31 st TVA Scientific Conference

Enhancing improved Animal productivity through quality

Disease Surveillance and response system

Book of Abstracts

31st TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

31ST TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE: 3-5 Dec 2013. AICC, Arusha, Tanzania

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Tanzania VeTerinary aSSOCiaTiOn

© Tanzania Veterinary Association 2013


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ContEntSPREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................9

COMMITTEES ........................................................................................................................................................10

TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COSTECH) ..................................................... 11

PROGRAMME ........................................................................................................................................................12

ABSTRACTS IN THE RESERVE LIST ...................................................................................................................16

PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN FAECAL INDICATOR ORGANISMS FROM BUFFALO, WILDEBEEST, ZEBRA AND CATTLE GRAZING WITH UNGULATES IN TANZANIAAbdul Katakweba, Karen Skov Moeller, Amandus Muhairwa, Peter Pandoro Damborg, Jesper Tjørnhøj Rosenkranzt, John Elmerdahl Olsen and Madundo Mtambo...................................17

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTINOCICEPTIVE POTENTIALS OF THE ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA.Adeolu A. Adedapo, Bisi O. Adeoye and Ademola A. Oyagbemi ...........................................18

SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLA INFECTIONS IN DOMESTIC RUMINANTS FROM KATAVI ECOSYSTEM, TANZANIAJustine A. Assenga, Lucas E. Matembaand Rudovick R. Kazwala .......................................19

EFFECT OF VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION ON IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS VACCINE IN SCAVENGING VILLAGE CHICKENSBarnabas, E, Mubila L.,Maselle, R.M., Muhairwa, A.P, Msoffe, P.L.M2, and Lusekelo, M5. .20

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY WEIGHT ATTAINMENT IN CALVES ON SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMS IN TANZANIAJelly S. Chang’a, Torleiv Løken, Robinson H. Mdegela and Olav Reksen .............................21

A JOINT VETERINARY-MEDICAL APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF ONE HEALTH CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Chris Daborn, Henry Magwisha and Bedan Masuruli ............................................................22

THE PREVALENCE OF PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS AND RISK FACTORS FOR TAENIASIS IN IRINGA RURAL DISTRICTColethaYohana, Mwita Chacha and Gamba Nkwengulila ......................................................23


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MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS AND DISCRIMINATION OF CIRCULATING AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS DURING THE 2013 OUTBREAK IN NORTHERN TANZANIA4David E. Kwavi, Michael J. Madege, Mariam Makange, Tebogo Kgotlele, Fortunate Shija and Gerald Misinzo........................................................................................................................24

FACTORS AFFECTING MILK QUALITY ALONG THE MILK VALUE CHAIN IN KILOSA DSTRICT, TANZANIAP.L. Gallet and E.D. Karimuribo ..............................................................................................25

AN INVESTIGATION OF METHODS USED TO CREATE A LIVESTOCK DISEASE FREE ZONE.Gelly .S. Chikuni .....................................................................................................................26

TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOVEL TRANSMISSION ROUTES IN RURAL TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE IRINGA RURAL DISTRICTGoodluck Paul, Woutrina Miller, Joseph Malakalinga, Kenneth Byashalila, Annette Roug, Deana Clifford, Esther Ngadaya, Sayoki Mfinanga, Elizabeth Wellington, Midori Kato Maeda, Phil Hopewell and Rudovick Kazwala ....................................................................................27

STUDIES OF RESERVOIRS AND VECTORS OF PLAGUE IN NORTHEASTERN, TANZANIA ............ 1Haule, M., Lyamuya, E.F., Matee, M.I., Kilonzo, B.S. and Hang’ombe, B.M. ..........................................28

COMPARING THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION TO NATURAL SERVICE, ASSOCIATED CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SMALLHOLDER DAIRY HERDS IN TANZANIA AND RWANDAKanuya*, N.L., Mlangwa, J.E.D., Musahara, H., Shoo, J.E,Barongo, A. and Uwimana,G. ....29

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATED DAIRY COWS UNDER SMALLHOLDER PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN SELECTED AREAS OF RWANDA AND TANZANIAKanuya, N.L., Shoo, J.E., Barongo, A., Mtera, Y., Mshana, J. and Basile, M. .......................................................30

SEROPREVALENCE OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS IN SMALL RUMINANTS IN TANZANIATebogo Kgotlele, Christopher J. Kasanga, Lughano J.M. Kusiluka, Niwael Mtui-Malamsha, Peter Njau and Gerald Misinzo,* ............................................................................................31

EVALUATION OF TANZANIA’S NATIONAL NOTIFIABLE ANIMAL DISEASES SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMKimaro, E.G., Kivaria, F. M., Karimuribo, E.D., Mor, S. and Toribio (Lee), J..........................32

WHY HAS RABIES REMAINED ENDEMIC IN KILOSA SINCE THE LATE 70S Kipanyula, M.J., Mdegela, R.H., Nonga, H.E. and Batamuzi, E.K..........................................33


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THE ROLE OF PERMANENT MONITORING OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS OF LIVESTOCK AT LITA TENGERUKlockiewicz Maciej, Mikidadi Rashidi, Kavishe Michael and Długosz Ewa ............................34

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER ISOLATED FROM CHICKENS AND HUMANS IN TANZANIAErick V. G. Komba1, Robinson H. Mdegela, Peter L. M. Msoffe and Hanne Ingmer .............35

TICK BURDEN AND PREVALENCE OF THEILERIA PARVA INFECTION IN TARIME CATTLE POPULATION OF NORTH -WESTERN TANZANIAEmmanuel K. Laisser, Maulilio J. Kipanyula, George Msalya, Robinson H. Mdegela, Esron D. Karimuribo, Jeremiah M. Kusiluka, Sebastian W. Chenyambuga ..........................................36

MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER: A FIELD TRIAL OF A NOVEL VACCINE STRATEGY AND AN ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE DISEASE, AND ITS CONTROL, ON PASTORALIST LIVELIHOODSLankester, F., Russell. G, Haig, D., Kazwala, R., ole Naisele, M., Lugelo, A. and Cleaveland, S. ............................................................................................................................................37

THE BURDEN OF RABIES IN TANZANIA AND ITS IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITIESMaganga Sambo, Sarah Cleaveland, Heather Ferguson, Tiziana Lembo, Cleophas Simon, Honorati Urassa, Katie Hampson ...........................................................................................38

RISKS FACTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOUR IN SELECTED REGIONS OF TANZANIAG.Z. Magoke, J.A. Matovelo and R.B. Matondo .....................................................................39

IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOUR AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS OF DOG SKINS FROM SELECTED REGIONS OF TANZANIAG.Z. Magoke, J.A. Matovelo and R.B. Matondo .....................................................................40

CONFIMATION OF CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS OUTBREAK IN KIHANSI SPRAY TOADS AT THE KIHANSI CAPTVE BREEDING FACILITYMariam Makange, Neema Kulaya, Emiliana Biseko1, Parson Kaleng, Severinus Mutagwaba2and Gerald Misinzo ............................................................................................41

NON TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA INFECTIONS IN KATAVI RUKWA ECOSYSTEMSZ.E. Makondo, R.S. Mwakapuja, J. Malakalinga, R.R. Kazwala, I. Moser and M. Tanner .....42


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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ABDOMINAL ANATOMY OF HEALTHY CAPTIVE CARACALS (CARACAL CARACAL)Modesta Makungu, Wencke du Plessis, Michelle Barrows Katja N. Koeppel and Herman Groenewald ............................................................................................................................ 43

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUALITY TRAINING, CONTINOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND VETERINARY SERVICES DELIVERYBedan Masurul .......................................................................................................................44

SEROPREVALENCE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN THE WILDLIFE-LIVESTOCK INTERFACE AND NON INTERFACE AREAS OF TANZANIADaniel Mdetele, Christopher Kassanga and Kim Kayunze .....................................................45

BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS PREVALENCE, FARMERS’ AWARENESS, PRACTICES AND ANIMAL HEALTH EXTENSION SERVICES IN MPWAPWA DISTRICT6Mengele, I.J, Makondo, Z.E and Anna Msenduki ...................................................................46

SEROIMMUNE RESPONSES TO STRATEGIC VACCINATION IN CHICKENS AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE USING COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE VACCINESMengele, I. J and Msoffe, P. L. M ...........................................................................................47

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF OUTBREAK AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS BETWEEN 2001 AND 2013 IN TANZANIAGerald Misinzo........................................................................................................................48

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS DURING THE 2011 OUTBREAK IN TANDAHIMBA,TANZANIAGerald Misinzo, Tebogo Kgotlele, Epaphras A. Muse, Jan Van Doorsselaere, Mikael Berg, and Muhammad Munir...................................................................................................................49

AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED ONE HEALTH ACTIVITIES AT NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINEJareca Giles, Morika Williams and Peter Cowen ....................................................................50

EVALUATION OF SEROLOGICAL TESTS FOR BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIGENOUS CATTLE AND BUFFALO IN MIKUMI-SELOUS ECOSYSTEM, EASTERN TANZANIAR. S. Mwakapuja, Z. E. Makondo, I. Nassoro, I. Moser, R. R. Kazwala, and M. Tanner. .......51


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THE EXTENT OF HUMAN (NEURO) CYSTICERCOSIS AND EPILEPSY IN MBULU DISTRICT, TANZANIABeda John Mwang’onde; Mwita Chacha; Gamba Nkwengulila ..............................................52

PIG KEEPERS PERCEPTION ON SOCIO-ECONOMICAL LOSSES CAUSED BY AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY MBEYA REGIONSolomon Wilson Nong’ona, M.J. Kipanyula, and Philip Mwaisobwa ......................................53

TREMATODE INFECTIONS IN CATTLE AT INCREASING ALTITUDE IN IRINGA RURAL DISTRICT: SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS, TANZANIANzalawahe J., Kassuku A.A. , Russels S., Coles G. and Mark E. ..........................................54

MICROBIAL PREVALENCE AND SAFETY ON USE OF LOW QUALITY WATER FOR VEGETABLES PRODUCTION IN URBAN MOROGORO, TANZANIAOfred Jonas Mhongole, Yrja Lisa Linderberg, Robinson Mdegela and Anders Dalsgaard ....55

LEECHES AS IMPORTANT WATER-BORNE PARASITES OF CATTLE IN TANZANIA: SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGSSilayo, RS, Rigita, JM, Athumani, PC, Kimbita, EN and Mpanduji, DG ................................56

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CATTLE PROTOZOAN AND RICKETTSIAL VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN DAR ES SALAAMRukambile, E.J, Ngovi, C.J., Kamnde, R.R, Magwisha, H.B, Chang’a, J.S and Msami, H.M ...................................................................................................................................................57

DETERMINATION OF RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN MILK AND IDENTIFICATION OF PRESENCE OF SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ALONG DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN TANGAFortunate Shija, Hezron Nonga, Lusato R Kurwijila, Kristine Rosel , Delia Grace and Gerald Misinzo ...................................................................................................................................58

STRENGTHENING RURAL LIVELIHOODS THROUGH IMPROVING VILLAGE POULTRY PRODUCTION BY CONTROLLING NEWCASTLE DISEASE: SINGIDA NEWCASTLE DISEASE CONTROL MODELG. Shirima. H. Msami, E. Yesse, R. Mtilimbania ....................................................................59

ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND INFORMATION IN TANZANIA: WHY UNDER- PERFORMING?E.S. Swai ..............................................................................................................................60


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SMART WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE AS A TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING EMERGING POTENTIAL VIRAL PATHOGENS IN DIVERSE ECOSYSTEMS OF TANZANIA WITH SIGNIFICANT HUMAN-WILDLIFE INTERACTIONSZikankuba Sijali, Ruth Maganga, Liz VanWormer, David Wolking, Tracey Goldstein, Brett Smith, Rudovick Kazwala, Jonna Mazet ................................................................................61

OCCURRENCE OF TICKS AND HAEMOPARASITES OF CATTLE IN THE NEW PASTORAL FARMING AREAS IN RUFIJI DISTRICT, TANZANIAK. A. Mamiro, H. B. Magwisha, I. Malele, E. J. Rukambile, M. Ruheta and J. Kimboka ........62

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT SURROUNDING THE USE OF LOW QUALITY WATER IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS IN TANZANIASuzana Samson, James E. Mlangwa, Robinson H. Mdegela, Christoper Mahonge and Anders Permin ....................................................................................................................................63

MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF YERSINIA PESTIS IN MBULU AND KARATU DISTRICTS NORTH-EASTERN TANZANIAMichael H. Ziwa, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, Eligius Lyamuya, Bukheti S. Kilonzo, Edgar Simulundu, Mecky I. Matee ....................................................................................................64

DETERMINATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN BEEF BY HPLC UV DETECTOR IN KILOSA DISTRICT, TANZANIAZ. I. Kimera, R. H. Mdegela, C.J.N. Mhaiki, E. D. Karimuribo, F. Mabiki, and J. Mwesongo. .65


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PREFACE

Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) organises her scientific conferences every year with the goal of bringing together veterinarians and allied professionals from within and outside Tanzania. The main theme of this year’s TVA Scientific Conference is “Enhancing Improved Animal Productivity through Quality Disease Surveillance and Response Systems “ with the following sub-themes: (i) Neglected Endemic Diseases and their influence on livelihoods of the resource-poor (ii) The Animal Health Delivery System and its influence on Disease Surveillance and Control in Tanzania (iii) The Value of One Health Approaches in Infectious Disease Detection and Control, and (iv) Impact of Diseases on Regional and International Trade. About fifty (50) scientific presentations (oral and poster) will be made during the three days of the 31st TVA Conference focusing on the main theme and sub-themes above. The TVA compiled and produced this Book of Abstracts to provide a summary of presentations so that conference participants can follow such presentations easily. It is expected that you will find this book useful during and after the 31st TVA conference as an important reference material for you. We thank various individuals, institutions and organisations which supported production of this book. We look forwards to your continued commitment and support to TVA scientific conferences.

Prof Dominic Mukama Kambarage

Chairman, TVA

DisclaimerInformation contained in the abstracts and advertisements in this book belongs to the authors. It does not necessarily represent or suggest endorsement by the Tanzania Veterinary Association.


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CoMMIttEES

TANZANIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EXCO) OFFICIALS

Chairman Prof Dominic M. KambarageVice Chairman Prof Joshua J. MalagoHonorary Secretary Dr Henry B. MagwishaTreasurer Niwaeli J. Mtui-MalamshaImmediate Past Chairman Prof Rudovick R. KazwalaOrdinary Member Dr Michael MadegeOrdinary Member Dr Anastazia JulianOrdinary Member Dr Hamza Mwamhehe

CO-OPTED MEMBERSRegistrar of Veterinary Council of Tanzania Dr Theresa Ponella-MlelwaCommonwealth Veterinary Association Councillor Dr Bedan Masuruli

Assistant Secretary Dr Helena A. NgowiTanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) Editor Prof Esron D. KarimuriboTVJ Assistant Editor Dr Fredrick M. KivariaCirculation Manager Dr Pastory Dulla

Zonal Representatives East, Central, Northern, Lake, Western, Southern Highlands & Southern

The 31st TVA SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ORGANISING COMMITEESCOMMITTEE MEMBERS

1. Scientific Committee

1. Prof Esron D. Karimuribo (Chair)2. Dr Fredrick Kivaria3. Dr Solomon Nong’ona4. Dr Gabriel M. Shirima

2. Fund Raising Committee1. Prof Joshua Malago (Chair)2. Dr Niwael Mtui-Malamsha3. Prof Philemon Wambura

3. Exhibition Committee

1. Dr Pastory Dulla (Chair)2. Dr Michael Madege3. Mr. Salim Mselem 4. Dr Yusuf Sinare5. Mr E. Massawe


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tAnZAnIA CoMMISSIon FoR SCIEnCE AnD tECHnoLoGY (CoStECH)

VISION

A prime driver of science, technology and innovation for sustainable development

MISSION

To foster knowledge-based economy through promotion, coordination of research, technology development and innovation for sustainable development in Tanzania

TVA recognizes the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) for valuable support during production of this book of abstracts for 31st TVA Conference.


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SCIENTIFIC SESSION I: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr H Mbile

14:00-14:30 Key Note Paper 1: The Role of One Health in Combating infectious Diseases RR Kazwala

14:30-15:00 Key Note Paper 2: Strategies towards improving access of live animal and animal products to regional and international markets PZ Njau/Njombe

15:00-15:30 Key Note Paper 3: Interventions required to reduce economic impacts of Neglected and Endemic Diseases

GR Nsengwa/MR Ruheta

15:30-16:00 Key Note Paper 4: Quality Assurance Schemes in Improving Livestock Sector DM Kambarage

16:00-16:30 DISCUSSION

16:30-16:45 HEALTH BREAK ALL

SCIENTIFIC SESSION II: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr WC Mleche / Dr Michael Madege

16:45-17:00 Pig keepers’ perceptions on socio-economic losses caused by African Swine fever: A case study in Mbeya region S Nong’ona et al.

17:00-17:15 Molecular characterization of outbreak of ASFv between 2001 and 2013 in Tanzania G Misinzo

17:15-17:30 Molecular diagnosis and discrimination of circulating ASFv during the 2013 outbreak in Northern Tanzania DE Kwavi et al.

17:30-17:45 Molecular characterization of PPRv during the 2011 outbreak in Tandahimba, Tanzania G Misinzo et al.

17:45-18:00 Seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Tanzania T Kgotlete et al.

DAY 1: Tuesday 3rd December 2013 CONFERENCE OPENING SESSION: MBAYUWAYU CHAIR: Dr PZ Njau 08:00-08:45 Registration ALL08:45-09:00 Participants and invited guests seated ALL09:00-09:05 Welcoming Remarks TVA Chairman09:05-09:10 Invitation of the Guest of Honour09:10-09:45 Guest of Honour to Address Conference Participants Guest of Honour09:45-09:55 Official Launch of TVA Website Guest of Honour09:55-10:00 Vote of thanks10:00-10:15 Group Photo Guest of Honour & Participants10:15-10:45 HEALTH BREAK ALL10:45-12:30 Tour of Exhibition Pavilions Guest of Honour & Participants12:30-14:00 LUNCH ALL

PRoGRAMME


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18:00-18:15 Tuberculosis epidemiology and novel transmission routes in rural Tanzania: A case study of the Iringa Rural district G Paul et al.

18:15-18:30 DISCUSSION

19:30 Onwards LAPROVET - SPONSORED COCKTAIL PARTY

DAY 2: Wednesday 4th December 201308:30-12:30 Annual General Meeting (AGM) TVA Members and

Invited Guests only

12:30-14:00 LUNCH ALL

PLENARY SESSION (MBAYUWAYU): ADDRESSING ANIMAL HEALTH CHALLENGES IN TANZANIA: THE WAY FORWARDMODERATORS: Prof LJM Kusiluka & Prof SI Kimera

14:00-15:30

Panelists:

1. Veterinary Governance: status and challenges P Mlelwa

2. Control of Trans-boundary Animal diseases (with particular reference to FMD, ASF, PPR & NCD) PZ Njau

3. Surveillance and Animal Disease Reporting ES Swai

4. Livestock products and veterinary inputs: handling and quality control A Hayghaimo

5. Experience from the Field S Nong’ona/ Mwandiki

6. The Role of International Organizations FM Kivaria

SCIENTIFIC SESSION III: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Prof R Chibunda

15:30-15:45 An investigation of methods used to establish Livestock Free Zones in Zambia G Chikuni

15:45-16:00 Exploring the relationship between quality training, CPD and Veterinary service delivery B Masuruli

16:00-16:15 Evaluation of Tanzania’s National Notifiable Animal Disease Surveillance System EG Kimaro

16:15-16:30 A joint Veterinary-Medical approach to the development and delivery of One Health CPD C Daborn



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SCIENTIFIC SESSION IV: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr ZE Makondo

16:45-17:00 Determination of Oxytetracycline residues in beef by HPLC UV detector in Kilosa district, Tanzania Z Kimera

17:00-17:15 Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Faecal Indicator Organisms from Buffalo, Wildebeest, Zebra and Cattle in Tanzania AAS Katakweba

17:15-17:30 SMART wildlife surveillance as a tool for identifying emerging potential viral pathogens in diverse ecosystems Z Sijali

17:30-17:45 Contamination in milk and identification of selected pathogenic bacteria along dairy value chain in Tanga F Shija

17:45-18:00 Factors affecting milk quality along the milk value chain in Kilosa district, Tanzania PL Gallet et al.

18:00-18:15 Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials of the ethanol leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata AA Adedapo et al.

18:15-18:30 Ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy of healthy captive caracals (Caracal caracal) M Makungu et al.

19:30 Onwards BAJUTA - SPONSORED COCKTAIL PARTY

DAY 3: Thursday 5th December 2013SCIENTIFIC SESSION V: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr G Nsengwa

08:30-08:45 An overview of selected One Health activities at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine M Williams et al.

08:45-09:00 Confirmation of Chytridiomycosis outbreak in Kihansi spray toads M Makange et al.

09:00-09:15 Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria infections in Katavi Rukwa ecosystems Z Makondo et al.

09:15-09:30 Evaluation of serological tests for bovine tuberculosis in indigenous cattle and buffalo in Mikumi-Selous ecosystem R Mwakapuja et al.

09:30-09:45 Seroprevalence of Brucella infections in domestic ruminants from Katavi ecosystems J Assenga et al.

09:45-10:00 Seroprevalence of FMD in the wildlife-livestock interface and non-interface areas of Tanzania D Mdetele et al.

10:00-10:15 Impact of Low Quality Water use for Food Production Systems in Morogoro, Tanzania OJ Mhongole et al.

10:15-10:30 Regulatory Environment surrounding the use of Low Quality Water in agricultural production in Urban and Peri-urban areas in Tanzania S Samson et al.


SCIENTIFIC SESSION VI: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr ES Swai

10:45-11:00 Seroimmune response to strategic vaccination in chickens against ND IJ Mengele


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11:00-11:15 Effect of Vitamin A supplementation on immune response against NDv Vaccine in scavenging village chickens E Barnabas

11:15-11:30 Strengthening rural livelihoods through improving village poultry production by controlling Newcastle Disease: Singida Newcastle Disease control model G Shirima et al.

11:30-11:45 Molecular detection and characterization of Yersinia pestis in Mbulu and Karatu districts, Tanzania Z Michael et al.

11:45-12:00 Studies of reservoirs and vectors of plague in Northeastern Tanzania M Haule et al.

12:00-12:15 Why has rabies remained endemic in Kilosa district of Tanzania? Kipanyula et al.

12:15-12:30 The burden of rabies in Tanzania and its impact on local communities S Maganga et al.

12:30-13:30 LUNCH ALL

SCIENTIFIC SESSION VII: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr W Mafwere

13:30-13:45 Prospects and challenges of Tanzania Livestock Research Institute in delivering livestock technologies D Komwihangilo

13:45-14:00 Retrospective study of cattle protozoan and rickettsial vector-borne diseases in Dar es Salaam EJ Rukambile

14:00-14:15 The role of permanent monitoring of the gastrointestinal infections of livestock at LITA Tengeru M Klockiewicz

14:15-14:30 Trematode infections in cattle at increasing altitude in Iringa Rural District, Tanzania J Nzalawahe et al.

14:30-14:45 Reproductive performance of Artificially Inseminated Dairy Cows under Smallholder production system in selected areas of Rwanda and Tanzania NL Kanuya et al.

14:45-15:00 Factors associated with body weight attainment in calves on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania JS Chang’a et al.

15:00-15:30 Tick burden and prevalence of Theileria parva infection in Tarime cattle EL Laisser et al.


SCIENTIFIC SESSION VIII: MBAYUWAYUCHAIR: Dr PA Msafiri

15:45-16:00 The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and risk factors for taeniasis in Iringa Rural district C Yohana et al.

16:00-16:15 The extent of human (neuro)cysticercosis and epilepsy in Mbulu district, Tanzania BJ Mwang’onde

16:15-16:30 Leeches as important water-borne parasites of cattle in Tanzania: Some preliminary findings RS Silayo et al.

16:30-16:45 Occurrence of ticks and haemoparasites of Cattle in the new pastoral farming areas in Rufiji district, Tanzania KA Mamilo et al.

16:45-17:00 Identification, characterisation and classification of tumour and tumour-like lesions of dog skin from selected regions of Tanzania G Magoke et al.

17:00 END OF SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

19:00 Onwards TVA -ULTRAVETIS JOINT SPONSORED DINNER PARTY (Bon Voyage)


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ABStRACtS In tHE RESERVE LISt

G Magoke et al. Risk factors and morphological characteristics of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour in selected regions of Tanzania.

IJ Mengele et al. Bovine brucellosis prevalence, farmers’ awareness, practices and animal health extension services in Mpwapwa district

J Nzalawahe et al. Trematode infections in cattle and goats in Kasulu district, western Tanzania.

Swai E. Animal disease surveillance and information in Tanzania: why under-reporting?

NL Kanuya et al. Comparing the use of Artificial Insemination to Natural Service, associated constraints and opportunities in smallholder dairy herds in Tanzania and Rwanda


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PREVALEnCE oF AntIMICRoBIAL RESIStAnCE In FAECAL InDICAtoR oRGAnISMS FRoM BUFFALo, WILDEBEESt, ZEBRA

AnD CAttLE GRAZInG WItH UnGULAtES In tAnZAnIA

Abdul Katakweba1, Karen Skov Moeller3, Amandus Muhairwa2, Peter Pandoro Damborg3, Jesper Tjørnhøj Rosenkranzt3, John Elmerdahl

Olsen3 and Madundo Mtambo2

1 Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania.2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021,

Morogoro, Tanzania 3 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Copenhagen University, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C.

Denmark4 Open University of Tanzania, Kawawa Road, Kinondoni Municipality, P.O. Box 23409,

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Correspondence- E: [email protected] or [email protected]

ABStRACtFresh voided faeces were collected from Zebra (n=40), Wildebeest (n =40), Buffalo (n=35) from both Mikumi National Park (MNP) and Ngorongroro Conservation Area (NCA) while faeces from Cattle (n=20) were collected from NCA. Identification of E.coli and Enterococci spp isolates were carried out using biochemical tests. Furthermore both multiplex PCR and MALDI TOF/MS were used in speciation of Enterococci spp. The resistance of indicator organisms was studied by including antimicrobials in the media (CFU), antibiotic discs and sulII and tetW resistance genes were investigated. Out of 135 E.coli of individual isolates, higher resistance was observed in AMP (71, 52.6%), STX (53, 39.2 %), TE (43, 31.9%), and CTX (24, 17.8 %). On individual species Buffalo isolates from NCA had higher resistance in AMP, STX and TE. In case of CTX Buffalo from MNP had higher resistances compared to other species. Significant different (P<0.05, χ2) was observed in AMP, CTX and non antibiotic plates between two study sites (MNP and NCA). Resistance observed starting with highest to lowest was AMP (57, 47.5%), TE (39, 32.8%), STX (32, 26.7%), ENR (26, 21.7%), CTX (22, 18.3%), CN (19, 15.8%) and AMC (19, 15.8). Regarding individual species, higher resistance was observed in Buffalo (TE, STX, CTX, and AMC), Zebra (CN, AMP) and Wildebeest (ENR). There was significant different (P<0.05, χ2) in TE and CN observed between two study sites (MNP and NCA) and within animals species. Out of 120 Enterococci isolates, 79.2 % belonged to E. faecium, and 7.5% to E.faecalis. E. gallinarum (5.8%) was found in Wildebeest and Zebra and E.hirae (7.5%) was found in all wild ungulates but not in cattle. From CFU of Enterococci spp, both AMP (10, 7.41%) and VA (10, 7.41%) had the same rate of resistances. Buffalo and Zebra from MNP had higher resistance in AMP while Zebra from both MNP and NCA had higher resistance in VA. For 128 Enterococci spp tested with antibiotic discs, the trend of resistance was RD (57, 44.2%), E (47, 36.7%), TE (46, 36.2%), CN (39, 30.4%), STX (36, 28.1%) and AMP (33, 23.8 %). In individual species Buffalo had higher resistance in RD and AMP, Wildebeest (E, STX), Zebra (CN) and Cattle (TE). Basing on the resistance gene content of the total 16s (log10), there was a significant (P<0.05, χ2) different in tetW between MNP (0.6) and NCA (5.3) and animal species but there was no significant (P>0.05, χ2) different in SulII between MNP (0.36) and NCA (0.41). Cattle had higher tetW genes (7.91) followed by Buffalo (4.3), Zebra (2.7), and wildebeest (0.79). Wilde ungulates can be the sources of antibiotic resistance bacteria and resistance genes to humans and livestock interfacing with wildlife in MNP and NCA and this is an alarm to human health threat.

Key words: wildlife ungulate, E.coli, Enterococci, resistance genes, Mikumi, Ngorongoro Conservation Area


18

AntIoXIDAnt, AntI-InFLAMMAtoRY AnD AntInoCICEPtIVE PotEntIALS oF tHE EtHAnoL LEAF EXtRACt oF

AnDRoGRAPHIS PAnICULAtA.

*Adeolu A. Adedapo1, Bisi O. Adeoye1 and Ademola A. Oyagbemi1

1Department of Veterinary Physiology, biochemistry and PharmacologyUniversity of Ibadan,

Ibadan, Nigeria.

*Correspondence-E: [email protected]

ABStRACtAndrographis paniculata, (AP), also known commonly as “King of Bitters,” is a member of the plant family Acanthaceae, and has been used for centuries in Asia to treat GI tract and upper respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throat, and a variety of other chronic and infectious diseases. The medicinal potentials of the ethanol leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) were evaluated by assessing its antioxidant properties in vitro using standard procedures. The ethanol extract of the leaves of the plant was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in Wistar strain albino rats using carrageenan-induced inflammation as well as histamine –induced oedema. The analgesic effect was determined using acetic acid writhing method and formalin-induced paw lick test in mice. Standard phytochemical analysis was carried out to determine active constituents responsible for biological effects.The antioxidant activities of the leaves as determined by the ABTS, FRAP and DPPH were similar to that of the standard, gallic. The proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and the flavonols contents of the leaf extract were also comparable to that of the standard. The extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced significantly (P< 0.05) the formation of oedema induced by histamine and carrageenan. In the acetic acid- induced writhing test, the extract showed a good analgesic activity characterized by a significant reduction in the number of writhes with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses used when compared to the control group. In the formalin-induced paw lick test, the extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses exhibited a good analgesic activity characterized by a significant reduction in the number of paw licks both at the early and late phases of the induced pain when compared with the untreated control group. Indomethacin at 10mg/kg served as the reference drug in all tests. This study has to some extent validated the use of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata for medicinal purposes.

Keywords: Antioxidant activities, Anti-inflammatory effect, Analgesic properties, Andrographis paniculata, medicinal evaluation.


19

SERoPREVALEnCE oF BRUCELLA InFECtIonS In DoMEStIC RUMInAntS FRoM KAtAVI ECoSYStEM, tAnZAnIA

Justine A. Assenga1, Lucas E. Matemba1,2 and Rudovick R. Kazwala1

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania

2National Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania


ABStRACt A cross sectional epidemiological study was carried out between September 2012 and July 2013 in Katavi region, south-west Tanzania to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella spp infection in cattle and goats. The presence of Brucella species was investigated in 1350 apparently healthy animals which were randomly selected from 138 households with at least one family member having a recent history fever. A total of 1,102 cattle (297 males and 805 females) and 248 goats (46 males and 202 females) were tested. The blood samples were collected aseptically from the jugular vein of animals and eluted sera were screened for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal plate test. The findings showed that Brucella antibodies were present in 5.99% cattle and 2.02% goats respectively, giving an overall prevalence of 5.26%. Higher prevalence of the disease was demonstrated in cattle than in goats which was statistically significant (P=0.011). The seroprevalence of the disease in female cattle was higher than in males and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.005). Seroprevalence was statistically significant (P=0.000003) among adult cattle than a young ones. However, the difference in serprevalence between sexes and age in goats was not statistically significant (P>0.05). From this study we conclude that the disease is present in cattle and goats in Katavi region hence there is an urgent need for planning control strategies in the area to safeguard the public health.

Key words: seroprevalence, Brucella, Rose Bengal and ecosystem


20

EFFECt oF VItAMIn A SUPPLEMEntAtIon on IMMUnE RESPonSE AGAInSt nEWCAStLE DISEASE VIRUS VACCInE In

SCAVEnGInG VILLAGE CHICKEnS

Barnabas, E1., Mubila L1.,Maselle, R.M1., Muhairwa, A.P2., Msoffe, P.L.M2,3 and Lusekelo, M5.

1Department of Veterinary Pathology,2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, 5Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology & Toxicology-Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021,

Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro. 2&3 Directorate of Undergraduate Studies, P. O. Box 259, University of Dodoma.

Correspondence-E: [email protected].

ABStRACtThe effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune response against Newcastle disease virus vaccine was investigated in field scavenging chickens experimentally vaccinated with thermotolerant I.2 ND vaccine and supplemented with 10,000 I.U. retinyl palmitate. A total of adult 40 chickens were divided into four equal groups. Group I was vaccination alone where as group II was vaccination and supplementation. On the other hand, chickens in group III were neither vaccinated nor supplemented. The effect of supplementation alone was investigated in chickens in group IV. The immune response was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and Haemaglutination (HA) test. The results show that chickens that were vaccinated and supplemented had higher antibody response than the non-supplemented vaccinated chickens (p<0.0001). Similarly, although it was not statistically significant (p=0.436), vitamin A supplementation increased the levels of antibody titres in non-vaccinated chickens, the phenomenon, which indicates the role of vitamin A supplementation in protecting the chickens against natural infections. This study, therefore, confirmed that vitamin A supplementation increases immune response against New castle disease vaccine in scavenging village chickens and recommends supplementation of chickens with vitamin A during vaccination programme.

Key words: vitamin A, chickens, Newcastle disease, vaccination, immune response.


21

FACtoRS ASSoCIAtED WItH BoDY WEIGHt AttAInMEnt In CALVES on SMALLHoLDER DAIRY FARMS In tAnZAnIA

Jelly S. Chang’a1, Torleiv Løken2, Robinson H. Mdegela3 and Olav Reksen2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania2Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Correspondence-E: [email protected]

ABStRACtIn order to investigate associations between individual calf parameters and/or herd management practices and dairy calf body weight (BW) attainment in smallholder farms in Tanzania, a prospective study was carried out at 121 farms in Mvomero and Njombe districts and included 156 crossbred dairy calves. Information on management factors and sources of calf drinking water were collected by personal observation and interview during four visits. At each visit, BW assessments were conducted and blood samples collected. The blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters, total blood protein, glucose, and serum phosphorus and urea. Low BW was associated with smaller amount of milk fed to calves, early weaning, birth during the wet season, and well/tap water as the main water source (P < 0.05). Low blood total protein, high urea, low phosphorus and low hemoglobin concentrations were also associated with retarded growth. These findings identified and quantified some critical factors that can guide farmers in improving calf performance on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania. To improve calf BW, the protein and mineral fraction of the roughage should be increased and water supply should be improved. In conclusion, appropriate changes in milk feeding routines and breeding management would also be expected to improve productivity.

Keywords: Bodyweight; Calf, Hematology; Management; Smallholder Dairy Farmers


22

A JoInt VEtERInARY-MEDICAL APPRoACH to tHE DEVELoPMEnt AnD DELIVERY oF onE HEALtH ContInUInG

PRoFESSIonAL DEVELoPMEnt

Chris Daborn1, Henry Magwisha2 and Bedan Masuruli3

1TVS Ltd Karatu, Tanzania2TVLA-CVL Temeke, Dar es Salaam,

3MLFD, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaCorrespondence-E: [email protected]

ABStRACtThere is likely to be a number of significant advantages to both veterinarians and medics in developing a joint One Health [OH] Continuing Professional Development [CPD] programme. The Medical Councils in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have already developed CPD guidelines that are likely to be valuable for informing the nascent guidelines under development by the Veterinary Council in Tanzania and Veterinary Board in Uganda and for comparative purposes with those as developed by the Kenya Veterinary Board for Kenya. As animals are the reservoir and commonly the vector of many diseases of public health concern, veterinarians hold key information concerning their control and eradication. Sharing this knowledge with medical colleagues, undertaking collaborative studies leading to harmonised control programmes would be engendered by a supported programme to jointly develop and deliver OH CPD.

Key words: One Health, CPD, collaborative studies, East Africa


23

tHE PREVALEnCE oF PoRCInE CYStICERCoSIS AnD RISK FACtoRS FoR tAEnIASIS In IRInGA RURAL DIStRICt

ColethaYohana1*, Mwita Chacha1 and Gamba Nkwengulila1

1Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation P.O BOX 35064, University ofDar es Salaam


ABStRACtPorcine and human cysticercosis in endemic areas is associated with scavenging pigs having free access to human faeces, poverty, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation. The present study aimed at determining the current prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors for taeniasis in Iringa rural. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from July to August 2012. A total of 110 households rearing pigs from eight wards were involved in a survey in which 308 pigs were examined. The prevalence of cysticerci (cysts) in pigs was studied by antemortem and postmortem examination. The risk factors for PCC and taeniasis were assessed and evaluated through questionnaires, interviews and on field observation. Of the 308 pigs examined by lingual palpation 7.5 % had cysticerci; the prevalence was higher in male pigs 69.5%, (²= 3.522, DF= 1, p=0.061 than females (30.4%). Likewise, the prevalence was higher in areas/ wards located away from the main road (average of 20 km) and where pigs were not penned. About 81.8% were mature pigs and only 18.2% were piglets. About 3.9% of the 4020 people who sought treatment in dispensaries of the five wards per month had a history of intestinal worms. Out of the 110 households surveyed 74.5% lack tap water, 12% of the households had no toilets (pit latrines), 22.7% of the households surveyed practiced free range pig husbandry or tethering method and 2.2% consumed uninspected pork slaughtered in the street and / or homes. The absence of tap water (OR=2.066: 95%CI= 0.642 -6.648), toilets built near the pigpens (OR=0.6: 95% CI=0.084- 4.271) and drinking unboiled water (OR=0.667: 95% CI= 0.210-2.116) were important risk factors for taeniasis in Iringa rural. There were no statistical differences among risk factors for taeniasis found in this study. It is concluded that PCC and the risk factors for taeniasis both can be suppressed by access to tap water, boiling drinking water and proper use of toilets by the communities in Iringa rural.

Key words: Prevalence, risk factors, Ante mortem, Postmortem, Taeniasis


24

MoLECULAR DIAGnoSIS AnD DISCRIMInAtIon oF CIRCULAtInG AFRICAn SWInE FEVER VIRUS DURInG tHE

2013 oUtBREAK In noRtHERn tAnZAnIA

David E. Kwavi1, Michael J. Madege2, Mariam Makange1, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Fortunate Shija1 and Gerald Misinzo1

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania and 2Zonal Veterinary Centre, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of

Livestock and Fisheries Development, Arusha, Tanzania.


ABStRACtAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a double-strand DNA virus and the only member of the family Asfarviridae. The molecular diagnosis and discrimination of ASFV during the 2013 ASF outbreak in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions was performed in the present study. Confirmatory diagnosis of ASFV was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using PPA1/PPA2 primers that amplify the B646L gene encoding the p72 protein. PCR of ASFV on spleen and lymph node organs obtained from pigs that died from haemorrhagic disease outbreaks in June and July, 2013 in Rombo, Machame, Moshi and Arusha districts produced the expected 257 base pair amplicon, confirming ASF. In addition, the variable variable 3′-end of the B646L gene was amplified by PCR using p72U/p72D primers followed by nucleotide sequencing of PCR amplicons. Resulting nucleotide sequences obtained from the 2013 ASFV in Arusha and Kilimanjaro were 100% identical and clustered into p72 genotype X after comparison with other B646L gene sequences representing the known 22 p72 genotypes in GenBank. The ASFV identified in this study is closely related to a 2005 Kenyan Ornithodorous spp isolate and a 2009 Tanzanian ASFV isolate recovered from domestic pigs in Longido. The results of the present study suggest the transboundary spread of the p72 genotype X ASFV between Tanzania and Kenya and a possible ASFV spill over from the Serengeti and Maasai Mara ecosystems.

Keywords: African swine fever virus, diagnosis, phylogeny, domestic pigs, Northern Tanzania


25

FACtoRS AFFECtInG MILK QUALItY ALonG tHE MILK VALUE CHAIn In KILoSA DStRICt, tAnZAnIA

P.L. Gallet1 and E.D. Karimuribo1

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro-Tanzania

Correspondence-El: [email protected]

ABStRACtA study was conducted in Kilosa District to assess and identify factors influencing milk quality along the milk value chain. A cross-sectional study was adopted when 201 milk samples were collected from livestock keepers (102), milk vendors (44), milk serving points (39) and processed milk (16). Additional information on potential factors affecting milk quality was collected from livestock keepers and milk vendors using structured questionnaire survey. Collected milk samples were analysed to determine Total Bacterial counts, isolation of Escherichia coli as well as assessment for presence of antimicrobial residues using Delvotest assay. Milk specific gravity observed in all stages from producer to consumer ranged between 1.022 g/ml and 1.042 g/ml. Thirty two percent of raw milk from street vendors, 18% from ready to drink milk and 5% from livestock keepers were having specific gravity below recommended level according to COMESA/East African Specification. Forty two percent of raw milk from street vendors had TBC above recommended standard which ranged between 38 cfu/ml and 1.92x106 cfu/ml. Raw milk from livestock keepers and ready to drink milk had lower percentages of TBC. The prevalence of Escherichia coli were 2.0% and 2.3% for raw milk samples obtained from livestock keepers and milk vendors, respectively. The presence of antibiotic residues was recorded in 35.3%, 30.8%, 20.5%, and 12.5% of milk samples from livestock keepers, vendors, ready to drink milk and packed milk respectively. This study revealed that the quality of milk examined was of moderate quality as some of unfaithful livestock keepers, vendors and sellers of milk adulterate milk with water. Poor hygiene, use of water from unsafe sources and misuse of antimicrobial drugs contributes to reduced milk quality. The findings of this study call for various stakeholders to help pastoralists and other actors along the milk value chain to achieve the desired quality of milk.

Key words: Milk value chain, microbial counts, antibiotic residues, Kilosa


26

An InVEStIGAtIon oF MEtHoDS USED to CREAtE A LIVEStoCK DISEASE FREE ZonE.

Gelly .S. Chikuni1

1District Veterinary officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, P.O. Box 420055, Mpulungu District, Zambia

Correspondence-E: [email protected] or [email protected]

ABStRACtA Livestock Disease Free Zone (LDFZ) is a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by the requirements specified in the code for free status being met. A zone in this case means clearly a defined region or part of a country containing an animal subpopulation with a health status with respect to a specific disease for which required surveillance, control and bio-security measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade (OIE, 2007, WTO, 1995). This study explored how livestock disease free zones are established. In particular it examined first, the factors that are significant in establishing a livestock disease free zone which included veterinary legislation, veterinary staffing levels and competencies, veterinary infrastructure, public/private partnerships in veterinary services, governance of veterinary services and availability of financial resources. Secondly, it investigated the livestock disease situation vis-a-vis the feasibility of establishing a livestock disease free zone in Mkushi District. The study established that, compliance with the veterinary laws; the presence of adequate and competent veterinary officials; good and equipped laboratories; collaboration between the private and public institutions; consistent leadership and governance of veterinary services; and the availability of adequate funds are essential for the establishment and sustainability of a livestock disease free zone. Based on the factors highlighted above, the study revealed that, the performance of veterinary services in Mkushi district was generally poor as most components were either non-existent or below par. In terms of the disease situation, the study revealed that, diseases of national importance or Trans-boundary animal diseases were absent and that, the livestock diseases present are management related which could be controlled and/or prevented if livestock farmers applied their basic animal management practices such as deworming, dipping and vaccinations. Thus, it was concluded that, the establishment of a livestock disease free zone in Mkushi District is only feasible when the following measures are put in place by the government, livestock farmers and other related institutions: compliance with the veterinary legislation, the presence of adequate and competent veterinary officials, the presence of good and equipped laboratories, collaboration between the private and public institutions especially those within the livestock value chain, consistent leadership and governance of veterinary services, and the availability of adequate funds.

Keywords: Livestock disease free zone; Veterinary legislation; Veterinary governance; Performance of veterinary services; Trans-boundary animal diseases


27

tUBERCULoSIS EPIDEMIoLoGY AnD noVEL tRAnSMISSIon RoUtES In RURAL tAnZAnIA: A CASE StUDY oF tHE IRInGA

RURAL DIStRICt

Goodluck Paul1, Woutrina Miller2, Joseph Malakalinga1, Kenneth Byashalila3, Annette Roug2, Deana Clifford2, Esther Ngadaya3, Sayoki Mfinanga3, Elizabeth Wellington4, Midori Kato Maeda5, Phil Hopewell5

and Rudovick Kazwala1

1 Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania2 Wildlife Health Center and One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA,

USA3 National Institute for Medical Research Muhimbili center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

4University of Warwick, United Kingdom5University of California San Francisco, USA


ABStRACtBovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease with significant consequences for public health. Interspecies transmission is of particular concern in areas where livestock, wildlife and humans live in close proximity and share limited resources such as water and grazing land. The southeastern border of the Ruaha ecosystem in south-central Tanzania is one such interface, where dwindling dry season water sources due to upstream water diversions of the Great Ruaha River has brought animals and humans closer together. The Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) Project,is an international collaborative One Health project. It was initiated in 2006 to address concerns about zoonotic diseases in the southern Ruaha ecosystem. Between 2006 and 2009, HALI detected bTB in 18% of cattle herds and 8% of sampled wildlife. HALI’s current project entitled “Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Novel transmission routes in rural Tanzania” was initiated in 2011. The project uses a One Health approach, where physicians, veterinarians, and molecular epidemiologists are joining forces to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and transmission dynamics of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis among humans, animals and their shared environments in the Iringa rural district. Research activities since 2011 include a human tuberculosis case-control study, environmental sampling, livestock testing, and wildlife sampling. Preliminary results suggest that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis are present in environmental samples, and opportunistic wildlife testing has produced 0% (0/269) M. bovis and 4% (11/269) non-Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. This study is detecting a variety of mycobacteria in animal and environmental samples in the district and will contribute to a better understanding of potential transmission routes among populations.

Key words: Tuberculosis epidemiology, Iringa rural district, wildlife-livestock-human-environmental interface.


28

StUDIES oF RESERVoIRS AnD VECtoRS oF PLAGUE In noRtHEAStERn, tAnZAnIA

1Haule, M., 1Lyamuya, E.F., 1Matee, M.I., 2Kilonzo, B.S. and 3Hang’ombe, B.M.

1Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Box. 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania2Pest Management Center, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania

3Microbiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia (UNZA),Box. 32379, Lusaka, Zambia


ABStRACtPlague is a zoonotic disease, primary the disease of the wild rodents. Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is normally transmitted to animals by infective flea-bites. Fleas were collected from rodents and domestic animals by brushing the animal. House dwelling fleas were trapped with light traps. All collected fleas were identified to genus level and subjected to PCR test for Y.pestis DNA. Dominant rodent species were Mastomys natalensis (32.6%), Rattus rattus (26.7%), Lophuromys flavopuntatus (16.6%) and Praomys delectorum (16.3%) were captured. Xenopsylla spp, Dinopsyllus spp and Ctenophthalmus spp were dominant collected from rodents with an overall flea index of 2.4 fleas/ rodent. Fleas from domestic animals were mostly Ctenocephalides spp (>90%). Pulex irritans and Ctenophthalmus spp were dominant in human dwellings. There is existence of diverse species of rodents and other small animals in the study area with high flea intensity whereby M. natalensis, R. rattus, L. flavopuntatus and Praomys spp accounted 98%. Flea indices were high 1.7 –3.9 among rodents, house and other small animals indices were high 2.6 –23.8 indicating that there is high risk of plague outbreak. Yersinia pestis was not detected in all fleas, suggesting that during quiescent period fleas do not harbor the plague pathogen and also, rodent hosts may not have enough Yersinia pestis cells to infect the fleas. Rodent and flea control measures should be targeted more on M. natalensis, R. rattus, P. delectomys and L. flavopuntatus because these are the most infested with ectoparasites. In order to study the dynamics of plague transmission; appropriate samples should be collected during epidemics for Y.pestis detection and characterization.

Key words: Plague; Zoonotic; Yersinia pestis; Fleas; PCR; DNA


29

CoMPARInG tHE USE oF ARtIFICIAL InSEMInAtIon to nAtURAL SERVICE, ASSoCIAtED ConStRAIntS AnD oPPoRtUnItIES In SMALLHoLDER DAIRY HERDS In

tAnZAnIA AnD RWAnDA

1Kanuya*, N.L., 2Mlangwa, J.E.D., 3Musahara, H., 4Shoo, J.E.,5Barongo, A. and 6Uwimana, G.

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery & Theriogenology, P.O. Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Public Healthy, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.

3National University of Rwanda, B.P. 117 Butare, Rwanda 4Sustainable Rural Agriculture, P.O. Box 5302, Mabanda ya Papa, Pangani Road, Tanga, Tanzania

5Send a Cow Rwanda, P.O. Box 522, Remera-Kigali. or 6Rwanda Agriculture Board, B.P. Butare, Rwanda,


ABStRACtThis study was part of a diagnostic survey aimed at identifying constraints, opportunities and defining appropriate strategies for achieving better livelihood outcomes among 228 (Tanzania) and 209 (Rwanda) smallholder dairy-farmers’ households (HHs). A questionnaire having both closed and open ended questions was administered by direct interview of the randomly selected representative HH heads. Of respondents in Tanzania/Rwanda, 67.3/7.0% preferred the use of natural service (NS) and 32.7/92.5% preferred artificial insemination (AI). AI service was available to 63/99.5% but not to 37/0.5% of the HHs and the main service providers in Tanzania were private practitioners (38%), government (32.4%) and projects/NGOs (20.7%) whereas in Rwanda only the government (100%). In both countries, as indicated by 80.2/62.7% of HHs using AI, the main problems related to the service were poor results as shown by repeat inseminations (58.2/77.3%) and also high costs in Tanzania (23.93%). In HHs using NS, 61.6/39.3% indicated that they also had experienced breeding problems while the remaining 38.4/59.0% said that they had not had any problem. The most common problems related to the use of NS in Tanzania were too many repeat services (42.6%) and low calf quality (34%) while in Rwanda problems associated with use of NS were high cost (25%), long distance to bull location (21.7%), repeat services (7.1%) and others. In conclusion, attaining of high pregnancy rates and lowering of service costs would contribute to adoption of AI by smallholder dairy farmers because they attach a higher value to an AI-calf compared to one from NS. In both countries, for successful intervention in addressing identified constraints, further studies are needed to find out underlying causes of low conception/pregnancy rates following AI.

Key words: Smallholder dairy herds, constraints and opportunities, AI and NS


30

REPRoDUCtIVE PERFoRMAnCE oF ARtIFICIALLY InSEMInAtED DAIRY CoWS UnDER SMALLHoLDER

PRoDUCtIon SYStEM In SELECtED AREAS oF RWAnDA AnD tAnZAnIA

1Kanuya, N.L., 2Shoo, J.E., 3Barongo, A., 2Mtera, Y., 2Mshana, J. and 3Basile, M.

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery& Theriogenology, P.O. Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania

2Agricare Enterprises, P.O. Box 5302, Mabanda ya Papa, Pangani Road, Tanga, Tanzania3Send-A- Cow-Rwanda, Kimihurura, Gasabo District, P.O. Box Kigali, Rwanda


ABStRACtAn on-farm longitudinal study was carried out from September 2010 to June 2013 in smallholder dairy cattle herds located in Rwamagana and Kayonza districts in the Eastern Province of Rwanda and Tanga in (urban and peri-urban) in Tanzania. The objectives of the study were to generate a reliable field data set and analyze it to determine reproductive parameters/indices in artificially inseminated smallholder dairy cattle herds in the study sites. A total of 280/400 households and 158/709 cows and heifers in Rwanda/Tanzania were included in the study. At the beginning of the study, all the available reproductive history of study animals was recorded and subsequently occurrence of all reproductive events including dates of heat, AI or NS, service number, sire ID, name of inseminator, PD results, date of calving, abortion or other reproductive problems were recorded by the farmer or with assistance from the inseminator. Inseminations were carried out over all the months of the year but for both sites there was tendency for more inseminations to be carried out between June and October with a peak of inseminations in August-September. The average CI (±SD), CCI (± SD) total number of inseminations performed, first service pregnancy rate, services per pregnancy (all cows) and services per pregnancy (pregnant cows only) was 429±30/518±156 days, 215±132/283±185.8 days, 353/1035, 31.6 /44.7 %, 2.7/1.9 and 1. 9/1.05 in Rwanda and Tanzania, respectively. In conclusion, sub-optimal reproductive performance and low AI success in artificially inseminated smallholder dairy cattle herds was characterized by long calving intervals, low first service pregnancy rate and the need for an average of two or more services per pregnancy. The actual causes of the poor performance need to be determined in order for appropriate corrective measures aimed at improving productivity in the smallholder dairy sub-sector to be carried out.

Key words: AI service, smallholder dairy production, reproductive performance


31

SERoPREVALEnCE oF PEStE DES PEtItS RUMInAntS In SMALL RUMInAntS In tAnZAnIA

Tebogo Kgotlele1, Christopher J. Kasanga1, Lughano J.M. Kusiluka2, Niwael Mtui-Malamsha3, Peter Njau3 and Gerald Misinzo1,*

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania; 2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

3Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Tanzania


ABStRACtA survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats population of Tanzania. A total of 2,748 serum samples were collected from villages in 11 regions, including Morogoro, Dodoma, Coastal, Singida, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Mwanza, Kagera, Katavi, Tabora and Kigoma. Collected sera were tested using competitive ELISA (Pirbright Laboratories, Surrey, United Kingdom) for detection of antibodies against the PPR virus. Overall, 669 (23.4%) of the samples were positive for antibodies against the PPR. The seroprevalence was 69.0% (n=216) in Morogoro, 57.3% (n=600) in Dodoma, 29.3% (n=351) in Coastal, 11.7% (n=154) in Singida, 6.4% (n=250) in Shinyanga, 5.7% (n=261) in Simiyu, 3.0% (n=506) in Mwanza, 2.9% (n=210) in Kagera, 2.0% (n=100) in Katavi, 1.5% (n=65) in Tabora and 0% (n=35) in Kigoma. Regions that registered more than 10% seroprevalence are found along the major animal trade routes, indicating that trade is an important vehicle for transmission of PPR. Very low PPR seroprevalence was observed in regions located in the western part of Tanzania. These findings indicate that PPR is prevalent in small ruminants almost throughout Tanzania. The demonstration of antibodies to PPRV in different geographical areas of the country with varying agro-climatic conditions may be helpful in developing disease control strategies before the disease poses a serious threat to food security in rural areas and episodes of the disease outbreak to neighbouring countries.

Keywords: Peste des petits ruminants, seroprevalence, ELISA, Tanzania


32

EVALUAtIon oF tAnZAnIA’S nAtIonAL notIFIABLE AnIMAL DISEASES SURVEILLAnCE SYStEM

1Kimaro, E.G., 2Kivaria, F. M., 3Karimuribo, E.D., 1Mor, S. and 1

Toribio (Lee), J

1The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Australia2National Epidemiology Section, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, P. O. Box, 9152, Dar-ES-

Salaam, Tanzania3Faculty of veterinary medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box --- Morogoro


ABStRACtThe Tanzania national notifiable animal disease surveillance system (NNADSS) is a passive surveillance system that collects information on notifiable animal diseases. Data collected by each district are collated, analyzed and disseminated by the national epidemiology unit of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. If the effectiveness of NNADSS for early detection and response to outbreaks is not evaluated on a regular basis, it is likely that the system will underperform leading to inefficient use of limited resources available for surveillance. We report the first evaluation of the NNADSS since its establishment in 1993. The aim of this evaluation is to systematically and objectively evaluate the attributes of NNADSS and highlight areas for improvement. As an initial step, NNADSS was described in detail and a retrospective descriptive analysis of the database for years 2000-2012 was performed. Subsequently, the guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems were applied to evaluate the characteristics and performance attributes of the system. System characteristics included: acceptability; simplicity; flexibility; data quality; representativeness; timeliness; stability; and compliance. Performance attributes included: effectiveness; efficiency; and usefulness. The evaluation revealed that the system was useful, particularly in the detection of re-emerging diseases, and changes in patterns of endemic diseases. However, the lack of clearly documented objectives and case definitions for the diseases under surveillance, high rate of underreporting (estimated at 90%), lack of laboratory confirmation of reported outbreaks (estimated at 88%) and lack of timeliness with associated poor response to outbreaks were seen as major challenges to the optimal functioning of NNADSS. The results of this evaluation provide the framework for enhancing NNADSS to meet national and international notifiable animal diseases surveillance and control requirements in Tanzania.

Keywords; Attributes, Evaluation, Notifiable diseases, Passive surveillance, Timeliness


33

WHY HAS RABIES REMAInED EnDEMIC In KILoSA SInCE tHE LAtE 70S

1Kipanyula, M.J., 1Mdegela, R.H., 1Nonga, H.E. and 1Batamuzi, E.K.

1Sokoine University of Agriculture,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 3015, Morogoro


ABStRACtRabies is a zoonotic disease that affects all warm blooded animals. Morogoro region and more specifically Kilosa district has been under quarantine for around fifty years now. Despite aggressive vaccination programs targeting the domestic dog populations, rabies in Kilosa district continues to be a major disease of concern. We carried out a cross-sectional study in Kiduhi and Mbaba villages, Kilosa district to determine factors responsible for high prevalence of rabies in area. During data collection a total of 486 dogs were vaccinated against rabies covering which is almost 90% of dogs in the two villages. The major challenges and factors leading to high prevalence of rabies in the study are: i) Dogs and cats appear to have limited value to the communities and they are mainly managed and owned by children and generally used for grazing and security ii) Most dogs are free ranging, making it easy for them to be bitten/attacked by other dogs or wild animals with rabies. iii) There is uncontrolled breeding of dogs in communities, leading to a large number of stray dogs in both villages. iv) Some villagers (agropastoralists) use dogs for hunting and as such the contact between domestic dogs and wild animals is increased, of which some could be carriers of rabies virus. v) In the dry season when pastures are in short supply pastoralists often illegally use protected areas for grazing their animals; normally accompanied by their dogs. In such circumstances cross transmission of the disease between dogs and wild animals is possible. vi) Both Kiduhi and Mbaba villages are bordered by Mikumi National Park, given the proximity of these communities to the Park, there is suspicion that lyssavirus variants may be circulating between wildlife reservoirs and dog populations such that dogs may harbour not only classical canine rabies virus variants, but other lyssavirus variants as well. Vii) More still it was noted that there are no proper waste disposal facilities in the two villages and often times wild canidae and Felidae visit the villages to scavenge on kitchen leftovers; Worse still pastoralists do not use latrines but makeshift facilities are used thus improperly disposed human excreta also attract wild animals to the villages. This paper highlights some of the major factors favoring high incidences of rabies in Kilosa district.

Key words: Rabies; lyssavirus; Kilosa District; dog


34

tHE RoLE oF PERMAnEnt MonItoRInG oF tHE GAStRoIntEStInAL InFECtIonS oF LIVEStoCK At LItA

tEnGERU

Klockiewicz Maciej1, Mikidadi Rashidi2, Kavishe Michael2 and Długosz Ewa1

1Division of Parasitology and Invasiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland - Volunteer at LITA Tengeru – Polish Aid Program 2012-13

2Livestock Training Agency - Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania


ABStRACtSince reconstitution of parasitological laboratory at LITA Tengeru by dint of the Polish Aid Program funds, it became possible to improve monitoring of the gastrointestinal infections of livestock. There were 360 samples from different groups of cattle examined during the period of seven months. Animals were found infected with coccidia and gastro-intestinal nematodes. The average prevalence of coccidia infection in both calves and adult cows from dairy groups was higher than of beef animals respectively (dairy calves/beef calves – 69.6% : 47.6%; dairy adults / beef adults – 30.6% : 16.7%). Although several species of coccidia were identified, most of individuals were found infected with highly pathogenic species such as Eimeria bovis (dairy calves – 55.4%, beef calves – 40.5%, dairy adults – 23.3%, beef adults – 10.6%). Similarly, the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes infection were higher in dairy groups than in beef ones (dairy calves/beef calves – 51.8% : 22.6%; dairy adults/beef adults – 11.7% : 0%). And prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection was found: dairy calves - 32%, beef calves – 10.4%; dairy adults - 20.2%, beef adults – 0%). Some statistically significant differences were noticed between particular groups of cattle. Nevertheless intensities of both infections remained at low levels in all groups. On the contrary, the cestode and trematode infections were not detected or remained at negligible levels in all groups. The results confirm the necessity of implementation of monthly monitoring of parasitic infections in order to provide more accurate maintenance of herds.

Key words: prevalence, coccidia, E. bovis, gastro-intestinal nematodes, H. contortus, dairy and beef animals


35

MoLECULAR EPIDEMIoLoGY AnD AntIMICRoBIAL RESIStAnCE oF tHERMoPHILIC CAMPYLoBACtER ISoLAtED

FRoM CHICKEnS AnD HUMAnS In tAnZAnIA

Erick V. G. Komba1, Robinson H. Mdegela1, Peter L. M. Msoffe1 and Hanne Ingmer2

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.

2Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark.


ABStRACtCampylobacter mediated diarrhoea is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. The organisms colonize different animal species without causing disease. Humans acquire infections through contact with or consumption of contaminated meat. A study was conducted to determine the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic campylobacter in poultry and humans in Tanzania. Isolation of Campylobacter from stool and fecal samples adopted the Cape town protocol. Campylobacter isolates were preliminarily identified based on phenotypic tests, and confirmed by PCR and MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial resistance testing employed the Disc diffusion method. Selected Campylobacter jejuni isolates were typed by fla gene sequencing. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 43% in chickens (n=1217) and 12% in humans (n=1195). More than 80% of the isolates from both humans and chickens were C. jejuni and the remaining C. coli. Majority of isolates from both humans (95.75%) and chickens (92.6%) had higher resistance for Colistin sulphate where as Ciprofloxacin was resisted by few isolates i.e. 21.7% in humans and 1.5% in chickens. Varying proportions of resistance for human and chicken derived isolates were observed for gentamycin, ampicillin, cephalothin, amoxicillin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, azithromycin and chloramphenical; ranging from 22.2% to 91.1%. Some human and chicken derived Campylobacter were genetically related based on fla gene sequences. Our findings indicate presence and zoonotic potential of Campylobacter organisms in the country. Antibiotic resistance among the organisms has also been revealed. Control strategies for the organism are warranted preferably adopting the “One Health” approach involving collaborative efforts from veterinary and human medicine.

Key words: Morogoro, humans, indigenous chickens, broilers, layers, Cape Town protocol, fla gene, asymptomatics, symptomatics


36

tICK BURDEn AnD PREVALEnCE oF tHEILERIA PARVA InFECtIon In tARIME CAttLE PoPULAtIon oF noRtH

-WEStERn tAnZAnIA

Emmanuel K. Laisser1, Maulilio J. Kipanyula2, George Msalya1, Robinson H. Mdegela2, Esron D. Karimuribo2, Jeremiah M. Kusiluka2,

Sebastian W. Chenyambuga1

1 Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture.2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture


ABStRACtTarime zebu cattle are assumed to be tolerant to East Coast Fever (ECF) and are predominantly found in Tarime and Serengeti districts. This study was carried out to determine the abundance of different tick species and prevalence of Theileria parva infection in Tarime and Serengeti districts. In each district the study was conducted in six villages at the end of the rainy season in the month of March, 2013. A total of 30 animals from 10 herds per village were sampled, making a total sample size of 360 animals. Adult ticks were identified and counted from three main body sites of the 360 Tarime cattle which were extensively managed under natural pastures. Concurrently, blood samples were collected from all animals and thereafter analyzed to detect the presence of Theileria parva by using a p104 nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 25252 adult ticks belonging to four genera (Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma) were identified and counted. Rhipicephalus constituted 71.77% while Ambyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma accounted for 14.14, 13.98 and 0.11%, respectively, of all the ticks observed. The results revealed that the favourable predilection sites of adult Rhipicephalus were head/ear, under the tail and anovulva area. Amblyomma were mostly found on ventral body part and hoof. Boophilus had a strong predilection sites on dewlap, back and hoof. Hyalomma like Amblyomma had its predilection site at the vent and hoof. There were more animals infested with ticks in Tarime (98.33%) than in Serengeti (63.33%). Similarly the average number of ticks per animal was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in Tarime (116.12) than in Serengeti (23.61). The average counts of ticks were relatively higher in adults (> 3 years) (83.68 ticks per animal) and animals aging between one and three years (72.18 ticks per animal) than in young animals (< 1 year) (53.73 ticks per animal). The overall average prevalence rate of Theileria parva in Tarime cattle was 13.84%. However, the prevalence rate was higher in Serengeti (19.49%) than in Tarime (8.19%) district. The finding of Rhipicephalus spp, Amblyomma spp, Boophilus spp and Hyalomma spp in all the study villages is of great veterinary importance as these species are involved in the transmission of East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Heart water diseases, respectively.

Key words: Tarime cattle, tick and tick-borne diseases, Tarime, Serengeti, Tanzania.


37

MALIGnAnt CAtARRHAL FEVER: A FIELD tRIAL oF A noVEL VACCInE StRAtEGY AnD An EConoMIC IMPACt ASSESSMEnt oF tHE DISEASE, AnD ItS ContRoL, on

PAStoRALISt LIVELIHooDS

1Lankester, F., 2Russell. G, 3Haig, D., 4Kazwala, R., 5ole Naisele, M., 4Lugelo, A. and 1Cleaveland, S.

1University of Glasgow, UK2University of Nottingham, UK

3Moredun Research Institute, UK4 Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

5 Simanjiro Development and Conservation Trust, Tanzania


ABStRACtPastoralists are among the world’s poorest, and in Africa face a precarious existence struggling to retain a traditional lifestyle in the face of growing pressures on livestock production. Increasing reliance on crop-based agriculture, and the resulting conversion of ecologically important buffer-zone rangelands, threatens the integrity of some of the world’s most important ecosystems. Control of livestock diseases is critical for improving pastoral production systems and supporting livestock-wildlife co-existence. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal disease of cattle caused by a virus transmitted from wildebeest calves, has plagued Maasai communities for generations. The threat of MCF forces Maasai, when forage quality is critical, to move cattle to distant grazing areas to avoid wildebeest calves. This strategy carries an economic cost and exacerbates the problems of a precarious lifestyle. Recent trials of a novel vaccine strategy showed that cattle were protected against experimental challenge. This study presents results of the vaccine’s field trial in Tanzania, tested under conditions of natural challenge. In parallel to this trial, an economic impact assessment was carried out that i) approximated the cost that MCF avoidance has on livestock herd owners living in wildebeest calving areas; and ii) estimated the cost that MCF avoidance has on cattle health parameters and the economic impact these parameters have on market value. We present the trial outcomes, which raise questions about the use of a vaccine to protect pastoralist livestock living in mixed-use buffer-zones, the environmental effects this may have on rangeland ecosystems, and the economic impacts that would benefit some of the world’s most marginalised people.

Key words: malignant catarrhal fever; pastoralists; vaccine; economic impact


38

tHE BURDEn oF RABIES In tAnZAnIA AnD ItS IMPACtS on LoCAL CoMMUnItIES

Maganga Sambo1,2 *, Sarah Cleaveland1, Heather Ferguson1,2, Tiziana Lembo1, Cleophas Simon3, Honorati Urassa2, Katie Hampson1

1Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK

2Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania3Temeke Municipal Council, Livestock Office, P.O. Box 46343, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania


ABStRACtRabies remains a major public health threat in many parts of the world and is responsible for an estimated 55,000 human deaths annually. The burden of rabies is estimated to be around US$20 million in Africa, with the highest financial expenditure being the cost of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). However, these calculations may be substantial underestimates because the costs to households of coping with endemic rabies have not been investigated. We therefore aimed to estimate the household costs, health seeking behaviour, coping strategies and outcomes of exposure to rabies in rural and urban communities in Tanzania. Extensive investigative interviews were used to estimate the incidence of human deaths and bite exposures. Questionnaires with bite-victims and their families were used to investigate health-seeking behaviour and costs (medical and non-medical costs) associated with exposure to rabies. We calculated that an average patient in rural Tanzania, where most people live on less than US$1 per day, would need to spend over US$100 to complete WHO recommended PEP schedules. High costs and frequent shortages of PEP led to poor compliance with PEP regimens, delays in presentation to health facilities and increased risk of death. The true costs of obtaining PEP were twice as high as those previously reported from Africa and should be considered in re-evaluations of the burden of rabies.

Key words: Economic costs, costs to households, treatment-seeking, canine rabies, burden


39

RISKS FACtoRS AnD MoRPHoLoGICAL CHARACtERIStICS oF CAnInE tRAnSMISSIBLE VEnEREAL tUMoUR In SELECtED

REGIonS oF tAnZAnIA

G.Z. Magoke1, J.A. Matovelo2 and R.B. Matondo2

1Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency; 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania


ABStRACtA study was done in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Arusha urban and peri-urban areas to determine the risk factors and morphological characteristics of transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) in dogs. A cross-sectional study of the dog populations was done during the period of 6 months from October, 2010. Occurrence profiles, odds ratios (ORs), and logistic regression models for TVT were determined using a significance level of α = 0.05. A total of 15 dogs were identified to have TVT of which 3 (20%) were male and 12 (80%) female. Fourteen (93.3%) were between 1 and 5 years and all 15 (100%) cases occurred in intact mongrels. TVT was located in the genitalia in 14 dogs with 2 dogs showing extragenital tumours. Lack of confinement was a major risk factor with all the affected dogs being partially confined or not confined at all. Lack of neutering was among the major predisposing factors for TVT occurrence with all the cases occurring in intact dogs. Mature dogs of young age group (1-5 years) were found to be more predisposed to TVT (OR=9.38) as well as female dogs (OR=10). Grossly, TVT appeared as multilobulated growth of whitish to pinkish-red tissues that were associated with bleeding, swelling, soiling, Pigmentation and deformation of the genitalia. Histologically, TVT consisted of sheets of compact round cells in fine fibrovascular stroma and variable degrees of inflammatory cells and mitotic figures. Dog owners should be educated about the risks of TVT and advised on preventive measures.

Keywords: Risks, Characteristics, Canine TVT, Selected regions, Tanzania


40

IDEntIFICAtIon, CHARACtERISAtIon AnD CLASSIFICAtIon oF tUMoUR AnD tUMoUR-LIKE LESIonS oF DoG SKInS

FRoM SELECtED REGIonS oF tAnZAnIA

G.Z. Magoke1, J.A. Matovelo2 and R.B. Matondo2

1Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency; 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania


ABStRACtThis study was conducted in order to gain knowledge about the types and characteristics of tumour and tumour-like lesions of dog skins from selected regions of Tanzania. A cross-sectional study of the dog populations was done in the urban and periurban areas of Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Morogoro for the period of 6 months from October, 2010. For each skin tumour, anatomical site was recorded and then excisional biopsy sample taken for detailed pathomorphological study which enabled the identification, characterisation and classification. A total of 18 skin tumours were studied and they were identified as lipoma (3), hepatoid adenoma (2), fibroma (2), papilloma (2), meibomian epithelioma (1), meibomian adenoma (1), liposarcoma (1), pilomatricoma (1), apocrine adenoma (1), histiocytoma (1), plasmacytoma (1), basal cell tumour (1) and melanoma (1). Eight tumours (44.5%) were classified as epithelial and melanocytic tumours, eight (44.5%) as mesenchymal tumours and two (11%) as haematopoietic tumours occurring on the skin. Further studies involving larger dog populations should be done in order to get sufficient sample for various skin tumour types and therefore be able to make more valid conclusions regarding their epidemiological and pathological features.

Key words: Identification, Characterisation, Classification, Tumour and tumour-like, Dog skins, selected regions, Tanzania.


41

ConFIMAtIon oF CHYtRIDIoMYCoSIS oUtBREAK In KIHAnSI SPRAY toADS At tHE KIHAnSI CAPtVE BREEDInG FACILItY

Mariam Makange1, Neema Kulaya1, Emiliana Biseko1, Parson Kalenga2, Severinus Mutagwaba2 and Gerald Misinzo1

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

2Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania


ABStRACtChytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis cause chytridiomycosis, a disease characterized by severe disruption of cutaneous osmoregulatory function and death. In November 2012, mass mortalities of Kihansi spray toads (KST) Nectophrynoides asperginis were observed within the third week at Kihansi captive breeding facility. Dead KST showed typical chytridiomycosis signs including reddening of toe webbings and skin discoloration. The aim of this study was to perform molecular diagnosis of chytrid fungi B. dendrobatidis in KST that died during the November 2012 mass mortalities. A total of 306 dead KST were collected from cages and pooled into sterile 50 ml falcon tubes in groups of 10 before pools were transported to the laboratory for diagnosis. Afterwards, phosphate buffer saline was added into each pool to obtain a solution containing chytrid fungi zoospores. Zoospores were pelleted by centrifugation followed by incubation with protenase K at 55 °C for 1 hour. Afterwards, DNA was extracted from zoospores using QiaAmp nucleic extraction kits following the manufacturer’s instructions. B. dendrobatidis was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using B. dendrobatidis-specific primers Bd1a/Bd2a followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. All pools of KST that died in the Kihansi captive breeding facilities were positive for B. dendrobatidis chytrid fungi. The results obtained from this study show that KST are highly susceptible to chytridiomycosis. Proper biosecurity measures at the Kihansi captive breeding facility should be put in place and adhered to in order to prevent the introduction of chytrid fungi from other amphibians residing in the vicinity of the captive breeding facility.

Key words: Chytrid fungi, Kihansi spray toads, signs, chytridiomycosis, Tanzania.


42

non tUBERCULoUS MYCoBACtERIA InFECtIonS In KAtAVI RUKWA ECoSYStEMS

Z.E. Makondo 1, R.S. Mwakapuja1, J. Malakalinga1, R.R. Kazwala1, I. Moser2 and M. Tanner2

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021 Morogoro, Tanzania, 2Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Headquarters, German.

Corresponding author: Z.E. Makondo, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021 Morogoro, Tanzania. Phone: + 255 687 443694, + 255 23 2604542, Fax: + 255 23 2604647,


ABStRACtA study on non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) was carried out in wildlife-livestock interface of Katavi Rukwa ecosystem (KRE). 328 livestock tissues and 178 wild animals were cultured; wild animals were sampled opportunistically during professional hunting and game cropping operations in the KRE protected areas. The objective of the study was to generate data on epidemiology of NTM in the wildlife-livestock interface of the KRE. Methods used to identify the NTM were; culture and isolation, polymerase chain reaction, protein heat shock 65 kilodalton (hsp65) and sequencing. Mycobacteria were detected on 25.9% and 11.9% of livestock and wildlife tissue cultures respectively. The most NTM isolated were M. kansasii (30%), M. gastri (30%), M. fortuitum (1%) M. intracellulare (4%), M. indicus pranii (4%), M. nonchromogenicum (6%), and M. lentiflavum (6%). Other NTM in smaller percentages were M. hibernae, M. engbaekii, M. septicum, M. arupense, and M. godii. Due to rise of NTM infection in both human and animals, it is recommended that awareness and laboratory facilities be improved to curb the underreporting especially in TB-endemic countries. For species specific identification, a networks of national and regional laboratories is promoted.

Key words: tuberculous mycobacteria, wildlife-livestock interface, Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania


43

ULtRASonoGRAPHIC ABDoMInAL AnAtoMY oF HEALtHY CAPtIVE CARACALS (CARACAL CARACAL)

Modesta Makungu1,5, Wencke du Plessis2, Michelle Barrows3, Katja N. Koeppel4 and Herman B. Groenewald5

1Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

2Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies3Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom

4Johannesburg Zoo, Parkview, South Africa5Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa


ABSTRACTAbdominal ultrasonography is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that can be used for diagnosis of abdominal disorders and pregnancy. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in six adult captive caracals (Caracal caracal) to describe the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy. Consistently, the splenic parenchyma was hyperechoic to the liver and kidneys. The relative echogenicity of the right kidney’s cortex was inconsistent to the liver. The gall bladder was prominent in five animals and surrounded by a clearly visualized thin, smooth, regular echogenic wall. The wall thickness of the duodenum measured significantly greater compared with that of the jejunum and colon. The duodenum had a significantly thicker mucosal layer compared with that of the stomach. Such knowledge of the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate diagnosis and interpretation of routine health examinations.

Key words: Caracal, Caracal caracal, ultrasound, abdomen, anatomy


44

EXPLoRInG tHE RELAtIonSHIP BEtWEEn QUALItY tRAInInG, ContInoUS PRoFESSIonAL DEVELoPMEnt AnD

VEtERInARY SERVICES DELIVERY

Bedan Masuruli1

1Veterinary Council of Tanzania, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Box 9152, Dar es Salaam

Correspondence: [email protected]

ABStRACtA study on the influence of quality training and re-training in the veterinary profession in Tanzania was carried out basing on the fact that the profession is founded on service to society and advancement of medical knowledge. The profession as a whole has to periodically change so as to adapt successfully to the changing needs of society. While companion and agricultural animal care has most recently dominated the veterinary profession, new other fields, such as environmental protection, food quality control, animal welfare, wildlife, aquatic and marine animal medicine and biomedical research (defined as research contributing to understanding of human physiology and pathology, including behavioral and clinical research) to mention a few, have continued to emerge . Emergence of new fields and changing, societal attitudes require a paradigm shift for the profession to re- assess itself so as to keep abreast with the demand of the society. In this paper, the divers for quality training for undergraduates and re-training to veterinary professionals and paraprofessionals and its relationship with quality veterinary services delivery are discussed.

Key words: Veterinary profession, training, paradigm shift, Tanzania


45

SERoPREVALEnCE oF Foot AnD MoUtH DISEASE In tHE WILDLIFE-LIVEStoCK IntERFACE AnD non IntERFACE

AREAS oF tAnZAnIA

1Daniel Mdetele, 1Christopher Kassanga and 2Kim Kayunze

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.BOX 3000 Chuo kikuu Morogoro2Sokoine University of Agriculture, Continuing Education Institute, P.O.BOX 3000 Chuo Kikuu Morogoro


ABStRACtA cross sectional study was conducted on Serengeti ecosystem(wildlife-livestock interface) and central part of Tanzania (non Interface) to determine the prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Serengeti, Bunda, Kongwa and Iramba districts. Seroprevalence investigation was performed using 3ABC – ELISA technique. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of Foot and Mouth disease was 66.25% (265/400). Significantly higher prevalence was recorded in Wildlife-livestock interface area 71.5% (143/200) compared to non interface area 61% (122/200). However district wise higher prevalence was recorded in Kongwa district 89%(89/100), Serengeti 78% (78/100), Bunda 65% (65/100) and Iramba 33% (33/100) respectively. As well specie wise indicate higher prevalence in Bovine 69.81% (252/361), Ovine 52.38%(11/21) and Caprine11.11% (2/18). From the various risk factors, ecosystem distribution(X2=4.9308, P=0.0264) and specie distribution (X2=28.3236, P=0.0001). The result indicated that FMD is highly prevalent in Wildlife-livestock interface areas than non Interface area. However uncontrolled livestock movement resulted into much higher FMD prevalence in Kongwa district even than districts in the Wildlife-livestock interface. Higher prevalence of FMD in other specie than cattle tells that FMD control planning need to consider other species too.

Key words: Interface, Seroprevalence, FMD, 3ABC ELISA, Tanzania


46

BoVInE BRUCELLoSIS PREVALEnCE, FARMERS’ AWAREnESS, PRACtICES AnD AnIMAL HEALtH EXtEnSIon SERVICES In

MPWAPWA DIStRICt

Mengele, I.J1, Makondo, Z.E1 and Anna Msenduki2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency-Central Zone), 2 Livestock Department, Mpwapwa District Council.


ABStRACtThe study was conducted in thirteen Mpwapwa villages to determine the seroprevalence of Brucellosis in extensive adult bovine animals, farmer’s awareness and practices related to milk borne zoonoses (Tuberculosis and Brucellosis) and the animal health extension services inputs. During the study period of March 2013, a total of 545 blood samples were collected and 73 potential farmers were interviewed. For the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, adult bovine blood samples were collected from a jugular vein; sera were collected and antibodies against Brucella abortus detection were done using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). Bovine brucellosis seroprevalence indicated that 10% of bovine animals tested were positive reactors. For the farmers 78% are not aware of milk born zoonoses, 43% drink raw milk, 93% eat cooked meat and 91% do not know how animals and human can contract the diseases. As for animal health services, only 52% of farmers have access to animal health extension services and 92% of farmers have never seen samples being taken from their animals for further laboratory investigation. The results from this study suggest that bovine and humans are in potential risk of contracting Brucellosis. Prompt interventions are binding in the area such as public awareness, vaccination and voluntary strategic slaughter of reactors. This study recommends laboratory investigation of domestic animals for proper diagnosis of diseases.

Key words: seroprevalence, Awareness, Practices, extension services, milk borne zoonoses and interventions


47

SERoIMMUnE RESPonSES to StRAtEGIC VACCInAtIon In CHICKEnS AGAInSt nEWCAStLE DISEASE USInG

CoMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE VACCInES

Mengele, I. J1 and Msoffe, P. L. M2

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency-TVLA2Sokoine University of Agricultue-SUA


ABStRACtEvaluation of the Newcastle Disease (ND) antibody level after different vaccination strategies using I-2 and La Sota vaccines was experimentally conducted on broiler chickens using standard HI test. Three vaccination strategies employed were 12.5%, 25% and 50% of the chickens where vaccinated, positive and negative control groups were used. At 12.5% vaccination strategy, for I-2 vaccine, 12.5% of the chickens were seroconverted to protective level (HI titre results ≥Log3 base 2), and was not significantly different (p>0.05) to the negative control group. For La Sota vaccine, 62.5% of the chickens seroconverted to protective level and was not significantly different (p<0.05) to control positive group. At this strategy, La Sota vaccine has proved to do better than I-2 vaccine in activating humoral immune response. At 25% vaccination strategy, I-2 vaccine has shown that, 75% of the chickens were seroconverted to protective level, the result was significant different (p<0.05) to negative control group. La Sota likewise, 75% of the chickens seroconverted to protective level which was significantly different (p<0.05) to the negative control. At this strategy both vaccines have same activation. At 50% vaccination strategy, for I-2 vaccine, 81% of the chickens were seroconverted to protective level and for La Sota vaccines, 94% of chickens were seroconverted to protective level. For both vaccines their results were significantly different (p<0.05) to negative control. At this strategy, both vaccines have similar effect in humoral immune response activation. Therefore vaccinating 25% and above of the chickens will results in a flock immunity in intensive farming.

Key words: Haemaglutination Inhibition Test, Vacciantion strategy, Seroimmune response, Flock immunity.


48

MoLECULAR CHARACtERIZAtIon oF oUtBREAK AFRICAn SWInE FEVER VIRUS BEtWEEn 2001 AnD 2013 In tAnZAnIA

Gerald Misinzo*

Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.


ABStRACtAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a double-strand DNA virus of the family Asfarviridae and genus Asfivirus. Molecular characterization of ASFV is based on analysis of nucleotide sequences of the variable 3′-end of the B646L gene encoding the major capsid protein p72, the complete E183L gene encoding the structural protein p54 and tetramer amino acid repeats within the hypervariable central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene. Since 2000, sporadic ASF outbreaks in Tanzania have been reported in Dar es Salaam and Kyela in 2001, Arusha in 2003, Kasulu, Kigoma and Kibondo in 2004, Mwanza in 2005 and Turiani, Bagamoyo, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam in 2008, Longido in 2009, Kyela, Ludewa, Chunya, Ileje, Mbarali, Rungwe, Tukuyu, Temeke, Kilolo, Iringa, Sumbawanga, Ifakara and Kilosa in 2010-2013, and Arusha, Moshi and Machame in 2013. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of p72, p54 and CVR of the ASFV responsible for ASFV outbreaks in Tanzania between 2001 and 2013 were analyzed. The results group ASFV circulating in Tanzania into p72 and p54 genotypes II, X, XV, and XVI with varying tetramer amino acid repeats within the CVR. The results of the present study define the transboundary spread of ASF and its possible emergence from wildlife.

Key words: African swine fever virus, molecular characterization, phylogeny, domestic pig, Tanzania


49

MoLECULAR CHARACtERIZAtIon oF PEStE DES PEtItS RUMInAntS VIRUS DURInG tHE 2011 oUtBREAK

In tAnDAHIMBA,tAnZAnIA

Gerald Misinzo1,*, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Epaphras A. Muse2, Jan Van Doorsselaere3, Mikael Berg4, and Muhammad Munir5

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; 2Ruaha National Park, Tanzania National Parks, Iringa, Tanzania; 3Higher Institute for Nursing and Biotechnology,

Roeselare, Belgium; 4Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; 5The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom


ABStRACtPeste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious disease in both domestic and wild small ruminants, and in camels. Based on sequence analysis of nucleoprotein (N) genes, PPRV has been classified into four lineages (I-IV) distinct to different geographical areas. Serological investigations in Tanzania indicate that PPR was introduced in 2004 in Ngorongoro district before official confirmation of the disease in most districts of Northern Tanzania in 2008. In 2011, presence of PPRV in goats of Southern Tanzania district of Tandahimba was reported. However, genetic nature of circulating PPRV in Tanzania remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of PPRV strains that caused outbreak in Tandahimba district in 2011. Nasopharyngeal and ocular swabs obtained from three sheep and 27 goats were subjected to a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of hypervariable 3´-end of N gene of PPRV using NP3 and NP4 primers. The sequence of N gene obtained in this study showed two distinct circulating PPRV in Tandahimba, clustering in two distinct lineages IV and II (with 98% identity with the vaccine virus from Nigeria (Nig/75/1)). There was no history of PPR vaccination in Tandahimba at the time of sampling, suggesting that obtained sequences originated from circulating field viruses related to Nig/75/1 rather than being vaccine derived. The present study gives evidence of at least two separate introductions of PPRV into Southern Tanzania, underlining the transboundary nature of the disease, particularly in regions with uncontrolled livestock movements.

Key words: Peste des petits ruminants virus, Nucleoprotein gene, Outbreak, Phylogeography, Tanzania


50

An oVERVIEW oF SELECtED onE HEALtH ACtIVItIES At noRtH CARoLInA StAtE UnIVERSItY, CoLLEGE oF

VEtERInARY MEDICInE

Jareca Giles1, Morika Williams1 and Peter Cowen1,2,*

1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA2Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABStRACtThis paper describes selected activities currently underway at the College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, USA including DVM educational initiatives, collaborations with area universities, baseline assessment of student understanding and knowledge of One Health, the Short History of One Health Project and development of One Health collaborations in Africa. DVM professional educational activities include: Epidemiology and public health courses; Emergency Responder training; One Health selective short course and One Health Intellectual Exchange Group. Research activities include: One Health comparative survey of students in veterinary medicine, human medicine, relevant social sciences and selected natural resources disciplines concerning their understanding and prioritization of One Health curriculum and concepts. One Health means different things to different people and this project establishes baseline data concerning what it means to a wide range of current students in different disciplines. This project is currently starting up and underway in North Carolina, USA, University of Pretoria, South Africa and at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. Short History of One Health in the United States. One Health Collaborations in Africa include technical review of the Nigerian Avian Influenza program, development of Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program and Key Note speech at 2nd Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses conference and with University of Pretoria South Africa.

Key words: One Health, veterinary medicine, comparative survey, curriculum, collaboration


51

EVALUAtIon oF SERoLoGICAL tEStS FoR BoVInE tUBERCULoSIS In InDIGEnoUS CAttLE AnD BUFFALo In

MIKUMI-SELoUS ECoSYStEM, EAStERn tAnZAnIA

R. S. Mwakapuja1, Z. E. Makondo1, I. Nassoro2, I. Moser3, R. R. Kazwala2, and M. Tanner4.

1Tanzania Veterinary laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Morogoro Tanzania.

3Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.4Ludwig Maximillian University of Munich, Germany.


ABStRACtStrong, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tools for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in live animal are important for effective control and surveillance of the disease. This study describes the evaluation of three diagnostics namely single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SCITT), gamma-interferon assay (γ-IFNA) and bovid Stat-Pak on cattle and buffalo from Selous-Mikumi ecosystem. 180 cattle were tested with SCITT, γ-IFN and bovid Stat-Pak while 63 buffalo were tested with γ-IFNA and bovid Stat-Pak. The agreement between γ-IFNA and bovid Stat-Pak, SCITT and Stat-Pak and γ-IFNA and SCITT were κ=0.14, κ=0.21 and κ=0.5, respectively. There was no significant difference (p=0.5) between animals tested positive by γ-IFN and SCITT. This study showed that γ-FNA and SCITT have moderate agreement, implying that γ-FNA can be used as auxiliary test with SCITT in control of BTB in livestock/wildlife interface areas.

Keywords: Tuberculin skin test, serological tests, gamma interferon,


52

tHE EXtEnt oF HUMAn (nEURo) CYStICERCoSIS AnD EPILEPSY In MBULU DIStRICt, tAnZAnIA

Beda John Mwang’onde1, 2*; Mwita Chacha1,3; Gamba Nkwengulila1

1Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

2Tropical Pesticides Research Institute. P. O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.3Wellcome Trust Fellow, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, P. O. Box 35064 Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania.


ABStRACtHuman cysticercosis (HCC) is an important zoonosis in most developing countries as it is one of the main causes of epilepsy. Tanzania has high risk of HCC due to high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis (PCC); however, there is inadequate information on the extent of the problem. The present study investigated the prevalence levels of HCC in the general community in Mbulu district, Manyara. Western Blot Assay (Cysticercus WB IgG) and CT scan were used to detect infection by cysticerci. A questionnaire was used to explore the extent of neurological cases in the community. Sero-prevalence of HCC from the general community was 16.27%. About 76% of HCC sero-positive patients had neurocysticercosis (NCC) suggestive lesions and 73.7% of NCC victims had epileptic seizures. An estimated 4.9% of the population was afflicted by neuro-disorders and 4.7%, again of the population had epileptic seizures. It is concluded that HCC is a public health problem in Mbulu which inflicts 163 individuals in every 1000 populations. The population of people with neuro-disorders of unknown origin is also alarming. It is recommended that measures be taken to control HCC in the area and further studies be conducted to find out the aetiology of the alarming high population of neuro-disordered people.

Keywords: Human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, extent, Mbulu district


53

PIG KEEPERS PERCEPtIon on SoCIo-EConoMICAL LoSSES CAUSED BY AFRICAn SWInE FEVER In tAnZAnIA: A CASE

StUDY MBEYA REGIon

Solomon Wilson Nong’ona1, M.J. Kipanyula2, and Philip Mwaisobwa1

1Mbeya Regional Secretariat, P. O. Box 754, MBEYA, Tanzania, Tel.: +255-25 2504045, 2Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, P. O, Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro,

Tanzania, Tel.: +255-260 260234979, Email: [email protected]


ABStRACtThe study was carried out in six Councils of Mbeya Region (Chunya, Mbarali, Mbeya, Mbeya City Council, Ileje and Rungwe) to access the socio-economical impact of the recent ASF outbreaks. A structured questionnaire was administered to 79 households from different villages. The study indicates that the number of pigs was reduced from an average of two to one pigs per household before the disease and after the disease respectively. An average of Tsh. 2,821,400.00 from other stakeholders (transporters, butch men, middlemen and those who fry potatoes with pig meat n=19) was lost due to ASF within a year. The mean price of pig before and after the disease was Tsh. 84,387.00 and 44,400.00 respectively, which also had some effects to education, agriculture, and health services. The disease was controlled by disinfecting the pig houses (66%), isolation of sick pigs from health ones (51%), stopping other person to get closer to pig houses (48%), good pig husbandry (47%) in order to minimize the spread of ASF. Other pig keepers stopped completely keeping pigs during ASF during the out break and quarantine was instituted by Council Veterinarians.The study has revealed that ASF caused both direct and indirect socio-economical losses resulting to negative impact to health services, agricultural production, education provision and other related business with remarkable poor records keeping among the stake holders.

Key words: African swine fever, socio-economical, pigs, Mbeya


54

tREMAtoDE InFECtIonS In CAttLE At InCREASInG ALtItUDE In IRInGA RURAL DIStRICt: SoUtHERn HIGHLAnDS,

tAnZAnIA

Nzalawahe J.1, Kassuku A.A.1 , Russels S.2, Coles G.3 and Mark E.3

1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania2Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK

3School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford house, Langford, Bristol, UK.


ABStRACtA cross-sectional survey was performed to determine the distribution of trematode infections in cattle and their snail’s intermediate hosts in Iringa rural district. Fifteen villages at altitude ranging from 696 – 1800 m above the sea level were visited for collection of fecal samples in cattle and snails in the selected water bodies. A total of 450 cattle were examined for trematode infections using flukefinder® method. Of the examined cattle 120 (26.7%), 288 (64%) and 19 (4.2%) were found to be infected with fasciolosis, paramphistomosis and schistosomosis respectively. The villages at higher altitude (>1500m) were found to have higher prevalence’s of 74% (46.7 – 100%), 84.7% (53.3 – 100%) and 5.1% (0 – 13.3%) as compared to lower altitude (<1500m) villages 3% (0 – 10 %), 53.7% (20 – 83.3%) and 3.7% (0 – 16.7 %) for fasciolosis, paramphistomosis and schistosomosis respectively. The differences in prevalence’s were statistically significant for fasciolosis (p–value < 0.000) and paramphistomosis (p–value < 0.000) and not for schistosomosis (p–value > 0.05). Furthermore a total of 27 water bodies were visited for collection of snail intermediate hosts. High proportion of the visited water bodies at higher altitude villages harbours snail intermediate hosts (78%, 66.7%, 44.4% and 33.3%) as compared to lower altitude villages (11.1%, 11.1% , 11.1% and 5.6%) for Radix natalensis, Biomphalaria spp, Bulinus africanus/tropicus group and Bulinus forskalli group respectively. This study has observed that altitude has tremendous effect on the intensity of trematode infections (fasciolosis and paramphistomosis) in cattle and on the distribution of snail intermediate hosts.

Keywords: altitude, fasciolosis, paramphistomosis, schistosomosis, cattle


55

MICRoBIAL PREVALEnCE AnD SAFEtY on USE oF LoW QUALItY WAtER FoR VEGEtABLES PRoDUCtIon In URBAn

MoRoGoRo, tAnZAnIA

Ofred Jonas Mhongole1, Yrja Lisa Linderberg2, Robinson Mdegela1 and Anders Dalsgaard 2

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania2Copenhagen University, Denmark


ABStRACtWater is an essential resource in supporting the life of humans, animals, plants and other living systems. Reuse of low quality water (LQW) in irrigation agriculture, solid sludge or excreta as fertilizer had been a long practice. LQW is not equivalent to drinking water that is fit for human and animal consumption. It includes treated wastewater and polluted downstream rivers. Irrigation agriculture is the largest reported reuse of wastewater. The purpose of the study was to quantify Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and ESBL resistant Escherichia coli in LWQ and vegetables. A total of 69 vegetables and 37 water samples were collected and analyzed for Escherichia coli using EC Petrifilm plates incubated at 44oC. The Escherichia coli levels are significantly removed from 5.00logcfu/ml of raw wastewater to 1.00logcfu/ml treated wastewater while for Morogoro River concentration was >2.00log10cfu/ml. 90% of 21 vegetable samples irrigated with Morogoro River from Fungafunga area and 12.5% out 47 vegetable samples irrigated with treated wastewater from Mazimbu area were respectively contaminated with Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The results show that wastewater stabilization ponds are performing well. Morogoro River water was found relatively contaminated than treated wastewater. Vegetables irrigated with Morogoro River was contaminated with Escherichia coli than vegetables’ irrigated with treated wastewater which meet the WHO guidelines levels for faecal coliforms indicators ≤1000/100ml for use in unrestricted irrigation agriculture. Therefore expected impacts from provision of quality and safe treated wastewater for irrigation is huge as it can increase the economic well-being of poor farmers in urban areas.

Key words: Treated wastewater, vegetables and contamination


56

LEECHES AS IMPoRtAnt WAtER-BoRnE PARASItES oF CAttLE In tAnZAnIA: SoME PRELIMInARY FInDInGS

1Silayo, RS, 1Rigita, JM, 1Athumani, PC,1 Kimbita, EN and 1

Mpanduji, DG

Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 3015, Chuo Kikuu, MOROGORO, TANZANIA

Correspondence-E: [email protected] or [email protected] .

ABStRACtThe well-known water-borne parasitic infections of animals and man are fascioloses and schistosomoses. Field interviews and observations carried out recently in Musoma, Kilosa and Kilimanjaro, Tanzania have however pointed to leech (“Ruba”) attacks as an increasingly important cause of water-borne ill-health in cattle. Moreover personal communications and published information indicates that a number of serious leech attacks have also occurred in man. In the field studies, it was found that the problem is associated with drinking of unsafe water particularly in situations where it is scarce and occurs in dwindling pools. Livestock keepers in affected areas rated leech attacks as one of the most important conditions affecting their cattle and were conversant with clinical signs in affected animals. In clinical cases, leeches were found attached to tongues and livestock keepers treated the animals by manual removal. It is argued that the way out of this problem is to institute preventive measures of which the most important is to provide safe watering points for animals (and man). Since natural sources of flowing water are scarce in the affected areas, the way forward is to invest in water harvesting technologies. Veterinarians have vested interest in improved quality and quantity of water since water is the foremost requirement for livestock production and its scarcity is a driver for transhumant pastoralism and difficulties in disease control. This paper aims to sensitise field staff to this problem in order that its socioeconomic importance may be determined for purposes of recruiting necessary funding to address it.

Key words: water-borne parasites, leech, importance, Tanzania


57

REtRoSPECtIVE StUDY oF CAttLE PRotoZoAn AnD RICKEttSIAL VECtoR-BoRnE DISEASES In DAR ES SALAAM

Rukambile, E.J 1., Ngovi, C.J 1., Kamnde, R.R 1., Magwisha, H.B 1., Chang’a, J.S 1 and Msami, H.M 2.

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency-Central Veterinary Laboratory, P. O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency-Directorate of Disease Surveillance and Diagnosis P. O. Box 925, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania


ABStRACtA 14-year record-based retrospective study was taken to investigate the protozoan and rickettsial haemoparasitic diseases of cattle in Dar es salaam over a period of 1999 – 2012. The sample types submitted during this period were lymph node smears, thick and thin bloods smears and were examined using microscopy technique. The data obtained from these records were analysed using Excel computer program. A total of 8,618 samples were submitted in entire period under study with an average of 616 samples being submitted in each year. The positive cases numbered at 1,485 (17%) for East Coast fever (559), anaplasmosis (411) and trypanosomiasis (515), singly, in combination of two or all three diseases were recorded. The three diseases were found to be the only vector-borne rickettsial and protozoan diseases diagnosed during the entire period under study. Large number of samples was observed to be submitted between March and April and between June and August the periods which coincide with high number of trypanosomiasis and East Coast fever cases diagnosed respectively. Generally there is a decrease in the number of positive cases compared to the total number of samples submitted observed in entire period, the decrease being more drastic in anaplasmosis cases compare to the other two diseases. Additionally, total number of the samples submitted to the laboratory was decreasing, the decrease being more pronounced in the last three 3 years. The study revealed the common vector-borne diseases in cattle in Dar es salaam and established their trend in occurrence, all of these being important information which can be of used in designing the strategies for their control.

Key words: Anaplasmosis, Dar es salaam, East Coast fever; Trypanosomiasis; Vector-borne diseases


58

DEtERMInAtIon oF RISK FACtoRS ContRIBUtInG to MICRoBIAL ContAMInAtIon In MILK AnD IDEntIFICAtIon oF PRESEnCE oF SELECtED PAtHoGEnIC BACtERIA ALonG

DAIRY VALUE CHAIn In tAnGA

Fortunate Shija1 , Hezron Nonga1, Lusato R Kurwijila1, Kristine Rosel2 , Delia Grace3 and Gerald Misinzo1

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3015, Morogoro, Tanzania, 2International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Biodiversity International, Plot 106, Katalima Road, P O Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda, 3International Livestock

Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.


ABStRACtContaminated milk is responsible for up to 90% of all dairy-related diseases of humans. A cross sectional study was carried out in Lushoto and Handeni districts of Tanga region to determine handling practices, bacterial contaminations and selected milk-borne zoonotic pathogens along the dairy value chain. A total of 93 respondents were interviewed and subsequently 184 samples of milk and its product were collected for laboratory analysis of total plate count (TPC), coliform plate count (CPC), and detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Brucella abortus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed 57% of famers milked their cows under unhygienic conditions and plastic containers were used for storage. Although the mean total plate count was exactly within the East African Standards (EAS, 5.3 log10 cfu/ml) the counts ranged between 3.3 log10 to,5.8 log10 where 87% and 93% of milk from farmers and vendors, respectively, were above the acceptable EAS standards. Meanwhile, 100 % of milk samples were above CPC EAS standards. PCR analyses did not detect E.coli O157:H7 in all the tested milk samples while B. abortus was detected in 37 out of 87 samples tested (42.5%). It was concluded that limited veterinary/extension services, unhygienic practices of milking and post-harvest handling along the dairy value chain possibly contributed to microbial contamination of milk. Detection of B. abortus in milk is of public health significancy due to its zoonotic potential. It is recommended that veterinary/extension services should be provided to livestock farmers on proper animal husbandry and control of diseases.

Key words: milk handling practices, Brucella abortus, value chain, Tanzania.


59

StREnGtHEnInG RURAL LIVELIHooDS tHRoUGH IMPRoVInG VILLAGE PoULtRY PRoDUCtIon BY ContRoLLInG

nEWCAStLE DISEASE: SInGIDA nEWCAStLE DISEASE ContRoL MoDEL

1G. Shirima. 1H. Msami, 1E. Yesse, 2R. Mtilimbania

1Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency 2Singida Rural District Council


ABStRACtNewcastle disease (ND) control activity using Thermotolerant I-2 vaccine in indigenous chickens was carried out in five pilot villages of Singida rural district from 2010 to 2012. A conceptual model termed Singida ND control Model was developed and used to introduce the activity. The model comprised of the community, communication and education, vaccinations, evaluation and economic sustainability. After introducing the model, the number of households owned chickens rose from 96% to 99.3% whereas the average number of chickens per household rose from 10 to 17. Although the average number of vaccinated chickens per household varied from 11-20 it appeared to be stable at village level. The overall vaccination coverage in pilot villages for two years consecutively was 99.7%. Replication of ND control took place in 140 villages in 21 wards outside the project area with vaccination coverage of 74%. This pushes the disease well outside the district. There was no single report of ND outbreak in the pilot villages. This stimulates chicken marketing whereas in one week at a single market in Singida town 12,000 chickens are sold and transported to other regions. The efficient utilisation of the vaccine was improved from 91% to 98% whereas, the average number of chickens vaccinated per community vaccinator increased from 1120 to 1442. Vaccine usage and number of chickens per vaccinator reflects on the average benefit for the vaccinator and impact on the subsequent participation and sustainability. Although the model proved to control ND and increased household income other challenges were emerged such as Fowl pox, vitamin A deficiency, feed resource base and housing that requires proper integration.

Key words: Newcastle disease control, model, Singida, Tanzania


60

AnIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLAnCE AnD InFoRMAtIon In tAnZAnIA: WHY UnDER- PERFoRMInG?

E.S.Swai1

1 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development,Box 9152, Dar-es-Salaam


ABStRACtIn Tanzania, investigating diseases and maintaining country wide animal surveillance system is a major challenge. Important constraints include the need to access remote and often large areas characterized by poor infrastructure and communications; wide interaction of animal spp and the need to conduct adequate disease search with limited, yet unmotivated personnel and financial resources. Early detection and reporting of disease outbreaks in human and animal populations is crucial to the effective surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Capacity for early detection of outbreaks, remain one of the critical constraint toward effective local, regional and national surveillance strategies and action. AD surveillance faces many of the problems and these include:(i) Lack of clear case definitions, (ii) Fragmented and paper-based information systems, and(iii) Conflicting governance and regulatory authorities. The core value of any surveillance operation is “action”. Poor reporting is a major constraint to the surveillance of both emerging and endemic zoonoses, and several important barriers to reporting can be identified as: (i) a lack of tangible benefits when reports are made; (ii) a lack of capacity to enforce regulations; (iii) poor communication among communities, institutions and sectors; and (iv) complexities of the international regulatory environment. Redirecting surveillance efforts to focus on (i) involving stakeholders in the design of surveillance systems, (ii) providing information about the wider benefits of surveillance activities, and stakeholders’ key role as data providers, (iii) raising awareness, (iv) investigations to enhance understanding of the factors influencing participation in surveillance, (v) provide appropriate incentives for reporting and ; (vi) building trust offers a pragmatic approach that overcomes some of these barriers and provides additional support in the areas of surveillance capacity building . In addition, this approach, provides an equitable and sustainable mechanism for building the culture of surveillance and the core capacities that are needed for reporting animal and human disease of public threats.

Key words: Animal diseases, surveillance, reporting, constraints


61

SMARt WILDLIFE SURVEILLAnCE AS A tooL FoR IDEntIFYInG EMERGInG PotEntIAL VIRAL PAtHoGEnS In DIVERSE ECoSYStEMS oF tAnZAnIA WItH SIGnIFICAnt

HUMAn-WILDLIFE IntERACtIonS

Zikankuba Sijali1, Ruth Maganga1, Liz VanWormer 2, David Wolking2, Tracey Goldstein2, Brett Smith2, Rudovick Kazwala1, Jonna Mazet2

1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.2 University of California Davis, California, USA.


ABStRACtEmerging zoonotic diseases pose a global threat to human and animal health especially in developing countries with limited resources for disease surveillance and control. As the majority of emerging zoonoses come from wildlife, increased interaction between humans, livestock, and wildlife due to human population growth, land use changes, and cultural behavior can amplify the potential for disease transmission among these populations. The Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) project, the implementing partner for USAID’s global PREDICT project in Tanzania, has initiated country-wide SMART (Strategic, Measureable, Adaptive, Responsive, and Targeted) surveillance through collection of samples from high priority taxa (bats, rodents, and non human primates) at identified areas with close contact and high risk for zoonotic disease transmission. Specimen selection for diagnostic testing is based on the potential route(s) of contact between animals and humans in these areas (e.g. hunting – blood, peridomestic areas - fecal and oral swabs). The selected specimens are currently being screened at the SUA Molecular Wildlife Diagnostic Lab, Makerere University Walter Reed Project laboratory and the University of California, Davis One Health Institute Lab using broadly reactive consensus (genus/family-level) PCR. All suspect-positive PCR products are cloned and then sequenced to identify known and emerging potential viral pathogens. Our SMART Surveillance uses a One Health approach in which HALI project researchers work with specialists from a wide variety of fields including medicine (veterinary and human), epidemiology, ecology, conservation, sociology, and economics to raise community awareness of zoonotic diseases, increase capacity for wildlife surveillance, and reduce the risk of disease transmission from wildlife to humans and domestic animals.

Key words: SMART, wildlife surveillance, viral pathogens, Tanzania


62

oCCURREnCE oF tICKS AnD HAEMoPARASItES oF CAttLE In tHE nEW PAStoRAL FARMInG AREAS In RUFIJI DIStRICt,

tAnZAnIA

K. A. Mamiro1, H. B. Magwisha1, I. Malele2, E. J. Rukambile1, M. Ruheta3 and J. Kimboka4

1Central Veterinary Laboratory, P.O.Box 9254 Dar es Salaam2Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research Institute ( TTRI), P.O Box 1026 Tanga

3Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development p O Box 9152 Dar es Salaam4District Veterinary Office Rufiji District, Tanzania


ABStRACtAttempts were made to collect data on ticks, tick borne disease (TBD) causing pathogens, and trypanosome species occurring in the new livestock farming areas of Rufiji, Coast Region. Tick survey was carried in three wards during dry season in October, 2009, followed by seasonal tick collections carried out in 2011 and 2012 in one of the wards having large number of cattle. Haemoparasitic survey was conducted once in 2009 and 2011 respectively. At least 416 samples of ticks were collected in the three surveyed wards. 78.3% of the tick samples were identified as Amblyomma variegatum, 12.7% as Rhipicephalua evertsi and 6.4% as Boophilus microplus. For the seasonal tick collections, results indicated that species of ticks that were commonly infesting cattle were Amblyomma variegatum 56.2%, Boophilus microplus 27.3%, Rhipicephalus evertsi 10.2% and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 6.1%. The less common species were Amblyomma gemma 0.03% Hyalomma rufipes 0.023%, and Amblyomma lepidum 0.015 %. For haemoparasitic survey results, 12 out of 260 cattle examined in 2009, were found positive for trypanosomes: T.vivax was the predominant species identified 5/12 (41.6%) followed by T. congolense 4/12 (33.3%), two animals had mixed infections of two trypanosomes (Tv/Tc and Tv/Tb) while one animal had single infection of T. brucei. As for 320 cattle examined in 2011, four animals were detected positive for trypanosomes with T. vivax 3/4 (75%) and T.congolense 1/4 (25%). TBD causing pathogens: Theileria parva and Anaplasma marginale were encountered in sick animals. The results obtained conclusively indicate that tick and tick borne diseases coexist with trypanosomosis in the newly established livestock settlement areas. It is important therefore for the livestock farmers to be aware of the potential disease threats and use appropriate drugs to control the diseases and effective acaricides to control the vectors.

Key words: Ticks, Haemoparasites, Pastoral farming areas, Tanzania


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REGULAtoRY EnVIRonMEnt SURRoUnDInG tHE USE oF LoW QUALItY WAtER In AGRICULtURAL PRoDUCtIon In

URBAn AnD PERI-URBAn AREAS In tAnZAnIA

1Suzana Samson, 1James E. Mlangwa, 1 Robinson H. Mdegela, 2Christoper Mahonge and 3Anders Permin

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro.2Centre for Sustainable Rural Development, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro.

3 Technical University of Denmark, Denmark


ABStRACtThe use of low quality water (LQW) for irrigation is a reality that cannot be denied or effectively banned due to growing water stress worldwide. In Tanzania, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are facilities used for treating wastewater before discharging it into receiving water bodies such as lakes, rivers and ground. However, LQW generated from WSPs has been reported to be used for agricultural production which was not the original purpose of the facilities hence posing health risks to farmers and consumers of the products. A study whose main objective is to assess the regulatory environment surrounding the use of LQW in agricultural production was undertaken. Different research findings including the World Health Organization (2006) Guidelines on the use of LQW in agricultural production were reviewed. The findings show that the use of LQW in agricultural production has been fueled by increased population, water scarcity and urban agriculture. The findings further show that farmers ignore the health risks due to the economic benefits gained from LQW use and when no other alternative source of water is available to them. While the WHO (2006) Guidelines are very broad with the need for local adaptations, in Tanzania there are no specific state based guidelines for regulating the agricultural production using LQW. The existing policies related to the practice in Tanzania are conflicting calling for harmonization if safe and productive use of LQW in agricultural production is to be ensured.

Key Words: Low quality water, wastewater regulations, waste stabilization ponds, safe water for food, Tanzania


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MoLECULAR DEtECtIon AnD CHARACtERIZAtIon oF YERSInIA PEStIS In MBULU AnD KARAtU DIStRICtS noRtH-

EAStERn tAnZAnIA

Michael H. Ziwa1 , Bernard M. Hang’ombe2, Eligius Lyamuya1, Bukheti S. Kilonzo3, Edgar Simulundu2, Mecky I. Matee1

1Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania


ABStRACtAlthough human plague has been a public health problem in Tanzania, information on the strain(s) of Yersinia pestis responsible for plague causation is missing. This study employed molecular techniques to detect and characterize Y. pestis in various potential mammalian reservoirs/hosts and humans. The study was conducted in Mbulu and Karatu districts Tanzania. Animals were captured in six villages, during a period of disease quiescence, and were then anaesthetized; identified, sexed, autopsied and liver, spleen, heart and lung tissues were collected. Similarly, human bubo specimens were collected from clinically diagnosed patients. PCR was used to detect the Y. pestis plasminogen activator gene and the amplicons were then sequenced by a 3130 Genetic Analyzer and were compared with those available in the GenBank by BLAST search. Phylogenetic analysis was done by using MEGA 5.2 programme. Three (0.6%) rodents (2 Mastomys natalensis and 1 Gerbilliscus spp.) and two (22.2%) human bubo specimens were Y. pestis positive; all with the sequences 99% homologous to the Ancient Y. pestis DNA isolates. Two rodent species (Mastomys natalensis and Gerbilliscus spp) are among potential reservoir/hosts of the pathogen in the investigated foci and may be responsible for maintaining Y. pestis during periods of no disease outbreaks. Y. pestis biovar Antiqua is the strain circulating in the foci and is responsible for the human cases of plague recently reported. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of Y. pestis strains circulating in Tanzania we recommend a larger study that will involve all active plague foci in the country.

Key words: Human plague, Tanzania, Y. pestis strain(s), molecular techniques, Mammalian reservoirs.


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DEtERMInAtIon oF oXYtEtRACYCLInE RESIDUES In BEEF BY HPLC UV DEtECtoR In KILoSA DIStRICt, tAnZAnIA

Z. I. Kimera1,4, R. H. Mdegela1, C.J.N. Mhaiki2, E. D. Karimuribo1, F. Mabiki3, and J. Mwesongo3.

1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Box 3021 SUA, Morogoro2Department of Soil Science, Box 3001, SUA, Morogoro, Tanzania

3Faculty of Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania4Fisheries Development Division, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Box 2462, Dar es Salaam


ABStRACtPresence of OTC residues in beef from indigenous cattle was determined in a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Kilosa district, Tanzania between November, 2012 and April 2013. A total of 60 samples of fillet, liver and kidney were randomly collected from different beef carcasses slaughtered in slaughter slabs and cattle markets. The samples collected were extracted and cleaned up with Cronus C 18 cartridge. Oxytetracycline detection was done using HPLC machine Model LC – 20AD, equipped with constant flow pump, variable wavelength UV detector, column oven, auto sampler and computer software. Prevalence of OTC residues was 71.1% and the samples with OTC residues above recommended levels were 68.3%. The mean value concentration in fillet, liver and kidney were 2604.1±703.7 µg/kg, 3434.4±606.4 µg/kg and 3533.1±803.6 µg/kg respectively. While there was no significant difference in OTC levels between organs (P>0.05), there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between village of origin and tribe of the owner of the sampled animals. This study has revealed wide spread misuse of OTC by livestock keepers reflecting lack of implementation of withdrawal period and poor veterinary services. It is recommended that appropriate control measures be introduced to reduce occurrence of veterinary drugs residues in animal foods and further avoid public health threats in Tanzania.

Key words: Oxytetracycline, residues, livestock keepers, Kilosa, Tanzania


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