Optical NetworksCS294-3: Distributed Service Architectures in Converged NetworksGeorge PorterTal Lavian

EECS - UC Berkeley

OverviewPhysical technology, devicesHow are optical networks currently deployed?Customer-empowered networksNew applications, ways of doing businessHow does this change the big picture?How do we do it?What are the challenges? Payoffs?

EECS - UC Berkeley

OverviewPhysical technology, devicesHow are optical networks currently deployed?Customer-empowered networksNew applications, ways of doing businessHow does this change the big picture?How do we do it?What are the challenges? Payoffs?

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Why optical?Handle increase in IP trafficMoores law doesnt apply here1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4TbpsReduce cost of transmitting a bitCost/bit down by 99% in last 5 yearsEnable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges

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Fiber capabilities/WDMWavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connectionsSets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebandsSwitching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec

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Cable

Fibers (100+)

Wavebands

Wavelengths(Multi Tbps)

(Timeslots)(OC12,48,192)

Internet RealityDataCenterAccessLong HaulAccessMetroMetro

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DevicesAdd/Drop multiplexerOptical Cross Connect (OXC)Tunable: no need to keep the same wavelength end-to-endSwitches lambdas from input to output portFor transparent optical network, wavelengths treated as opaque objects, with routing control brought out-of-band

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OverviewPhysical technology, devicesHow are optical networks currently deployed?Customer-empowered networksNew applications, ways of doing businessHow does this change the big picture?How do we do it?What are the challenges? Payoffs?

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Overview of SONETSynchronous Optical NetworkGood for aggregating small flows into a fat pipeElectric endpoints, strong protection, troubleshooting functionality

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No.

By

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Drawn By:

Date of Submission:

Subtitle

Title

Title

Page

Page

Title

Company Name/Title

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Double-click to type notes. Subselect "Title"to edit the title.

Company Name

SONET

OC3

OC48

OC48

Todays provisioningAnywhere between months to minutesSemi-automatic schemesMuch like old-style telephone operatorThe fact is there are tons of fibers underground, but they are not organized in a way where you can utilize their full potential

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Drive to autoswitched networkMake the network intelligentOn-demand bandwidth to the edge of the networkNew applicationsDisaster Recovery Distributed SANData warehousingBackup Bunkers (no more tapes)Big Pipes on DemandDownload movies to movie theatersSite replicationOptical VPN Grid Computing

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OverviewPhysical technology, devicesHow are optical networks currently deployed?Customer-empowered networksNew applications, ways of doing businessHow does this change the big picture?How do we do it?What are the challenges? Payoffs?

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Customer empowered netsHuge bandwidth to the enterpriseThe curbThe houseThe desktopEnd hosts can submit requirements to the network, which can then configure itself to provide that serviceIssues of APIs, costs, QoS

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Changing the big pictureNow the converged network looks differentDial-up bandwidth has huge implicationsPushing bandwidth to the edges of the networkAffects service placement, for example

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Bandwidth at the edgesServices placed there (ServicePoP)Need to connect services to customers and other servicesMetro networksUse of Ethernet as low cost/flexible mechanismEventually fibers to pcmcia?!

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Protocol and Services on Edge Devices InternetAccessAccessHandle ProtocolNew Services

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ServicePoPsServicePoPs act as intermediary between service provider and customerConnectivity between ServicePoP and customer more important than provider to customerFeature is very fast infrastructure

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Tower box

Data

Cray Supercomputer

Tape

Town

City

ServicePoP

Metro networkswitched optical/metro ethernet

Metro networksInterim step: services in servicePoPsTap into fast connections here for enterprisesUse of Ethernet as protocol to connect the enterprise to the MANAvoid need for last mile for certain applications/services

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Amazon.comvs-Amazon.co.ukOne site wants to do a software upgradeReserve 100Gbps for outage timeSend entire database over at outage time, reroute all customer requests to other siteWhen outage is over, transfer all data back to original site

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Peer-to-peer

Amazon.com

Amazon.co.uk

Movie DistributionEach movie theater in a large area (SF, New York, Houston) requests 1 hour of bandwidth a week (OC192)All movies transferred during this timeEfficient use of expensive but necessary fat pipe

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Minicomputer

Terminal Server

City

FDDI Ring

New type of businessesData warehousing: no more mailing tapesHave tape vaults with gigabit connectivityData is sent optically to destination, where it is written to magnetic tape

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How to do itGeneralized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS)UNI: user-to-network interface as API to specify requirements, service requestsNNI: network-to-network interface acts as API between entities for service composition/path formation

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How to do itInterdomain?Wavelength selection/routingExchange infoConnectivityWavelengthsQos, bandwidth requirementsSwitching instructions

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Canaries approachOBGP (Optical BGP)Routers spawn virtual BGP processes that peers can connect toBy modifying BGP messages, lightpath information can be traded between ASes

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BGP OPENVirtual RouterAS 123AS 456AS 123BGP OPENAS 456BGP OPEN message sent to router with information about optical capabilitiesA virtual BGP process is spawnedA BGP session is initiated independently with new BGP processThe virtual process (running on the router) configures the OXC to switch the proper optical wavelengths1)2)

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Optical BGP Networks Dark fiber NetworkCity ZISP AISP BDark fiber NetworkCity XISP C Dark fiber NetworkCity YCustomer Owned Dim WavelengthISP AISP BEGPEGPEGP Wavelength Routing Arbiter& ARP ServerTo other WavelengthCloudsAS100AS200AS300AS400Figure 12.0

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What is ASON?The Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) is both a framework and a technology capability.As a framework that describes a control and management architecture for an automatic switched optical transport network. As a technology, it refers to routing and signalling protocols applied to an optical network which enable dynamic path setup.Recently changed names to Automatic Switched Transport Network (G.ASTN)

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Optical Network: Today vs. TomorrowAdditional SLA capabilityMesh networkAuto connection & resource mgnt Optimized IP application - current driver for transparent NWASON value addedTodayTomorrow

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Applications

Protection

Topology

Management

DS3

STS-n

STS-nc

OC-48T, (OC-192T)

1GE

(134Mb/s)

140Mb/s

VC-4

VC-4-nc

NUT

Extra Traffic

Broadcast

VC-4-nv

10GE

Flexible i/f

Billing method (distance, time, bw, QoS)

Asymitric bw connections

Point-to-multipoint

sequential

2F/4F BLSR

Matched Nodes

Head end ring prot.

NUT (non-preemptive unprotected traffic mixed with protected in ring/linear)

Unprotected (extra traffic)

Protection SW time

Clear P =60ms

With ET=160ms

MN = 250ms

Wider range of SLA capability

Path diversity verifiable

Scalable to large NW size

2F/4F BLSR

Linear

1+1

1:n

Path protection

Mesh

Port connectivity

unconstrained

arbitrary

Provisioned path connection

Trail management across multiple rings

Multiple product

Auto discovery of NW configuration

Connection provisioning of paths over unconstrained line topology

No pre-provisioning of connections?

User signaling i/f for connection provisioning

Scalable to very large NW

Fast connection establishment

ASON Network ArchitectureGHAT NE: Global High Capacity transport NEASON: Automatic Switched Optical NetworkOCC: Optical Connection ControllerIrDI: Inter Domain InterfaceInterfaces:UNI: User Network InterfaceCCI: Connection Control InterfaceNNI: ASON control Node Node Interface

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ASON Layer HierarchyNetwork LayerDomain/Region LayerConduit LayerFiber Layer

FibersConduit 1Conduit 2l Layerl1

lnDomain DDomain BDomain EDomain ADomain CDomain

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Resilient packet ring (802.17)Put lan on top of man50ms protection

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The Metro BottleneckOC-192DWDM n x lT1DS1DS3End UserAccessMetroCoreEthernet LANLL/FR/ATM1-40MegOC-12OC-48IP/DATA1GigE10GigE+Metro Access Other Sites1Gig+

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RPR - Expanding the LAN to the MAN/WAN

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What is RPR? Ethernet networking on Optics (STS-Nc)

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Scalable Bandwidth and Services

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Network & Customer ManagementCustomerEthernetPorts

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Move to opticalThe key is to find a way to use the infrastructure that we have available in an efficient mannerWhat services are available? What can we do?Challenges?

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The Future is Bright There is a light in the end of the tunnel

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ASON connection management system consists of signaling plane, switch controller and SLC machine.

Signaling plane is the brain of ASON connection management system. It discovers the transport network topology including the available network resources (such as b/w) automatically or by pre-configuration. Upon a connection request, the signal plane will decide the connection path and inform switch controller to set-up the connection.

Switch controller is associated with each network element (OXC, ADM, ) or a group of NEs. It performs actual connection function (set-up, or tear-down connections) under the control of the signal plane. SLA machine is part of the switch controller function. It performs call administration control and billing function which off loads function from the signal plane

Four connection control interfaces are identified:UNI: The user network interface (UNI) is the interface between ASON control plane and a user such as a router, or an ATM switch, etc. A signal channel is required at this interface as a dialog channel between the user and ASON control plane for connection set up/tear down request.SCI: The signal control interface (SCI) is the interface between the connection control plane and the switch controller in a network element. The ASON signal control plane calculates the connection routes, and set up connection via switch controllers. Switch controller just execute the command from the ASON control plane. IaDI: The intra-domain interface is the interface between network elements in ASON control plane. NNI: The network network interface is the interface between ASON control planes in different administration domains. It allows the network to be partitioned into sub-networks; each sub-network is managed independently while still be able to set up end-to-end connections across multiple administration domains (sub-networks). The Optical Ethernet takes the application protocol (Native-rate Ethernet) and keeps it intact across the entire network. The limitations of TDM SONET are eliminated by dedicating SONET STS-n bandwidth to Ethernet Data applications. This allows bandwidth sharing as well as highly flexible service offerings.