Human Impact on Peat-swamp Forests in Malaysia and

Indonesia

Written by:

1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan

1

MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)

Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Env ironmental Planning and Design Email: gunteitb@yahoo.com http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Peat swamp forest can be defined as a forest that has peat soil

accumulation in the floor and usually is located in the lowlands. The peat soil is

actually made of 65% organic matter and has reddish-brown colour.1

Globally Peat swamp can be found in South East Asia, Central and South

America, Africa2

which are tropical forests; and Russia, Ireland, Scotland,

Germany and Scandinavia which are temperate forests.3 Further we are going to

explore more on the South East Asia peat swamp forest, which are mostly

located in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Further the characteristics of peat swamp forests will be described in a-

biotic, which are: climate, soil and water; and biotic component which are: flora,

fauna and micro-organism.

A-biotic Component

Climate Condition

The tropical forests have intensive rainfall, warm annual temperature, and

high humidity.4 Intensity of rainfall in South East Asia is 200 mm/month during

wet season and 100 mm/month during dry season. The rainfall pattern in the

area further explained in Figure 1-1.5This shows that peat swamp forest in

Sumatra, Kalimantan and Malaysia have the wettest climate since receiving 12

month of rain.

The annual temperature in the lowland area will be between 26-28°C.6 But

the altitude of the place also can influence forest temperature.7

Microclimate is other component found in dense peat swamp forest. This

was proven in Semengo arboretum, Kuching, Serawak. The research proved that

the temperature in forest lower part is also lower because of the forest canopy

protection. The result will be presented in Figure 1-2.8

Soil Condition

The peat is made from the decayed wood, leave, or body of animal.

9 The

peat will loss 77-94% of the biomass when burned.10

The form of peat also varies

from solid, fibrous form to soft crust.11

Peat is also highly acidic (pH from 3.85 to

4.15).12

Peat swamp forests are important to minimize the effects of global

warming, as a major carbon sink.13

Actually this become more urgent since the

accumulation of carbon dioxide is estimated by IPCC to reach 31 percent higher

than it was 250 years ago.14

The depth of peat soil is variable from 0.5-20 m, which the deepest part is

the centre of the swamp.15

Generally the soil contains low phosphorus and other

nutrients or known as oligotrophic.16

The peat deposit also can be categorised in two forms, which are:

ombrogenous peat and topogeneous peat. The ombrogenous peat is the

common one and is above the surrounding land. The plants live in it get nutrient

from the peat soil and directly from the rain only. Also no nutrient enters the peat

from the soil layer below or from the rain water. This type is usually found behind

the mangroves with 20 m depth of deposit.

The topogenous peat is the less common one and is formed in the

topographic depression. The plants in this kind of peat obtain nutrients from

mineral subsoil, river water, plants remain and rain. Topogenous peat is usually

found behind coastal sand ridge and in mountain depressions. The peat is

usually found in a relative thin layer about 4 m.17

Water Condition

Water flowing out of the peat swamp forest appears tea-coloured or

opaque-black. It is also found very acidic (pH 3.45) because of high humic acids.

The humic acids transform inorganic ions into larger molecules which can not be

taken up by plants. Lastly it also contains lower inorganic ions and low dissolved

oxygen.18

The water table in the peat swamp is actually high. In Brunei it is found

that the water table is almost 10 cm below the surface in April.19

This actually

shows that peat swamps carry important functions such as water storage, flood

control and fisheries, acquisition, storage and recycling of chemical elements.20

Biotic Component

Flora

The vegetation in the peat swamp forest modifies consecutively from the

periphery to the centre of the swamp due to the declining nutrients in the soil.

The succession of vegetation is marked by decreasing canopy height,

decreasing total biomass per unit area, increasing leaf - thickness and

decreasing average girth of certain species. 21

There are two finding on forest community in peat swamp, which are peat

swamp forest community in Sarawak and Brunei; and forest community in

Sumatra. Both of these are resulted from Anderson and Whitmore.

The forest / phasic community (PC) classification can be described as: 22

• PC1 or Gonystylus-Dactylocladus-Neoscrotechinia (Mixed swamp forest).

• PC2 or Shorea albida-Gonystylus-Stenonurus (Alan batu forest).

• PC3 or Shorea albida (Alan bunga forest).

• PC4 or Shorea albida-Litsea-Parastemon (Padang alan forest).

• PC5 or Tristania-Palaquium-Parastemon. It is a close transitional forest

between PC4 and PC6.

• PC6 or Combretocarpus-Dactylocladus (Padang paya forest).

Further the structure of this forest community can be seen in the Figure 1-

3 and Figure 1-4 23

, Table 1-1 24

and Table 1-2. 25

Beside that Anderson (1963)

also found 1706 species of plants in peat swamp in Sarawak. In Sumatra

Sewandono (1938) found that fewer than 100 species of tree exists. These data

ensure the complexity of the forest.26

Fauna

The terrestrial fauna are not found abundantly in the peat swamp forest in

Peninsular Malaysia. The existing fauna that present in this area is mostly

primate that would be 10 groups per km2. One of the reasons is because primate

needs vine-fruit which is not abundant there. 27

On the other hand Bornean peat swamps is able to support Bats,

Primates, Rodents, Wild pigs, Mouse deer, Sambar deer and Tiger. They also

support primates, like Langurs, Gibbons, Macaques and Orang-utan. This

actually shows that peat-swamp forests are important as the habitat of

endangered species.28

Aquatic animals are also less abundant in it rivers. Only 10% fish species

are found compared to other river in Malaysia. Cladocera (water fleas), annelid

worms, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans are hardly found in the water. The

reason is the low calcium content in the water and the high phenolic compounds

in the water. 29

Further Figure 1-5 will present the fauna of lowland forests. 30

Micro-organism

Some decomposer organisms are found in the soil. But since the oxygen

supply to the substrate and the energy sources are limited, the micro organisms

can only compose in very slow process. Another factor of this is the resistance of

phenolic compound to fungi, bacteria, roots, vertebrates, insects and worms. 31

Key Economic Products of Peat Swamp Forests

Since 1960 the peat swamp forest has been logged for Ramin (Gonystylus

bancanus), Alan (Shorea albida), Meranti buaya (Shorea uliginosa), Jongkong,

Nyatoh, Kapur, Sepetir, Jelutong, and Geronggang padang for commercial use32

.

Shorea Albida is commonly used for rail-road sleepers that need to be change in

every three years.

Other minor products from the forest are Kelubi fruit (Sallaca conferta),

Rattan (5 types), fish and many medicinal plants and herbs. This is usually

harvested by the Aborigine or called ‘Orang Asli.’33

Further other research on economic value of this product also has been

done by Ramakrishna, Sundari, from Wetlands International - Malaysia Office.

For example construction timber can be produced in 2,850 m3 annually in East

Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests and is worthy of $ 100,000. Later this is

presented in Table 1-3. 34

Past and Present Peat Swamp Forests Condition

In Southeast Asia, peat-swamp forests actually can be discovered in the

lowlands of eastern Sumatra, Sarawak, Brunei, Malay Peninsula, south-western

New Guinea, and southern Philippines. It was estimated that peat swamp forest

in Indonesia are 17 million ha (Coultier,1957), in Sarawak 1.5 million ha

(Anderson,1963), and in Malay Peninsula 0.5 million ha (Wyatt-Smith,1963).35

The past distribution of peat swamp forest further presented in Figure 1-6.36

Later MacKinnon (1997) found that in Sumatra only 4.219 million ha peat

swamp forests were undisturbed in 1996 from 7.28 million ha area in the past

(60% of former forest area).37

Similarly Shamsudin (1996a) found that peat

swamp forests in Peninsula Malaysia decreased to 0.34 million ha in 1991 from

0.67 million ha in 1981 (reserve 50% from 1981 condition).38

In 2001 WWF released the data on Borneo and Peninsula Malaysian peat

swamp forests. Borneo peat swamp forests is estimated to be 6.75 million ha39

,

while Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests is estimated to be 0.36 million

ha.40

Generally it shows that peat swamp forests areas are declined because of

the human intervention.

Further we are going to review important functions of peat swamp forest:

41

• Mitigates flooding, and droughts in the area

• Provides fresh water supply

• Prevents saline water intrusion

• Genetic bank of unique biota and haven for animal species

• Provides variety of commercially valuable timber, latex, resins, traditional

culture foods, dyes, medicinal plants, fungi and microbes

• Stores carbon and reducing CO2 contribution to global warming

• Regulates local climate via forest cover.

• Stores record of ecosystem's natural history

• A valuable repository of ecological materials

Human Impacts in Past, Present and Future in Peat Swamp

Forests

The human activities related to peat swamp forest in Malaysia and

Indonesia are categorized into: logging, agriculture, minor forest harvesting,

aquaculture, mining, and housing and industries.

To understand the condition of peat swamp forest we have to observe 5

stages of human activities in peat swamp forest by Victor Phillips (later presented

in Figure 1-7), which are: 42

1. The healthy, undisturbed mixed peat swamp forest

2. Logging process occurs and leaves several trees and pioneer species

3. The practise of burning destroys the trees and the peat, the land is

drained and cultivated. The land is fertilized and limed, and finally the crop

is harvested.

4. After 2 years the land is abandoned since the crops and the profit decline.

5. Different communities occupy the land. The hydrology is changed and

land subsidence occurs in 2.5 cm/year. The acid land prevents restoration

of original forest communities.

Logging

Logging is one of main economy activity in forest area of Indonesia and

Malaysia. For example since 1960, two-thirds of the total peat swamp forest in

Sarawak, were seriously exploited, with selective logging.43

Totally estimated the

about 62.4 m3/ ha log was harvested in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.44

This

extensive logging is actually supported by machine equipment, traxcavator and

canal systems.

While in Indonesia, it is estimated that possibly 11 million ha peat lands or

50% of peat swamp forest have been exploited (Silvius, 1987).45

In 1992, in Tanjung Puting National Park, South Eastern Kalimantan,

Bennett and Gombek 46

found that small numbers of animal species had survived

in lightly logged peat swamp forest, including orang-utans, proboscis monkeys

and gibbons. On the other hand in the Maludam, Sarawak, populations of the

proboscis monkeys and silvered langurs have decreased since post-logging

silviculture (Bennett, 1989).47

The loss actually occurs after the slash and burn

process. Other endangered species in Sarawak's peat swamp forests is the Red-

banded Langur and Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus ).48

Agriculture

Conversions of peat swamp forest to agriculture were common in

Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two kind of cultural practices in peat swamp.

First is silviculture that relies only from rain water for irrigation. Second is the

intensive agriculture that uses drainage. Both of culture types actually require

application of lime and fertiliser to get good yield. The products from deep peat

are oil palm, sago, palm, and coffee. While the products produced from shallow

peat are ginger, soya bean, cabbage, capsicum, onion, and tomato.49

One big example how the agriculture affected the peat swamp ecosystem

is the the Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Because of

conversion of about one million hectares of rice paddy in Java, President

Soeharto ordered to create paddy field in the same numbers of area in peat

swamps in Borneo. Without international aid organisations and funding agencies,

he endorsed the project from reforestation fund in the forestry ministry.50

Since there is no independent environmental impact assessment (EIA),

the project actually had swiped half a million hectares of primary peat swamp

forest, killed around 5,000 Orang-utan, and created more than 4,600 kilometres

of channels. After 5 years actually the 60,000 settlers in that area can not grow

enough rice or substitute crops to exist. This causes more disease and poverty

also illegal logging in remaining forest.51

This is a good example of unsustainable logging and agriculture in peat

swamp forest has contributed to forest fire; climate change (CO2 release); loss of

biodiversity; depletion of water table; and land subsidence.

Minor Product Harvesting

As mentioned above in the key economic products of peat swamp forest,

the Aborigines people harvested the medicinal plants, fruit, rattan, etc. These

activities are actually found a sustainable way of using the natural resources of

the forest. One example is the Semelai community in Tasek Bera.52

The community actually harvest rattans, gaharu wood, keruing oil,

dammar that can be sold while the ladies collect mengkuang, kercut, rasau, and

selinsing leaves that later dried and made into mats and basketry. The important

part of this development are the market comparison and pricing for the products.

A lot of improvements are needed since the Semelai community live under the

poverty line income.53

Aquaculture

The aquaculture needs removal of the peat soil. This activity actually

promotes a depletion of fresh water table resulting further in saline water

intrusion. Very clear this is not a sustainable use of peat lands.54

Mining

Mining is another human activity that affects the peat swamp forest. It is

reported several kind of mining such as Tin mining in Malaysia55

, Sand mining in

Andulau Peat Swamp Forest, Brunei56

, and Gold mining in The Tanjung Puting

National Park, Indonesia.57

Actually mining also is not a sustainable use of peat

swamp. These activities actually contribute to degradation of landscape; and

water and land pollution (for illegal gold mining).

Land Use Conversion to Housing and Industries

Land use conversion is the common use of peat swamp forest after the

agriculture phasing down. This is happened in coastal cities because of low price

of the peat land. For example numbers of large cities in Borneo are located in the

coastal areas, these cities actually expanded themselves to peat swamp.58

Further in Malaysia the peat swamp areas are changed into industrial and

residential development because of social-economic need.59

This activity brings

impact, such as: climate change; depletion of water table; and air, water, and

land pollution.

Proposed Actions for Reduce Impact of Peat Swamp Forests

Use

Actually many actions have been done by the International agencies as

well as Malaysia and Indonesia Government to overcome the impact of the peat

swamp utilisation. Types of actions that have been done so far are: workshops,

research, setting nature reserves and sustainable forest.

For example the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

Malaysia organised workshop to proposed Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Peat Swamp Forests in Malaysia, assisted by Wetlands International and

proposing funding from Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP). 60

In Malaysia it is reported in July 10th, 2003 The Malaysia Government set

a RM20 million project to endorse conservation and sustainable use of peat

swamp forests. The program further gathers the best practices of sustainable

use and implemented them in 3.3 million ha of peat swamp forest. This project is

funded by the UNDP/ GEF, Danish International Development Agency (Danida)

and executed by The Primary Industries Ministry and Forest Research Institute

Malaysia (FRIM). Further these researches are going to be implemented in

National Park such as: Loagan Bunut National Park in Sarawak, the Klias

Peninsula in Sabah and the Southeast Pahang Peat Swamp Forest.61

Some example of Indonesia peat swamp forests reserves are Berbak

National Park in Jambi62

, Giam-Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve63

, Kerinci Seblat

National Park64

, Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve65

, and etc.

Other research programs that conducted in peat swamps are:

• Forest Resources Management for Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) in

Indonesia 66

• The Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project (CCFPI)

in Indonesia67

Conclusion

Peat swamp forests are very unique ecosystem. Without low fertility, high

water table, high acidity and enormous carbon sink, the utilisation of this forest

need more sustainable management in the future since the people that live

around it also need to use the resources. Further some important species also

has to be conserved to protect the biodiversity. This can be done with setting

nature reserves. In the future we hope the sustainable practice will be

implemented in the South East Asian forestry.

Appendix 1

Figure 1-1. Rainfall types of the Tropical Far East based on dry/wet period ratios.

68

Figure 1-2. Temperature at 3 levels in lowland forests at Semengo arboretum,

Kuching, Sarawak, in 1969. 69

Note how temperature 1.2 m below ground

remains steady. While the fluctuations within the canopy are similar at 0.6m and

2.4m with the upper canopy usually higher 3ºC.

Figure 1-3. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 1-3. 70

Figure 1-4. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 4-6. 71

Figure 1-5. Stratification of the non-flying mammals

in the lowland rain forest of Sabah 72

Figure 1-6. The location and extent of the lowland peat swamps of Indonesia and

Malaysia. (After Andriesse, 1974; Driessen and Soepraptohardjo,1974 and Rieley,

1992.). 73

Figure 1-7. Impact-degradation sequence of a tropical lowland mixed

peatswamp forest. (After Giesen, 1990 and Rieley and Ahmad-Shah, 1996).74

Table 1-3. Resource Use in East Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests75

No Product Annual Quantity Economic value

($) **

1 Construction

timber

2,850 m3 100,000

2 Fuel woods 4,400 m3 119,000

3 Mixed timber 375 m3 67

4 Wooden roofing 52,000 bundles 46,000

5 Bamboo 15,000 pieces 517

6 Rattan 164,273 pieces 7,300

7 Resin 223 kg 17

8 Medicinal plant 10,345 items 1,750

9 Deer 168 9,700

10 Pig 71 625

11 Singing birds 345 137

12 Fish 2,850,000 kg 671,260

Total 956,373

*) Based on survey conducted in East Kalimantan from 100 respondents.

**) Converted using current exchange rate of US$ 1 = Rp 8,500

After Murdiyarso et al. (2003)

The Writer’s Description I. Personal Information

Full name : Gunawan Tanu widjaja

e-mail : gunteitb@yahoo.com

website : http://greenimpacti ndo.wordpress.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)

Place of Birth : Bandung

Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978

Sex : Male

Nationality : Indonesian

Mother Language : Indonesian

Language Skill : Indonesian, English

II. Education Backgrounds

Formal Education

Name of Institution

City/Country Study T ime

(Months/Years) Graduated from

(Month and Year) Specialization GPA

National Universit y of

Singapore Singapore 1 year October 2006

MSc Environment Management

3.86

from scale

of 5

Bandung Institute of Technolog y

(Institut Teknologi Bandung)

Bandung / Indonesia

5 years July of 2001 Bachelor of Archit ecture

2.73

from scale of 4

III. Informal Education

Study T ime (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2008 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Spati al Planning for a Sustainable Singapore (1-day seminar)

2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy "Lessons Not to Learn from American Cities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-day seminar)

2007 National Uni versity of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, PAC (Professional Acti vities Centre)

Short C ourse On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To Petrochemicals (3-days seminar)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Destinati on Resorts, T he Next Wave

(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner, Malaysia Institute of Pl anner and Uni versiti Kebangsaan Malaysi a

Semi nar of Planni ng of Iskandar Development R egion (1-day seminar)

2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course

2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course

1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student U nion of Architec ture

Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journalistic Traini ng

1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoC ad R 14 Traini ng

1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C 6 to C11

1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course l evel J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience

Name of Institute/Companies

City/ Countries Position Job Description Contract Periods

Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban,

Drainage and Environmental Planning

Consultant

Bandung Manager Team Leader and Urban Pl anner

March 2003 to now

Agency for Research and Development, Institute of

Water Resources, Ministr y

of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesi a,

Bandung Urban Pl anni ng and Management

Expert

Assistant October 2008 to now

Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd. , Planning Di vision

Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006 to October 2008

National Par ks Boar d,

Republic of Singapore

Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug

2006

Agency for Research and

Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic

of Indonesi a,

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher GIS Expert Assistant

(Arc View 3.2), in Polder T eam

Jan 2005 - Aug

2005

Satyamitra Jasapuri Engineering

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, Estimator

House, Factory and Café Design

Aug 2003 - Dec 2004

PT. Trinitas Buana Utama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 - Aug 2003

PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 – Aug 2002

COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher Urban Development Research, especiall y on Urban Garbage

Management

Aug 2001 - Jan 2002

CV. Cipta Bina Sar ana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Trainee Junior Architect May - July 2001

ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Facilitator

Community Recover y Program (CRP-HUI) in RW

11, Cibang kong District

Garbage Management ,

Mechanism Making and Contr olling of Cooperati ve Credit

Unit

Jan 2000 - Aug 2001

V. Research, Planning & Design Works

Name of Project Position Year

Under Green Impact Indonesia

Assistance for Directorate of Spatial Planni ng, Public Works D epartment

(2009), Sus tainable Urban Improvement Program (SUSIP) -

Executi ve Presentation

Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisati on in Summarecon, Kelapa Gading,

Jakarta, Indonesia

Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – D ec 2009

Hospital Pr eliminar y D esign and Study in Pangalengan, West Java,

Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, Milk Producer Cooperative in

Pangalengan)

Team Leader and Senior Architect Apr – Aug 2009

Name of Project Position Year

Community Based Development Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa

Tenggara, Sumba, N usa T enggara Barat, Indonesia (Pr oposal)

Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009

Traditional Market Mapping, GIS

Database and Anal ysis in the framework of Implementing

Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on Development of Traditional Mar ket and Relocation of M odern Mar ket in

Indonesi a (Proposal to Ministr y of Trade of Republic of Indonesia)

Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for Bar ang kal River, sub catchment of Brantas

River Basin, i n relati on with Soci al Aspect and Institution Capacity

Building (Proposal to JICA)

Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009

“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Bandung

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Proposal 99’ers Radi o School (Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Under Jurong Consultants Pt e Ltd.

Preliminar y Study and Brief Development C oncept of QEZ3, Petrochemical Complex, Qatar

Planner 2007 to 2008

Dera Bassi D etailed Master Plan, Greater Mohali Ar ea, Punjab, India

Planner 2007 to 2008

Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Indus trial Par k, Indonesia (Guanxi State Far m - Biofuel Plant)

Planner 2007 to 2008

Master Plan An Tay Industrial Service Centre

Planner 2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront

City, Chi na

Assistant Planner 2006-2007

Master Plan AMRL Internati onal

Tech City, T amil Nadu, India

Assistant Planner 2007

W ith MSc Environmental

Management Program

“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Mas ter

Plan in Kranji Singapore

Planner & Environmentalist 2006

Under SJP Engineering

BTC Café Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Fac tor y Junior Architect 2004

Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2003 – 2004

Under PT. Trinitas Buan a Utama

Rental H ouses in Bandung Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003

Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar ment Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003

Site Pl an “S. Par man” Elite H ousing Studi o Coordinator 2002

Name of Project Position Year

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Architect 2002

Freelance Project

Cibangkong Low Cost H ousing, Bandung Indonesia

Final Year Student 2001

Design Development of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages,

Bandung Indonesia under Cipta Bina Sarana

Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2001

Master Plan of Cipulir Housi ng Site

Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir. Danisworo

Junior Architect 2001

VI. Awards, Prestige, A ctivities, and Publication

Awards/ Prestig e

Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007

Shell Grant Bursar y Holder in MEM National Uni versity of Si ngapore, 2005-2006

Second C hampion of Design Competition of Infor mal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma IT B Year 2001

Activities Bandung Independent Li ving Center (BILIC)

2003 - 2004 : Vol untary Attendant for Difabl e (Disable) Person

2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Person in Several Location i n Bandung

Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Forum)

2002 : F orum Gel ar Kota Secretariat

2001 : Juni or Researcher

Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadhar ma Student Uni on of Architecture Department of ITB)

2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma

Member of Sus tainable Human Settlement Discussi on Group

Coordinator of TOR T eam of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar

1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)

OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)

OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)

Publication s Integration of Sustai nable Pl anni ng Policy and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of Sustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, M aranatha Uni versity, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung, Indonesi a, 2009.

Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.

Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bi ntan Island, Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singapore (Bes t Dissertation Award)

Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung

Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum on Urb an Solid W aste Management, January 2002.

Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.

Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture

Semi nar Report of Housing Devel opment Based on Low Economy People.

1 Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1984 p.180

2 Yamada I. Tonan Ajia no Nettai Taurin Sekai. Tokyo: Sobunsha. (Translated to English in _ by

P. Hawkes, Tropical Rain Forests of Southeast Asia: A Forest Ecologist’s View. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) 1997 p.78 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat

4 Miller G.T. Environmental Science, Working With Earth, 10

th edition, Brooks/Cole Thomson

Learning USA 2003 p.120 5 Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1988 p.55

6 Ibid. p.57

7 Op.cit.4, p.72

8 Op.cit.5, p.61

9 Whitten T. The Ecology of Sumatra, Periplus, North Clarendon, Hong Kong 2000 p.167

10

Op.cit.2, p.78 11

Op.cit.5, p.180 12

Op.cit.2, p.78 13

http://www.monash.edu.au/news/newsline/story.php?story_id=371 14

http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/272.htm 15

Op.cit.5, p.180 16

Op.cit.2, p.78 17

Op.cit.9, pp.167-168 18

Op.cit.9, pp.171-172 19

Op.cit.2, p.78 20

Rieley, J.O. The ecology of tropical peatswamp forest - A South-East Asian Perspective. In Tropical Peat, Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, 6-10 May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia. Malaysia Agricultural Research Development Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp. 244 - 54 21

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22

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Phil lips V.D. “Peatswamp Ecology and Sustainable Development in Borneo,” Biodiversity and Conservation 7 1998 pp.661-663 26

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FAO The Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak and their Potential for Development, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry and Forest Industries Development, Malaysia. FO: DP/MAL/72/009 Technical Report No. 3. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1974 Lee H.S. Utilization and Conservation of Peatswamp Forests in Sarawak, In Tropical Peat, Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, 6-10 May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia: Malaysia Agricultural Research Development Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp. 286-292 Lee H.S., and Chai F. Production Functions of Peat Swamp Forests in Sarawak, In Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia, Proceedings of Workshop on Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands, Cisarua, Indonesia, 3-8 July 1992 (E. Maltby, C.P. Immirzi and R.J. Safford, eds.) Gland, Switzerland: IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1996 pp.129-136 33

Phang T.J., and Effendi M.K. (ed) Proceedings of the GEF Inception Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Landuse of Peat Swamp Forests in Malaysia, 24-25 July 1997 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment, Malaysia 1997 pp.31-32 34

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Shamsudin I. “Forest Management Systems in Peat Swamp Forest: A Malaysian Perspective,” in Maltby E., Immirzi C.P., Saffard R.J. (eds) Proceedings of A Workshop on Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Lowland Peatlands, IUCN 1996b pp.175-180 Jalong N.P. and Ngui S.K. The Forest Resource Base of Sarawak and Its Contribution to Natural and Development, Presented at 7

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1979 45

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Bennett E.L. and Gombek F. “Wildlife and Conservation in Sarawak's Peat Swamp Forests.” In Tropical Peat, Proceedings of International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, 6-10 May 1991 (B.Y. Aminuddin, ed.) Kuching, Malaysia: Malaysia Agricultural Research Development Institute & Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia 1992 pp.307-310 47

Bennett E.L. Conservation and Management of Wetland Areas in Sarawak. WWF Project No. 3518 (MYS 92/86) Final Report. New York: Worldwide Fund for Nature, Kuala Lumpur/New York Zoological Society. 1989 48

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Op.cit.33, p.32 50

http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit65/jack.htm 51

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Carey I. Orang Asli: The Aboroginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford University Press. Kuala Lumpur 1976 pp.250-267 53

Op.cit.33, p.49 54

Op.cit.33, p.33 55

Op.cit.33, p.33 56

http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/andulau.htm 57

http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0153_full.html 58

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frcgc/jp/publications/news/no21/eng/03.html 59

Op.cit.33, p.33 60

Op.cit.33

61

http://www.mtc.com.my/coverage35.htm 62

http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/berbak.html 63

http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/giam.html 64

http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/kerinci3.html 65

http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/padang.html 66

http://www.rcfa-cfan.org/english/profile.19.htm 67

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Op.cit.5, p.55 69

Op.cit.5, p.61 70

Op.cit.5, p.184 71

Op.cit.5, p.184 72

Op.cit.5, p.37 73

Op.cit.25, p.652 74

Op.cit.25, pp.661-663 75

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