20100309 - Climate Change’s Strategy for Jakarta in Land Use and Transportation Aspect ed

8/14/2019 20100309 - Climate Changes Strategy for Jakarta in Land Use and Transportation Aspect ed

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Proposal for Climate Changes Strategy for Jakarta in

Land Use and Transportation Aspect

Written by:

1 Tanuwidjaja, Gun awan

1MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)

Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact IndonesiaIntegrated Urban, Drainage and Environ mental Pl anning and DesignEmail: [email protected]://greeni mpactindo.w ordpress .com/about/

Introduction

Clim ate change is recognised as the major threat to the world. Thi s

phenomenon was mainly caused by g reenhouse gase s productions from

anthropogenic activitie s, i.e. urbanisation, industriali sation and agricultural activities

in the centu ry. This was repo rted by The International Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) in 2001. IPCC stated that the global temperature ha s risen to 0.6 0.2C in

the 19th century (Houghton 2001). 1 The trend i s depicted in following figures.


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Figure 1: Variations of the Earth s surface temperature for past 140 and 1000 years.


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Figure 2: Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the industr ial area.

Other the cl imate change effects that predicted to coincide with temperature

increase are increased number of hot days annually, higher minimum temperatures,

more intense precipitations, ri sing sea level, increased ri sk of draughts, and

increased cyclone/ hurricane intensities and occurren ces.4

And main direct potential impacts of the phenomenon are:

- increased death and il lness because of heat stroke or infectious di sease

- increased energy demand for cooling

- increased flood, landslide, avalanche, and mudsli de

- decreased crop yield

- decreased water resource quantity and quali ty

- increased of fo rest fire

- decreased hydropower poten tial in drought-p rone areas

Further, McCarthy (eds) 2001 showed that the annual economic losses from

the major weather catastrophes has increased 10 times from the 1950s to the 1990s,

reaching US$40 billion (in 1999 constant price ). And although the insuran ce

companies cove red up to US$9.2 bil lion annually during the same period, and the

ratio of prem iums to cat astrophe losses fell by two-thirds. This shows the potential of

greater losses f rom the climate change im pact. 5


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Figure 3: The costs of catastrophic weather events in recent decades.

On the other hand, rapid urbani sations happened all over the world. From

30% in 1950, urban world populati on had grown t rem endously to reach 50% in 2007.

Even it was predicted to reach 60% in 2030 (Schultz 2006).6 This created the Mega

Cities in developing countries. These cities are normally inhabited by more than 5

million persons. Fu rthe r, i t was estimated that by 2015, 60 Mega Cities wil l be

present which cate r 600 m illion people. And most of them are located in Asia, i .e.

Singapore, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Mumbai, Bangkok and Manila.


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Figure 4: Locations of Mega Cities in 2000.

Figure 5: Predicted Locations of Mega Cities in 2015.

Further related to Climate Change, Mega Cities, which mostly located

adjacent to the coasts or estuaries, are predicted to be more vulnerable to cyclones,

high winds flooding, coastal erosion and deposition, and sea-level rise (Nicholl s

1995, Rosenzweig & Solecki 2001). 9 And it actually will cause greater impact of

clim ate change to human population.


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One of example of the major catastrophes is the New Orleans. The City is

located in the low flood plain s of America. On the 28 th August 2005, Category 5

Katrina struc k the ci ty with the speed of 175 mph. The hurricane kil led 1,464 persons

and affected 600,000 houses and 6,000 businesses. The damages were eno rmous

because 70% the city i s below sea -level and poor le vees cannot su stain the surge. 10

Total losses of Katrina were p redicted to reach $100 Bil li on by the Financial Times.

11

Mega Cities in Asia, i.e. Jakarta, Manila, Bangkok, etc, currently deal with

basic needs of theirs inhabitants. The poverty, traffic jams, poor infrastructures, a nd

floods a re the main issues evolving in the cities. But because o f serious clim ate

change impact, strategic measures in fighting it should be taken by the mega cities

municipals as well as other stakeholders of the cities. And thi s fo rms the research

rationale which i s prescribing the strategic effort for mega cities in mitigating climate

change.

Research Problems

Major contributors of greenhouse gases emission are emissions of vehicle in

Mega Cities. Due to increasing population using p rivate vehicle s, the emi ssions could

become great and greate r. Without sustainable mass transpo rtation planning and

management in place, we bel ieve that thi s problem could not be solved. And it can

be concluded th at the integrat ed st rategy should be prescribed for Mega Cities in

general and Jakarta case study in particular.

Jakarta i s the capital city of Indonesia and the largest metropolitan in South

East Asia. It is currentl y inhabited by app roximately 8 million persons, within area of

600 square km s. 12 Because of Jakarta rapid economic development, the city was

developed in the fast pace. But due to the unintegrated planning process and less

stringent development control, Jakarta evolv ed in unsustainable way, which mainly

related traffic jams, air pollutions, u rban slum s and flooding.

Related to the climate change, Jakarta faced severe air pollution which

caused mainly by the increasing of number of vehicles. The total number of motor

vehicles in Jakarta has grown from 2,478,934 in 1995 to 5.1 mi llion in 2006. And the

motorcycles compri sed the bul k (Polda Metro Jaya 2000 and Febrina 2006). There

were 2.5 mi llion motorcycles, 1.3 mil lion cars, 400,000 cargo vehicles, and more than


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250,000 buses (US Embassy Jakarta 2006). Approximately 71% of Jakartas citizens

use motorized t ransport and 55% rely on public transport se rvices (ADB 2002). 13

The air pol lution imposed costs of at least $400 million on the Indonesian

economy every year. Thi s was concluded from World Bank Study. Apparently, the air

pollution has degraded public health, particularly respiratory tract inflam mation.14 The

root of this pollution was the ab sence of sustainable transpo rtation planning and

management.

Several present climate change initiatives were i dentified. One of them is the

Clean Air Initiatives fo r Asian Cities. The study was conducted by the Stockholm

Environment Institute's (SEI) cent re at the University of York (UK) and the Clean Air

Initiative for Asia Cities (CAI-Asia ). It provided the overview and assessment of the

present status of in urban air polluti on management in 20 key citie s in the Asian

region, including Jakarta. The stud y concluded that Jakarta could be categorized as

City with evolving capacity fo r Air Quali ty Management (AQM). It means that there

were efforts to put systematic approach to AQM, normally with foreign support.

Further, Air Quality (AQ) monitoring was done with continuous monitoring.

Unfo rtunately, ai r pollution levels of Jakarta were ca tegorized as high but stable and

more AQM measures need to be enfo rced.15

In the bigger picture, the study revealed that Cities with better economic

status and well-developed AQM systems would have better air quality than cities with

a poorly developed AQM system. It was also concluded that more efforts must be

done to develop the methods for conducting emission invento rie s and source

identification studies,

Further, study of Asi an Development Bank and the Clean Air Ini tiative for

Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center in 2006 prescribed the National Strategy and Action

Plan for Air Quali ty Improvement in the Indonesians Country Synthe si s Report on

Urban Air Quali ty Management.16


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Figure 6. National Strategy and Action Plan f or Air Quality Improv ement

Apparently, the st rategy of implementing integrated transportation system and

urban land-use rational ization from the study above was partially adopted by t he

Jakarta Province Government. They invested in the bus rapid transit (BRT) system

called Tran sJakarta which was first opened in January 2004. Three corridors

operated were: corridor I (Blok M-Kota ), corridor II (Pulogadung-Harm oni), and

corridor III(Harmoni-Kalideres). Further, Four corridors were constructed in 2006 and

launched by January 2007 (Berita Jakarta 2006). It used 56 high-platform air-

conditioned Euro 2 compliant diesel buses capable of carrying 83 passengers each.

As of 2005, TransJakarta ridership reached the 65,000 passengers per day on

weekdays and 45,000 passengers per day on weekends (Wi kipedia 2005).17

Unfo rtunately, lots of effo rt need to be done related to implementation of

integrated transportation and land use system. Further, resea rche s of the exi sting

traffic pattern and i ts relationship with u rban land use need to be conducted. Thi s

understanding will provide the basi s of strategy of improvement existing public

transport and future strategy for climate change. And this i s the rationale of thi s

research.


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Purpose of Research

The purposes of the research are:

-Researching va rious relationship between t ransportation pattern and land use in

Jakarta

- Researching the travel preferences of residents in Jakarta

- Developing an integrated t ransportation-land use planning and management

strategy for Jakarta

- Developing urban land use management st rategy, i.e. u rban development cont rol

and land banking strategy

- Prescribing guideline/ framework of integrated transportation-land use planning

and management in Mega Cities

Research M ethodology

The research could be done in the foll owing sequence, i.e.

- Defining aims and purpose of the research

- Literature Study of the previous sustainabili ty studies in Jaka rta related to

Clim ate Change

- Literature Study of the relationships of climate change and integrated

transportation-land use planning and management strate gy

- Sample data collection of traffic pattern and it s relationship to land u se i n Jakarta

- Sample data collection of the travel prefe rences

- Collecting secondary data of air quali ty in Jakarta

- Analysing the relationship of integrated transportation -land use planning and

management strategy to the reduction of greenhouse gases with GIS

- Prescribing the integrated t ranspo rtation and land use strategy for Jaka rta

- Validating the result with Experts Consultation and Small -Group Stakeholders

Consultation

- Evaluation of the GIS simulation and strategy

- Prescribing framework of integrated transportation-land use planning and

management in Mega Cities

- Publication and Di ssem ination of the results


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Conclusion

Integrated transportation-land use planning and m anagement strategy are

crucial component for reducing em ission of greenhouse gases that contribute to

clim ate change. Unfo rtunately in Jakarta and other Mega Cities in developingcountrie s, the efforts were not implemented seriously. This i s mostly because of

limited knowledge and funding. But with the Clean Development Mechanism of

Kyoto Protocol these mitigations could be implemented with international

coll aboration with various donors. We believe that thi s particular research could

develop the f ram ework of integrated t ransportation-land use planning and

management i n mega cities.


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The Writers DescriptionI. Personal Information

Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjaja

e-mail : [email protected]

website : http://gr eenimpacti ndo.word press.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)

Place of Bir th : Bandung

Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978

Sex : Male

Nationality : Indonesian

Mother Language : Indonesian

Language Skill : Indonesian, English

II. Education Backgrounds

Formal Education

Name ofInstitution

City/CountryStudy T ime

(Months/Years)Graduated from

(M onth and Year)Specializat ion GPA

NationalUniversit yofSingapore

Singapore 1 year October 2006MSc

EnvironmentManagement

3.86

from scaleof 5

BandungInstitute of

Technology(Institut

TeknologiBandung)

Bandung /Indonesia

5 years July of 2001 Bachelor ofArchitecture

2.73

from scaleof 4

III. Informa l Education

StudyT ime (Y ears) Name of Institution Course Name & Spe cialization

2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a SustainableSingapore (1-day se minar)

2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Polic y "Lesso ns Not to Learn fro m AmericanCities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-dayseminar)

2007 National Uni versit y of Singapore, Fac ultyofEngineering, P AC (Professional Acti vitiesCentre)

Short Course On "A Z Of Oil & GasTo Petrochemicals ( 3-days seminar)

2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destinati on Resorts, T he Next Wave

(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Institute of Planner, MalaysiaInstitute of Pl anner and Uni versiti

Kebangsaan Malaysi a

Seminar of Planning of Is kandarDevelopment R egion (1-d ayseminar)

2001 The Bri tish Institute IELTS Prep aration Co urse

2000 Language Cen ter ITB English Writing Course

1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union ofArchitect ure G unadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journal istic Traini ng

1997 Architect ure Depart ment ITB AutoC ad R 14 Training

1993-1995 Saint Angelas English Course English Course level C6 to C11

1990-1992 Saint Angelas English Course English Course l evel J 2 to J5

IV. Working Exper ience

Name ofInstitute/Companies

City/ Countries Position Job Description ContractPeriods


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Name ofInstitute/Companies

City/ Countries Position Job DescriptionContractPeriods

Green Impact In donesia

Integrated Urban,Drainage and

Environmental PlanningConsult ant

Bandung Manager Team Leader and

Urban Pl anner

March 2003 to

now

Agency for Researchand De velopment,Institu te of Water

Resources, Ministry ofPublic Wor ks, Republic of

Indonesi a,

Bandung Urban Pl anni ngand Management

Expert

Assistant October 2008 tonow

Jurong Consulta nts PteLtd., Planning Division

Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006to October 2008

National Par ks Board,

Republic of Singapore

Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to

Aug 2006

Agency for Researchand De velopment,Institu te of Water

Resources, Ministry ofPublic Wor ks, Republic of

Indonesi a,

Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorResearcher

GIS E xpertAssistant (Arc View3.2), in Pol der Team

Jan 2005 - A ug2005

Satyamitra J asapuriEngineering

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect,Estimator

House, Factory andCaf Design

Aug 2003 - Dec2004

PT. Tr initas Buana Ut ama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apart ment Design Aug 2002 - Aug2003

PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Archit ect Jan 2002 Aug2002

COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorResearcher

Urban DevelopmentResearch,

especi ally on Ur banGarbage

Management

Aug 2001 - Jan2002

CV. Cipta Bina Sar ana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Trainee Junior Architect May- J uly 2001

ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Progr am

FacilitatorCommunityRecovery

Program (CRP-HUI) in RW 11,

CibangkongDistrict

Garbage

Management ,Mechanis m Makingand Contr olling ofCooperati ve Credit

Unit

Jan 2000 - A ug

2001

V. Research, Planning & Design Works

Name of Proj ect Position Year

Under Green Impact Indonesia

Assistance f or Directorate ofSpati al Planning, Public Works

Department (2009), Sus tainableUrban Impro vement Program

(SUSIP) - Executive Presentation

Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009

Drainage Master PlanRevit alisation in Summarecon,

Kelapa Gading, J akart a, I ndonesia

Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr D ec 2009

Hospital Pr eliminar y Design andStudy in Pangalengan, West Ja va,Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, Milk

Producer Cooperative in

Pangalengan)

Team Leader and Senior Archit ect Apr Aug 2009

Community Based D evelopmentRevitalisation in PT Newmont

Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa

Team Leader and Environmentalis t Aug 2009


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Tenggara Barat, I ndonesia(Proposal)

Traditional Market Mapping, GISDatabase and Analysis i n theframework of Implementing

Presidential Decree No 112/2007on Development of Traditional

Market and Rel ocation of ModernMarket in I ndonesia (Pro posal toMinistry of Trade of Republic of

Indonesi a)

Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009

Integrat ed Water Resources

Management Plan f or Barang kalRiver, sub catchment of Brantas

River Basin, i n relation with SocialAspect and Institution Capacity

Building (Proposal to JICA)

Team Leader and Environmentalis t Aug 2009

9 Pearl Elementary School inBandung

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Propos al 99ers Radio School(Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Under Jurong Consultants Pt e

Ltd.

Preliminary Study and BriefDevelopment C oncept of QEZ3,Petrochemical Complex, Qatar

Planner 2007 to 2008

Dera Bassi Detailed Master Plan,Greater Mohali Area, Punjab, India


Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Indus trial Park, Indonesia(Guanxi State Far m - Biofu el Pla nt)


Master Plan An Tay Industrial

Servic e Ce ntre

Planner 2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou WaterfrontCity, China

Assi stant Pla nner 2006-2007

Master Plan AMRL Internati onalTech City, T amil Nadu, India

Assis tant Planner 2007

W ith MSc EnvironmentalManagement P rogram

Neotiewpia Ec o Vill age Mas terPlan in Kranji Singapore

Planner & Environmentalist 2006

Under SJP Engineering

BTC Caf Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Fac tor y Junior Archit ect 2004

Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Desig nDevelopment

2003 2004

Under PT. Trinitas Bu an a Utama

Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Co ordinator 2002 2003

Bukit Resik Exclusive Aparment Studio Co ordinator 2002 2003

Site Pl an S. Par man EliteHousing

Studio Co ordinator 2002

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Archit ect 2002

Freelance Proj ect


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Cibangkong LowCost Housing,Bandung Indonesia

Final Year Student 2001

Design Development of KARANGSETRA Hot el, S pa an d Cot tages,Bandung Indonesia under Cipta

Bina Sarana

Junior Architect, D esig nDevelopment

2001

Master Plan of C ipulir Housing SitePlan, Ja kart a under Prof Ir.

Danisworo

Junior Archit ect 2001

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication

Awards/Prestig e

Best Dissert ation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007

Shell Grant Bursar yHolder in MEM Na tional Uni versi ty of Singapore , 2005-2006

Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held byTh eMunicipal\ Go vern ment of Kot a Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001

Activities Bandung Independent Living Center (B ILIC)

2003 - 2 004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person

2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Perso n in SeveralLocation in Bandung

Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Foru m)

2002 : Foru m Gel ar Kota Secretariat2001 : Juni or Researcher

Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadharma Student Union of Architect ureDepart ment o f ITB)

2001 Member of L egislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma

Member of Sus tainable Hu man S ettlement Discussi on Group

Co ordin ator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar

1999 2000 Coordinator of Gra dasi (Archit ect ure Bulletin of IMA-G)

OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of B PK Penabur Senior H igh School)

OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)

Publication s Integration of Sustainable Pl anni ng Policy and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, i n the Context ofSustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost A part ment, MaranathaUniversity, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Mat erial for Housing as one of alternatife material of L ow-

Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Lo w-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung,Indonesi a, 2009.

Guidelines f or Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agenc y for Research and De velopment,Institu te of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2 009.

Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bi ntan Island,Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singap ore (Bes tDisser tation Award)

Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Person in S everal Locationin Bandung

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid W aste Managem ent, J anuary2002.

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Ne eds, August 2001.

Thesis of Design Studio, Cas e of Low Economy Flat for C ibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia(Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pat tern Language Arc hitect ure

Semi nar Report of Housing Developme nt Based on Lo wEc onomy People.

1 Houghton J. T. et al. (eds.), Cli mate Change 2001: The Scientif ic Basis, Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change, p.101, http://www.ipcc.c h

2http://www.ipcc.ch

3ibid


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4http://www.gbn.com/climatec hange/ImpactsOfClimateChange.pdf

5McC arthy J.J. et al. (eds), Technical Summary, Climate Change 2001: I mpacts, Adaptati on,

and Vulnerability , The Inte rgovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p.42, http://www.i pcc.ch6

Schult z, Bart, Opportunities and Threats for Lowland Development, Concepts fo r Water

Management, Flood Protection and Multifunctional Land-Use. In Proceedings of the 9

th

Inter-Regional Conference on Env ironment-Water, 17 - 19 May, 2006.

and

http://www.ye arofplanetearth. org/content/downloads/Megacities.pdf

7http://www.megacities.uni-koeln. de/documentation/megacity /map/MC-2000-PGM. jpg

8 http://www.megaciti es.uni-koeln. de/documentation/megacity /map/MC-2015-PGM. jpg

9 http://www.k as.d e/uploa d/dokumente/megacities/Vulnerabi lity of GloballCit ies.p df

10 www.c nn.c om

and

http://www.dhh.l ouis iana.gov /off ices/page.asp?ID=192 &Detail=5248

11 www.inflationdata.com

12Demographics and Civ il Records Serv ice: Populati on of the Prov ince of Jakart a January

200813

http://www.cle anairnet.o rg/c aiasia/1412/csr/indonesia.pdf14

http://www. eia.doe.gov /emeu/ca bs/indoe.html15

http://www.cle anairnet.o rg/c aiasia/1412/channel.html

16op.cit. 13

17ibid.

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20100309 - Climate Change’s Strategy for Jakarta in Land Use and Transportation Aspect ed

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