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33-4 The Cold War Divides the World The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts
33-4 The Cold War Divides the World
The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts
Fighting for the Third World More Than One “World”
oThird World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned
Cold War StrategiesoU.S., Soviet Union, and China compete
for influence over the Third Worldo They back revolutions and give
economic , military and technical aid
Fighting for the Third World Association of Nonaligned Nations
oMany countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold War
o In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutrality
oNonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in the Cold War
Confrontations in Latin America Fidel Castro and the Cuban
RevolutionoFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba
against dictator supported by the U.S.oBy 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes
economy, takes U.S. propertyo In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained
Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs
Fidel Castro
Confrontations in Latin America
Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisiso In 1962, U.S. demands removal of
Soviet missiles in Cubao Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S.
promises not to invade CubaoCuban economy is left dependent
on Soviet support
Confrontations in Latin America Civil War in Nicaragua
o Anastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S.
o Daniel Ortega—leads Sandinista rebels who take power in Nicaragua
o U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support Sandinistas
o Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador
o U.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El Salvador
o In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, Sandinistas lose
Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)
Confrontations in the Middle East
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Irano Shah Reza Pahlavi
embraces Western governments and oil companies
o Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company
o U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment
Shah Reza Pahlavi
Confrontations in the Middle East The United States
Supports Secular Ruleo Shah Reza Pahlavi
westernizes Iran with U.S. support
o Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile
o In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees
Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.
Confrontations in the Middle East Khomeini’s Anti-U.S.
Policieso Islamic revolutionaries
hold American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days
o Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq
o Saddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.
o Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq
The Iran-Iraq War:
Taking Sides
Confrontations in the Middle East
The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistano Soviets invade Afghanistan to help
Communist government against rebelsoMuslim rebels fight guerilla war against
Soviets with U.S. weaponsoU.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet
Uniono Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989
