PLEASE E-MAIL THIS FORM TO THE CISC COMMITTEE CHAIRS: BY THE DEADLINE ESTABLISHED IN THE DISTRIBUTED CISC GUIDELINES.

2016 CUBA INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOLARSHIP COMPETITIONParticipation Form

TeamName:Madreperla Sabiduría Wachimáns (MSW)

University:The University of Florida

FacultyAdvisor:Kimberly K Stricklan

DoestheteamalreadyhaveaC-AACE/ACEMemberIndustryAdvisor? Yes_No_Ifyouselected“Yes”above,pleaseenteryourC-AACE/ACEMemberIndustryAdvisor’snameintheboxbelow:

Mr. Elio Arniella

TeamMembers:# FirstName LastName Degree/Major ExpectedGraduationDate E-mailaddress 1 Yen-Jung Liu Master Degree of

Environmental Engineering Sciences

Fall 2017 rachel4720@ufl.edu

2 Nautasha Gupta Master Degree of Environmental Engineering Sciences

Spring 2017 nautasha.g@ufl.edu

TeamLeaderContactInformation:Name Naim Conrad Vilabrera

Phone (407)- 538-9098

Address 4000 SW 37th BLVD APT 722, Gainesville, FL 32608

E-mail naimcvilabrera94@ufl.edu

ProjectTitle:Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Management Strategies in Cuba

ProjectAbstract(150wordsmax):

Municipal solid waste is a valuable economic resource that Cuba’s waste management currently stores in landfills. Ineffective waste management in urban areas and poor policy implementation damage Cuba's public health and environment resiliency while forgoing the economic and social opportunities of waste utilization. Two waste separation facilities that operate in Havana city do not treat waste well, because the facilities lack effective gas and leachate collection systems. This project emphasizes source separation and waste utilization. For an effective source separation management strategy, a collection system based on the frequency of waste

PLEASE E-MAIL THIS FORM TO THE CISC COMMITTEE CHAIRS: BY THE DEADLINE ESTABLISHED IN THE DISTRIBUTED CISC GUIDELINES.

produced must be implemented in Cuba's urban areas. To utilize waste stream components, organic waste anaerobic energy generation and anaerobic composting systems, landfill design with gas leachate collection systems, and useful materials recycling useful to the markets is proposed and evaluated. This proposal aims to support public health endeavors and stimulate the local economy.

CUBA INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOLARSHIP COMPETITION 2016 Today’s Solutions for Tomorrow’s Cuba

Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Management

Strategies in Cuba

Team Madreperla Sabiduría Wachimáns (MSW)

University of Florida Yen-Jung Liu

Nautasha Gupta

January, 2016

II

CONTENTS

2016 CISC Participation Form ………………………………………………...…………P1

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………...………P3

Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………...……P4

A. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...P5

B. Cuba Geography …………………………………………………………………………...P8

C. Waste Production ……………………………………………………………………….....P11

D. Economics ………………………………………………………………………................P14

a. Limited Government …………………………………………………………P15

b. Open Market …………………………………………………………………P16

c. Waste To Energy …………………………………………………………………P18

E. Cuba’s Environmental Policies Particularly Around Waste Management …………P19

F. Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan ………………………………………………….P21

Project Description …………………………………………………………………P22

I. Waste Collection …………………………………………………………P22

II. Secondary Segregation …………………………………………………P23

III. Waste Processing …………………………………………………………P23

IV. Landfilling …………………………………………………………P23

V. Awareness Program ………………………………………………….P24

G. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………….P25

H. References ……………………………………………………………………..…………...P26

III

FIGURES

Figure A.1 …………...……………………………………...…...……P7

Figure A.2 ……………………………………………………...……P7

Figure B.1 ……………………………………………………...……P10

Figure B.2 ……………………………………………………...……P10

Figure D.1 ……………………………………………………...……P14

Figure D.2 ……………………………………………………...……P15

Figure D.3 ……………………………………………………...……P15

Figure D.4 ……………………………………………………...……P16

Figure D.5 ……………………………………………………...……P16

Figure D.6 ……………………………………………………...……P17

Figure D.7 ……………………………………………………...……P18

Figure E.1 ……………………………………………………...……P19

Figure E.2 ……………………………………………………...……P20

Figure E.3 ……………………………………………………...……P20

Figure F.1 ……………………………………………………...……P21

IV

TABLES Table C.1 ……………………………………………………………………….................P11

Table C.2 ……………………………………………………………………….................P12

Table C.3 ……………………………………………………………………….................P12

Table F.1 ……………………………………………………………………….................P24

1

2016 CUBA INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOLARSHIP COMPETITION

Participation Form Team Name:

Madreperla Sabiduría Wachimáns (MSW)

University:

The University of Florida

Faculty Advisor:

Kimberly K Stricklan

Does the team already have a C-AACE/ACE Member Industry Advisor? Yes X_No__ If you selected “Yes” above, please enter your C-AACE/ACE Member Industry Advisor’s name in the box below:

Mr. Elio Arniella

Team Members:

# First Name Last Name Degree/Major Expected

Graduation Date

E-mail address

1 Yen-Jung Liu

Master Degree of Environmental

Engineering Sciences

Fall 2017 rachel4720@ufl.edu

2 Nautasha Gupta

Master Degree of Environmental

Engineering Sciences

Spring 2017 nautasha.g@ufl.edu

2

Team Leader Contact Information:

Name Yen Jung Liu

Phone (352)278-5028

Address 3611 SW 34th St APT 250, Gainesville, Florida 32608

E-mail rachel4720@ufl.edu

Project Title:

Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Management Strategies in Cuba

Project Abstract (150 words max):

Municipal solid waste is a valuable economic resource that Cuba’s waste management currently stores in landfills. Ineffective waste management in urban areas and poor policy implementation damage Cuba's public health and environment resiliency while forgoing the economic and social opportunities of waste utilization. Two waste separation facilities that operate in Havana city do not treat waste well, because the facilities lack effective gas and leachate collection systems. This project emphasizes source separation and waste utilization. For an effective source separation management strategy, a collection system based on the frequency of waste produced must be implemented in Cuba's urban areas. To utilize waste stream components, organic waste anaerobic energy generation and anaerobic composting systems, landfill design with gas leachate collection systems, and useful materials recycling useful to the markets is proposed and evaluated. This proposal aims to support public health endeavors and stimulate the local economy.

3

Acknowledgement

In order to complete this project, responsibilities were divided between members of Team

Madreperla Sabiduria Wachimáns. Nautasha Gupta was responsible for the Regional section,

which included best management practices for municipal solid waste of this project. Yen-Jung

Liu was responsible for the background research on the Cuba municipal solid waste management

in the present condition including environmental laws enacted to make sure a good public and

environmental health. Team Madreperla Sabiduria Wachimáns subsequently compiled work and

edited the document as a team in order to present a cohesive piece.

Neither of the team members are Cuban, so it was a challenging task to get a picture of

Cuba and their practices. The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance

and assistance from many people and our team feels fortunate to have people around us.

We sincerely thank Kimberly K. Stricklan and Mr. Elio Arniella for providing

instrumental feedback, ideas, and encouragement in carrying out this project work. It would be

unfair to not mention Regina Rodriguez, Julian Alejandro Rey and UF Association of Cuban

Student Engineers who helped us getting the right website links and helped us translate Spanish

to English as well.

We are really grateful to everyone who helped us through our journey of this project.

This assignment couldn’t have been completed without the effort and cooperation from our team

members: Nautasha Gupta and Yen-Jung Liu.

Sincerely,

Team Madreperla Sabiduria Wachimáns

4

Abbreviations

<Organizations>

CITMA: Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment

<Others>

MSW: Municipal Solid Waste

WTE: Waste to Energy

MRF: Material recycling Facility

C/T: Compactor Truck

D/T: Dump Truck

T/C: Tractor-Driven Cart

H/C: Horse-Driven Cart

5

A. Introduction Cuba is the largest Caribbean island which varied geography includes rolling farmland,

rugged mountains, urban metropolises, quaint Colonial villages and white-sand beaches. This

island is divided into 15 provinces, 5 geographic regions and 169 municipalities (1)(2). Notable

Cuban areas include rural Piñar del Rio, where tobacco farming builds economic momentum;

and seaside Santiago de Cuba, the second large city in the country next to Havana rife with

colorful Afro-Cuban influence(Figure A.1)(1).

The population of Cuba is richly diverse, with 11.2 million residents (official estimate in

2010) with 65 percent white, 24 percent mixed-race, ten percent black, and one percent

Chinese(3). La Habana is the capital city in Cuba which has a population of 2.1 million

inhabitants in 728.26 km2 (4). La Habana is the largest city by area, the most populous city, and

the third largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean (4).

The city is known as a tourist spot internationally and the area known as the “old city” is

designated as a world heritage area. In 2015, the number of foreign tourists increased by 17.8

percent to Cuba, with most of them coming from Canada, Britain and France. As the cruise

season that starts from December to April, are expected to bring in about 600,000 visitors in

2016(Figure A.2)(5).

La Habana, which is the political, administrative and cultural center of Cuba, is also the

center of many of the economics activities of nation, which includes industries, services,

scientific research and tourism. All of these activities cause the incensement of municipal solid

waste (MSW) in Cuba. Two waste separation facilities that operate in Havana city do not treat

waste well, because the facilities lack effective gas and leachate collection systems (6).

Ineffective waste management in urban areas and poor policy implementation damage Cuba’s

6

public health and environment resiliency while forgoing the economic and social opportunities of

waste utilization. A higher amount of MSW is produced in Havana than in any other Cuban city.

The main difficulty on the development of a management and systems of MSW lies in the lack

of knowledge of the chemical composition of the waste (6) and lack of financial resources for

properly maintaining the existing poor infrastructure for collecting by compactor truck (C/T),

dump truck (D/T), tractor-driven cart (T/C) and horse-driven cart (H/C), varying by area. As

stated above, these vehicles are poorly maintained transporting and disposing of MSW (6). The

aims of this project are to support public health endeavors and stimulate the local economy.

7

Figure A.1 Administrative Map of Cuba

Figure A.2 Tourism expectation in Cuba for 2016

8

B. Cuba Geography

Cuba occupies an area of 110,000 km , compared it is about the size of Bulgaria, or

slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Depicted on the map are provincial

boundaries, the national capitol Havana, provincial capitals, major cities, main roads, railroads

and major airports (3).

As of 1976, it was necessary to appropriately divide the country according with the needs

of planning, administration and the control of economic, political and social activities. Cuba is

currently divided into 15 provinces, 5 geographic regions and 169 municipalities in Cuba, one of

them with special characteristics and status. From west to east the provinces are named as

follows (Figure B.1)(2):

Western

1. Pinar del Río

2. Artemisa

3. La Habana(Figure B.2)

4. Mayabeque

5. Matanzas

Central

6. Cienfuegos

7. Villa Clara

8. Sancti Spíritus: the geographical heart of Cuba.

9

Eastern

9. Ciego de Avila

10. Camagüey

11. Las Tunas

12. Granma

13. Holguín

14. Santiago de Cuba: the second most populated province and is the main administrative

center in the island of Cuba.

15. Guantánamo

16. Isla de la Juventud with its capital Nueva Gerona is a “special municipality” known as

the Isle of Youth is located on the south coast of the Havana Provinces.

10

Figure B.1 Provinces of Cuba

Figure B.2 Municipalities of Havana

11

C. Waste Production:

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the cities is much higher than

in rural areas. The generation rate in rural areas can be as low as 600 thousands of cubic meters

per year, while in urban areas the rate can be 1,500 thousands of cubic meters per year. The

generation rates of Havana reported by the Table C.1 is significantly in the different provinces in

the country. The waste generation in each province is increasing every year as per data from

Cuba portal for data as follows:

Volume of Solid Wastes Collected in Different Provinces

Thousands of Cubic Meters

Areas/Provinces 2010 2011 2012 2013

Pinar dei Rio 777.5 656.4 655.1 755.3

Artemisa 792.0 1,185.2 1,372.5 1,992.4

La Habana 7,892.0 7,280.8 8,017.5 6,348.5

Mayabeque 1,122.4 1,231.9 1,481.8 2,063.0

Villa Clara 973.0 1,080.5 1,343.0 1,415.5

Cienfuegos 809.2 709.8 810.0 752.0

Las Tunas 608.5 636.5 680.8 803.1

Holguin 1,761.0 1,549.1 1,987.1 1,386.2

Granma 1,858.0 1,753.4 1,714.7 1,875.8

Santiago de Cuba 1,344.9 1,346.9 1,635.1 1,528.7

Guantanamo 883.4 885.6 934.4 895.9

Isla de la Juventud 305.5 413.0 122.4 141.3

Cuba 23,885.5 23,390.4 27,817.4 26,535.5

Table C.1 Volume of waste produced in Cuba(12)

12

Different wastes and waste management activities have varying impacts on energy

generation, methane emissions, and carbon storage. Following table summarizes the main

treatment and collection of solids wastes of Cuba in recent years:

Treatment and Collection of Solid Wastes

Concepts UM 2010 2011 2012 2013

Waste Collected Mt 3,980.9 3,898.4 4,636.2 4,422.6

Recycling/Subscriber Mt 508.9 497.3 494.7 473.8

Landfill Sites U 963 986 987 955

Annual Waste in Landfills Mt 4,627.5 4,227.8 5,304.0 5.033.8

Population in Urban Areas with services of Waste

collection MU 8,475.7 8,463.1 8,442.1 8,613.7

Proportion of the Population % 75.3 75.2 75.6 76.8

Waste collection Services % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table C.2 Treatment and Collection in Cuba (12)

By reusing and recycling of construction materials can reduce the greenhouse gas

emissions and other pollutants, and conserves landfill space, reduces the need for new landfills

and their associated cost. A detailed recycled of the quantities of MSW in Cuba is given below in

Table C.3.

Recycled Raw Material Production

Products UM 2010 2011 2012 2013

Metals (Ferrous) t 307,190.5 315,958.0 318,483.9 302,042.4

Steel t 275,819.6 291,139.9 290,141.3 278,671.9

Table C.3 Recycled Raw Material Production in Cuba (i)

13

Recycled Raw Material Production Products UM 2010 2011 2012 2013 Stainless

Steel t 236.5 760.4 781,6 598.4

Iron t 31,134.4 24,057.7 27,561.0 22,772.1 Metals (Non-

Ferrous) t 33,365.5 32,786.7 33,131.2 35,559.3

Aluminum t 14,811.3 14,690.0 14,352.7 15,630.4 Bronze t 2,639.6 2,497.8 2,369.4 2,567.8 Copper t 8,095.9 7,525.5 8,064.6 8,747.2 Lead t 4,738.9 6,477.2 7,058.0 7,343.7

Others t 3,079.8 1,596.2 1,286.5 1,270.2 Non-Metallic t 32,484.1 40,129.7 43,493.0 46,580.0

Glass t 496.7 1,163.9 1,416.5 1,046.3

Plastics t 2,336.7 2,185.3 2,733.9 3,877.7

Paper and Cardboard t 28,471.5 34,681.5 34,106.7 36,184.9

Textiles t 655.8 780.8 795.6 823.3 Other Non-

Metallic Waste

t 513.4 1,318.2 4,400.3 2,647.8

Recovered Glass

Containers MU 73,729.7 71,727.0 75,442.2 80,490.9

Table C.3 Recycled Raw Material Production in Cuba (ii)

14

D. Economics

Cuba’s economic freedom score is 29.6, making its economy one of the world’s least free.

Its overall score is 0.9 point higher than 2014(Figure D.1), with a slight deterioration in monetary

freedom outweighed by improvements in three of the 10 economic freedoms, including trade

freedom, fiscal freedom, and freedom from corruption. In recent years, Cuba’s government has

made measured concessions to encourage more entrepreneurship and private sector growth.

Figure D.1 Country Score

15

a. Limited Government

Cuba’s top individual income tax rate is 50 percent, and its top corporate tax rate is 30

percent. Other taxes include a property transfer tax and a sales tax. The overall tax burden equals

20.5 percent of domestic production. Public expenditures account for 60.2 percent of the

domestic economy, and public debt is equal to about 38 percent of gross domestic

product(Figure D.2, D.3)(15).

Figure D.2 Government Spending

Figure D.3 Freedom from Corruption

16

b. Open Market The average tariff rate of Cuba is 8.1 percent. The country’s centrally planned economy

is a barrier to the free flow of international trade and investment. The financial sector is tightly

controlled by the state. Over a dozen foreign banks have opened representative offices, but they

are not allowed to operate freely. Credit is not allocated on market terms, and capital markets

remain underdeveloped(Figure D.4, D.5, D.6).

Figure D.4 Trade Freedom

Figure D.5 Investment Freedom

17

Figure D.6 Financial Freedom

18

c. Waste to Energy

Cuba has struggled with improper of municipal solid waste, the volume of landfill waste,

and recycling process. It does not has processing facilities which are not only capable to recycle

valuable materials but also to ensure conversion of waste-to-energy (WTE). In addition,

combined with the commitment of the government to solve the MSW problem, Team

Madreperla Sabiduría Wachimáns started investigating the technological solution which would

best fit Cuba. The analysis included wet and dry anaerobic digestion, controlled landfill with

biogas capture, and incineration.

Singapore is a highly urbanized and industrialized small island nation with a land area of

697 km2 and a population of 4.2 million (7). Additionally, Singapore successes in recycling more

wastes and the efforts at waste prevention (11).

The available landfills are very limited but Singapore is exploring a new way to turn

waste into energy, which may one day be able to convert the thousands of tonnes of food

dumped here each day into valuable energy sources(8); while developing the sixth waste-to-

energy plant which will be able to incinerate 3,600 tonnes of waste and generate 120 megawatts

of electricity per day(9).

Incineration systems in Singapore are also environmentally friendly. The combustion

control systems regulate the combustion rate up to 1,000 degrees Celsius to achieve a complete

burn of the waste that guarantees the clean output of gas(Figure D.7)(10).

Figure D.7 Waste-to energy in Singapore

19

E. Cuba’s Environmental Policies Particularly Around Waste Management

Private entrepreneurship exists only on a very small scale. The inconsistent and non-

transparent application of regulations impedes the creation of new businesses. The rigid, state-

controlled labor market has helped to create a large informal economy. Cuba’s government tries

to contain inflation directly by using price controls and regulating the limited areas of free-

market activity and indirectly by controlling monetary growth(Figure E.1, E.2, E.3)(15).

Efforts of the new Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (CITMA), in

conjunction with other agencies and bodies designed and implemented a comprehensive vision

for environmental protection and sustainable development in 1990s. In 1997, at the direction of

top government leaders, the new CITMA published National Environmental Strategy, which

described severe environmental problems still plaguing the country and hampering economic

development. The list includes extensive soil erosion, deforestation, inland and coastal water

pollution, increasing loss of biodiversity, and poor sanitation in cities and rural areas.(13) But it

still lacks laws that govern the solid waste management in Cuba.

Figure E.1 Business Freedom

20

Figure E.2 Labor Freedom

Figure E.3 Monetary Freedom

21

F. Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan

Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined

residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorized according

to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional); according to its

contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc.); or according to hazard potential

(toxic, non-toxic, radioactive, infectious etc.).

Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment

and human health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number

of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These include

monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal.

Solid waste management in rural areas can be challenging because of the many other

struggling issues like limited resources. Landfills in Cuba are not operated in an environmental

and healthy way with lack of proper groundwater monitoring.

Figure F.1 Waste stream from cradle to grave

22

Project Description:

1. Waste collection (Segregation at source)

2. Secondary segregation

3. Waste Processing

4. Landfilling

5. Awareness Programs

Waste is a very relative term; what is considered waste by one group may not be a waste

for another. For example, coal fly ash produced as a waste in a coal based power plant is a raw

material for a concrete plant. And this is the concept used to minimize the waste to go into

landfill.

I. Waste Collection

Organics and trash should be collected on daily basis, to ensure the collected. organic

waste is processed by anaerobic digestion and recovered it for energy. Waste collection would be

done by the side loader trucks which provides two sections to keep trash and organics separate.

Recyclables will be collected on weekly basis because of smaller percentage of recyclables in the

waste stream.

23

II. Secondary Segregation Waste would be segregated at the source in three categories: recyclables, organics and

trash. A waste facility would be constructed which will serve as a purpose of transfer station for

landfill trash, material recycling facility (MRF) for recyclables and anaerobic digester for

organics. Purpose of transfer station would be to compact the waste collected by small collection

truck and send it to nearest landfill via larger size trucks so as to reduce the cost associated with

fuel and transportation.

III. Waste Processing

At material recycling facility (MRF), waste would be segregated according to the market

like plastic bottles, glass, and paper/cardboard; and sent to the respective vendor for recycling.

IV. Landfilling

All the waste that is produced can not be processed or recovered for some income and if

done may not be economically feasible. The third waste stream collected of trash will go to

Landfill sites. Landfills can create problems like odor which can lead to diseases, contamination

of groundwater and gas emissions which can lead to fires as well. So it is very important to

design and operate a landfill so as to minimize the public health and environmental risks.

Groundwater monitoring, gas emissions control is required which could be governed by statutory

laws.

24

V. Awareness Programs To meet the goal of any project successfully, awareness is very necessary. The program

would be designed to meet the following targets:

(1) Rural people will be taught about the list of items that are required to be kept in Organic

Bin and the Inorganic Bin (i.e. Recyclables).

(2) Color coded bins (Green for Organics) & Blue for Inorganic/Recyclables.

(3) Posters/ advertisements regarding the new waste management programs.

(4) School activities like outreach programs in which kids will learn about different type of

wastes.

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable ● Vegetables and fruit waste, dry flowers ● Garden leaves ● Non-vegetarian waste (animal bones,

prawn skin, crab shell, chicken waste) ● Left-over food, kitchen waste ● Ash ● House sweepings

● Paper: notebooks, books, magazines, newspapers, cardboard

● Plastic ● Metal: aluminium foils, iron pieces,

copper, steel, tablet covers ● Glass: bottles, broken pieces ● Wood, Cloth ● Leather: footwear and bags, ● Rubber: footwear ● Electronics and electrical waste.

Table F.1 Difference between Biodegrade and Non-biodegradable

25

G. Conclusions

Solid wastes accumulation and disposal are the critical environmental problem which are

currently faced by big cities. Cuba’s largest cities are not exception to these issues.

The landfills have shown complex and variable patterns in physical and chemical

composition, which likelihood related to the heterogeneity of the collected waste from

surrounding municipalities and the variable age of waste.

With the increasing urbanization of major cities in Cuba, although not only recycling

efforts in Cuba are still need improve but also education of recycling knowledge, legislation for

efficient management and treatment, and how to enhance the finance resource in Cuba are

serious problems that people and government should be improved.

This project contains valuable and essential information which are a basic knowledge that

perhaps could be considered in the future decisions regarding the solution and management of

municipal solid waste. And long-term vision of the municipal solid waste management plan

should be formulate in the future and prepared for 2026.

26

H. References

(1) Insight Cuba (http://insightcuba.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-cuba)

(2) Wikipedia – Provinces of Cuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba)

(3) One World – Nation Online (http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/cuba-

administrative-map.htm)

(4) Wikipedia – Havana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana)

(5) Fox NEWS Latino (http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/01/04/tourism-in-cuba-

expectations-challenges-new-records-for-2016/)

(6) Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste From The Main Landfills of Havana City, Ma.

del C. E. Llorens, M. L. Torres, H. Alearez, A. P. Arrechea, J. A. Garcia, S. D. Aguirre,

A. Fernandez, 2007

(7) Waste Manage World – Integrated Thinking (http://waste-management-

world.com/a/integrated-thinking-solid-waste-management-in-singapore)

(8) AsiaOne20 – New Plant Mixes Food Waste, Used Water to Produce Energy

(http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/new-plant-mixes-food-waste-used-water-

produce-energy)

(9) Channel News Asia – NEA Inks Deal for Largest Waste-to Energy Plant in Singapore

(http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/nea-inks-deal-for-

largest/2218708.html)

(10) Jakarta Post – Waste to Energy: Singapore’s Experience

(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/22/waste-energy-singapore-s-experience.h

tml)

27

(11)Waste Manage World – Taking Recycling Lessons from Super Singapore (http://waste-

management-world.com/a/taking-recycling-lessons-from-super-singapore)

(12) Oficina Nacional De Estadistica E Informacion (www.one.cu)

(13) University of Pittsburgh Press- Protecting Cuba’s Environment: Efforts to Design and

Implement Effective Environmental Laws and Policies in Cuba

(http://www.upress.pitt.edu/htmlSourceFiles/pdfs/9780822942917exr.pdf)

(14) The Study on Integrated Management Plan of Municipal Solid Waste in Havana City,

Jica, 2007

(15) 2015 Index of Economic Freedom (http://www.heritage.org/index/country/cuba)