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BLOOD GROUP & BLOODTYPES
DGN 111/2MAS NOR SALONI BT IBRAHIM
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OBJECTIVES
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups
Explain the important to match donor andrecipient blood types before transfusion
Describe the complications due to bloodreaction
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INTRODUCTION
If large quantities of blood are lost duringsurgery or in an accident, the patient can go intoshock and die unless a transfusion or infusion is
performed. Transfusion reactions include clumping of blood
cells, rupture of blood cell and clotting within ablood vessels possibly occur
Transfusion reaction occur due to interactionbetween antigens and antibodies.
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HISTORY
Karl
landsteiner 1868-1943
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DEFINITION Blood group or blood types is a description an
individuals characteristics of red blood cells. Two most important classifications to describe
blood group in humans are ABO and Rh factor Compatibility - capable of being mixed without
undergoing destructive chemical change.
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Cont..
Antigen Any substance ; coming in contact with
appropriate cell, induce state of sensitivityand/or immune responsiveness in a latentperiod.
Antibody
Protein produced in response to an antigen.Y shape molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains.
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Gambar alleles
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Antibody
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CHARACTERISTIC OF ABOBLOOD TYPES
Type A blood - red blood cell with antigen A ontheir surface and produce antibodies againstantigen B in their blood serum
Type B - red blood cell with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen
A in their blood serum Type AB -with both antigens A and B, not
produce antibodies against either substance in
their serum Type O , red blood cell with neither antigen, butproduce antibodies against both types of antigens.
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BLOOD GROUP
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Frequency of blood types
Types FrequencySubpopulation FrequencyMalaysia0+ 38%0- 3%
62%
A+ 34%A- 6%
18%
B+ 9%B- 2% 20%
AB+ 3%
AB- 1%0%
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BLOOD COMPATIBILITY Blood group AB - can receive blood from any
group, can donate blood only for AB( Universal recipient)
Blood group B - can received blood from Band O only and donate to AB or B.
Blood group A - can received blood from Aand O only and donate to AB or A.
O blood - can receive blood only from Ogroup, can donate blood to A, B, AB and O(universal donor)
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Blood compatibility chart
DonorRecipient
O- O+ B- B+ A- A+ AB- AB+ AB+ X X X X X X X X
AB- X X X X A+ X X X X A- X X
B+ X X X XB- X XO+ X XO- X
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INHERITANCE Blood group are inherited from both
parents. ABO blood type is controlled by a single
gene with 3 allelesie ; i, A & B
A & B agglutinogen appear during 6 th month
of fetal life. Agglutinin produce after birth---most IgM &IgG
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Rh blood group
Rh factor or Rhesus factor Rh factor is an antigen present in red
blood cell Many Rh antigens but the D more
antigenic Rh positive-having antigen D Rh negative- without antigen D Often combine with ABO type
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Cont..
Among Asian-85% Rh positive Rh positive can receive Rh negative blood
without risk. If Rh negative expose to the Rh positive
for the first time, anti D is formed.
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INHERITANCE
Inherited on one locus with two alleles Rh + is dominant, Rh - is recessive
The gene code for polypeptide on the redcell membrane
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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE1.Blood transfusion-transfused own blood to minimize transfusion
reaction-blood cross - matching to check for agglutination.
ABO mismatched leads to:i. Jaundiceii. Cardiac shock
iii. Renal shut down
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CONT..
2.Hemolytic disease for newborn (HDN)-After 2nd pregnancy , antibodies develop
against the Rh + red blood cell,
hemolyses will occur Rh mismatched leads to:i. Erythroblastosis fetalis
ii. Hydrops fetalisiii. Kernicterus
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MISMATCHED TRANSFUSION
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AGGGLUTINATION
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BLOOD TYPING
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CONCLUSION ABO and Rh are important and major blood system. There are some other systems used to
classified the blood group ie Lewis bloodgroup, MNS blood group, Diego bloodgroup etc.
There are some complications due to
blood incompatibility. Nurses play a major role to reduce or
prevent the blood complications
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Thank you!