Human Impact on Peat-swamp Forests in Malaysia and
Indonesia
Written by:
1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan
1
MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,
Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and Env ironmental Planning and Design Email: [email protected] http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/
Peat swamp forest can be defined as a forest that has peat soil
accumulation in the floor and usually is located in the lowlands. The peat soil is
actually made of 65% organic matter and has reddish-brown colour.1
Globally Peat swamp can be found in South East Asia, Central and South
America, Africa2
which are tropical forests; and Russia, Ireland, Scotland,
Germany and Scandinavia which are temperate forests.3 Further we are going to
explore more on the South East Asia peat swamp forest, which are mostly
located in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Further the characteristics of peat swamp forests will be described in a-
biotic, which are: climate, soil and water; and biotic component which are: flora,
fauna and micro-organism.
A-biotic Component
Climate Condition
The tropical forests have intensive rainfall, warm annual temperature, and
high humidity.4 Intensity of rainfall in South East Asia is 200 mm/month during
wet season and 100 mm/month during dry season. The rainfall pattern in the
area further explained in Figure 1-1.5This shows that peat swamp forest in
Sumatra, Kalimantan and Malaysia have the wettest climate since receiving 12
month of rain.
The annual temperature in the lowland area will be between 26-28°C.6 But
the altitude of the place also can influence forest temperature.7
Microclimate is other component found in dense peat swamp forest. This
was proven in Semengo arboretum, Kuching, Serawak. The research proved that
the temperature in forest lower part is also lower because of the forest canopy
protection. The result will be presented in Figure 1-2.8
Soil Condition
The peat is made from the decayed wood, leave, or body of animal.
9 The
peat will loss 77-94% of the biomass when burned.10
The form of peat also varies
from solid, fibrous form to soft crust.11
Peat is also highly acidic (pH from 3.85 to
4.15).12
Peat swamp forests are important to minimize the effects of global
warming, as a major carbon sink.13
Actually this become more urgent since the
accumulation of carbon dioxide is estimated by IPCC to reach 31 percent higher
than it was 250 years ago.14
The depth of peat soil is variable from 0.5-20 m, which the deepest part is
the centre of the swamp.15
Generally the soil contains low phosphorus and other
nutrients or known as oligotrophic.16
The peat deposit also can be categorised in two forms, which are:
ombrogenous peat and topogeneous peat. The ombrogenous peat is the
common one and is above the surrounding land. The plants live in it get nutrient
from the peat soil and directly from the rain only. Also no nutrient enters the peat
from the soil layer below or from the rain water. This type is usually found behind
the mangroves with 20 m depth of deposit.
The topogenous peat is the less common one and is formed in the
topographic depression. The plants in this kind of peat obtain nutrients from
mineral subsoil, river water, plants remain and rain. Topogenous peat is usually
found behind coastal sand ridge and in mountain depressions. The peat is
usually found in a relative thin layer about 4 m.17
Water Condition
Water flowing out of the peat swamp forest appears tea-coloured or
opaque-black. It is also found very acidic (pH 3.45) because of high humic acids.
The humic acids transform inorganic ions into larger molecules which can not be
taken up by plants. Lastly it also contains lower inorganic ions and low dissolved
oxygen.18
The water table in the peat swamp is actually high. In Brunei it is found
that the water table is almost 10 cm below the surface in April.19
This actually
shows that peat swamps carry important functions such as water storage, flood
control and fisheries, acquisition, storage and recycling of chemical elements.20
Biotic Component
Flora
The vegetation in the peat swamp forest modifies consecutively from the
periphery to the centre of the swamp due to the declining nutrients in the soil.
The succession of vegetation is marked by decreasing canopy height,
decreasing total biomass per unit area, increasing leaf - thickness and
decreasing average girth of certain species. 21
There are two finding on forest community in peat swamp, which are peat
swamp forest community in Sarawak and Brunei; and forest community in
Sumatra. Both of these are resulted from Anderson and Whitmore.
The forest / phasic community (PC) classification can be described as: 22
• PC1 or Gonystylus-Dactylocladus-Neoscrotechinia (Mixed swamp forest).
• PC2 or Shorea albida-Gonystylus-Stenonurus (Alan batu forest).
• PC3 or Shorea albida (Alan bunga forest).
• PC4 or Shorea albida-Litsea-Parastemon (Padang alan forest).
• PC5 or Tristania-Palaquium-Parastemon. It is a close transitional forest
between PC4 and PC6.
• PC6 or Combretocarpus-Dactylocladus (Padang paya forest).
Further the structure of this forest community can be seen in the Figure 1-
3 and Figure 1-4 23
, Table 1-1 24
and Table 1-2. 25
Beside that Anderson (1963)
also found 1706 species of plants in peat swamp in Sarawak. In Sumatra
Sewandono (1938) found that fewer than 100 species of tree exists. These data
ensure the complexity of the forest.26
Fauna
The terrestrial fauna are not found abundantly in the peat swamp forest in
Peninsular Malaysia. The existing fauna that present in this area is mostly
primate that would be 10 groups per km2. One of the reasons is because primate
needs vine-fruit which is not abundant there. 27
On the other hand Bornean peat swamps is able to support Bats,
Primates, Rodents, Wild pigs, Mouse deer, Sambar deer and Tiger. They also
support primates, like Langurs, Gibbons, Macaques and Orang-utan. This
actually shows that peat-swamp forests are important as the habitat of
endangered species.28
Aquatic animals are also less abundant in it rivers. Only 10% fish species
are found compared to other river in Malaysia. Cladocera (water fleas), annelid
worms, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans are hardly found in the water. The
reason is the low calcium content in the water and the high phenolic compounds
in the water. 29
Further Figure 1-5 will present the fauna of lowland forests. 30
Micro-organism
Some decomposer organisms are found in the soil. But since the oxygen
supply to the substrate and the energy sources are limited, the micro organisms
can only compose in very slow process. Another factor of this is the resistance of
phenolic compound to fungi, bacteria, roots, vertebrates, insects and worms. 31
Key Economic Products of Peat Swamp Forests
Since 1960 the peat swamp forest has been logged for Ramin (Gonystylus
bancanus), Alan (Shorea albida), Meranti buaya (Shorea uliginosa), Jongkong,
Nyatoh, Kapur, Sepetir, Jelutong, and Geronggang padang for commercial use32
.
Shorea Albida is commonly used for rail-road sleepers that need to be change in
every three years.
Other minor products from the forest are Kelubi fruit (Sallaca conferta),
Rattan (5 types), fish and many medicinal plants and herbs. This is usually
harvested by the Aborigine or called ‘Orang Asli.’33
Further other research on economic value of this product also has been
done by Ramakrishna, Sundari, from Wetlands International - Malaysia Office.
For example construction timber can be produced in 2,850 m3 annually in East
Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests and is worthy of $ 100,000. Later this is
presented in Table 1-3. 34
Past and Present Peat Swamp Forests Condition
In Southeast Asia, peat-swamp forests actually can be discovered in the
lowlands of eastern Sumatra, Sarawak, Brunei, Malay Peninsula, south-western
New Guinea, and southern Philippines. It was estimated that peat swamp forest
in Indonesia are 17 million ha (Coultier,1957), in Sarawak 1.5 million ha
(Anderson,1963), and in Malay Peninsula 0.5 million ha (Wyatt-Smith,1963).35
The past distribution of peat swamp forest further presented in Figure 1-6.36
Later MacKinnon (1997) found that in Sumatra only 4.219 million ha peat
swamp forests were undisturbed in 1996 from 7.28 million ha area in the past
(60% of former forest area).37
Similarly Shamsudin (1996a) found that peat
swamp forests in Peninsula Malaysia decreased to 0.34 million ha in 1991 from
0.67 million ha in 1981 (reserve 50% from 1981 condition).38
In 2001 WWF released the data on Borneo and Peninsula Malaysian peat
swamp forests. Borneo peat swamp forests is estimated to be 6.75 million ha39
,
while Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests is estimated to be 0.36 million
ha.40
Generally it shows that peat swamp forests areas are declined because of
the human intervention.
Further we are going to review important functions of peat swamp forest:
41
• Mitigates flooding, and droughts in the area
• Provides fresh water supply
• Prevents saline water intrusion
• Genetic bank of unique biota and haven for animal species
• Provides variety of commercially valuable timber, latex, resins, traditional
culture foods, dyes, medicinal plants, fungi and microbes
• Stores carbon and reducing CO2 contribution to global warming
• Regulates local climate via forest cover.
• Stores record of ecosystem's natural history
• A valuable repository of ecological materials
Human Impacts in Past, Present and Future in Peat Swamp
Forests
The human activities related to peat swamp forest in Malaysia and
Indonesia are categorized into: logging, agriculture, minor forest harvesting,
aquaculture, mining, and housing and industries.
To understand the condition of peat swamp forest we have to observe 5
stages of human activities in peat swamp forest by Victor Phillips (later presented
in Figure 1-7), which are: 42
1. The healthy, undisturbed mixed peat swamp forest
2. Logging process occurs and leaves several trees and pioneer species
3. The practise of burning destroys the trees and the peat, the land is
drained and cultivated. The land is fertilized and limed, and finally the crop
is harvested.
4. After 2 years the land is abandoned since the crops and the profit decline.
5. Different communities occupy the land. The hydrology is changed and
land subsidence occurs in 2.5 cm/year. The acid land prevents restoration
of original forest communities.
Logging
Logging is one of main economy activity in forest area of Indonesia and
Malaysia. For example since 1960, two-thirds of the total peat swamp forest in
Sarawak, were seriously exploited, with selective logging.43
Totally estimated the
about 62.4 m3/ ha log was harvested in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.44
This
extensive logging is actually supported by machine equipment, traxcavator and
canal systems.
While in Indonesia, it is estimated that possibly 11 million ha peat lands or
50% of peat swamp forest have been exploited (Silvius, 1987).45
In 1992, in Tanjung Puting National Park, South Eastern Kalimantan,
Bennett and Gombek 46
found that small numbers of animal species had survived
in lightly logged peat swamp forest, including orang-utans, proboscis monkeys
and gibbons. On the other hand in the Maludam, Sarawak, populations of the
proboscis monkeys and silvered langurs have decreased since post-logging
silviculture (Bennett, 1989).47
The loss actually occurs after the slash and burn
process. Other endangered species in Sarawak's peat swamp forests is the Red-
banded Langur and Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus ).48
Agriculture
Conversions of peat swamp forest to agriculture were common in
Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two kind of cultural practices in peat swamp.
First is silviculture that relies only from rain water for irrigation. Second is the
intensive agriculture that uses drainage. Both of culture types actually require
application of lime and fertiliser to get good yield. The products from deep peat
are oil palm, sago, palm, and coffee. While the products produced from shallow
peat are ginger, soya bean, cabbage, capsicum, onion, and tomato.49
One big example how the agriculture affected the peat swamp ecosystem
is the the Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Because of
conversion of about one million hectares of rice paddy in Java, President
Soeharto ordered to create paddy field in the same numbers of area in peat
swamps in Borneo. Without international aid organisations and funding agencies,
he endorsed the project from reforestation fund in the forestry ministry.50
Since there is no independent environmental impact assessment (EIA),
the project actually had swiped half a million hectares of primary peat swamp
forest, killed around 5,000 Orang-utan, and created more than 4,600 kilometres
of channels. After 5 years actually the 60,000 settlers in that area can not grow
enough rice or substitute crops to exist. This causes more disease and poverty
also illegal logging in remaining forest.51
This is a good example of unsustainable logging and agriculture in peat
swamp forest has contributed to forest fire; climate change (CO2 release); loss of
biodiversity; depletion of water table; and land subsidence.
Minor Product Harvesting
As mentioned above in the key economic products of peat swamp forest,
the Aborigines people harvested the medicinal plants, fruit, rattan, etc. These
activities are actually found a sustainable way of using the natural resources of
the forest. One example is the Semelai community in Tasek Bera.52
The community actually harvest rattans, gaharu wood, keruing oil,
dammar that can be sold while the ladies collect mengkuang, kercut, rasau, and
selinsing leaves that later dried and made into mats and basketry. The important
part of this development are the market comparison and pricing for the products.
A lot of improvements are needed since the Semelai community live under the
poverty line income.53
Aquaculture
The aquaculture needs removal of the peat soil. This activity actually
promotes a depletion of fresh water table resulting further in saline water
intrusion. Very clear this is not a sustainable use of peat lands.54
Mining
Mining is another human activity that affects the peat swamp forest. It is
reported several kind of mining such as Tin mining in Malaysia55
, Sand mining in
Andulau Peat Swamp Forest, Brunei56
, and Gold mining in The Tanjung Puting
National Park, Indonesia.57
Actually mining also is not a sustainable use of peat
swamp. These activities actually contribute to degradation of landscape; and
water and land pollution (for illegal gold mining).
Land Use Conversion to Housing and Industries
Land use conversion is the common use of peat swamp forest after the
agriculture phasing down. This is happened in coastal cities because of low price
of the peat land. For example numbers of large cities in Borneo are located in the
coastal areas, these cities actually expanded themselves to peat swamp.58
Further in Malaysia the peat swamp areas are changed into industrial and
residential development because of social-economic need.59
This activity brings
impact, such as: climate change; depletion of water table; and air, water, and
land pollution.
Proposed Actions for Reduce Impact of Peat Swamp Forests
Use
Actually many actions have been done by the International agencies as
well as Malaysia and Indonesia Government to overcome the impact of the peat
swamp utilisation. Types of actions that have been done so far are: workshops,
research, setting nature reserves and sustainable forest.
For example the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
Malaysia organised workshop to proposed Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Peat Swamp Forests in Malaysia, assisted by Wetlands International and
proposing funding from Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). 60
In Malaysia it is reported in July 10th, 2003 The Malaysia Government set
a RM20 million project to endorse conservation and sustainable use of peat
swamp forests. The program further gathers the best practices of sustainable
use and implemented them in 3.3 million ha of peat swamp forest. This project is
funded by the UNDP/ GEF, Danish International Development Agency (Danida)
and executed by The Primary Industries Ministry and Forest Research Institute
Malaysia (FRIM). Further these researches are going to be implemented in
National Park such as: Loagan Bunut National Park in Sarawak, the Klias
Peninsula in Sabah and the Southeast Pahang Peat Swamp Forest.61
Some example of Indonesia peat swamp forests reserves are Berbak
National Park in Jambi62
, Giam-Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve63
, Kerinci Seblat
National Park64
, Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve65
, and etc.
Other research programs that conducted in peat swamps are:
• Forest Resources Management for Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) in
Indonesia 66
• The Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia Project (CCFPI)
in Indonesia67
Conclusion
Peat swamp forests are very unique ecosystem. Without low fertility, high
water table, high acidity and enormous carbon sink, the utilisation of this forest
need more sustainable management in the future since the people that live
around it also need to use the resources. Further some important species also
has to be conserved to protect the biodiversity. This can be done with setting
nature reserves. In the future we hope the sustainable practice will be
implemented in the South East Asian forestry.
Appendix 1
Figure 1-1. Rainfall types of the Tropical Far East based on dry/wet period ratios.
68
Figure 1-2. Temperature at 3 levels in lowland forests at Semengo arboretum,
Kuching, Sarawak, in 1969. 69
Note how temperature 1.2 m below ground
remains steady. While the fluctuations within the canopy are similar at 0.6m and
2.4m with the upper canopy usually higher 3ºC.
Figure 1-3. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 1-3. 70
Figure 1-4. Sarawak peat swamp forest catena types 4-6. 71
Figure 1-5. Stratification of the non-flying mammals
in the lowland rain forest of Sabah 72
Figure 1-6. The location and extent of the lowland peat swamps of Indonesia and
Malaysia. (After Andriesse, 1974; Driessen and Soepraptohardjo,1974 and Rieley,
1992.). 73
Figure 1-7. Impact-degradation sequence of a tropical lowland mixed
peatswamp forest. (After Giesen, 1990 and Rieley and Ahmad-Shah, 1996).74
Table 1-3. Resource Use in East Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forests75
No Product Annual Quantity Economic value
($) **
1 Construction
timber
2,850 m3 100,000
2 Fuel woods 4,400 m3 119,000
3 Mixed timber 375 m3 67
4 Wooden roofing 52,000 bundles 46,000
5 Bamboo 15,000 pieces 517
6 Rattan 164,273 pieces 7,300
7 Resin 223 kg 17
8 Medicinal plant 10,345 items 1,750
9 Deer 168 9,700
10 Pig 71 625
11 Singing birds 345 137
12 Fish 2,850,000 kg 671,260
Total 956,373
*) Based on survey conducted in East Kalimantan from 100 respondents.
**) Converted using current exchange rate of US$ 1 = Rp 8,500
After Murdiyarso et al. (2003)
The Writer’s Description I. Personal Information
Full name : Gunawan Tanu widjaja
e-mail : [email protected]
website : http://greenimpacti ndo.wordpress.com/
Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)
Place of Birth : Bandung
Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978
Sex : Male
Nationality : Indonesian
Mother Language : Indonesian
Language Skill : Indonesian, English
II. Education Backgrounds
Formal Education
Name of Institution
City/Country Study T ime
(Months/Years) Graduated from
(Month and Year) Specialization GPA
National Universit y of
Singapore Singapore 1 year October 2006
MSc Environment Management
3.86
from scale
of 5
Bandung Institute of Technolog y
(Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Bandung / Indonesia
5 years July of 2001 Bachelor of Archit ecture
2.73
from scale of 4
III. Informal Education
Study T ime (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization
2008 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Spati al Planning for a Sustainable Singapore (1-day seminar)
2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy "Lessons Not to Learn from American Cities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-day seminar)
2007 National Uni versity of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, PAC (Professional Acti vities Centre)
Short C ourse On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To Petrochemicals (3-days seminar)
2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner Destinati on Resorts, T he Next Wave
(1-day seminar)
2007 Singapore Ins titute of Planner, Malaysia Institute of Pl anner and Uni versiti Kebangsaan Malaysi a
Semi nar of Planni ng of Iskandar Development R egion (1-day seminar)
2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course
2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course
1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student U nion of Architec ture
Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)
Journalistic Traini ng
1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoC ad R 14 Traini ng
1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C 6 to C11
1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course l evel J2 to J5
IV. Working Experience
Name of Institute/Companies
City/ Countries Position Job Description Contract Periods
Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban,
Drainage and Environmental Planning
Consultant
Bandung Manager Team Leader and Urban Pl anner
March 2003 to now
Agency for Research and Development, Institute of
Water Resources, Ministr y
of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesi a,
Bandung Urban Pl anni ng and Management
Expert
Assistant October 2008 to now
Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd. , Planning Di vision
Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006 to October 2008
National Par ks Boar d,
Republic of Singapore
Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug
2006
Agency for Research and
Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic
of Indonesi a,
Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher GIS Expert Assistant
(Arc View 3.2), in Polder T eam
Jan 2005 - Aug
2005
Satyamitra Jasapuri Engineering
Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, Estimator
House, Factory and Café Design
Aug 2003 - Dec 2004
PT. Trinitas Buana Utama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 - Aug 2003
PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 – Aug 2002
COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher Urban Development Research, especiall y on Urban Garbage
Management
Aug 2001 - Jan 2002
CV. Cipta Bina Sar ana Bandung/ Indonesia Wor k Trainee Junior Architect May - July 2001
ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Facilitator
Community Recover y Program (CRP-HUI) in RW
11, Cibang kong District
Garbage Management ,
Mechanism Making and Contr olling of Cooperati ve Credit
Unit
Jan 2000 - Aug 2001
V. Research, Planning & Design Works
Name of Project Position Year
Under Green Impact Indonesia
Assistance for Directorate of Spatial Planni ng, Public Works D epartment
(2009), Sus tainable Urban Improvement Program (SUSIP) -
Executi ve Presentation
Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009
Drainage Master Plan Revitalisati on in Summarecon, Kelapa Gading,
Jakarta, Indonesia
Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – D ec 2009
Hospital Pr eliminar y D esign and Study in Pangalengan, West Java,
Indonesi a (Proposal to KPBS, Milk Producer Cooperative in
Pangalengan)
Team Leader and Senior Architect Apr – Aug 2009
Name of Project Position Year
Community Based Development Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa
Tenggara, Sumba, N usa T enggara Barat, Indonesia (Pr oposal)
Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009
Traditional Market Mapping, GIS
Database and Anal ysis in the framework of Implementing
Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on Development of Traditional Mar ket and Relocation of M odern Mar ket in
Indonesi a (Proposal to Ministr y of Trade of Republic of Indonesia)
Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009
Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for Bar ang kal River, sub catchment of Brantas
River Basin, i n relati on with Soci al Aspect and Institution Capacity
Building (Proposal to JICA)
Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009
“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Bandung
Team Leader and Architect 2003
Proposal 99’ers Radi o School (Proposal)
Team Leader and Architect 2003
Under Jurong Consultants Pt e Ltd.
Preliminar y Study and Brief Development C oncept of QEZ3, Petrochemical Complex, Qatar
Planner 2007 to 2008
Dera Bassi D etailed Master Plan, Greater Mohali Ar ea, Punjab, India
Planner 2007 to 2008
Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008
Wonogiri Indus trial Par k, Indonesia (Guanxi State Far m - Biofuel Plant)
Planner 2007 to 2008
Master Plan An Tay Industrial Service Centre
Planner 2007
Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront
City, Chi na
Assistant Planner 2006-2007
Master Plan AMRL Internati onal
Tech City, T amil Nadu, India
Assistant Planner 2007
W ith MSc Environmental
Management Program
“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Mas ter
Plan in Kranji Singapore
Planner & Environmentalist 2006
Under SJP Engineering
BTC Café Junior Architect 2004
Kopomas Fac tor y Junior Architect 2004
Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2003 – 2004
Under PT. Trinitas Buan a Utama
Rental H ouses in Bandung Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar ment Studi o Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Site Pl an “S. Par man” Elite H ousing Studi o Coordinator 2002
Name of Project Position Year
Under PT. Imesco Dito
Private Houses i n Jakarta Junior Architect 2002
Freelance Project
Cibangkong Low Cost H ousing, Bandung Indonesia
Final Year Student 2001
Design Development of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages,
Bandung Indonesia under Cipta Bina Sarana
Junior Architect, Design Devel opment 2001
Master Plan of Cipulir Housi ng Site
Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir. Danisworo
Junior Architect 2001
VI. Awards, Prestige, A ctivities, and Publication
Awards/ Prestig e
Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National Uni versity of Singapore, 2006-2007
Shell Grant Bursar y Holder in MEM National Uni versity of Si ngapore, 2005-2006
Second C hampion of Design Competition of Infor mal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma IT B Year 2001
Activities Bandung Independent Li ving Center (BILIC)
2003 - 2004 : Vol untary Attendant for Difabl e (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordi nator Research T eam in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disabl e) Person in Several Location i n Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Devel opment Discussion Forum)
2002 : F orum Gel ar Kota Secretariat
2001 : Juni or Researcher
Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadhar ma IT B (Gunadhar ma Student Uni on of Architecture Department of ITB)
2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sus tainable Human Settlement Discussi on Group
Coordinator of TOR T eam of Sustainable Human Settl ement Seminar
1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Uni on of St Al oysius Junior High School)
Publication s Integration of Sustai nable Pl anni ng Policy and D esign of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of Sustai nable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, M aranatha Uni versity, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sus tainabl e and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-Cost Apartment, Nati onal Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha U niversity, Bandung, Indonesi a, 2009.
Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministr y of Public Wor ks, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.
Developi ng a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bi ntan Island, Indonesi a, MSc Environment M anagement Program, National Uni versity of Singapore (Bes t Dissertation Award)
Report of Research in Accessibilit y Issue for Difab le (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum on Urb an Solid W aste Management, January 2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discu ssion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibang kong Village, Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibang kong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture
Semi nar Report of Housing Devel opment Based on Low Economy People.
1 Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1984 p.180
2 Yamada I. Tonan Ajia no Nettai Taurin Sekai. Tokyo: Sobunsha. (Translated to English in _ by
P. Hawkes, Tropical Rain Forests of Southeast Asia: A Forest Ecologist’s View. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) 1997 p.78 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat
4 Miller G.T. Environmental Science, Working With Earth, 10
th edition, Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning USA 2003 p.120 5 Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East, Oxford University 1988 p.55
6 Ibid. p.57
7 Op.cit.4, p.72
8 Op.cit.5, p.61
9 Whitten T. The Ecology of Sumatra, Periplus, North Clarendon, Hong Kong 2000 p.167
10
Op.cit.2, p.78 11
Op.cit.5, p.180 12
Op.cit.2, p.78 13
http://www.monash.edu.au/news/newsline/story.php?story_id=371 14
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/272.htm 15
Op.cit.5, p.180 16
Op.cit.2, p.78 17
Op.cit.9, pp.167-168 18
Op.cit.9, pp.171-172 19
Op.cit.2, p.78 20
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Op.cit.33
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http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sumatra/kerinci3.html 65
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Op.cit.5, p.55 69
Op.cit.5, p.61 70
Op.cit.5, p.184 71
Op.cit.5, p.184 72
Op.cit.5, p.37 73
Op.cit.25, p.652 74
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