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2012 Renewable Energy Data Bo
Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy
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Acknowledgments
This report was produced by Rachel Gelman, edited by Mike Meshek,
and designed by Stacy Buchanan and Erica Augustine of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). We greatly appreciate the input
of Carla Frisch, Ookie Ma, Hoyt Battey, Fred Joseck, David Feldman,
Douglas Hollett, Minh Le, Jay Nathwani, Tien Nguyen, Valerie Reed,
Christopher Richard and Logan Putnam of the U.S. Department of
Energy, as well as Lynn Billman, Jeff Logan, Gian Porro, Maggie Mann,Doug Arent, and Robin Newmark of NREL.
Front page background photo from iStock/3351020
Front page inset photos (left to right): iStock/754519, iStock/4393369, iStock/354309,
iStock/2101722, iStock/2574180, iStock/5080552, Leslie Eudy, NREL 17854, iStock/11265066
Page 2: iStock/721000, page 6: iStock/5751076, page 16: photo from Invenergy LLC, NREL
14369, page 40: iStock/750178, page 52: iStock/ 754519, page 62: iStock/4393369, page 68:iStock/354309, page 74: iStock/2101722, page 80: iStock/2574180, page 84: iStock/5080552,
Page 88: photo by Leslie Eudy, NREL 17854, page 96: iStock/11265066, page 108: iStock/330791,
page 116: iStock/3459287
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Key Findings
The installed global renewable electricity* capacity doubled between 2000 and
2012,and represents a significant and growing portion of the total energy supply bothglobally and in the United States.
Renewable electricity represented 14% of total installed capacity and more than12% of total electric generation in the United States in 2012 .Installed renewable
electricity capacity is more than 163 gigawatts (GW).
In 2012 in the United States, wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) were two of the fastestgrowing electric generation technologies. In 2012, cumulative installed wind capacity
increased by nearly 28% and cumulative installed solar photovoltaic capacity grew
more than 83% from the previous year.
* Unless noted, renewable electricity includes hydropower
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Key Findings(continued)
Worldwide, wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable electricity technologies
between 2000 and 2012, wind electricity generation worldwide increased by a factorof nearly 16. The United States experienced even more dramatic growth, as wind electricity
generation increased by a factor of 25 over the same period.
In the United States, renewable electricity has been capturing a growing percentage of newcapacity additions during the past few years. In 2012, renewable electricity accounted for
more than 56% of all new electrical capacity installations in the United Statesa largechange from 2004 when all renewable electricity captured only 2% of new capacity additions.
Since 2006, the United States has been the worlds leading ethanol producer. Between 2000and 2012, U.S. production of corn ethanol increased by a factor of 8 , although it
declined slightly in 2012. The use of ethanol in gasoline blends in the United States has tripled
since 2005.
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U.S. Energy Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Renewable Electricity in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Global Renewable Energy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Biopower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Advanced Water Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Renewable and Alternative Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clean Energy Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Table of Contents
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I. U.S. Energy Background Information
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U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe7
Source: EIA; full references are provided starting on p. 117.
Energy consumption is higher than energy production due to net oil imports.
All data are reported as primary energy.
U.S. Energy Production and Consumption (2012)
10.2%Nuclear
11.2% Renewables
26.0%Coal
35.2%
Natural Gas17.4%Petroleum
U.S. Energy Production (2012): 79.2 Quadrillion Btu
U.S. Renewable Energy Production:
8.9 Quadrillion Btu
8.5%Nuclear
4.5%B
iomass
5.5%
Biom
ass
0.2%
Geoth
ermal
0.3%
Geoth
ermal
0.2%
Solar
0.3%
Solar
1.4
%Wind
2.8%
Hydrop
ower
1.7%
Wind
3.4%
Hydropo
wer
9.3% Renewables
18.3%Coal
27.3%
Natural Gas
36.5% Petroleum
U.S. Energy Consumption (2012): 95.1 Quadrillion Btu
U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption:
8.8 Quadrillion Btu
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8 U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe
I
Source: EIA
* Includes natural gas plant liquids.
Annual totals may not equal 100% due to rounding.
U.S. Energy Production by Energy Source (20002012)
Coal Natural Gas* Petroleum Nuclear RenewablesTotal Production(Quadrillion Btu)
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U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe9
U.S. Energy Consumption by Energy Source (20002012)
Source: EIA
Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Nuclear RenewablesTotal Consumption(Quadrillion Btu)
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10 U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe
I
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Other includes pumped storage, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch,purchased steam, sulfur, tire-derived fuels, and miscellaneous technologies.
* On-grid only capacity and generation
U.S. Electricity Nameplate Capacity and Generation (2012)
9.2%Nuclear
14.0% Renewable Energy
29.8%Coal
41.7%Natural Gas
0.4%Other5.0%Petroleum
U.S. Electric Nameplate Capacity (2012): 1,168 GW
1.2%
Bio
0.3%
Geoth
erma
l
0.7%
Solar
*
5.1%
Wind
6.7%
Hyd
ropo
wer
U.S. Renewable Capacity: 164 GW
37.3%Coal
18.9%Nuclear
12.4% Renewable Energy
0.6%Other
30.3%Natural Gas
0.6%Petroleum
U.S. Electric Net Generation (2012): 4,068 TWh
1.4%
Bio
0.4%
Geoth
erma
l
0.3%
Solar
*
3.4%
Wind
6.8%Hyd
ropo
wer
U.S. Renewable Generation: 504 TWh
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U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe11Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
U.S. Electricity Generating Capacity by Source (20002012)
Coal Petroleum Natural GasOtherGases
Nuclear Renewables OtherTotal Capacity
(MW)
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12 U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe
I
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
U.S. Electricity Generation by Source (20002012)
CoalPetroleum
LiquidsPetroleum
CokeNatural
GasOtherGases
Nuclear Renewables OtherTotal Generati
(GWh)
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U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe13Source: EIA
U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector (2012)
28.1%Transportation
Commercial 18.4%
32.3%Industrial
Residential 21.2%
U.S. Energy Consumption, 2012: 95.1 Quadrillion Btu
U.S. buildings
represent 39.6% of
total energy use.
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14 U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe
I
Source: EIA
U.S. Energy Consumption Residential and Commercial (2012)
47.4% ElectricalSystem EnergyLosses
52.7% ElectrSystem EnerLosses
23.2%Electricity
Retail Sales
25.8%Electricity
Retail Sales
Renewables 3.2%
Renewables 0.7%
0.0% Coal 0.2% Coal
Natural Gas 21.1% Natural Gas 16.9%
Petroleum 5.0%Petroleum 3.6%
Residential Energy Consumption
(20.2 Quadrillion Btu) 2012
Commercial Energy Consumption
(17.5 Quadrillion Btu) 2012
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U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe15Source: EIA
U.S. Energy Consumption Industry and Transportation (2012)
22.3%Electrical System
Energy Losses
0.2%Electrical SystemEnergy Losses
10.9%ElectricityRetail Sales
0.1%Electricity Retail
7.2%Renewables
4.3%Renewables
Coal 4.8%
0.0%Coal
Natural Gas 28.3%
2.9%Natural Gas
26.4%Petroleum
92.5%Petroleum
Industrial Energy Consumption
(30.7 Quadrillion Btu) 2012
Transportation Energy Consumption
(26.7 Quadrillion Btu) 2012
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II. Renewable Electricity in the United States
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe17
Renewable Electricity in the United States: Summary
Since 2000, cumulative renewable electricity* installations in the United States have nearly
doubled, and in 2012 they represented 163 GW of installed U.S. capacity.
Installed renewable electricity capacity has grown at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of nearly 4.8% per year from 2000 to 2012.
U.S. renewable electricity in 2012 was 14% of total overall installed electricity capacity
and 12.4 % of total annual generation in the United States.
Every renewable electricity technology added capacity in 2012. U.S. drought conditionsmay have caused generation from hydropower to decrease, resulting in an overall drop in
electricity generation from renewable technologies in 2012.
During the timeframe of 2008 to 2012, the United States doubled renewable electricity
generationfrom a combination of wind, solar and geothermal technologies.
* Unless noted, renewable electricity includes hydropower
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
18
Renewable Electricity in the United States: Summary, continued
Wind and solar photovoltaics are the fastest growing renewable electricity sectors.
In 2012 in the United States, installed wind capacity increased by nearly 28% andinstalled solar photovoltaic capacity grew more than 83% from the previous year.
In 2012 in the United States, biomassproduced about 11% of total renewable
electricity generation, wind produced 28%, solar(photovoltaics and concentrating solar
power) produced 3%,hydropower produced 55%, and geothermal produced 3%.
Wind energyaccounted for about 75% of newly installed U.S. renewable electricity
capacityin 2012.
Electricity capacities of biomass, geothermal, and hydropower have remained relatively stable
since 2000.
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe19
U.S. Capacity and Generation: All Renewables
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
MW
Generation
Capacity
2001
20
00
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
2010
2
011
2012
GWh
Total
NameplateCapacity (MW)
Total
Generation(GWh)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
20
U.S. Renewable Electricity Generating Capacity by Source
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
* Includes on- and off-grid capacity
MW
20012000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 201220080
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Geothermal
Wind
CSP
PV*
Biomass
Hydropower
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe21
U.S. Renewable Electricity Nameplate Capacity Added (MW)
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
-annual decrease annual increase +
Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal Capacity
Added
Capacity Added asa Percentage of Total
Renewable Energy
() ()
() ()
()
()
C l ti U S R bl El t i it N l t
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
22
Cumulative U.S. Renewable Electricity NameplateCapacity (MW) and Annual Percent Increase
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
* Includes on- and off-grid capacity
Hydropower Solar PV* CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewabl
() () () () () (-) (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () (-) (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
() () () () () () (
-annual decrease annual increa
U S R bl El t i it C it
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe23
U.S. Renewable Electricity Capacity as aPercent of Total Electricity Generating Capacity
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewables
U S Ann al Installed Rene able Electric Capacit Gro th
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
24Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
U.S. Annual Installed Renewable Electric Capacity Growth
AnnualAdditions(MW)
Capacity
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001
CompoundedAnnual Growth Ra
(20002012)
Wind
SolarPV
CSP
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
AllRenewables
U S Renewable Electricity Generation
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe25
U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
GWh
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000
Percent of
Total Generation
Renewables as a Percentage
of Total U.S. Generation
Renewable Generation
U S Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology
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II
26
U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Biomass
Hydropower
Wind
Geothermal
Solar0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000
GWh
U S Renewable Electricity Generation as a Percent of Total U S Generat
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe27
Hydropower Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewables
U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation as a Percent of Total U.S. Generat
Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
U S Renewable Electricity Generation (GWh)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
28Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation (GWh)and Annual Percent Cumulative Increase
Hydropower Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass All Renewables
(-) () () (-) () (-)
(-) () () (-) (-) (-)
() () () () () ()
() () () (-) (-) ()
(-) () () () (-) (-)
() () () (-) () ()
() () () (-) () ()
(-) () () () () (-)
() () () () (-) ()
() () () () (-) ()
(-) () () () () ()
() () () () () ()
(-) () () () () (-)
-annual decrease annual increase +
State Renewable Energy Information: Summary
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe29
State Renewable Energy Information: Summary
In 2012, Washington had the mostinstalled renewable electric capacity
of any U.S. state (24,342 MW).
In 2008, Texas became the state with the most wind power development,and in 2012 had more than 12 GW of wind capacity installed.
A combination of state and federal incentives and renewable portfoliostandardsfor renewable electricity and renewable resource development has
contributed to renewable growth in many states. Some wind development was
driven by economics in select locations.
Top States for Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
30Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census
Top States for Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
Total Renewables
Washington
California
Texas
Oregon
NewYork
Per Capita Renewables
Washington
Montana
NorthDakota
Oregon
Wyoming
Top States for Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe31Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, Larry Sherwood/IREC, SEIA/GTM
Top States for Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, Larry Sherwood/IREC, SEIA/GTM
Solar PV
California
Arizona
NewJersey
Nevada
Colorado
Biomass
California
Florida
Maine
Georgia
Virginia
Geothermal
California
Nevada
Utah
Hawaii
Oregon
CSP
California
Florida
Nevada
Colorado
NewMexico
Wind
Texas
California
Iowa
Illinois
Oregon
Hydropower
Washington
California
Oregon
NewYork
Alabama
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe
II
32
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)NORTHEAST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census
* Does not include off-grid installations
Wind PV* CSP Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal
RenewablesPer capita
Renewable Electricitwatts/person
New York
Pennsylvania
Maine
New Jersey
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe33
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)NORTHEAST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
MW
Connecticut
Maine
NewHampshire
NewJersey
NewYork
Pennsylvania
RhodeIsland
Vermont
Massachusetts
Geothermal
Wind
CSP
PV
Hydropower
Biomass
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)
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II
34
y p y ( ) ( )MIDWEST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census
* Does not include off-grid installations
Wind PV* CSP Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal
Renewables
Per capitaRenewable Electrici
watts/person
Iowa
Minnesota
Illinois
South Dakota
North Dakota
Wisconsin
Indiana
Kansas
Michigan
Missouri
Nebraska
Ohio
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe35
y p y ( )MIDWEST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Illinois
Indian
aIow
a
Kansas
Michiga
n
Minnesota
Misso
uri
Nebr
aska
Ohio
Wisc
onsin
North
Dakota
South
Dakota
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
MW
Geothermal
Wind
CSP
PV
Hydropower
Biomass
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)
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II
36
SOUTH
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census
* Does not include off-grid installations
Wind PV* CSP Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal
Renewables
Per capitaRenewable Electric
watts/person
Texas Alabama
Oklahoma
Tennessee
Georgia
North Carolina
Arkansas
South Carolina Virginia
Florida
Kentucky
West Virginia
Maryland
Louisiana
Mississippi Delaware
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe37
SOUTH
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Alaba
ma
Arka
nsas
Delaw
are
Florida
Georg
ia
Kentu
cky
Louisian
a
Maryland
Mississippi
North
Carolina
Oklah
oma
South
Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
WestV
irgini
a
MW
Geothermal
Wind
CSP
PV
Hydropower
Biomass
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)
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II
38
WEST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census
* Does not include off-grid installations
Wind PV* CSP Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal
Renewables
Per capitaRenewable Electrici
watts/person
Washington
California
Oregon
Idaho
Arizona
Montana
Colorado
Wyoming
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Hawaii
Alaska
Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)
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Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe39
WEST
Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Alas
ka
Arizo
na
Califo
rnia
Color
ado
Hawa
iiIda
ho
Mont
ana
Neva
da
New
Mexic
o
Oreg
onUt
ah
Was
hingt
on
Wyo
ming
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
MW
Geothermal
Wind
CSP
PV
Hydropower
Biomass
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III. Global Renewable Energy Development
Global Renewable Energy Development: Summary
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe41
Cumulative global renewable electricity installed capacity has grown by 97%
from 2000 to 2012 (from 748 GW to 1,470 GW).
Renewable energy accounts for 23%of all electricity generation worldwide (4,892 TWh).
Wind and solar energy are the fastest growing renewable electricity technologiesworldwide. Wind generation grew by a factor of nearly 16 and solar generation
grew by a factor of 49between 2000 and 2012.
In 2012, Germany led the world in cumulative solar photovoltaic installed capacity.The United States leads the world in geothermal and biomass installed capacity.
China leads in wind, and Spain leads in solar thermal electric generation (STEG).
Worldwide Renewable Electricity Capacity
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe
III
42
1CSP includes Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)
Sources: EIA, REN21
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
GW
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Geothermal
Wind
CSP1
PV (Grid-Tied)
Hydropower
Biomass
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
Worldwide Renewable Cumulative ElectricityC it A l P t I
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe43Sources: EIA, REN21
Capacity Annual Percent Increase
Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass All Renewables
-
-annual decrease annual increase +
Renewable Electricity as a Percentage of TotalInstalled Electricity Capacity Worldwide
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe
III
44Sources: EIA, REN21
Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass All RenewablesRenewable
Capacity (GW)
Installed Electricity Capacity Worldwide
Worldwide Annual Installed Renewable Electricity Growth
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe45Sources: EIA, REN21
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
GW
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Annual Capacity Additions CompoundedAnnual Growth Rat
(20002012)
Wind
PV(Grid-Tied)
CSP
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydropower
AllRenewables
Worldwide Renewable Electricity Generation
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe
III
46
Generation derived using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% for wind,70% for geothermal, 54% for biomass, 25% for CSP, and 41% for hydropower.
Sources: EIA, REN21
GWh
Renewables as a Percentageof Global Generation
Renewable Generation
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
2011 201220102009200820072006200520042003200220012000
Worldwide Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology (2000201
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe47
Generation derived using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% of wind,70% for geothermal, 54% for biomass, 25% for CSP, and 41% for hydropower.
Sources: EIA, REN21
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
GWh
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Hydropower
Geothermal
Solar (PV and CSP)
Biomass
Wind
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Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity Capacity
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe49Sources: EIA, REN21
Total Renewables (2012)
China
United States
Brazil
Canada
Germany
Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity by Technology (2012
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe
III
50Sources: EIA, REN21
Solar PV (Grid-Tied)
Germany
Italy
UnitedStates
China
Japan
Biomass
UnitedState
Brazil
China
Germany
Sweden
Geothermal
UnitedStates
Philippines
Indonesia
Mexico
Italy
Hydropower
China
Brazil
UnitedStates
Canada
Russia
CSP
Spain
UnitedStates
Algeria
EgyptMorocco
Australia
Wind
China
UnitedStates
Germany
Spain
India
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Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe51
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IV. Wind
Wind: Summary
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Wind | October53
In the United States, installed wind electricity capacity increased more than
23 fold between 2000 and 2012.
In the United States, wind experienced strong growth in 2012, and more than13 GW of new capacity was added. Texas led the United States in wind
installations in 2012, installing 1,826 MW of wind capacity.
In 2010, China surpassed the United Statesas the world leader in cumulativeinstalled wind capacity, with more than 75 GW installed as of the end of 2012.
Although global cumulative installed offshore wind capacity surpassed5 GW in 2012, no commercial offshore wind turbines have been commissioned
in the United States thus far.
U.S. Total Installed Wind Electricity Capacity and Generation
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Wind | October
IV
54Sources: LBNL, EIA
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
0
25,000
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
GWhMW
Generation
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Capacity
U.S. WindElectricityGeneration
(GWh)
U.S. Wind ElectricityCapacity and
Percent Increase froPrevious Year
Total (MW) % Increa
Turbine Manufacturing
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Wind | October55Source: LBNL
U.S. Wind Turbine Market Share, 2012
Total Turbine Installations: 13,131 MW
20.1%Siemens
3.0%Other
2.1%Nordex
1.9%Clipper
1.4%Suzlon
38.2%GE Wind
13.8%Vestas4.5%REPower
10.2%Gamesa
3.2%Mitsubishi
1.5%Acciona
Annual U.S. Wind Turbine Installations by Manufacturer (MW)
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Wind | October
IV
56Source: LBNL
MW
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
20122011201020092008200720062005
Vestas
Siemens
Suzlon
Gamesa
GE Wind
Mitsubishi
Acciona
REpower
Nordex
Other
Clipper
2,375
10,000
6,816
2,454
8,361
13,131
5,249 5,214
U.S. Average Installed Turbine Size
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Wind | October57Source: AWEA
0.71
MW
0.88
MW
1.21
MW
1.43
MW
1.60MW
1.65
MW
1.66
MW
1.74
MW
1.79
MW
1.97
MW1.95
MW
199
81999
20
002001
20
022003
200420
05
2006
2007
2008
2009 20
11
2012
2010
AverageTurbineSize(MW)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
States Leading Wind Power Development (2012)
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Wind | October
IV
58Source: LBNL
Cumulative Capacity (MW)
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ Colorado. . . . . . . . . .
Annual Capacity (MW)
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . .
~ Colorado. . . . . . . . . .
~
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U.S. Offshore Wind Electricity Proposed Projects
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Wind | October61Source: LBNL, prepared by Navigant Consulting, 2013
State Waters
Federal Waters
050 MW
51250 MW
251500 MW
5011,000 MW
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V. Solar
Solar: Summary
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Solar | October63
Solar electricity generating capacity grew by a factor of over 21 between 2000and 2012and currently accounts for 0.3% of annual U.S. electricity generation.
Countries with extensive solar policiessuch as Germany, Spain, and Italylead the world in solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment. Similarly, U.S. states with
extensive solar incentives lead the United States in both cumulative and
annual installations in 2012(California, Arizona, New Jersey, Nevada, and Colorado).
U.S. manufacturers currently have a small share of the worldwide PV market.
Asianparticularly Chinesemanufacturers lead the market with nearly 85%of the global photovoltaic module production.
30 MW of new concentrating solar power (CSP) capacity came online in the UnitedStates in 2012. Approximately 1.6 GW of CSP projects are currently under
constructionin the United States and are projected to come online in 2013 and
2014; 900 MW are estimated to come online in 2013 alone.
U.S. Total Installed Solar Electricity Capacity and Generation
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Solar | October
V
64
Sources: SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Generation numbers calculated from installed capacity usingan 18% capacity factor for PV and a 25% capacity factor for CSP.
* Includes on- and off-grid capacity
GWhMW
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Generation
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
CSP
PV
U.S. SolarEnergy
Generation(GWh)
U.S. Solar EnergyCapacity (MW)and % Increa
from Previous Year
PV* CSP Total Increa
Solar Electricity Installed Capacity (2012) Select Countries
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Solar | October65
Sources: SEIA/GTM, REN21, Larry Sherwood/IREC
* Includes PV and CSP
United States: 7.9 GW
Czech Republic: 2.1 GW
Italy: 16.4 GW
Austria: 2.4 GW
Japan: 6.6 GW
China: 7.0 GW
Germany: 32.4 GW
France: 4.0 GW
Belgium: 2.7 GW
Spain: 7.1 GW
Jap
an
Franc
e
Belgiu
m
Austria
CzechRep
ublic
Chin
a
Unite
dS
tate
sIta
ly
Spain
German
y
GW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
4.02.72.42.1
6.6 7.0 7.1 7.9
16.4
32.4
Worldwide Photovoltaic Manufacturing (2012)
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Solar | October
V
66Source: GTM PV News, May 2013
58.1%Others
SunPower 2.6%
Jinko Solar 2.6%
Hanwha-SolarOne 2.5%
Canadian Solar 4.6%
6.7% Yingli Green Energ
JA Solar 2.8%
Hareon Solar 2.5%
Trina Solar 4.7%
Sharp 3.0%
Suntech Power 4.7%
First Solar 5.3%
Japan 5%1,941 MW
China 64%22,521 MW
United States 3%
953 MWRest of World 1%
445 MW
Rest of Asia 17%5,858 MW
Europe 11%3,743 MW
Global Solar Module Production, 2012: 35,461 MW
By Country By Manufacturer
States Leading Solar Electricity Development (2012)
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Solar | October67
PV CumulativeCapacity (MW)
California. . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . .
NewJersey. . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . .
NorthCarolina.
Massachusetts.
NewMexico. . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . .
NewYork. . . . . . . .
CSP CumulativeCapacity (MW)
California. . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . .
NewMexico. . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . .
PV Annual CapacityAdditions (MW)
California. . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . .
NewJersey. . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts..
NorthCarolina..
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . .
Maryland. . . . . . . . .
NewYork. . . . . . . . .
Sources: SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC
Note: Grid-tied capacity only
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Geothermal | October
VI
68
VI. Geothermal
Geothermal: Summary
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Geothermal | October69
U.S. geothermal electricity capacity has remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2012,with the past 12 years experiencing an average of 1.6% growth in annual capacity
installed. 147 MW of new geothermal electricity capacity came online in 2012.
The United States leads the world in installed geothermal electricity capacityand generation, with most of that power installed in California, followed by Nevada.
Nevada currently has the most geothermal projects under developmentin theUnited States, exceeding California.
As a base load source of energy, geothermal is distinct from other renewables such aswind and solar, because it can provide consistent electricity without being part
of a broader system.
U.S. Geothermal Electricity Capacity and Generation
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Geothermal | October
VI
70Sources: GEA, EIA
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
MW GWh
Generation
Capacity
U.S. Geothermal
ElectricityGeneration
(GWh)
U.S. GeothermalElectricity Capacityand % Increase from
Previous Year
Total (MW) % Incre
Cumulative Geothermal Electricity Capacity (2012) Select Countries
Iceland: 0.7 GW
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Geothermal | October71Source: GEA, REN21
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.03.5
GW
ElSa
lvad
or
Costa
Rica
Iceland
NewZ
ealand
Japa
n
Ind
onesia
Italy
Mexico
Philip
pine
s
United
State
s
0.70.5
0.20.2
0.8 0.91.0
1.3
2.0
3.4
United States: 3.4 GW
Philippines: 2.0 GWMexico: 1.0 GW
Costa Rica: 0.2 GW
Japan: 0.5 GWItaly: 0.9 GW
El Salvador: 0.2 GW
New Zealand: 0.8 GW
Indonesia: 1.3 GW
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Geothermal | October73
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Biopower | October
VII
74
VII. Biopower
Biopower: Summary
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Biopower | October75
Biopower electricity generation currently accounts for11% of all renewable
energy generated in the United States.
Biomass electricity comes primarily from wood and agricultural residues that areburned as a fuel for cogeneration in the industrial sector (such as in the pulp and
paper industry).
U.S. installed biopower capacity has grown recently, with a compound annualgrowth rate (CAGR) of 2.9% from 2006 to 2012.
U.S. Biopower Electricity Capacity and Generation
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Biopower | October
VII
76
Source: EIA
The generation decrease from 2000 to 2001 reflects an EIA classification change.Beginning in 2001, non-biogenic municipal solid waste and tire-derived fuels werereclassified from waste biopower to non-renewable energy sources.
U.S.
BiopowerGeneration
(GWh)
U.S. BiopowerCapacity and % Increa
from Previous Year
Total (MW) % Chang
-
-
-
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
MW GWh
Generation
Capacity
Cumulative State Biopower Electricity Development (2012)
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Biopower | October77Source: EIA
Total Installed Capacity (MW)
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NorthCarolina. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NewYork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MichiganMinnesota. ..
GWh
U.S. Biopower Electricity Generation Sources (20002012)
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Biopower | October
VII
78
Source: EIA
*LFG stands for landfill gas and MSW stands for municipal solid waste.
**The generation decrease from 2000 to 2001 reflects an EIA classificationchange. Beginning in 2001, non-biogenic municipal solid waste and tire-derivedfuels were reclassified from waste biopower to non-renewable energy sources.
GWh
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Other Biomass
LFG/MSW*
Wood & Derived Fuels
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
LFG/MSW*
OtherBiomass
Wood andDerived
FuelTota
**
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Biopower | October79
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Hydropower | October
VIII
80
VIII. Hydropower
Hydropower: Summary
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Hydropower | October81
Hydropower capacity has remained essentially constant from 2000 to 2012,with generation fluctuation depending on water supply.
Hydropower remains the largest source of renewable electricity generation, primarilylarge-scale hydropower, which accounts for 6.8% of U.S. electricity generation.
Additional hydropower capacity was installed in the United States in 2012. However,U.S. drought conditions may have caused a decline in generation from existing
hydropower facilities in 2012.
U.S. Hydropower*Electricity Capacity and Generation
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Hydropower | October
VIII
82
Source: EIA
*Excludes pumped storage
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
MW GWh
Generation
Capacity
U.S.
HydropowerGeneration
(GWh)
U.S. HydropowerCapacity and % Increa
from Previous Year
Total (MW) % Increa
Cumulative State Hydropower Electricity Development (2012)
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Hydropower | October83Source: EIA
Capacity (MW)
Washington. . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NewYork. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . .
NorthCarolina. . . . .
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Advanced Water Power | Octobe
IX
84
IX. Advanced Water Power
Advanced Water Power: Summary
U S interest in advanced water power such as tidal river ocean current and ocean wave
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Advanced Water Power | Octobe85
U.S. interest in advanced water powersuch as tidal, river, ocean current, and ocean waveenergyhas been steadily growing over the past few years, with many prototype projects in
testing stages and permits being filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Two tidal power projects received licenses from FERC in early 2012: one being developedby Ocean Renewable Power Company in Cobscook Bay Maine, and one being developed by
Verdant Power in the East River of New York City. In September 2013, Ocean Renewable Power
Companys Tidal Energy Project became the first tidal power project to deliver power to an
electric utility grid in the United States. More information may be found at these websites:
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/hydrokinetics.asp
The Water Power Program at the U.S. Department of Energy: www1.eere.energy.gov/water
The Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement, established by the InternationalEnergy Agency: www.ocean-energy-systems.org
TidG P S t
EMEC Wave andTidal Test Site
Galway Bay and
Morild II
Worldwide Advanced Water Power Select Commercial and Pilot Plant
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Advanced Water Power | Octobe
IX
86
AN-400
Hydro-Gen
WaveHub Wave Test Site
Kobold II
= Tidal
= Other projects in Phase 3 (open water
testing) and Phase 4 (Full-Scale)
= Wave
TREK Seagen
Mutriku
FORCE Tidal Test Site
TidGen Power System
Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE)European PicoPilot Plant
Atlantic MarineEnergy Test Sites
Wavestar
14
131212
15
11
See following page for additional information about these projects.
Information about additional projects can be found in the EEREMarine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database, accessible at:http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database .
16Wave Energy Test
Worldwide Advanced Water Power Select Commercial and Pilot Plant
PROJECT NAME Type Country Location Size (MW) Installed
AN 400 Tidal Australia San Remo Victoria
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Advanced Water Power | Octobe87
AN-400 Tidal Australia San Remo, Victoria
FORCE Tidal Test Site (Multiple Devices) Tidal Canada Bay of Fundy, Parrsboro, NS
TREK Tidal Canada Saint-Lawrence River
Wavestar Wave Denmark Hanstholm
Hydro-Gen Tidal France Paimpol-Brehat
Kobold II Tidal Indonesia Lombok Island
Galway Bay and Atlantic Marine Energy Test Sites
(Multiple Devices)Wave Ireland Galway Bay and Belmullet Bay
Seagen Tidal Ireland Strangford Lough
Morild II Tidal Norway Lofoten
European Pico Pilot Plant Wave Portugal Cachorro, Pico Island Mutriku Wave Spain Near Bilbao
EMEC Wave and Tidal Test Site (Multiple Devices) Wave/Tidal United Kingdom Scotland Stromness, Orkney
WaveHub Wave Test Site (Multiple Devices) Wave United Kingdom Hayle, Cornwall
Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Tidal United States New York City, NY
TidGen Power System Tidal United States Cobscook Bay, Maine
Wave Energy Test Wave United States Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii
14
13
12
16
15
11
Information about additional projects can be found in the EERE Marine andHydrokinetic Technology Database, accessible at: http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database .
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Hydrogen | October
X
88
X. Hydrogen
Hydrogen: Summary
h l i i ll d l b l f l ll it f t ti d bl d
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Hydrogen | October89
The cumulative installed global fuel cell capacity for stationary power doubledbetween 2008 and 2012, reaching approximately 100110 MW in 2012.
In 2012, cumulative global generation capacity from stationary fuel cells increasedby nearly 43% from the previous year.
In 2012, the cumulative global fuel cell installations increased by 75% from theprevious year.
In the United States, more than 9 million tons of hydrogen are produced today,and there are more than 1,200 miles of hydrogen pipelines.
Sources: EERE, Navigant
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Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, World Markets: 20082012
35,000
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Hydrogen | October91
SystemsShipped
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2012P2011201020092008
Portable
Transportation
Stationary
Sources: EERE, Navigant
Megawatts of Fuel Cells Shipped by Application, World Markets: 200820
140
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Hydrogen | October
X
92
MWS
hipped
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2012P2011201020092008
Portable
TransportationStationary
Sources: EERE, Navigant
Hydrogen Infrastructure: Existing Hydrogen Production Facilities
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Hydrogen | October93Source: NREL
Hydrogen Transportation
Number of Operational U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations
(December 2012 Total of 58)
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Hydrogen | October
X
94Sources: EERE, FuelCells.org
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
4
24
2
2
9
2
2
1
1
more less
Hydrogen Electricity
Stationary Fuel Cell Installations, 2012
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Hydrogen | October95Source: FuelCells.org
Number of installed stationaryfuel cells >1 MW = 38
Located in the United States (19),
Canada (1), Germany (1), Italy (1),
Japan (2), South Korea (14)
595 Non-U.S.Installations
498 U.S.Installations
35 U.S.
23 Non-U.S.
Planned Projects = 58
Worldwide Installations = 1,093
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe
XI
96
XI. Renewable and Alternative Fuels
Renewable and Alternative Fuels
Corn ethanol productionin contrast to Brazil's ethanol, which is produced from
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe97
* Most U.S. ethanol is currently produced from corn (in contrast to Brazils ethanolcoming from sugar cane), but efforts are underway by the U.S. Department of Energyand others to study and commercialize cellulosic ethanol and biobased hydrocarbon
fuels, which are produced from non-food crops.Ethanol is blended with gasoline and generally comprises up to 10% of the fuel withgasoline as the other 90% (E10). Additionally, flex-fuel vehicles can use a blend of85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (E85).
sugar canehas expanded rapidly in the United States. Between 2000 and 2012,
production increased by a factor of eight.
U.S. ethanol production totaled 13,300 million gallons per year in 2012.
In 2012, the United States* produced 61% of the worlds ethanol, followed by Brazil at 26%,the European Union at 5%, China at 3%, and Canada at 2%.
In 2012, the number of electric vehicle charging stations in the U.S. expanded by150% over 2011 to reach 14,982 stations.
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Renewable and Alternative Fueling Stations by Type
22,109 Alternative Fueling Stations in the United States
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe99
Sources: EERE, EIA
Data as of January 2, 2013
11%E85
Electric 68%
3%B20
5%Compressed Natural Gas
0.3% Hydrogen0.3% Liquefied Natural Gas
12%Propane
Consumption of Renewable and Alternative Fuelin the United States (20052011)
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XI
100
Source: EIA
2012 data are expected to be available around April 2014.
MillionGasolin
e-EquivalentGallons/Ye
ar
2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 201120090
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000Ethanol in Gasoline Blends
Biodiesel
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Liquefied Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Ethanol (E85)
Electricity
Compressed Natural Gas
Consumption of Traditional Fuel in the United States (20052011)
Diesel (not including biodiesel)
Gasoline (not including ethanol in gasoline blends)
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe101
( g g )
Renewable and Alternative Fuels
M
illionGallons
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2009 2010 20112008200720062005
Source: EIA
2012 data are expected to be available around April 2014.
U.S. Corn Ethanol Production and Price Trends
GasolinePrice
(Average
EthanolPrice
(gasolinegallon
EthanoProduct
(millio
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe
XI
102
Sources: RFA, EERE, EIA
*Prices include taxes.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
$/Gallon
MillionGallons/Year
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
Ethanol Price*
(gasoline gallon equivalent basis)
Ethanol Production
(M Gallons/yr)
Gasoline Price*
(average retail)
2001
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
( gRetail,
$/gallon)
gequivalent
basis,$/gallon)
(Gallon
year)
U.S. Corn Ethanol Production Capacity
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe103
Source: RFA
No sugarcane ethanol is currently produced in the United States.
Top Five States forU.S. Ethanol (operating)
Production Capacity in 2012(millions of gallons/year)
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SouthDakota. . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Global Ethanol* Production
Top Five Countries (2012)Ethanol Production(millions of gallons/year)
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XI
104
Source: RFA
* Various feedstocks
United States: 13,300
Brazil: 5,557
European Union 1,139
China: 555
Global EthanolProduction
(millions of gallons/year)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada: 449
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U.S. Biodiesel Production and Price (20012012)
$
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XI
106Sources: Biodiesel.org, EERE
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
MillionGallons
$/Gallon
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
Production
Price
Biodiesel Price(gasoline gallonequivalent basis)
($ per gallon)
Total U.S.Productio
(million
gallons)
Top Countries (2012)Biodiesel Production (millions of gallons/year)
Global Biodiesel Production
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Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe107Source: REN21
Germany: 713
Indonesia: 396
France: 502
United States: 1,100
Argentina: 740
Brazil: 713
Global Biodiesel Production(millions of gallons/year)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe
XII
108
XII. Clean Energy Investments
Clean Energy Investments: Summary
U.S. investment in renewable energy has grown dramatically in the past decade, and in
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe109
2012 annual investment reached more than $27 billion.
U.S. investment in wind energy projects grew from $385 million in 2001 to nearly$11 billion in 2012.
In 2012, U.S. venture capital and private equity investment in renewable energytechnology companies was nearly $5 billionup from $360 million in 2001.
U.S. venture capital and private equity investment in solar technology companies hasincreased from $50 million in 2001 to nearly $1.2 billion in 2012.
*All figures in 2012 real dollars and do not include federal government spending
U.S. and Global Total Investment in Renewable Energy (2012)
Global Total InvestmentU.S. Total Investment
Ad d i
11030
$27 046$103.180
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe
XII
110
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Completed and disclosed deals only, does not adjust for undisclosed transactions;includes VC/PE, public market activity, and asset financing
Biopower
MarineCarbon Capture and Storage
Digital Energy
Advanced Transportation
Fuel Cells/Hydrogen
Energy Storage
Efficiency
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Biofuels
$
in
Billions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
$
in
Billions
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27$27.046
U.S. Wind Energy Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)
12
13
$11.376
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe111
*All figures in 2012 real dollars.
Figures represent disclosed deals derived fromBloomberg New Energy Finances Desktop database.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
$
in
Billions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
$9.709 $9.448
$10.803
$6.318
$10.730
U.S. Solar Energy Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)
21
24
$20.598
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XII
112
*All figures in 2012 real dollars.
Figures represent disclosed deals derived fromBloomberg New Energy Finances Desktop database.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
$
in
Billions
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
$.372 $.783 $.164
$1.844
$5.023
U.S. Biofuel Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)
8
9
$7 144
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe113
*All figures in 2012 real dollars.
Figures represent disclosed deals derived fromBloomberg New Energy Finances Desktop database.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
$
in
Billions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
$1.423 $1.479
$.439
$1.781
$1.150
$7.144
U.S. Venture Capital and Private Equity Investment inRenewable Energy Technology Companies (20072012)
8
$7 219 $7 325
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XII
114
*All figures in 2012 real dollars.
Figures represent disclosed deals derived fromBloomberg New Energy Finances Desktop database.
$
in
Billions
Biopower
Energy Storage
Efficiency
Marine
Fuel Cells/Hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Storage
Advanced Transportation
Digital Energy
GeothermalWind
Solar
Biofuels
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
$4.720
$5.354
$7.219
$4.038
$5.769
$7.325
Public Renewable Energy Index Performance (2012) (Indexed to 100)
WilderHill New Energy Global Index (DJIA: ^NEX)
Calvert Global Alternative Energy Fund (CGAEX)
S&P 500150
140
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Clean Energy Investments | Octobe115
Source: Public data; downloaded from the Yahoo! Finance website
Index performance is calculated as a percentage of the fund or indexprice as of January 2, 2012.
Jan
2012
Mar
2012
Feb
2012
May
2012
April
2012
July
2012
June
2012
Sept
2012
Aug
2012
Nov
2012
Oct
2012
Dec
2012
(7.9%)
5.3%
(18.2%)
11.7%
WilderHill New Energy Global Index (DJIA: NEX)
Guinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund (GAAEX)
50
70
90
110
130
60
100
80
120
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Glossary | October
XIII
116
Glossary
B2O
A fuel containing a mixture of 20%
biodiesel and 80% petrodiesel.
Biomass
Organic non-fossil material of biological
origin.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
A solar energy conversion system
characterized by the optical concentration of
solar rays through an arrangement of mirrors
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Glossary | October117
Baseload Capacity
The generating equipment normallyoperated to serve loads on an around-
the-clock basis.
Biodiesel
Any liquid biofuel suitable as a diesel
fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or
extender. Biodiesel fuels are typically
made from oils such as those derived
from soybeans, rapeseed, or sunflowers;
or from animal tallow. Biodiesel can alsobe made from hydrocarbons derived from
agricultural products such as rice hulls.
Biofuels
Liquid fuels and blending components
produced from biomass (plant) feedstocks,
used primarily for transportation.
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
The quantity of heat required to increasethe temperature of 1 pound of liquid water
by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature
at which water has its greatest density
(approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit).
Capacity Factor
The ratio of the electrical energy produced
by a generating unit for a given period of
time to the electrical energy that could
have been produced at continuous fullpower operation during the same period.
Compound Annual Growth Rate
The year-over-year growth rate applied
during a multiple-year period. The formula
for calculating CAGR is (Current Value/Base
Value)^(1/# of years) - 1.
to heat working fluid to a high temperature.
Concentrating solar power (but not solar
thermal power) may also refer to a systemthat focuses solar rays on a photovoltaic cell
to increase conversion efficiency.
Digital Energy
The integration of digital communication
technologies into energy systems,
especially the electrical grid. Smart meters,
along with other digital communication
devices embedded in electrical transmission
and distribution systems, allow for a two-way flow of information between utilities
and their customers as well as greater
digital control of the electrical grid, a
concept known as the Smart Grid.
E85
A fuel containing a mixture of 85% ethanol
and 15% gasoline.
Ethanol
A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated
hydrocarbon. Ethanol is typically produced
chemically from ethylene, or biologically
Flexible-Fuel Vehicles
Vehicles that can operate on (1) alternative
fuels (such as E85); (2) 100% petroleum-
based fuels; (3) any mixture of an
Geothermal Energy
The heat that is extracted from hot water
or steam that is mined from geothermal
reservoirs in the Earths crust. Water or
Glossary (continued)
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Glossary | October
XIII
118
y y g y
from fermentation of various sugars from
carbohydrates found in agricultural crops
and cellulosic residues from crops or wood.
It is used in the United States as a gasoline
octane enhancer and oxygenate (blended
up to 10% concentration). Ethanol can also
be used in high concentrations (E85) in
vehicles designed for its use.
Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission (FERC)
The federal agency with jurisdiction over
interstate electricity sales, wholesale
electric rates, hydroelectric licensing,
some natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates,
and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an
independent regulatory agency within the
Department of Energy (DOE) and is the
successor to the Federal Power Commission.
y
alternative fuel (or fuels) and a petroleum-
based fuel. Flexible-fuel vehicles have a
single fuel system to handle alternative and
petroleum-based fuels.
Fuel Cell
A device that produces electricity by
converting the chemical energy of a fuel
(e.g., hydrogen) directly into electrical
energy. Fuel cells differ from conventional
electrical cells in that the active materials
such as fuel and oxygen are not contained
within the cell but are supplied from
outside. It does not contain an intermediate
heat cycle as do most other electrical
generation techniques.
Generation
The total amount of electric energy
produced by generating units and measured
at the generating terminal in kilowatt-hours
(kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).
steam can be used as a working fluid for
geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or
electricity generation, and then is injected
back into the Earth.
Geothermal Heat Pump
A heat pump in which the refrigerant
exchanges heat (in a heat exchanger)
with a fluid circulating through an earth
connection medium (ground or ground
water). The fluid is contained in a variety
of loop (pipe) configurations depending
on the temperature of the ground and
the ground area available. Loops may be
installed horizontally or vertically in the
ground or submersed in a body of water.
Gigawatt (GW)
One billion watts or one thousand
megawatts or one million kW.
Gigawatt-hour (GWh)
One billion watt-hours.
Incremental Capacity
Landfill Gas
Gas that is generated by decomposition
of organic material at landfill disposal
sites. The average composition of landfill
Nameplate Capacity
The maximum rated output of a generator
under specific conditions designated by the
manufacturer. Nameplate capacity is usually
Glossary (continued)
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Glossary | October119
Incremental Capacity
Capacity added on an annual basis.
Insolation
The amount of radiation from the sun
received at the surface of the Earth in a
particular geographic location or region.
Kilowatt (kW)
One thousand watts.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
A measure of electrical energy defined
as a unit of work or energy, measured
as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power
expended for 1 hour. One kWh is equivalent
to 3,412 Btu.
gas is approximately 50% methane and
50% carbon dioxide and water vapor by
volume. The methane in landfill gas may bevented, flared, or combusted to generate
electricity or useful thermal energy on-site,
or injected into a pipeline for combustion
off site.
Megawatt (MW)
One million watts of electricity.
Megawatt-hour (MWh)One thousand kilowatt-hours or 1 million
watt-hours.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Residential solid waste and some
nonhazardous commercial, institutional,
and industrial wastes.
indicated in units of kilovolt-amperes (kVA)
and in kilowatts (kW) on a nameplate
physically attached to the generator.
Ocean Energy
Energy conversion technologies that
harness the energy in tides, waves, and
thermal gradients in the oceans.
Photovoltaic (PV) Cell
PV cells convert incident light directly into
electricity (direct current). An electronic
device consisting of layers of semiconductor
materials fabricated to form a junction
(adjacent layers of materials with different
electronic characteristics) and electrical
contacts.
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References
U.S. Energy Production and Consumption Pages 79
Energy Information Administration (EIA) Monthly Energy Review
Production: EIA Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, Table 1.2, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary
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References | October121
Consumption: EIA Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, Table 1.3, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary
U.S. Nameplate Capacity and Generation Pages 1012
EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf
Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review
Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf
Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2013,
http://geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/2013AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentReport_Final.pdf
U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector Pages 1315
EIA, Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#consumption
References
References
Renewable Energy Capacity and Generation in the U.S. Pages 1928
EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab:
http://www eia doe gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860 html
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References | October
XIV
122
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf
Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review
Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf
Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2013,
http://geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/2013AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentReport_Final.pdf
Solar generation numbers were calculated using capacity factors of 18% for PV and 25% for CSP based on installed capacity.
References
State Numbers by Technology Pages 3039
EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions by Energy Source Generator Y11 File Proposed tab:
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References | October123
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf
Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review
Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf
Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2013,
http://geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/2013AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentReport_Final.pdf
United States Census 2012, Annual Population Estimates,http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2012/
World Renewable Energy Capacity Pages 4250
REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2013/GSR2013_lowres.pdf
Global Generating Capacity Data: EIA, http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=7&cid=regions&syid=2000&eyid=
2009&unit=MK; estimated for 2011 and 2012
World generation data were derived from global capacity data using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% for wind, 70% for geothermal,
54% for biomass, 25% for CSP and 41% for hydropower.
References
References
U.S. Total Installed Wind Energy Capacity and Generation Page 54
Capacity Data: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report,
http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf
Generation Data: EIA Electric Power Monthly March 2013 Table 1 1A http://www eia doe gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm sum html
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References | October
XIV
124
Generation Data: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
Global Wind Capacity, Offshore Wind, Manufacturing, Turbine Size, Leading States Pages 5561
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf
REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2013/GSR2013_lowres.pdf
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), U.S. Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2012 Market Report, http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/
pdfs/AWEA%20US%20Wind%20Industry%201Q%202013%20Market%20Report_Executive%20Summary.pdf
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) The European Offshore Wind Industry,
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/European_offshore_statistics_2012.pdf
U.S. Total Installed Solar Energy Capacity and Generation Page 64, 65
Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review
Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf
REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2013/GSR2013_lowres.pdf
References
PV Manufacturing Page 66
Greentech Media (GTM) PV News, May 2013
Top States: Solar Energy Development PV and CSP Page 67
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References | October125
op States So a e gy e e op e t a d CS age 6
Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review
Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf
Geothermal Capacity and Generation Page 7072
Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2013,
http://geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/2013AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentReport_Final.pdf
REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2013/GSR2013_lowres.pdf
Generation Data: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
Biopower Capacity and Generation Pages 7678
EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
References
References
Hydropower Capacity and Generation, State Rankings Page 8283
EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html
EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html
Platts U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Battles Drought, Seeks Hydropower Upgrades: Commissioner, September 3, 2012:
http://www.platts.com/pressreleases/2012/090312
Other Water Power: Wave and Tidal Pages 8687
Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database - http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database
Hydrogen Pages 9195
U.S. DOE EERE 2011 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/2011_market_report.pdf
U.S. DOE EERE Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html
FuelCells.org, http://www.fuelcells.org/base.cgim?template=databases
NREL TransAtlas,http://maps.nrel.gov/transatlas
Alternative Fuels Pages 98101
U.S. DOE EERE Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html
EIA Consumption of Vehicle Fuels in the United States, http://www.eia.gov/renewable/afv/xls/c1-fuel-consumption-gges-2011.xlsx
References
Ethanol Production and Price and Alternative Fuels Page 102-104
Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), 2013 Ethanol Indust