl e.
So I t hi nk, you know, by those ki nd of
gener i c cr i t er i a f or whet her donors and gover nment s
shoul d i nvest i n somet hi ng, ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment i s a r emar kabl y obvi ous wi n, I t hi nk,
al t hough t her e are st i l l some gaps i n t he knowl edge
t hat may r equi r e some at t ent i on.
So goi ng back t o t he f i r st one, who benef i t s
f r om ear l y chi l dhood devel opment ? Wel l , cl ear l y,
i ndi vi dual ki ds do, and t her e s r el at i vel y good
document at i on around the i mpr ovement s i n nut r i t i onal
st at us t hat accr ue t o chi l dr en who ar e par t i ci pant s i n
ear l y chi l dhood devel opment pr ogr ams t hat have
adequat e chi l d f eedi ng and mi cr onut r i ent i nt er vent i ons
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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associ at ed wi t h t hem, whet her i t s i odi ne, i r on
suppl ement at i on, or ot her t ypes of pr ogr ams. Ther e s
al so t he heal t h benef i t s t hat come wi t h dewormi ng
pr ogr ams and ot her mor e i ndi r ect ef f ect s of ear l y
exposur e t o heal t h educat i on messages, perhaps around
hand washi ng, good nut r i t i on and so f or t h.
So t her e ar e a l ot of benef i t s t hat have
been document ed at t he l evel of t he i ndi vi dual chi l d.
The broader communi t y l evel benef i t s ar e al so
r el at i vel y cl ear and have a l ot t o do wi t h t he
pr epar at i on of ki ds f or bet t er educat i onal
per f or mance, hi gher l evel s of enr ol l ment and l ess drop
out i n bot h ear l y and t hen l at er year s. And I t hi nk,
agai n, Gene wi l l t al k about t hat .
Let me j ust ment i on a f ew of t he r esearch
r esul t s t hat have been I t hi nk f ai r l y f r equent l y used
as par t of t hi s ar gument . There s now a ver y f amous
st udy i n Kenya t hat used an el egant r andom assi gnment
desi gn t hat demonst r at ed t hat dewormi ng i mproved
pr i mar y school par t i ci pat i on si gni f i cant l y.
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
10
I n Paki st an, ear l y chi l dhood nut r i t i on
pr ogr ams had a si gni f i cant posi t i ve ef f ect on school
enr ol l ment , and di spr opor t i onat el y f or gi r l s i n t hat
soci et y. And t hen i n Cent r al Amer i ca and t he
Car i bbean, t her e ar e sever al st udi es demonst r at i ng t he
i mpact of i odi ne suppl ement at i on on I Q on i ncr eases
i n I Q. So t her e s a ki nd of l i t any of t hese st udi es
t hat are pr et t y convi nci ng, al t hough t hey do have some
met hodol ogi cal chal l enges, because wi t h some, f ew
except i ons, many of t he st udi es are essent i al l y
obser vat i onal studi es, and so i t s a l i t t l e bi t t r i cky
t o t el l whet her or not t he ki ds who di dn t par t i ci pat e
i n t he pr ogr ams ar e si mi l ar i n r el evant
character i st i cs t o t he ones who di d, you know, maybe
t her e s somet hi ng di f f er ent about t he f ami l i es t hat
choose t o par t i ci pat e. So I woul d say t her e s st i l l
some r oom f or advanci ng t he knowl edge base by
addr essi ng t hat sel ect i on by us.
But on bal ance, I t hi nk t he cri t er i on of ,
you know, ar e benef i t s accrui ng t o i ndi vi dual s i n t he
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
11
br oader soci et y, t hat s wel l met by t he avai l abl e
evi dence.
Second i s al so an easy cal l , and t hat i s
whet her ear l y chi l dhood devel opment progr ams have t he
pot ent i al t o di spr opor t i onat el y benef i t poor and
soci al l y mar gi nal i zed popul at i ons. And I t hi nk, you
know, i nt ui t i on al one, l et al one t he document at i on
t hat exi st s, i s ver y cl ear t hat ki ds who come f r om
i mpover i shed backgr ounds and backgr ounds wher e t he
soci al st i mul at i on i s l i mi t ed di spr opor t i onat el y
benef i t f r om pr ogr ams when t hey have access . And i n
some set t i ngs wher e ther e s cl ear son pr ef er ence, t he
gi r l s benef i t mor e t han t he boys do, because t hey r e
st ar t i ng f r om a l ower base t ypi cal l y of nut r i t i on and
soci al i nt er acti on. So I t hi nk on t he sor t of equi t y
and mer i t goods cr i t er i on, i t does ver y wel l .
And I t hi nk t hat t her e ar e al so l i kel y, i f
we l ooked car ef ul l y enough, l i kel y to be consi der abl e
i ndi r ect benef i t s f or mot her s f r om havi ng ki nd of
f r om r educed i sol at i on and some model i ng of good
par ent i ng, as wel l as f r eei ng up t hei r t i me a bi t t o
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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par t i ci pat e i n t he l abor f or ce. So t hat s t he second
cr i ter i on.
On whether ECD programs pass cost
ef f ect i veness and cost benef i t anal yses, t he r esour ce
book that I m sur e i s bei ng made avai l abl e t o al l of
you, t he Coor di nat or s not ebook t hat I t hi nk J oan i s
pr i mar i l y r esponsi bl e f or , or l ar gel y r esponsi bl e f or
who s r esponsi bl e f or t hi s? Al l r i ght
SPEAKER: A mul t i pl e of peopl e her e.
MS. LEVI NE: - - gr eat . Wel l , i t s t ot al l y
gr eat , and i t gi ves l ot s of good gui del i nes f or how t o
under t ake economi c eval uat i ons, and does pr esent some
of t he cost benef i t anal yses t hat have been done. And
I t hi nk ther e, t oo, t her e s a compel l i ng case t hat t he
r et ur ns i n economi c t er ms, l ar gel y t hr ough t hese
mul t i pl i er and f ol l ow on ef f ect s of educat i on and l ong
t er m bet t er earni ng power , do hel p make t he case f or
ear l y chi l dhood devel opment . So t hen i s i t
af f or dabl e? And agai n, t he coor di nat or t he r ecent
Coor di nat or s Not ebook real l y pr esent s pr et t y
i nt er est i ng i nf or mat i on about how, r el at i ve t o t he
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
13
over al l educat i on budget , and cer t ai nl y t he over al l
heal t h budget , i t s a r el at i vel y smal l f r acti on t hat
woul d have t o be al l ocat ed t o r eal l y si gni f i cant l y
i mprove access f or l ow i ncome popul at i ons i n many
count r i es. And I t hi nk among t he count r i es that ar e
cover ed, I m not goi ng t o l et s see i f I can
r emember , t here ar e sor t of worked exampl es f or
Cambodi a, Louse, Bangl adesh, Yemen, and ot her
count r i es.
And I t hi nk t he af f or dabi l i t y par t of t he
argument al so can be vi ewed i n t erms of t he accr ued
savi ngs. When you have progr ams t hat r educe t he
event ual need f or , f or exampl e, r emedi al educat i on,
chasi ng down ki ds who have ei t her not ent ered or
dr opped out f r om school , and pr ovi di ng heal t h car e t o
chi l dr en who ar e made vul ner abl e t o ot her ki nds of
heal t h condi t i ons by mal nut r i t i on. And t hen t he f i nal
cri t er i on, whet her i t s t echni cal l y and
i nst i t ut i onal l y f easi bl e, wel l , I mean we have a l ot
of r eal wor l d exampl es of di f f er ent model s of ear l y
chi l dhood devel opment progr ams i n qui t e r esour ce poor
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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set t i ngs t hat f unct i on r el at i vel y wel l . I f I wer e
perhaps suggest i ng an ar ea where good pol i cy work,
r esear ch work coul d be done that woul d hel p to bol st er
t he case, i t woul d be t o r eal l y showcase i n an
evi dence based way a whol e r ange of t hese pr ogr ams,
and t r y t o i dent i f y what t he common sour ces of success
have been, and real l y demonst r at e how model s have been
scal ed up f r om pl ace t o pl ace.
So t he bot t om l i ne f or me i s t hat compar ed
t o many of t he heal t h i nt er vent i ons, heal t h onl y
i nt er vent i ons t hat have obt ai ned si gni f i cant amount s
of donor suppor t , I t hi nk that ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment pr ogr ams r eal l y surpass t he t hr eshol d f or
bei ng j ust i f i ed as mor e t han j ust i f i ed as good uses
f or donor and nat i onal gover nment r esour ces.
That doesn t mean t hat t hey don t have a l ot
of ot her good thi ngs wi t h whi ch t hey r e compet i ng, but
t hey do cl ear l y pass t hat sor t of bar of , i f money
wer e avai l abl e, woul d t hi s be somet hi ng t hat t he
publ i c sect or shoul d be spendi ng money on.
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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J ust i n cl osi ng, l et me say t hat i f we go
back t o t he ki nd of met aphor of ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment pr ogr ams as t hi s bi cycl e chai ns t hat get
vi r t uous cycl es goi ng, you mi ght ask, wel l , sor t of
what ar e t he pedal s t hat get t he bi cycl e chai ns t o
st art movi ng, and cl ear l y, t hat s some combi nat i on of
money and of pol i t i cal wi l l . And i t seems t o me, f r om
r eadi ng f r om t he mat er i al s, f r om seei ng a bi t of t he
energy around t hi s conf erence, and knowi ng some of t he
ot her act i vi t i es that ar e goi ng on i n t hi s f i el d, t hat
t her e s st ar t i ng t o be a r eal cri t i cal mass of bot h
t echni cal consensus about t he val ue of t hi s, and
t hr ough t he work of peopl e l i ke Gene Sper l i ng and
ot her s, a r eal r ecogni t i on t hat educat i on i n gener al
has been under i nvest ed i n t he r ecent past by t he donor
communi t y and other s, and so hopef ul l y t her e wi l l be a
r eal oppor t uni t y f or st eppi ng up t hose i nvest ment s
despi t e t he economi c const r ai nt s whi ch we f i nd
our sel ves t hese days. So wi t h t hat , I l l t ur n i t over
t o Gene.
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ANDERSON COURT REPORTI NG706 Duke St r eet , Sui t e 100
Al exandri a, VA 22314Phone ( 703) 519- 7180 Fax ( 703) 519- 7190
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MR. SPERLI NG: I ve been a l i t t l e bi t under
t he weat her , and yest er day I had t o gi ve t hi s t al k, as
wel l , and I had a hor r i bl e sneezi ng at t ack f or t unat el y
f i ve mi nut es af t er I l ef t t he podi um, so I hope my
t i mi ng wi l l be as good t hi s t i me, as wel l .
I t hi nk when I l ooked at t he pr ogr am
[ agenda] her e, I di d f ear a l i t t l e bi t t hat t hi s was
t he ul t i mat e [ summar y] and I m j ust t he l ast per son
t o say t hem. So I m goi ng t o t r y t o avoi d t hat as
much as I can and j ust st ar t wi t h t he f ol l owi ng, whi ch
i s t hat I am somebody who has had t he oppor t uni t y to
wor k on t hi s i ssue i n bot h t he U. S. and t he devel opi ng
count r y cont ext .
I n t he U. S. cont ext I was basi cal l y J oan
Lombardi s banker at t he Whi t e House, and I was proud
of t hat r ol e, meani ng t hat I was t he per son at t he NEC
who f ought ver y, ver y hard on a year l y basi s t o get
t he i ncr eases i n ear l y Head St ar t and Head St ar t ,
whi ch sl owl y but sur el y act ual l y mor e than doubl ed,
f r om 2. 7 t o 6. 2 bi l l i on, not near l y enough, but an
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exampl e of how you can have huge pr ogress and you can
al so pl ug away year by year , as wel l .
When I anot her t hi ng t hat I di d i n t he
Whi t e House was t hat I ki nd of was t he poi nt person
f or our emer gi ng ef f or t s on uni ver sal educat i on, and
t hat got me wor ki ng wi t h J i m Wol f ensohn. And I t hi nk
our f at es wer e br ought t oget her i n Dakar , wher e J i m
very f amousl y made t he comment t hat t he goal of t he
Wor l d Educat i on For um t her e goi ng f orward and the
Educat i on f or Al l Goal s was t hat no count r y wi t h a
st r ong pl an f or uni ver sal educat i on shoul d f ai l f or
si mpl y l ack of r esour ces. That was t he basi c gl obal
pr omi se t hat J i m coi ned, and has been, i n many ways,
t he unmet gl obal pr omi se goi ng f orward. Now, t he
i nt er est i ng t hi ng f or our pur poses i s t hat t her e wer e
si x Educat i on f or Al l Goal s. Lat er t hat same year , i n
Sept ember , at t he Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal s, t hey
t ook out one of t hem, whi ch was uni ver sal compl et i on
of pr i mar y educat i on as t he second goal . But f or
t hose of us who were t her e i n Dakar , we recogni zed
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t hat t he f i r st of t he si x goal s was t o make dr amat i c
pr ogr ess on ear l y chi l dhood educat i on.
Now, f ol l owi ng the Dakar , and agai n, t hanks
a l ot t o J i m Wol f ensohn s l eader shi p, I was i n ci vi l
soci et y at t hi s t i me and t her e was a handf ul of us who
were pushi ng very, ver y hard and worki ng mai nl y wi t h
J i m and hi s f ol ks at t he Wor l d Bank t o t r y t o cr eat e
some f or m of f i nanci ng st r uct ur e, whi ch ended up bei ng
what we now cal l t he Educat i on Fast Tr ack I ni t i at i ve.
And t he Educat i on Fast Tr ack I ni t i at i ve di d
t ake and put i t s f ocus on t he Mi l l enni um Devel opment
Goal of uni ver sal compl et i on of pr i mar y educat i on.
And l i ke many t hi ngs i n l i f e, i t i s a st or y of a hal f
gl ass f ul l , hal f empt y, maybe i t s a t hi r d f ul l , t wo-
t hi r ds empt y, but t he f act t hat t hi s f i nanci ng
st r uct ur e has been cr eat ed and was cr eat ed out of
scr at ch i s no smal l bi t of pr ogr ess, as much as t he
hol es ar e st i l l ver y l ar ge. Now, what s happeni ng on
t he educat i on f r ont i s t hat you ve got t he f ol l owi ng
pr obl em, and i t s not t hat much di f f er ent t han what we
f ace i n a l ot of domest i c cont ext , whi ch i s t hat t he
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wor l d has ki nd of put t hi s f ocus on uni ver sal
compl et i on of pr i mar y educat i on.
Now, what you d l i ke t o do i s [ t o] have
succeeded at t hat goal and then expand to t he ot her
Educat i on f or Al l Goal s. And t he argument t hat you
see more and more i s t hat even i f you ar e f ocusi ng on
t he compl et i on of pr i mar y educat i on, you st i l l have t o
l ook beyond and bef ore.
Now, t he argument beyond now, you know,
t he st at i st i c you l l al ways hear i s t hat t her e s 72
mi l l i on chi l dr en out of school , l et s be cl ear what
t hat st at i st i c i s, t hat i s 72 mi l l i on pr i mar y age
chi l dr en out of school i n t he wor l d.
Ther e i s some i mprovement wi t h t hat number
due t o el i mi nat i on of f ees i n some Af r i can count r i es,
but most l y due t o I ndi a s economi c pr ogr ess. But
t her e ar e anot her 226 mi l l i on chi l dr en of secondar y
age out of school . So when you l ook at what we woul d
consi der uni ver sal educat i on, t he gap i s about 300
mi l l i on chi l dr en. Now, what a l ot of peopl e ar e, of
cour se, f i ndi ng on t he secondar y school f r ont i s t hat
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not onl y i s t hi s i mpor t ant i n and of i t sel f , but i t s
al so i mpor t ant as essent i al l y a pul l . Par ent s want t o
know t her e coul d be some f ur t her oppor t uni t y f or t hei r
chi l dr en. They ar e mor e l i kel y t o compl et e si xt h
gr ade i f t hey thi nk t her e s a chance of goi ng t o
sevent h and ei ght h gr ade, and they r e mor e l i kel y t o
go t o sevent h and ei ght h gr ade i f t hey t hi nk t her e s
some ki nd of economi c oppor t uni t y.
Now, I t hi nk what you r e seei ng a l i t t l e bi t
more r ecent l y, as we ve seen r i ght l y, more f ocus. And
I shoul d say t hat f or a l ot of us when we t al k about ,
you know, I never when I speak use uni ver sal pr i mary
educat i on, t hat s i n t he Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal ,
you can t f i nd i t i n my wr i t i ngs, we say uni ver sal
basi c educat i on.
And basi c educat i on has general l y been
t hought t o mean at l east ei ght year s of qual i t y of
t he educat i on necessar y, par t i cul ar l y i n t he
devel opi ng count r y cont ext , t o be f unct i onal , t o be
abl e t o be pr oduct i ve, t o be t he ki nd of par ent t hat
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wi l l l ead t o t he hi gher heal t h and economi c benef i t s
t hat educat i on br i ngs.
Now, what s happened on t he ear l y chi l dhood,
of cour se, i s t hat you get i nt o t he ki nd of debat e you
woul d expect . Peopl e come and show t he i ncr edi bl e
i mport ance i n devel opi ng count r i es, and, you know,
t her e s st udi es, and I coul d go t hr ough t hem, I don t
know i f you ve hear d t hem al l , but f r om Nepal , Tur key,
Ar gent i na, Ur uguay, I mean i t s what you d expect ,
chi l dr en ar en t t hat di f f er ent ar ound t he wor l d.
Ear l y pr eschool has hi gh r et ur ns and i t has
hi gher r et ur ns, t he poor , and t he more di sadvant aged
chi l dr en are. And one t hi ng J oan and I have even
worked on i s t he i mpor t ance of even havi ng ear l y
chi l dhood i n si t uat i ons of conf l i ct and r ef ugee, wher e
chi l dr en at ver y young ages have wi t nessed, you know,
t r aumat i c si t uat i ons, and t he i mpor t ance i n a mi l l i on
ways on t he soci al devel opment .
Now, I t hi nk one of t he t hi ngs t hat [ have]
hel ped put ear l y chi l dhood i nt o f ocus i s not j ust
expandi ng beyond pr i mary educat i on, but I t hi nk t hat
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now t hat t here s been some gr eat er f ocus on access,
t her e s been a gr eat er t ur n on t he qual i t y i ssue. Ar e
you j ust get t i ng but t s i n chai r s or ar e chi l dr en
act ual l y l ear ni ng?
And I don t want t o di smi ss t he f or mer . I
mean f or a l ot of young chi l dr en, t he oppor t uni t y t o
go t o school i s a chance t o have par t of t hei r
chi l dhood, a cer t ai n number of chi l dr en, even i n t he
wor st school si t uat i ons, t hr i ve and do wel l .
Nonet hel ess, a l ot of t he st udi es on what chi l dr en
have act ual l y l ear ned i n school s [ ar e] depr essi ng, t o
say t he l east . And I t hi nk t hi s i s wher e I t hi nk many
of t he ear l y chi l dhood advocates have been abl e t o
make t he case f or ear l y chi l dhood educat i on as not
j ust an expansi on beyond pr i mar y, but as a necessi t y
f or get t i ng t he qual i t y educat i on.
Because wher e t he ear l y pr eschool st udi es
ar e showi ng i s r eal l y bet t er i n t he l ear ni ng f r ont .
So one of t he t hi ngs i n my many hat s i n t hi s area, I m
on t he Advi sor y Boar d of t he Newgat es Hewl et t Qual i t y
Educat i on Pr oj ect , and t hey ar e openi ng t hei r eyes
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more t o pr eschool , not because i t was on t he mandat e,
but t hey r e seei ng t hat chi l dr en who have gone t o
pr eschool ar e get t i ng bet t er r eadi ng, l ear ni ng r esul t s
by t hi r d gr ade, whi ch i s a bi t of t he f ocus t hat t hey
have been t aki ng.
Now, i t s wor t h, you know, i t s ver y har d
t o, you know, t al k about a pi ece of t he educat i on
puzzl e wi t hout t al ki ng about some of t he l arger
i ssues. And I t hi nk i t s i mpor t ant t o ki nd of
r ecogni ze t hat a l ot of t he gener al i ssues t hat pl ague
uni ver sal educat i on i n devel opi ng count r i es wi l l be
si mi l ar at t he pr eschool / ear l y chi l dhood el ement . One
i s t hat , you know, you don t r eal l y have t o convi nce
peopl e t hat i t s good f or t he chi l d t o go t o school ,
or par t i cul ar l y good f or gi r l s who ar e of t en out of
school t o go t o school . But l et s r emember , among t he
poorest par ent s i n t he wor l d, t hose i ncent i ves can be
l ess cl ear f or f ami l i es deal i ng wi t h ext r eme pover t y.
And one thi ng t hat we ve seen r epeat edl y i s t hat i n
devel opi ng count r i es wher e you do have publ i c
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educat i on, you st i l l have f ees, and not j ust f ees, but
f ees per chi l d.
Now, I ve of t en sai d when I speak t hat i f
you were ki nd of gi ven some evi l assi gnment , and our
evi l assi gnment was, we were goi ng t o go i nto a
br eakout sessi on and you wer e goi ng t o t r y t o f i gur e
out how coul d you set up a f i nanci ng syst em, how coul d
a count r y set up a f i nanci ng syst em t hat woul d do the
best possi bl e i n ensur i ng t hat t he most vul ner abl e
chi l dr en don t go t o school . I f you r eal l y t hought
about i t f or a l ong t i me and you wer e t r yi ng to come
up wi t h t hi s evi l pl an, you woul d come up wi t h f ees
per chi l d.
Because what happens wi t h f ees per chi l d i s
t hat , i t s not t hat most par ent s don t send any of
t hei r chi l dr en t o school ; t hey send t hei r t wo
heal t hi est boys t o school . They t hi nk t hei r boys ar e
goi ng t o be t her e f or t hem, whi ch t hey pr obabl y are,
t hey r e mor e l i kel y to suppor t t hei r secur i t y, but
you r e not goi ng to send your chi l d who has a
di sabi l i t y, and you may not send your gi r l s, who you
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t hi nk you r e goi ng t o mar r y of f . I ndeed, i f you want
t o see one of t he most depr essi ng st at i st i cs i n al l of
devel opment , i t i s est i mated t hat onl y bet ween t wo
per cent , and her e s t he hi gh number , t en percent of
chi l dr en wi t h ser i ous di sabi l i t i es go t o school i n
devel opi ng count r i es, t wo to ten per cent .
And so a l ot of what we want t o do
essent i al l y i s t r y t o al i gn t he i nt er est of t he par ent
wi t h what we know i s t he i nt er est of al l of t hei r
chi l dr en. And I t hi nk what you f i nd i s, when you make
t he cost benef i t easi er f or someone t o send al l t hei r
ki ds t o school , parent s ever ywher e do want what s
best .
Now, t hi s actual l y get s i nt o some
i nt er est i ng t wof er s and t hr eef er s, i t goes t o some of
t he poi nt s Rut h i s maki ng. How do you al i gn t hose
i ncent i ves? Wel l , one, make school f r ee, but i f a
pr eschool i s goi ng t o al l have f ees, you r e goi ng t o
have t he exact same pr obl ems.
So i f i t s f r ee, you ve t aken away at l east
one of t he bar r i er s. I f you actual l y of f er a meal , i f
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you of f er t he dewor mi ng t hi ngs, i f you of f er al l t he
t hi ngs t hat you can pi ggyback once you have an
i nf r ast r uct ur e of school set up, you, not onl y f r om
our perspect i ve do you have ki nd of a wi n wi n
scenar i o, wher e you r e get t i ng bot h heal t h and
educat i on benef i t s, you r e act ual l y pr ovi di ng t hat
par ent a gr eat er i ncent i ve t o send t hei r ki ds t o
school .
So, you know, t hey asked Wi l l i e Sut t on why
he robs banks, and he says, you know, t hat s where the
money i s. Wel l , you know, i f you have a smart heal t h
i nt er vent i on, i t i s a l ot easi er , you know, and you
have t o do i t door by door i n r ur al Af r i ca, i t s a l ot
easi er i f al l t hose chi l dr en come t o one bui l di ng at a
par t of t he day at a young age. So I t hi nk t hat t he
i ncent i ve i ssues are t hat we ve l ear ned f or pr i mar y
educat i on, we al so have t o under st and f or pr eschool .
Now, t he ot her i ssue t hat comes up i s, of
cour se, r esour ces. And, of cour se, I wi l l st ar t wi t h
al l t he caveat s, t hat i t i s not al l about money, but I
wi l l al so r emi nd you of a l i ne Pr esi dent Cl i nt on used
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t o al ways say, whi ch i s, whenever somebody t el l s you
i t s not about money, t he onl y thi ng you know f or sure
i s t hat t hey r e t al ki ng about somebody el se s pr obl em.
The f act i s t hat you can t expand you
can t doubl e your school popul at i on. You can t go i n
t her e and say, wow, t her e s onl y 15 per cent of ki ds
get t i ng pr eschool , I d l i ke t o get t hi s t o 45 per cent .
You can t t r i pl e t hat on pur e ef f i ci ency wi t hout at
l east doubl i ng your number of t eacher s.
And now her e s t he t r i cky par t f or al l of us
i n devel opment ; books can be a one t i me cost , t abl es
can be a one t i me cost , but sal ar i es are a r ecur r ent
cost . And we i n t he devel opment cont ext have never
done ver y wel l at actual l y t hi nki ng about how we gi ve
t he conf i dence f or count r i es t o expand t hei r t eachi ng
cores, because our f undi ng t ends t o come i n thr ee or
f our or f i ve year schemes.
And i f you l ook at what s happeni ng on the
pr i mar y educat i on si de, a l ot of t he educat i on
mi ni st er s ar e doi ng t he r i ght t hi ng, t hey r e
el i mi nat i ng f ees, t hey r e get t i ng mor e ki ds i nt o
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school , and t he f i nance mi ni st er s are sayi ng, ar e you
cr azy, we r e not hi r i ng 20, 000 we r e not goi ng t o
hi r e 20, 000 more t eacher s because our donor s gave us a
t hr ee year pot of money, because i n t he year i t s
goi ng t o t ake us t o r ecr ui t t hem, t r ai n t hem, and
depl oy t hem, t he money coul d r un out , and we r e not
havi ng 20, 000 unhappy t eacher s pr otest i ng out si de our
bui l di ng. And so i f we do not deal wi t h t hat ki nd of
l ong t er m i ssue, and I t hi nk par t of i t i s recur r ent
cost , but t hen I t hi nk anot her par t of i t i s anot her
i ssue t hat I t hi nk st ar t s segwayi ng i nt o t he U. S.
cont ext .
When you hel p preschool educat i on, whet her
i t s i n t he Uni t ed St at es or i n Af r i ca, you ar e
hel pi ng t he economy of your successor s successor s
successor . I t s a gr eat t hi ng i f you do t hat , but
i t s not t he way most pol i t i ci ans t hi nk anywher e.
So when a pol i t i ci an i s wi l l i ng t o do t hi s
gr eat t hi ng, you at l east have t o l et t hem know t hat
t hey r e goi ng t o be suppor t ed. And i f r i ght now
somebody were t o say, boy, I went t o t he Wol f ensohn
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Cent er and I hear d al l t hi s and I m goi ng t o have, you
know, 70 per cent of my ki ds t aki ng pr eschool , I don t
know where t hey woul d have t he conf i dence t hat i f t hey
t ook t hi s st ep, t hey woul d not j ust expand
expect at i ons i n t hei r count r y, and t hat t hey woul d
have any cer t ai nt y t hat over a f i ve or t en year
per i od.
So I t hi nk when you hear Pr i me Mi ni st er
Gordon Br own tal ki ng about t he i mport ance of l ong ter m
pr edi ctabl e f undi ng, i t s not j ust a f r ame, i t af f ects
behavi or , and t hat al i gns t he l ong t er m i ncent i ves.
Now, I l l j ust say qui ckl y, t hi s i s mor e l i ke f l aggi ng
your book, except i t s f l aggi ng a publ i cat i on. I have
been I have a paper comi ng out now cal l ed A Global
Fund for Education, whi ch i s r eal l y si mpl y j ust
updat i ng t he gl obal ar chi t ect ur e f or educat i on and
t al ki ng about t he need t o do t hese t hi ngs. And i t i s
not r ei nvent i ng t he wheel , i t i s l ooki ng at wher e t he
Fast Tr ack I ni t i at i ve i s ri ght now and bui l di ng of f
i t s consi der abl e successes, but al so l ooki ng at t hese
i ssues of l ong t er m cer t ai nt y, of maki ng sur e t hat we
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have a st r ong compact f or t he hi gh per f ormi ng
count r i es, but t hat we al so have mor e i nt er i m
str at egi es f or chi l dr en i n conf l i ct and f r om f r agi l e
st at es. That i s a l onger t er m i ssue t hat devi at es
beyond pr eschool , so I wi l l j ust si mpl y f l ag t hat .
But I wi l l say i t i s i nt erest i ng t hat , i n
t he Fast Tr ack I ni t i at i ve, t hat t he Fast Tr ack
I ni t i at i ve suppor t ed Mol dova, i ncl udi ng a pr eschool
educat i on component , even t hough on t he pr i mary. And
so I t hi nk t hi s i dea t hat now somebody even comi ng
f or war d wi t h a uni ver sal pr i mar y pl an, t hat t hey can
see t hat a pr eschool component i s par t of qual i t y
educat i on l ear ni ng, i s al r eady t her e. And i n t he end,
we ar e goi ng t o have t o rel y on count r i es comi ng
f or war d wi t h pl ans. And so maybe what we si mpl y have
t o do i s open t hat door more and make sur e t hat i n new
pr oposal s, l i ke what I m pr oposi ng f or t he Gl obal Fund
f or Educat i on or t he l egi sl at i on on t he Hi l l , t he
Educat i on f or Al l Act , t hat t hat i s i ncor por at ed.
Now, t he l ast t hi ng I m goi ng t o say i s, I m goi ng t o
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put my U. S. hat on and I m goi ng t o j ust make t hr ee
poi nt s.
Number one, we ar e a hor r i bl e exampl e f or
t he r est of t he wor l d. I mean i t i s j ust , you know, I
don t know how we go pl aces and t al k about uni ver sal
educat i on; I mean I t hi nk i t s embar r assi ng I t hi nk
i t s embar r assi ng.
I mean, you know, you r e goi ng t o count r i es t hat have
$300 per capi t a, and we r e i n a count r y wi t h, you
know, t he near hi ghest per capi t a i n t he wor l d, and
we r e l i ke, you ought t o get al l your poor ki ds i n
educat i on, don t you see t he r et ur n.
So I mean t hi s i s an ar ea where we ve got t o
get our own house i n or der i f we r e goi ng t o have a
bi t of gl obal l eader shi p, because i t s j ust not ver y
i t s a l i t t l e awkwar d t o be gi vi ng t hi s pi t ch t o
devel opi ng count r i es. And we are ver y much t he l i ke
t he exampl es I ve t al ked about .
I ve been ei ght year s i n t he U. S.
government ; l et me t el l you how much l obbyi ng i s t he
di f f er ence bet ween t he t r anspor t at i on r eaut hor i zat i on
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and a Head St art r eaut hor i zat i on. Man, when t her e s a
t r anspor t at i on r eaut hor i zat i on, i f I m gi vi ng a t al k,
I can t get over t o the shr i mp di sh wi t hout f i ve
l obbyi st s comi ng up t o me. That doesn t qui t e happen
on ear l y pr e K. The second i ssue i s t hat t her e s j ust
a t er r i bl e doubl e st andar d i n t he Uni t ed St at es on
pr ogr ams f or poor peopl e, t her e i s, and I l l t el l you
what i t i s .
I f you r e t al ki ng about a cancer r esear ch,
or you r e t al ki ng about a weapon r esear ch, i f i t s not
wor ki ng, wel l , what do we have t o do mor e, what do we
have t o do more t o f i x t hat . So i f you can show wi t h
your r esear ch t hat somet hi ng i s not wor ki ng wel l
enough, i t s an i mpetus t o ki nd of come back and do
more, because peopl e have ki nd of accept ed t he goal
t hat we have t o pr ot ect our sel ves and we have t o cur e
cancer .
Now, we have t o bui l d i nt o our pol i t i cal
syst em t hat our ent i r e f abr i c of our count r y, t he
ent i r e f abr i c of Ben Frankl i n s vi ew of us as a
count r y, wher e your out comes i n l i f e ar e not
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det er mi ned by t he acci dent of your bi r t h ar e
compl et el y dependent on t he deck not bei ng st acked so
f ar agai nst you by the t i me you r e f i ve years ol d and
can r easonabl y be seen t o t ake personal
r esponsi bi l i t y. And somehow we have t o bui l d up i n
our syst em t he ki nd of expect at i on t hat t hat i s l i ke
cur i ng cancer , et cet era, so t hat when somebody comes
up wi t h somethi ng negat i ve about a Head St ar t st udy,
i t s not bei ng used at i t i s now, i t s bei ng used i n
t he pol i t i cal syst em now as a reason t o do l ess, as a
r eason t o cut . And what j ust ki l l s me about t hi s i s
t hat ever y t i me t her e s a st udy that s a bi t negat i ve,
I l l be honest , most of us go on t he def ense.
We go on t he def ense because t he peopl e
doi ng t hose st udi es are usi ng t hi s doubl e st andar d
wher e, when i t s f or poor chi l dr en, i f i t s not
wor ki ng per f ect l y, t hat s a r eason t o do l ess. I f
t her e s not enough f ol l ow t hr ough, t hat s not a reason
t o do mor e i n f i r st , second, t hi r d, f our t h gr ade,
t hat s a r eason t o do l ess pr eschool .
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I f t he t eacher s ar en t equi pped enough,
t hat s not a reason t o spend wel l more t o have col l ege
educat ed t eacher s or bet t er t r ai ned t eacher s, i t s a
r eason t o do l ess. So we have t o beat t he doubl e
st andar d.
So my f i nal poi nt i s, and t hi s i s, I want t o
be st r ai ght on t hi s, anybody who thi nks t hat wi nni ng
budget f i ght s i s about get t i ng an over whel mi ng
maj or i t y of peopl e t o suppor t your posi t i on, you ar e
wr ong, you r e j ust dead wr ong, and you bet t er
under st and t hi s. Wi nni ng budget f i ght s i s about
i nt ensi t y, not number s. I ve been t hr ough ei ght
I ve had a box seat on ei ght Uni t ed St at es budget s,
and l et me tel l you, havi ng 95 per cent of t he Amer i can
publ i c f or somet hi ng doesn t do anythi ng f or you.
What does somethi ng f or you i s an i nt ense gr oup t hat
wi l l br eak eggs t o make i t happen, t hat wi l l puni sh
peopl e pol i t i cal l y who don t make i t happen, and shi ne
gl ory on t hem i f t hey do make i t happen.
Now, you know, we ve seen Bono, and peopl e
do a gr eat j ob on debt r el i ef , on t aki ng an i ssue, di d
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not have over whel mi ng publ i c support i n t he count r y,
but maki ng cl ear t her e was goi ng t o be some
puni shment , and maki ng cl ear t her e was goi ng t o be
some gl or y whet her you were good or bad.
So I m happy t o hear t hat t her e s l ot s of
busi ness suppor t , but , you know, i t doesn t f eel ki nd
of l i ke peopl e l i ke t he aut o CEO s f i ght i ng f or t hei r
r el i ef . And l et me t el l you how budget s ar e. I mean
budget s are, you get down t o the ver y end, and I l l
t el l you, you know, t he way I was abl e t o do wel l on
Head St art was, you get down t o that f i nal day of t he
f i nal appr opr i at i ons, and you come i nt o a r oom, and
i t s a ver y smal l r oom, and you deci de what are the
seven or ei ght or ni ne thi ngs t hat your OMB di r ect or
i s goi ng t o go t o t he wal l on. And he can al most
al ways get whatever your t op seven or ei ght t hi ngs
are. So i f number t en or 11 i s support ed by 98
per cent of t he publ i c, i t doesn t mean anyt hi ng, i t s
about t he i nt ensi t y. And when peopl e st ar t usi ng t hat
i nt ensi t y and actual l y commi t t i ng some peopl e t o
r eal l y advocat e and t o r eal l y puni sh and t o r eal l y
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pr ovi de gl or y, t hen we l l st ar t t o get some thi ngs
done. Thank you.
MS. LOMBARDI : Not a bad banker , woul d you
say. Wel l , t hank you. I m j ust r eal l y del i ght ed t o
be her e. I want t o st ar t by t hanki ng Char l es Kol b and
El ai ne and J i m Wol f ensohn, who, among so many i ssues
t hey coul d have chosen, chose t o f ocus on ear l y
chi l dhood, and t hey f ound t i me t o do i t i n such a
t hought f ul way.
And t o shar e t he podi um wi t h Rut h Levi ne,
who s got such amazi ng exper t i se on heal t h i ssues, and
Gene, whose absol ut e dedi cat ed l eadershi p on
i nt er nat i onal educat i on and chi l dr en i n conf l i ct, al l
I can say i s, young chi l dr en ar e bl essed t o have t hem
on our t eam, and I d ask you t o thank t hem wi t h me.
I have t he pl easur e of bei ng one of t he l ast
speakers, and so when you do t hat , you have a moment
t o ref l ect and summar i ze some of t he t houghts t hat
you ve hear d, t he good t hought s t hat you ve hear d
t hr oughout t he day. And I m goi ng t o be br i ef ,
because I know [ t her e are] quest i ons out t her e. But I
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want t o tal k about t hr ee t hemes I hear d and t hen t hr ee
act i on i t ems. As ever yone knows, I m pr et t y i nt ense
mysel f , so I coul dn t l eave her e wi t hout some r equest s
f or act i on.
I t hi nk what we hear d t hr oughout t he
conf er ence t hat was r ef l ect ed i n t hi s pr esent at i on,
Rut h, and Gene, and cer t ai nl y Cl yde and Chl oe ear l i er
i n t he day, i s t hi s i nt egr at i on of heal t h and
educat i on.
One of t he t hi ngs t hat make t hi s i ssue so
di f f i cul t t o t al k about i s , i t s not one t hi ng. I
l oved Rut h s anal ysi s, usi ng a bi cycl e, t wo wheel er s.
I n t he ear l y chi l dhood wor l d we t al k about t r i cycl es,
and t he r eason we t al k about t hr ee t hi ngs, we t al k
about heal t h, educat i on, and t he pi ece t hat s been
l ess t al ked about t hr oughout t he day i s f ami l y
economi c secur i t y and i t s i mpact on t he ear l y year s,
and qui t e f r ankl y, mat er nal educat i on.
And we know t hat bot h f ami l y economi c
secur i t y and mater nal educat i on are pr obabl y t he two
best pr edi ct or s of how young chi l dr en ar e goi ng t o do.
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So when we t al k about ear l y chi l dhood, we have t o t al k
about t hose t hr ee wheel s wor ki ng toget her , and that s
what makes i t chal l engi ng at t he nat i onal l evel or at
t he st at e l evel or at t he pr ovi nci al l evel or at t he
l ocal l evel , because get t i ng t hose mi ni st r i es t o wor k
t oget her , al t hough we r e maki ng pr ogr ess, t he r eason
we want t hat t o happen i s not j ust because ear l y
chi l dhood peopl e l i ke peopl e t o wor k t oget her and pl ay
ni ce t oget her , i t s because of what J ack and Cl yde
t al ked about t hi s mor ni ng, and t hat i s t he domai ns of
devel opment ar e i nt egr ated. So you can t spl i t t hese
t hi ngs apart and t hi nk you r e goi ng t o make a
di f f er ence.
So one t heme we ve hear d t hroughout t he day
i s thi s i nt egr at ed appr oach. A good f r i end of mi ne,
Lar r y Aber , who does a l ot of wr i t i ng about t hi s,
t al ks says t he sci ence of ear l y chi l dhood i s as
per suasi ve as t he sci ence of cl i mate change. And he
t al ks about i t because t hey r e bot h syst ems. So you
can t af f ect one pi ece wi t hout af f ect i ng t he ot her .
So t hat s one t heme we ve hear d t hr oughout t he day.
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Secondl y i s t hi s i dea of wher e we st ar t i n
ear l y chi l dhood. And I t hi nk t hat Chl oe r eal l y nai l ed
i t t hi s mor ni ng when she t al ked about i nver t i ng t he
pyr ami d. We ar e not t al ki ng about f i ni shi ng ser vi ng
al l t he ki ds at t he pr i mary l evel and t hen movi ng down
a gr ade, t hat s not what we r e t al ki ng about . We r e
t al ki ng about what t hey t al ked about i n Dakar , whi ch
i s, l ear ni ng begi ns at bi r t h, and I woul d ar gue i t
begi ns wi t h payi ng at t ent i on t o mot her s dur i ng t hei r
pr enat al car e per i od. So we ar e i t was ver y
i nt er est i ng f or me, because I worked and f ol l owed both
t he school r eadi ness i ndi cat or s wor k her e i n t he U. S.
and t he Educat i on f or Al l Goal s t hat emer ged
i nt er nat i onal l y, and t hey wer e cast ver y di f f er ent l y.
Her e we tal k about school r eadi ness, and so
t hat t er m made peopl e t hi nk, okay, af t er you get
t hr ough ki nder gart en, you go down t o t he next l evel .
I n t he i nt er nat i onal wor l d, t hey t al k about l ear ni ng
begi ns at bi r t h. And I t hi nk you have t hat l ook up
f r om t he ver y ear l i est year s.
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I don t t hi nk we want t o wai t unt i l we t ake
car e of al l t he pr i mar y ki ds, and t hen t ake car e of
al l t he f i ve year ol ds, and t hen t ake car e of al l t he
f our year ol ds. We ve got t o be t hi nki ng about t hese
t hi ngs si mul t aneousl y. Now, I am, you know, ver y
awar e of what Gene was sayi ng about i f we doubl e t he
number of chi l dr en goi ng t o school by i ncl udi ng t he
whol e age r ange, t he capaci t y i ssues, t he r esour ce
i ssues are t r emendous. One of our probl ems i s we have
t o t hi nk new ways about t hi s. Thi s i s not j ust t he
Mi ni st er of Educat i on who has t o t ake car e of t hi s,
t hi s has got t o be a col l abor at i ve appr oach acr oss t he
mi ni st r i es, and we ve got t o i nvol ve communi t y based
pr ovi der s. We heard Chl oe t al k t hi s morni ng about t he
t housands of communi t y based pr ovi ders i n Mal awi ; t hey
ar e par t of t he pi ct ur e. We don t have t o st ar t new
pr eschool s; we have t o i nt egr at e qual i t y i nt o t hose
set t i ngs wher e chi l dr en al r eady ar e.
So t hi s not i on of i nver t i ng t he pyrami d and
st ar t i ng at bi r t h or pr enat al l y i s a t heme t hat I
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t hi nk was r ef l ect ed dur i ng t he day, but I t hi nk we
have t o be mor e i nt ensi ve about i t .
Fi nal l y, on t he t hemat i c si de, we hear d a
l ot of r esear ch, I hope, and I was r eal l y happy t o
hear some of t he resear ch ci t ed f r om t he devel opi ng
wor l d, t hat we r eal l y st ar t t al ki ng much more about
t he J amai ca st udy, whi ch has l ong t er m data t hat shows
t hat t he combi nat i on of ear l y st i mul at i on and ear l y
nut r i t i on r eal l y makes a di f f er ence. And I under st and
t hey ar e l ooki ng at cost benef i t anal ysi s. I t s t i me
f or us t o have a di al ogue about t hi s t hat s
nor t h/ sout h, t hat s sout h/ sout h, and t hat we use some
of t he dat a that s emer gi ng and hel p i nt egr at e t he
economi c argument out of t hat dat a. We do need a
t r emendous amount more resear ch, I acknowl edge t hat .
But what J ack al ways t el l s us i s, we have t he sci ence,
t he sci ence i s cl ear , t he sci ence i s cl ear t hat t hi s
i s an ar ea we have t o pay at t ent i on t o, eval uat i on i s
r eal l y t o t el l us how t o do i t and how t o do i t best ,
and we cer t ai nl y need mor e of t hat , we need mor e
scal i ng up st udi es, and I t hi nk the wor k that t he
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Wol f ensohn Cent er i s doi ng now, t o l ook at what i s
worki ng i n ear l y chi l dhood, wher e t hey at t empt ed t o
scal e i t up, i s real l y i mpor t ant .
So those are t he t hr ee t hemes, i nt egr ated
chi l d devel opment , st ar t i ng f r om bi r t h up, and t he
need t o l ook at more r esearch f r om t he devel opi ng
wor l d, par t i cul ar l y I t hi nk was wer e t hi ngs t hat
wer e r ef l ect ed dur i ng t he day.
So what do I t hi nk shoul d happen? I am j ust
del i ght ed that t he busi ness communi t y i s i nt er est ed.
I can say f r om my per spect i ve her e i n t he U. S. , we
woul d not have made as much progress , al t hough we have
not made as much pr ogr ess as I want , we woul d not have
made the pr ogr ess t hat we ve made so f ar i f i t wasn t
f or t he busi ness communi t y, t he l aw enf orcement
communi t y, and many ot her non- t r adi t i onal ear l y
chi l dhood f r i ends st eppi ng f or war d.
We wer e tal ki ng i n t he back of t he room
t oday when the I BM r epr esent at i ve was t al ki ng about
t he need t o br i ng more busi ness voi ces t ogether , and
we were scr i bbl i ng on a pi ece of paper t hat we want ed
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gl obal busi ness al l i ance f or ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment , and so I t hi nk t oday, her e at Br ooki ngs,
and wi t h al l of you, I woul d cal l f or t hat , a gl obal
busi ness al l i ance f or ear l y chi l dhood t hat woul d begi n
t o rai se t he voi ce of mor e peopl e about t hi s i ssue.
He sai d to us we have t o have a goal and I
t hi nk t hat s absol ut el y t r ue. I t i s too bad t hat t he
Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal i s r el at ed t o ear l y
chi l dhood, but i t s not st r ong enough i n how i t
expl ai ns t he i nt er r el at i on among al l t hose par t s. And
Nerper I know you ve been suggest i ng us t o t hi nk about
t hat when we go i nt o di scussi ons about t he Mi l l enni um
Devel opment Goal s and 2015.
We need a goal . We ar e maki ng some pr ogr ess
on i ndi cat or s. You heard t hi s mor ni ng t he UNI CEF i s
l ooki ng at put t i ng some chi l d devel opment i ndi cat or s
i nt o t hei r dat a col l ect i on syst em. We ar e l ooki ng at
new ways t o col l ect and devel op cumul at i ve r i sk
i ndexes t hat can gi ve us a pi ct ur e of what chi l d
devel opment l ooks l i ke.
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The most successf ul ef f or t I t hi nk t oday has
been t he Lancet Ser i es, wher e they act ual l y sai d, we
have 200 mi l l i on chi l dr en whose devel opment i s at
r i sk, so at l east we have a number . I woul d ar gue, i f
t he busi ness communi t y want s a goal , t hat we shoul d
cut t hat number at l east i n hal f over t he next decade
bef or e I r et i r e, si nce I can t r et i r e now anyway. But
we need t hat ki nd of t hi nki ng. We need a much mor e
concr et e goal t han we ve had. Af t er t he Educat i on f or
Al l Gl obal Moni t or i ng Repor t on ear l y chi l dhood came
out t wo year s ago, t he consul t at i ve gr oup, and those
of you who don t know t he consul t at i ve gr oup bel i eves
her e, who does t he Coor di nat or s not ebook, i t s an
i nt er nat i onal net wor k of ear l y chi l dhood or gani zat i ons
whi ch has r epr esent at i ves f r om al l t he mul t i l at er al
donor s, as wel l as t he regi onal net wor ks around t he
wor l d. They ve done i ncr edi bl e wor k si nce 1983, I
t hi nk.
We got t ogether as a coal i t i on and sai d what
do we want , because i f we can t ar t i cul at e what we
want , how wi l l anybody el se be abl e t o hel p us do i t .
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And we est abl i shed t hese cor nerst ones t hat we ve been
advocat i ng f or . We woul d l i ke, on a zer o t o t hr ee
si de, bet t er l i nkages bet ween heal t h and parent i ng, so
t hat we r e not j ust t al ki ng about i mmuni zat i on, we r e
t al ki ng about ear l y st i mul at i on. We woul d l i ke at
l east t wo year s of pr e- pr i mar y or ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment , and t hat was a hard one t o come t o
consensus about . We woul d l i ke pr i mar y t he f i r st
t hr ee year s of pr i mar y school t o l ook bet t er t han i t
l ooks now. A hundr ed chi l dr en i n a cl assr oom, 80
chi l dr en i n a cl assr oom i s not goi ng t o get t he
qual i t y t hat Gene was t al ki ng about . So we want
pr i mar y t eacher s t hat ar e t r ai ned i n chi l d
devel opment , t he cl asses smal l er , and we want concr ete
mat er i al s i n t hei r hands so t hey can r eal l y l ear n t he
way we know t hey shoul d. And on t he pol i cy si de, we
cer t ai nl y want ear l y chi l dhood to be t hought of when
we r e devel opi ng pover t y reduct i on st r at egi es, when
we r e doi ng FTI pl ans, when we r e doi ng heal t h pl ans,
when we r e doi ng nat i onal pl anni ng on HI V AI DS.
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So t hese ar e t he ki nds of concr et e goal s
t hat I t hi nk we need. To get t her e, we cer t ai nl y need
new i nvest ments. We had some numbers, t al ked about
t he new publ i cat i on t hat Rut h hel d up, t hat Emi l y
Vargas- Baron, who s al so wi t h us her e, worked so hard
on, was an at t empt t o t r y t o put t ogether some
number s.
We have not been ver y good as a communi t y i n
sayi ng how much woul d t hi s cost . When t he Gl obal
Moni t or i ng Report came out on ear l y chi l dhood, t hey
sai d an ext r a bi l l i on f or ear l y chi l dhood. Wel l , you
know, I bet i f we pushed r eal har d, i t woul d be har d
t o see wher e t hat i t s a ver y smal l number f r om our
per spect i ve, but at l east i t s a number , we wer e
t hr i l l ed t o have a number . I ve been spendi ng a l ot
of t i me t al ki ng t o our wonder f ul f r i ends at Doct or s
Wi t hout Bor der s, about what t hey t hi nk nut r i t i on cost s
woul d be. They est i mat e t hat i t woul d cost a bi l l i on
and a hal f dol l ar s a year j ust t o t r eat sever e
mal nut r i t i on. That s not t he pr event i on si de, and
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t hey r e worki ng on a number about what i t woul d cost
on t he pr event i on si de.
The f act t hat we ve got 30 40 percent of
chi l dr en st i l l st unt ed, t hat ar e not get t i ng adequat e
nut r i t i on bet ween si x mont hs and t wo years, i s a
t r avest y as bad as l et t i ng chi l dr en di e.
And so we need t o be f ocusi ng mor e on t hat
i nvest ment and f i gur i ng out wi t h economi st s, and
economi st s f r om t he devel opi ng wor l d, how we can cost
t hese t hi ngs out . So my hope f or t he Gl obal Busi ness
Al l i ance f or ear l y chi l dhood i s t hat you hel p us set a
goal , and t hat goal shoul d be at l east hal f , and t hi s
i s my r ecommendat i on of f t he t op of my head, at l east
hal vi ng t he number of chi l dr en t hat ar e at r i sk f or
devel opment , t hat we shoul d do a bet t er j ob of
i nvest i ng and i ncr ease t hose i nvest ment s, and we need
t o wor k wi t h you on t hat , about est abl i shi ng bet t er
number s, gl obal l y, i nt er nat i onal l y, and t hat we shoul d
be t hi nki ng as we go i nt o t he f i nal year s of l ooki ng
at how we ve done i n t he Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal s,
and I know we have not done near l y as wel l as we
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shoul d have been, but t hi nki ng harder about ear l y
chi l dhood. Thi s conf er ence makes me opt i mi st i c. I t
makes me opt i mi st i c because i t s publ i c and pr i vat e,
because i t s heal t h and educat i on and f ami l i es,
because i t s zer o t o t hr ee i n pr i mar y, and of cour se,
we can t f orget secondary, because secondary ef f ect s
chi l dr ens devel opment , and because i t s goi ng beyond
chi l d survi val .
I t i s t he r evol ut i on of t he new chi l d
sur vi val movement , whi ch i s chi l d sur vi val and
devel opment . We know, f i nal l y, t hat more chi l dr en are
sur vi vi ng, and i t s our mor al r esponsi bi l i t y t o not
j ust l et t hem survi ve, but t o have t hem t hr i ve and
r each t hei r f ul l pot ent i al . Thank you.
MR. KOLB: We r e goi ng t o have a f ew mi nut es
f or quest i ons. And as t he Moder at or , I want t o open
i t up, and I want t o go back t o somethi ng t hat Gene
sai d and ask al l of t he panel i st s i f t hey want t o
comment on i t or not comment on i t as t he case may be.
But , Gene, you used t he t er m i nt ensi t y,
and you poi nt ed out , i n t he case of t he Uni t ed St at es,
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t hat we r e a hor r i bl e exampl e and we have a doubl e
st andard wi t h r egard t o pr ogr ams f or poor peopl e.
Wel l , her e s t he hypot het i cal quest i on; suppose we had
a pr esi dent who deci ded that he was t i r ed of bei ng a
hor r i bl e exampl e and of t hi s doubl e st andar d; t o what
ext ent coul d pr esi dent i al l eader shi p al t er t he
cal cul us of i nt ensi t y?
And t hen t he second quest i on i s, i s t her e a
par al l el r esul t wi t h r egar d t o i nt ensi t y i n t he
i nt er nat i onal cont ext ?
MR. SPERLI NG: Wel l , you know, I t hi nk
pr esi dent i al l eader shi p woul d be huge. I t hi nk t hese
t hi ngs ar e symbi ot i c, however , i n t he f ol l owi ng; you
I mean when I t hi nk of t hi s pr esi dent , I m r emi nded of
Mar i o Cuomo, who I used t o work f or , t hat when God
want s t o puni sh you, he gr ant s you your wi shes.
I mean t hi s pr esi dent has such an enormous
amount on t he pl ate that and t hi s i s wher e the
suppor t comes i n, t hat i t s not j ust r eal l y a mat t er
of ki nd of what you car e about t he most , you make an
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assessment of whet her you t hi nk you can get somet hi ng
done.
So, you know, a pr esi dent can deci de he
r eal l y want s t o l ead on i ssue X, but i f he doesn t see
t he gr ound t r oops out t her e, t her e s no short age of
compel l i ng pr obl ems i n t he wor l d, and par t of t hat i s
goi ng t o i s goi ng t o be, you know, t hat sense of
whether somet hi ng i s doabl e, whet her i t can get done,
what t he degr ee of suppor t i s. I t hi nk t he, you know,
I mean f i r st of al l , I r eal l y do want t o compl i ment
you and what CED has done and what Rob Dugger and what
J i m i s doi ng now, et cet er a. I mean I t hi nk I woul d
l ove t o be back f i ght i ng f or t hese i ssues and have
t hat degr ee of ammuni cat i on and val i dat i on, so ther e
r eal l y ar e di f f er ent t hi ngs.
I mean I t hi nk you need a I t hi nk what t he
pr esi dent coul d do i s ki nd of f r ame t he moral argument
i n a way t hat ki nd of f ai l ur e i s not an opt i on. And I
t hi nk t hat t o ki nd of f r ame t hi s not i on t hat we r e not
a count r y that bel i eves t hat your out come i n l i f e
shoul d be det er mi ned on t he acci dent of your bi r t h and
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l i nk that deepl y wi t h Amer i can val ues so t hat t hat
ki nd of set s an over al l f r ame.
When my book came out and I was on t he r adi o
and I was doi ng a l ot of shows, I mean I f ound I
r eal l y had t o st r uggl e on t hese i ssues, and I f ound a
l ot of i t was ki nd of ol d, ki nd of wel f ar e debat es.
I t was al most har d t o i sol at e t he chi l d. You know, at
t i mes I had t o say t o cal l er s, okay, wel l , f i ne, l et s
say t hat par ent i sn t such a gr eat par ent , you know,
don t you car e about t hat chi l d, doesn t t hat chi l d
have a chance? I t hi nk t he Pr esi dent coul d ki nd of
set t hat t one. I al so t hi nk t hat , you know, a
pr esi dent sees t he ki nd of busi ness suppor t out t her e,
I t hi nk wher e t hat woul d be ver y hel pf ul , par t i cul ar l y
f or a democrat i c pr esi dent , i s, when t he charge comes,
ar en t you j ust doi ng a bunch of bi g spendi ng. To be
abl e t o ci t e t op busi ness gr oups, I BM, et cet er a, t hat
of f ers I t hi nk i n some ways t hat becomes more
i mport ant t o a pr ogr essi ve pr esi dent who i s who
coul d be more vul ner abl e to t he charge of t he bi g
spendi ng.
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So I t hi nk i t i s ver y, you know, I t hi nk i t
i s symbi ot i c i n t hat sense, and, you know, and I t hi nk
you can ki nd of wai t f or pr esi dent i al l eader shi p, or
you can al so l et t hem know t hat i f you want t o l ead,
you know, you ve got t r oops behi nd you.
And, you know, when t here s a bi g t r ade
agr eement t hat busi ness cares about , you know, t hey
l et peopl e know, you know, we r e goi ng t o I mean t o
t he l evel of sayi ng we r e goi ng t o set up a war r oom,
we r e goi ng t o spend t hi s much money, you know, on
ads, we wi l l def end member s of Congress who get
at t acked f or suppor t i ng i t , I mean you see t hat l evel
of t hi ng. So, agai n, I t hi nk, you know, I mean t hi s
pr esi dent , I t hi nk Pr esi dent El ect r eal l y bel i eves i n
t hi s, I t hi nk he s been ver y ef f ect ed by t he ki nd of
suppor t and t he dat a that s out t her e, and I t hi nk he
woul d pr obabl y l ove t o have i t be par t of hi s l egacy.
But , you know, can you i magi ne bei ng around t he
meet i ngs r i ght now, and you r e l ooki ng at f i nanci al
cri si s, you r e l ooki ng at gl obal r ecessi on, you r e
l ooki ng at heal t h car e, you r e l ooki ng at cl i mat e
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change, you ve got t o f i x Fanni e and Freddi e, you
know, you need yeah, I mean you need a bi t of
i nt ensi t y and a real sense that t hi s woul d be
somet hi ng t hat coul d get done, not j ust i f i t s
i mpor t ant , but t hat i t s act ual l y wor t h doi ng, t hat
t hi s coul d act ual l y be a l egacy i t em t hat can be
achi eved.
MR. KOLB: J oan or Ruth, do you want t o
comment domest i cal l y or i nt er nat i onal l y or bot h?
MS. LOMBARDI : You know, i t s cl ear t hat
l eader shi p, bot h i n t he publ i c sect or and i n t he
pr i vat e sect or , I t hi nk i f we l ook at Chi l e and we see
what Pr esi dent Bachel et has done, made an enor mous
di f f er ence on t hi s i ssue, and we coul d name sever al
ot her count r i es wher e l eader shi p made a di f f er ence. I
woul d al so say, t hough, we ve got t he r eason I m
exci t ed about t he busi ness communi t y bei ng i nvol ved,
i t s r eal l y i mpor t ant t o keep t hi s a bi par t i san i ssue
t hat cr osses admi ni st r at i ons. I , you know, Gene
ment i oned we had wonder f ul successes dur i ng our years
and then had t o watch as t hat di mi ni shed over t he l ast
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f ew year s, so i t s r eal l y i mpor t ant t o keep t hi s br oad
spect r um of suppor t , but obvi ousl y l eader shi p, as
we ve seen i n t he UK, where t hey ve r eal l y made
si gni f i cant i nvest ment s over t he l ast f ew year s, so I
t hi nk bot h i s i mpor t ant .
MR. KOLB: Rut h.
MS. LEVI NE: Yeah, j ust br i ef l y. You know,
i n t he i nt er nat i onal spher e, I t hi nk ther e i s al ways
t hat t endency t o f ocus on mobi l i zi ng donor r esour ces
agai nst br oad gl obal goal s t hat ar e set i n, you know,
Washi ngt on and New Yor k, and maybe somet i mes i n
Geneva.
And f or t hi s i ssue f or many i ssues, but
f or t hi s i ssue i n par t i cul ar , you know, I t hi nk of
ear l y chi l dhood devel opment as bei ng sor t of deepl y
r evol ut i onar y, because your i f educat i on i s a way to
sor t of r epr oduce soci et y, whi ch i t cl ear l y i s, t hat s
sor t of i t s pr i mar y pr i mar i l y what i t does, t hen
maki ng f undament al changes i n t he or gani zat i on and
access t o educat i on t hat di spr opor t i onat el y benef i t s
t he poor and mar gi nal i zed popul at i ons i s r eal l y a
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r evol ut i onar y t hi ng t o do. And so i t s goi ng t o be a
r el at i vel y unusual l eader shi p i n many devel opi ng
count r i es t hat s goi ng t o embr ace t hat i dea. And so
f i ndi ng t hose l eader s who r eal l y have i t as t hei r
goal , t he l egacy t hey wi sh t o l eave i n t hei r
count r i es, and wor ki ng wi t h t hem, I t hi nk i s r eal l y,
you know, i t s a t al l order , but i t s i t s I t hi nk a
more l ast i ng and subst ant i ve agenda t han l obbyi ng f or
no of f ense, i t s gr eat t o have goal s, I t hi nk i t s
i mpor t ant , but t he r eal wor k i s a count r y t o est abl i sh
i t as nat i onal pr i or i t i es i n a f undament al way, not
j ust r espondi ng t o what donor s t oday or t omor r ow t hi nk
i s a good i dea.
MR. KOLB: Thank you. Let s go t o t he f l oor
f or quest i ons, and we l l t ake one or t wo, and t hen I
wi l l t ur n t he pr ogr am over t o J i m Wol f ensohn. Yes,
s i r .
SPEAKER: Yes, t hank you. Two comments;
f i r st , we seem t o be usi ng t he t er ms, ear l y chi l dhood
educat i on, pr eschool educat i on, and ear l y chi l dhood
devel opment i nt er changeabl y, and I t hi nk we shoul d
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not . I t hi nk t hey r e ver y di f f er ent appr oaches,
di f f er ent modal i t i es, di f f er ent const i t uenci es,
di f f er ent del i ver y syst ems, et cet er a. We pr obabl y
need both, but I t hi nk we shoul d be cl ear whi ch one
we r e t al ki ng about .
The ot her comment i s, I r eal l y don t
under st and why we f eel t he need t o redo research on
i ssues t hat wer e pr et t y soundl y est abl i shed at l east
20 years ago. I don t under st and why we need t o do
r esear ch t o demonst r at e that i odi ne def i ci ency and
i r on anemi a have ef f ect s on chi l dr ens l ear ni ng, i t
seems i t j ust doesn t make any sense t o me, t hose
ar e wel l est abl i shed.
But I woul d l i ke t o ask t he panel , anybody I
guess, maybe J oan Lombar di , are we more const r ai ned by
t echni cal debat es as t o what works or are we more
const r ai ned by l ack of consensus as t o what modal i t i es
wor k and how t o do t he sai d scal e?
MS. LOMBARDI : Wel l , I t hi nk Ruth woul d al so
want t o comment on t hat , and I t hi nk we r e ar e we
const r ai ned? I t hi nk we r e chal l enged by bot h. I
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t hi nk t her e s a l ot of conf usi on, j ust as you r ai sed,
about what i t i s we r e t al ki ng about her e. You know,
we use a l ot of t er ms. We ar e r eal l y sever el y
chal l enged by our nomencl at ur e i n t hi s f i el d, because
we can never deci de, i s i t pr eschool , i s i t ear l y
chi l dhood devel opment , i s i t ear l y chi l dhood
educat i on.
I use t he t er m ear l y chi l dhood devel opment
because I have a devel opment al perspect i ve t hat
i ncl udes t he r ange of t hi ngs t hat ef f ect young
chi l dr en. So I t hi nk t hat i s a chal l enge, t hat s one
of t he chal l enges. I don t know, Rut h, i f you want t o
comment on t he research si de of t hi s and
MS. LEVI NE: Maybe I l l j ust say a wor d
about t hat . I t hi nk t her e i s a r eal l y st r ong
i nt er act i on bet ween t he doi ng of par t i cul ar ki nds of
r esear ch and advanci ng pol i cy i n par t i cul ar cont ext s.
So l et me j ust gi ve maybe a somewhat anal ogous
exampl e, and t hat i s t obacco cont r ol , so you l l wonder
why that s anal ogous, but i t s because, wel l , of
cour se, i t s ver y wel l est abl i shed t hat smoki ng i s bad
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f or your heal t h, r i ght , I mean t hat s we ve known
t hat f or many decades.
But i n Sout h Af r i ca, i n Pol and, and i n ot her
count r i es, i t wasn t unt i l some of t he r esear ch about
t he magni t ude of t he probl em, some est i mat es about t he
i mpact on t hose popul at i ons done by i ndi genous,
l ocal l y based and r espect ed r esear cher s, i t wasn t
unt i l t hat happened, you know, bui l di ng on
i nt er nat i onal l y, you know, accept ed st udi es and so
f or t h, but i t wasn t unt i l t hat happened, al ong wi t h a
f ew other t hi ngs, t hat r eal pr ogr ess was made t oward
t he ki nds of l egi sl at i on and so f or t h t hat l ed t o
i ncr edi bl e successes i n t hose count r i es i n t obacco
cont r ol . So I t hi nk t her e s an i nt er acti on, and i t s
not qui t e enough t o say we al r eady know t hat , we have
t o move on. I t hi nk, you know, and I m not t r yi ng t o,
you know, pr each or l ect ur e at you, but t hat s what s
goi ng t hrough my mi nd i n t erms of par t of wher e the
r esear ch agenda i s.
MR. KOLB: Can we sneak i n t wo qui ck
quest i ons? The l ady t her e and t hen J ack Shonkof f ,
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quest i ons, no speeches, because we want t o st ay on
schedul e. Thank you.
SPEAKER: Okay. I t s a comment , but i t s
Vi ct or i a - - Gl obal Fund f or Chi l dr en, and I have
r eal l y enj oyed t oday, but I f eel l i ke I got a gr eat
r esear ch case, bot h i n t er ms of sci ence, economi cs,
and pol i cy, and I m r eal l y and even some gr eat
busi ness exampl es of i ntervent i on and engagement , but
I m r eal l y mi ssi ng somet hi ng ar ound t he pr ogr ams.
And I t hi nk good progr ams can be t he best
advocacy. And t o add t o J oan s charge of t hi ngs we
need t o do, one of my f avor i t e publ i cat i ons, and I
t hi nk i t i s f r om t he Cent er f or Gl obal Devel opment , i s
mi l l i ons saved ar ound publ i c heal t h pr ogr am
i nt er vent i ons, f r om many count r i es, wher e we ve t aken
gr eat model s t o scal e, and I d l i ke t o add t hat t o
t hose char ges.
MR. KOLB: Woul d you hand t he [ mi cr ophone]
t o J ack? We r e goi ng t o get both quest i ons on t he
f l oor and t hen - -
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MS. LOMBARDI : Wel l , can I j ust r espond t o
Vi ct or i a, because I t hi nk i t s a gr eat poi nt ? We have
a t endency i n our f i el d, i n t he ear l y chi l dhood f i el d,
t o wr i t e about gr eat exampl es f or our sel ves, and we
haven t we haven t put t hem out t her e i n t he publ i c
I t hi nk t he way t he heal t h communi t y has, so I t hi nk
t hat s a gr eat suggest i on.
MR. KOLB: J ack, and t hen we l l go t o
MR. SCHONKOFF: J ust a qui ck comment . I
t hi nk i t r eal l y - - and i t comes back t o t he egg
cracki ng i ssue. You know, I t hi nk t hi s i s a
conf er ence today about t he rol e of t he busi ness
communi t y, and I t hi nk we ve t ended t o t hi nk of t hat
most l y i n t er ms of t he i nf l uence busi ness execut i ves
have when i t s t i me f or egg cr acki ng, t o deci de wher e
t he money goes.
But t her e s anot her whol e ar ea of exper t i se
t he f i el d desper at el y needs t hat t he busi ness
communi t y has, and i t r el at es t o al l of t hese t hi ngs.
Let s t hi nk of ear l y chi l dhood devel opment educat i on
as a real l y gr eat i dea t hat coul d be a bi g hi t and
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t hat coul d r eal l y be ver y successf ul . What i t needs
i s, i t has some pr ot ot ypes t hat ar e showi ng a l ot of
pr omi se and t hat r eal l y wor k. But what t hi s f i el d has
cont i nued t o not do wel l t hat