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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Lecture Slide 01 :Research MethodologyNarsito
Department of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesGadjah Mada UniversityJogjakarta
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Introduction10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*
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The Buddha :10-10-2011*SLIDE 01 Research DesignDO NOT BELIEVE in anything simply because : You have heard it; It is spoken and rumored by many; It is found written in your religious books; Merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. Traditionally, they have been handed down for many generations. But after OBSERVATION and ANALYSIS, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.
SLIDE 01 Research Design
10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*What is scientific research?Scientific research is a systematic consecutive process to solve problems using scientific method, with an objective to find explanation (theoretical description) governing the problem(s).A scientific research is usually directed to meet the following objective(s) : finding new explanation (theoretical description), related to the problem(s) being investigated.examining, applying and/or developing existing explanation (theoretical description), related to the problem(s) being investigated.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Scientific MethodWhat is the scientific method?The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. It includes several steps, i.e. : problem identification, hypothesis development, design and carry out steps or procedures to test the hypothesis, and documenting observations and findings to share with someone else in order to develop theories.In other words, it is a way to solve a problem.
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The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists to solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format (or framework). It provides step-by-step directions to help us work through the problems, called the formal steps of scientific method :Observations Problem IdentificationHypothesis FormulationExperiments : Design & ExecutionConclusions10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Scientific Method
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10-10-2011*What is CHEMISTRY?
CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTERS AND THEIR CHANGES, RELATED TO :- Structure- Composition- Properties- EnergySLIDE 01 Research Design
SLIDE 01 Research Design
10-10-2011*ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : is the study of organic compounds and their reactions, related to structure, composition, properties, and energy.INORGANIC CHEMISTRY : is the study of inorganic compounds and their reactions, related to structure, composition, properties, and energy.CHEMISTRY
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, & BIOCHEMISTRYThe Scope of Chemistry :
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYTHEORETICAL DEVICESEXPERIMENTAL DEVICESSLIDE 01 Research Design
SLIDE 01 Research Design
Physical Chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. Physical chemistry applies the principles, practices and concepts of physics, especially thermodynamics, quantum mechanics and dynamics.Physical chemistry deals with physical principles and concepts related to bulk rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone; for example, chemical equilibrium and kinetics.10-10-2011*SLIDE 01 Research Design
SLIDE 01 Research Design
Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and Quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of components is often performed prior to analysis.10-10-2011*SLIDE 01 Research Design
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Analytical methods can be classified into : (1) classical methods and (2) instrumental methods : CLASSICAL METHODS (also known as wet chemistry methods) use separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation and qualitative analysis by color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis is achieved by measurement of weight or volume. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS use an apparatus to measure physical quantities of the analytes such as light absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity. The separation of materials is accomplished using chromatography or electrophoresis methods.10-10-2011*SLIDE 01 Research Design
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYTHEORETICAL DEVICESEXPERIMENTAL DEVICES
EXPERIMENTAL FACTS & OBSERVATION
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONSLIDE 01 Research Design
SLIDE 01 Research Design
10-10-2011*Kornhauser (1981) It is not chemistry if we only learn theories without facts.
It is not science if we learn only facts without learning theories.
In chemistry, theories must not replace facts, but they should explain them.
Knowledge and ScienceSLIDE 01 Research Design
SLIDE 01 Research Design
10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*AlchemyThe Kowledge of ObservationHow did alchemist lay the groundwork for chemistry?Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Chemistry A Science of MeasurementHow does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?Lavoisier transform chemistry from a knowledge of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*What do scientists do?
Scientists have to take the time to think logically when they are investigating a scientific problem. Scientists have to break things down into many steps that make sense.Scientists have to develop a question, gather information and formulate a hypothesis.Scientists have to create and conduct experiments in order to test their hypothesis.Scientists have to share their experiments and findings with others.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*What is the key of scientific experiments?
A key to experiments is observing what happens and writing it down. Gathering information or data and documenting it so it is readable and makes sense to others is really important. Once a scientist completes an experiment, they often repeat it to see if they get the same findings and results. This is really what often called verification (or checking things out) to make sure that everything was valid and will happen again and again.That is why scientists have to share their experiments and findings with others. In that way, scientists can learn from each other and often use someone elses experiences to help them with what they are studying.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Steps of Scientific MethodProblem HypothesisExperimentDesign & ExecutionConclusionsObservation
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*The Scientific World
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Scientific Method in The Development of Science
SLIDE 01 Research Design*The steps in the scientific method do not have to occur in the order shown. Comparing and Contrasting How are a hypothesis and a theory similar? How are they different?
10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*Scientific Laws : A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes and generalized the results of many observations and experiments. It doesnt try only to explain, but it describes, the relationship. An explanation requires a theory.Scientific Theories :Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experiments, it may become a theory. A Scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A Scientific theory may need to be changed (revised) at some point in the future to explain other new observations or experimental results.
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*The Scientific Method :
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*EGYPT
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*EGYPTCHINA
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*CHINAEUROPE
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10-10-2011SLIDE 01 Research Design*CHINAEUROPEAMERICA
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Thank You10-10-2011*SLIDE 01 Research Design
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*The steps in the scientific method do not have to occur in the order shown. Comparing and Contrasting How are a hypothesis and a theory similar? How are they different?*
