Chapter 2Chapter 2

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Contents

• Auxiliary verbs: be, do and have.

• Simple present, present continuous, present perfect continuous and present perfect.

PART 1

A. Statements, Yes/No Questions, and Short Responses

With Do

Examples

Affirmative statementsWe study a lot.

Maria has a lot to do.

Negative statementsThey don’t study a lot.

He doesn’t have a lot to do.

Yes/No

questionsDo you study a lot?

Does she have a lot to do?

Possible

responsesYes, I do. No, I don’t.

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn’t

With Be, Have and Modal Auxiliaries

Examples

Affirmative statements We are studying.

Maria can help.

Tomas has left.

Negative statements They aren’t studying now.

Ming can’t help.

Ali hasn’t left.

Yes/No

questions Are you studying now?

Can Leah help?

Has Alfred left?

Possible responses

Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Yes, she can. No, she can’t.

Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t

B. Information Questions

Question word

Auxiliary verb

+ negative

Subject

When do

did

you have class?

you have class last semester?

Where will

are

have

had

you take classes?

you going to take classes?

you taken classes?

you taken classes before enrolling here?

Why are

weren’t

you late?

you on time yesterday?

Common Question Words

• how• how… like• how + adjective or adverb• what• what… be (look) like• what + noun• when• where• which + noun• who(m)• whose• why• why not

• asks about manner• asks for an opinion

• asks about things• asks for a description• asks for specific details• asks about time (specific or general)• asks about place• asks about a specific person, place....• asks about people• asks about ownership or possession• asks about reasons• gives suggestions

C. Information Questions about Subjects:Who, Whose, Which and What

Examples

Question

Response

Who teaches that class?

Dr. Johnson

Question

Response

Who teaches that class?

Dr. Johnson and two teaching assistants.

Question

Response

Whose class has a lot of reading?

Dr. Johnson’s class.

Question

Response

Which art class has the most work?

Which (one) has the most work?

Art 210.

Question

Response

What makes the class so difficult?

The amount of homework.

D. Negative Yes/No Questions. Negative Yes/No Questions

Examples

Asking for information

TEACHER: “You look confused. Didn’t you study?”

STUDENT: “Yes, I did, but I didn’t understand the homework.”

Showing surprise or anger

TEACHER: “This paper has a lot of misspelled words! Didn’t you use your dictionary to check the spellings?”

STUDENT: “No, I didn’t. I’m sorry.”

Expectations or beliefs.

PART 2

A. The Simple Present TenseA. The Simple Present TenseUSESUSES EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

FactsFacts Alan and Lu Alan and Lu are are professors at the professors at the university.university.

Alan Alan workworkss in the physics department in the physics department

Lu Lu teachteacheses music.music.

RoutinesRoutines Lu Lu hashas classes every day. classes every day.

Alan Alan doesn’t havedoesn’t have classes on Tuesdays or classes on Tuesdays or ThursdaysThursdays

OpinionsOpinions

Do they Do they enjoyenjoy their work? their work?

Lu eLu enjoynjoyss her classes very much.her classes very much.

Alan doesn’t like to teach.Alan doesn’t like to teach.

Reference of the futureReference of the future Next year, Alan Next year, Alan hashas a sabbatical. a sabbatical.

He He doesn’t teachdoesn’t teach next year. next year.

Adverbs Of Frequency And Other Time Adverbs Of Frequency And Other Time ExpressionsExpressions

Adverbs of FrequencyAdverbs of Frequency Other Time Other Time ExpressionsExpressions

AlwaysAlways

Almost alwaysAlmost always

Usually, normally, typically, Usually, normally, typically, commonly, generallycommonly, generally

Often, frequentlyOften, frequently

SometimesSometimes

OccasionallyOccasionally

SeldomSeldom

RarelyRarely

Hardly everHardly ever

Almost neverAlmost never

nevernever

……100 percent..100 percent..

……0 percent …0 percent …

Without failWithout fail

As a ruleAs a rule

On a regular basisOn a regular basis

By and largeBy and large

In generalIn general

At time, from time to At time, from time to timetime

On occasionOn occasion

(every) now and then(every) now and then

(every) now and again(every) now and again

Once in a (great) whileOnce in a (great) while

Placement of Adverbs of Frequency Placement of Adverbs of Frequency

ExamplesExamples

In Statements with One VerbIn Statements with One Verb We We usuallyusually go to the university on go to the university on Mondays.Mondays.

My roommate My roommate almost alwaysalmost always finishes finishes earlyearly

I I seldomseldom finish my work before 6:00 finish my work before 6:00

In Statements with Auxiliary In Statements with Auxiliary Verbs and BE as the Main Verbs and BE as the Main VerbVerb

Our classes are Our classes are generally generally interestinginteresting

I don’t I don’t alwaysalways enjoys them, however. enjoys them, however.

We have We have occasionally occasionally skipped classesskipped classes

In QuestionsIn Questions Are you Are you ever ever late for class?late for class?

Do you Do you usuallyusually get to class on time? get to class on time?

Longer Expressions with Longer Expressions with Verbs in All TenseVerbs in All Tense

As a ruleAs a rule, we get to the university early., we get to the university early.

I’m late I’m late every now and themevery now and them

C. The Present Continuous TenseC. The Present Continuous Tense

USESUSES EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

Activities at the Moment of Activities at the Moment of SpeakingSpeaking

Sandy Sandy is studyiis studyingng in the other room right in the other room right now.now.

Jim Jim is workis workinging on the computer. on the computer.

I’m proofreadI’m proofreading ing the report.the report.

Current ActivitiesCurrent Activities

Sandy Sandy is majoringis majoring in economics. in economics.

She She isn’t taking isn’t taking many courses this semester.many courses this semester.

ReferenceReference Sandy Sandy is not taking is not taking classes next semester.classes next semester.

she she isis going going to Europe instead to Europe instead

D. Verbs Not Normally Used in the D. Verbs Not Normally Used in the Continuous TenseContinuous Tense

Verbs of feeling or thoughtVerbs of feeling or thought Examples Examples

Appreciate BeAppreciate Be

Believe Believe ConsiderConsider

Dislike HateDislike Hate

Know LikeKnow Like

Love Love MeanMean

Mind MissMind Miss

Need PreferNeed Prefer

Recognize Recognize WantWant

RememberRemember

ThinkThink

UnderstandUnderstand

He He doesn’t understanddoesn’t understand the problem the problem

We We needneed to talk about it. to talk about it.

I I thinkthink that is a good idea that is a good idea

We We preferprefer to talk later. to talk later.

Compare:Compare:

We We have been consideringhave been considering another another possibilitypossibility

I I am Thinkingam Thinking about several other about several other possibilities now.possibilities now.

Verbs of Perception Verbs of Perception Examples Examples

ApperApper

HearHear

LookLook

SeeSee

SeemSeem

SmellSmell

SoundSound

tastetaste

This apple lThis apple looksooks good. good.

It It tastestastes delicious delicious

Compare:Compare:

I I am lookingam looking at the apple now. at the apple now.

I I am tastingam tasting the apple now the apple now

PART 3

A. The Present Perfect Continuous TenseThe Present Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense stresses the duration of an activity.

Examples Notes

How long have you been studying English?

I have been studying English for six years.

My brother has also been taking English since he was in high school.

Lately, he has been complaining about his classes.

for + a period of time

since + beggining time

all morning (day, week)

lately, so far, to date, up to now

How long…?

B. The Present Perfect TenseB. The Present Perfect Tense

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

With For, Since, and With For, Since, and Other Time Other Time ExpressionsExpressions

We’We’veve workedworked hard hard for for several weeks.several weeks.

I’I’veve studiedstudied a lot a lot sincesince the beginning of the beginning of the semester.the semester.

Our teacher Our teacher hasn’t taughthasn’t taught here here for for very very long.long.

With Verbs Not With Verbs Not Normally Used in the Normally Used in the Continuous TenseContinuous Tense

We We haven’t understoodhaven’t understood everything in everything in class.class.

The class The class has seemedhas seemed difficult. difficult.

The home wok The home wok has beenhas been complicated. complicated.

PRACTICEPRACTICE

1. Complete the following with present perfect continuous forms of the verbs in parentheses. Use contractions when possible. Mark all cases where both forms are possible and try to explain any differences in meaning between the two tenses. The first one is done as an example.

Dear Susan:

I’ ve meant or ‘ve been meaningve meant or ‘ve been meaning (mean) to write you for weeks, but I ______ (not/ have) much time! My classes _______ (seem) much more difficult this semester, and I__________ (be/not) able to do anything but study. I ____________ (consider) dropping one course, but so far I ___________________ (not/ decide) which one. To be honest, I______________________ (enjoy/really) all my classes up to now, and I __________________ (not/ mind) all the work. It’s funny… until now, I _________________ (hate/always) science courses, but this semester I__________________________ (begin) to change my mind. Physics class _________ (be) my best. We ____________ (study) Newtonian physics for the past few weeks and I ________ (learn) so many interesting things. How _______(go) things __________? I __________ (think) of you a lot. Please give my best to everyone.

Dear Susan:

I’ ve meant or ‘ve been meaningve meant or ‘ve been meaning (mean) to write you for weeks, but I ___PP____PP_ (not/ have) much time! My classes __PP____PP__ (seem) much more difficult this semester, and I____PP________PP____ (be/not) able to do anything by study. I _____PP__________PP_____ (consider) dropping one course, but so far I __PP_____PP___ (not/ decide) which one. To be honest, I__PP / __PP / PPC_PPC_ (enjoy/really) all my classes up to now, and I ___PP_______PP____ (not/ mind) all the work. It’s funny… until now, I ____PP_____PP____ (hate/always) science courses, but this semester I_____PP_____________PP________ (begin) to change my mind. Physics class ___PP_______PP____ (be) my best. We __PP / PPC___PP / PPC_ (study) Newtonian physics for the past few weeks and I __PP____PP__ (learn) so many interesting things. How _HAVE__HAVE_ (go) things _GONE_?_GONE_? I _PP / PPC__PP / PPC_ (think) of you a lot. Please give my best to everyone.