EC 321 RF & MICRO WAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – IMICROWAVE TUBES:Limitations of Conventional tubes at Microwave frequencies, Klystron: Velocity – modulation process. Bunching process, output power and beam loading, Multicavity Klystron amplifiers: beam current density, output current and output power of two cavity Klystron, reflex Klystron, Velocity modulation, Power output and efficiency.

Traveling Wave tubes, Microwave crossed field tubes: Cylindrical Magnetron, CFA and BWO (Qualitative analysis only).

UNIT – IIMICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS:Wave guide bends and twists, wave guide Tees, Tee junction parameters, fields and currents in tee junctions, theorems on Tee junctions, shunt or H-plane tee, series of E-plane Tee, Equivalent circuit of magic tee, applications of magic tee. Directional couplers, coupler parameters, directional couplers in use, applications of directional couplers, Ferrite Devices, Faraday Rotation Isolator, Circulator, Gyrator (elementary principles only), Attenuators, microwave resonators, rectangular and cylindrical cavity resonators.

UNIT – IIIMICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICESMicrowave tunnel diode, Avalanche transit time diodes: Read diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, GUNN effect diodes and modes of operation, Pin diodes, Varactor diodes, Crystal detectors.

UNIT-1VRF/MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS:SMALL -SIGNAL DESIGN

Introduction,Types of Amplifiers: Classes of Amplifiers based on Operating Point,Classes of Amplifiers based on signal level.

Small-Signal Amplifiers: Amplifier’s DC-Bias circuit design,Amplifier’s RF/MW circuit design.Design of different types of Amplifiers:Narrowband Amplifier(NBA) design, Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) design.

UNIT-V

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBREHistorical development, Elements of an Optical Fiber transmission link. Advantages of Optical Fibers, Applications of Optical Fiber, Ray Theory Transmission, Total internal reflection, Acceptance angle, Critical Angle, Numerical Aperture, Fiber types : Step Index, Graded Index : Modes of Propagation : single mode and multimode fibers, fiber materials, Fiber Fabrication

TEXT BOOKS

1. ML Sisodia and GS Raghuvamshi, Microwave Circuits and Passive Devices.

2. John M Senior – Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, PHI.

3. Mathew. R. Radmanesh, RF & Microwave Engineering,PHI-2001

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. RE Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, IEEE Press Series, 2003

2. RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications By Ulrich L.Rohde,David P.Newkirk

EC 322 LINEAR ICs & APPLICATIONS

UNIT – IOPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS:

Differential amplifier: Introduction, cascade Differential amplifier stages, level translators. Block diagram of Operational Amplifier, Ideal and practical Op-amp specifications, DC & AC characteristics, 741 Op-amp and its features, FET input.

Op-Amp parameters, Input offset voltage and current, Input bias current, CMRR Frequency compensation, Slew rate and methods of improving slew rate. Negative feedback concept in Op Amps- Voltage series and shunt feedback amplifiers and their analysis, Cascaded M Op-Amps.

UNIT – IIOP-AMP APPLICATIONS:Linear Applications: The summing amplifier, Difference and instrumentation amplifiers, Voltage to current and current to voltage conversion, Differentiators and integrators.Non Linear Applications: Comparators: Introduction, Zero-crossing detector, Schmitt Trigger, Comparator characteristics, Limitations of Op-Amps as comparators, voltage limiters, Window detector, Log and Antilog amplifiers, Precision rectifiers.

UNIT – IIIDC Amplifiers: Drift in amplifiers, Difference amplifier, Chopper stabilization, FET as a chopperUNIT – IVCLIPPERS, CLAMPERS & CONVERTERS

Clippers and Clampers, Peak detector, Sample and hold circuit. D/A conversion fundamentals, Weighted resistor summing D/A Converter, R-2R Ladder D/A converter and IC 1408 DAC. A/D conversion:, Parallel A/D converters, Ramp converters, Successive Approximation A/D converters, Dual slope converters, Tracking A/D converters, DAC & ADC Specifications.

UNIT – VAPPLICATIONS OF SPECIAL ICSThe 555 timer, 555 as Monostable and Astable Multivibrator and applications. Phase Locked Loops, Operating principles, Monolithic PLLs, 565 PLL applications- frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, PM and FSK demodulators, Balance modulator, A 723 Voltage Regulator and its design.

ANALOG MULTIPLIERSAnalysis of four quadrant multiplier (Gilbert cell) and variable transconductance multipliers, Applications of analog switches & multiplexers.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Rama Kant A. Gayakwad – Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, ,PHI, 1987

2.D.Roy and Chowdhury, shail B.Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, 2nd edition,new

Age international,2003.

REFERENCES:

1. Operational amplifiers and Integrated Circuits – RF Coughlin and Fredrick

Driscoll, Pearson education, 6th edition.

2. Integrated Circuits - K. R. Botkar – Khanna Publishers- 1996.

3. Operational amplifiers and Integrated Circuits – William D Stanely, Pearson

Education, 2004.

EC323 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT-IDFT AND FFTIntroduction to DFT – Efficient computation of DFT properties of DFT- FFT algorithms – Radix-2 FFT algorithms – Recimation in Time – Decimation infrequency algorithms – Use of FFT algorithms in Linear Filters and correlation.

UNIT-IIFIR FILTER DESIGNAmplitude and phase responses of FIR filters – Linear phase filters – Windowing techniques for design of Linear phase FIR filters – Rectangular, Hamming, Hanning, Blackman, Kaiser windows – Frequency sampling techniques – Design of FIR differentiator – Design of Hilbert Transformer.

UNIT-IIIIIR FILTER DESIGN IIR Filters – Magnitude response – IIR filter design by Bilinear transformation – IIR filter design by impulse invariant transformation – Design of Low Pass Butterworth filters – Design of Low pass Chebyshev filters – Frequency Transformation in the Digital Domain.

UNIT – IVPOWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATIONComputation of Energy density spectrum – auto correlation and power spectrum of random signals periodogram – use of DFT in power spectrum estimation – Non parametric methods for power spectral estimation: Bartlett and Weloh methods – Blackman and Tukey method.

UNIT VDIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORSIntroduction to DSP architecture – Harvard architecture – Dedicated MAC unit – Multiple ALIs, Advanced addressing modes, Pipelining, Overview of instruction set of TMS320C5X and C54X.

TEXT BOOKS:1. John G. Proakis, Dimtris G Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and    Applications, Pearson Education, 2000.2. B. Venkarataramani & M Bhaskar Digital Signal Processor Architecture, Programming and Application, TMH 2002, (UNIT – V)REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Alan V Oppenherim, Ronald W Schafer, John R Back, Discrete Time Signal Processing, Pearson Education, 2nd Edition 2000.

2. Emmanuel C Ifeachor, Digital Signal Processing, Pearson Education, 2nd Edition.

3. Avtar Singh, S Srinivasan DSP Implementation using DSP microprocessor with examples from TMS32C54XX - Thamson / Brooks cole Publishers, 2003.

EC324 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT-1

PULSE MODULATION: Quantization Process, Quantization Noise, Pulse Code Modulation: Encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, DELTA MODULATION: Its draw backs, Adaptive delta modulation, comparison of PCM and DM systems, noise in PCM and DM system, Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM).

BASE BAND PULSE TRANSMISSION: Matched filter, Properties, Intersymbol interference, Correlative level coding, Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less base band binary transmission, Ideal Nyquist channel, Raised cosine spectrum, Duo binary signaling, Modified Duo binary signaling.

UNIT-II

DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES: Introduction, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, ASK, FSK,

DIGITAL PASSBAND TRANSMISSION: Introduction, Pass band transmission model, Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, Geometric interpretation of signals, Coherent detection of signals in noise, Probability of error, Correlation receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase: Coherent BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Non Coherent BFSK, DPSK.

UNIT-III

INFORMATION THEORY:Uncertainty, Information, Entropy, Properties of Entropy, Source Coding Theorem, Shannon-Fano Coding, Huffman Coding, Discrete Memory less channels, Mutual information, Properties, Channel capacity, Channel coding theorem, Differential entropy and mutual information for continuous ensembles, Information capacity theorem.

UNIT IV

LINEAR BLOCK CODES: Introduction, Matrix description of linear block codes, Error detection and error correction capabilities of linear block codes, Hamming Codes, Binary Cyclic Codes, Algebraic structure, encoding, syndrome calculation, BCH Codes.

UNIT V

CONVOLUTION CODES: Introduction, encoding of convolution codes, time domain approach, transform domain approach, Graphical approach, tree and trellis diagram decoding using Viterbi algorithm

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Taub and Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, 2nd Edition, TMH, 19862. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2001

REFERENCES

1. Leon W Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Pearson, 20042. B.P Lathi, Modern Analog and Digital Communication, 3rd edition, Oxford Press.3. John G. Proakis& Masoud Salehi, Communications System Engineering, 2nd edition, Pearson education4. Robert H Morelos-zaragoza, “The Art of Error connecting coding, John Wiley & Sons.

EC325 TV & SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Unit-IMONOCHROME TELEVISION: Basic Television system, Vision characteristics and scanning systems, composite video signal and Television standards.Television Cameras: Image Orthicon, Vidicon, Plumbicon, Silicon diode array Vidicon, Comparison of TV Camera tubes.Block diagram of Broad Cost T V Transmitter, T V Receiver.

Unit-IICOLOR TELEVISION: Color fundamentals, Compatibility, Color TV Cameras, Color TV Receiver Picture tubes, Trigun, PIL and Trinitron, Color TV transmission and Reception, NTSC and PAL systems, Cable television. Digital TV, DTH.

UNIT - IIIINTRODUCTION AND ORBITAL ASPECTS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS:A brief history of Satellite Communications, Types of Orbits, Keplers laws of planetary motion, Locating the satellite in the orbit, Locating the Satellite with respect to the Earth, Orbital elements, Look angle determination, Orbital perturbations, launch and launch vehicles, Orbital effects in Communication System performance.SPACE CRAFT:Introduction, Space craft Sub systems, attitude and Orbit Control system, Telemetry, tracking and command, Power Systems, Communication Subsystems, Spacecraft antennas.

UNIT - IVMULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES:FDM / FM Satellite Systems, FDMA: SPADE DAMA Satellite System, TDMA CEPT primary Multiplex frame, CDMA: Encoder, decoder, Comparison between CDMA, FDMA & TDMA.SATELLITE LINK DESIGN:Basic transmission theory, System noise temperature and G / T ratio. Design of uplink and down link models, Design of Satellite links for specified C / N ratio.

UNIT - VSPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES:PN Sequences, Notion of Spread Spectrum, DSSS: DSSS with CBPSK, Processing gain, Probability of error, Acquisition and tracking, FHSS: Slow frequency hopping, Fast frequency hopping. Acquisition and tracking, Practical Jammer types, THSS

TEXT BOOKS:

1. R R Gulati., Monochrome and Color Television , 2nd edition, New Age

International

2. T Pratt and W Bostain, Satellite Communications, 2nd Edition, John

Wiley, 2003

3. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, John Wiley &

Sons, 2004

REFERENCE:

1. AM Dhake, Television and Video Engineering, 2nd Edition, TMH.

2. D C Agarwal, Satellite Communications, Khanna Publishers, 2003.

3. Robert M Gagliardi, Satellite Communications, DTS Publishers Ltd.

EC326 SOFT WARE ENGINEERING

UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:The Evolving role of Software, Software, The changing Nature of software, Legacy software, software myths.A GENERIC VIEW OF PROCESS:Software Engineering – A Layered Technology, A Process framework, The CMMI, Process patterns, Process Assessment, Personal and Team Process Models, Process Technology, Product and Process.PROCESS MODELS:Prescriptive models, The waterfall model, Incremental process models, Evolutionary models, Specialized process models, The unified process. AN AGILE VIEW OF PROCESS:What is Agility? What is an agile process?, Agile process models.

UNIT – II

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PRACTIVE:Software Engineering Practice, Communication Practices, Planning practices, Modeling practices, Construction practice, Deployment.SYSTEM ENGINEERING:Computer-based systems, the system engineering hierarchy, Business process engineering: An overview, product engineering: An overview, System modeling.REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING:A Bridge to Design and construction, Requirements Engineering Tasks, Initiating the Requirements Engineering Process, Eliciting Requirements, Developing Use-cases, Building the Analysis model, Negotiating Requirements, Validating Requirements.BUILDING THE ANALYSIS MODEL:Requirements analysis, Analysis modeling approaches, Data modeling concepts, Flow –oriented modeling, Creating a behavioral model.

UNIT – III

DESIGN ENGINEERING: Design within the context of software engineering, Design process and Design quality, Design concepts, the design model, pattern-based software design.CREATING AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:Software architecture, Data Design, Architectural Styles and patterns, Architectural Design, Assessing Alternative architectural designs, Mapping Data Flow into software architecture.MODELING COMPONENT – LEVEL DESIGN:What is a component? Designing class – based components, conducting components-level design, Designing conventional components.PERFORMING USER INTERFACE DESIGN:

The golden rules, user interface analysis and design, Interface analysis, Interface design steps, Design evaluation.

UNIT – IV

TESTING STRATEGIES:A strategic approach to software testing, strategic issues, test strategies for conventional software, test strategies for object-oriented software.TESTING TACTICS:Software testing fundamentals, Black-box and white-box testing, white-box testing, Basis path Testing, Control structure testing, Black-box testing, Object-Oriented testing methods, Testing methods applicable at the class level, interclass test case design, Testing for specialized environments, Architectures and applications, Testing patterns

UNIT-V

PRODUCT METRICS:Software quality, A framework for product metrics, Metrics for the analysis model, Metrics for the Design model, Metrics for source code, Metrics for testing, Metrics for maintenance.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Roger S Pressmen, ‘Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s

Approach’, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill International.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering’, Sixth Edition, Pearson

Education.

2. Carlo Ghezi, Mehdi Jazayeri, Dino Mandrioli, ‘Fundamentals of

Software Engineering’, Second Edition, PHI.

3. Rajib Mall, ‘Fundamentals of Software Engineering’, Second Edition,

Pearson Education. .

EC 341 IC APPLICATIONS LAB

1. Measurement of Op-amp Parameters

1. Applications of Op-amp (Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator)

2. Instrumentation amplifier using Op-Amp

3. Waveform Generation using Op-amp(Square, Triangular)

4. Design of Active Filters (LPF&HPF-First Order)

5. Application of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable, Schmitt Trigger)

6. PLL using 556

7. Design of IC regulator using 723

8. Design of VCO using 566

9. D-A converter (R-2R Ladder)

10.Applications of Op-amp (Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator)

11.Waveform Generation using Op-amp (Square, Triangular)

12.Design and verification of Schmitt trigger (using IC741)

13.Design of Active Filters (LPF&HPF-First Order)

14.Design and verification of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable)

15.PLL using 556

16.Design of IC regulator using 723

17.Design of VCO using 566

18.D-Aconverter(R-2RLadder)

EC342 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

PART A:

DSP Experiments using MATLAB / DSP Processors / Labview:

1. Solution of difference equation

2. Evaluation of DFT of 8 samples sequence using DIT algorithm

3. Evaluation of DFT of 16 samples sequence using DIT algorithm

4. Evaluation of DFT and IDFT of 8 samples sequence using DIF

algorithm

5. Design of IIR Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method

6. Design of IIR Butterworth filter using Bilinear transformation

7. Design of IIR Chebysheb-1 filter using Bilinear transformation

8. Design of IIR Elliptic filter using Bilinear transformation

9. Design of FIR filter using different windowing techniques

10.DFT analysis of noise corrupted signal.

11.Circular convolution

12. Implementation of multirate signal processing techniques

13. Implementation of Spectral analysis of periodogram Method

EC 343 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

HARDWARE

1. Carrier modulation techniques. (ASK, PSK, FSK)2. Analog sampling and reconstruction techniques.3. Generation and detection of TDM.4. Generation and Detection of PCM5. Pulse modulation and demodulation techniques6. Delta Modulation and Demodulation.

SOFTWARE

1. PCM with sampling, Uniform quantization & Unipolas Rz encoding.2. PCM with sampling, A - law encoding.3. PCM with sampling, Microprocessor -law encoding.4. S/N for PCM Microprocessor -law encoding.5. Simulation of delta modulation.6. Linear delta modulation for sinewave.7. Simulation of adaptive delta modulation.8. Simulation of sigma delta modulation.9. Simulation of PSK10.Simulation of FSK11.Simulation of DPCM.

EC 344 MINI PROJECT

EC 345 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING