36-Wireless Communication Technologies for ITS Applications

8/3/2019 36-Wireless Communication Technologies for ITS Applications

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Wireless CommunicationTechnologies

for ITS Applications



By.

P. Victer Paul

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Agenda Introduction

ITS Applications

Overview of Wireless Communication

Technologies Vehicular communication technologies(VCT)



Definition

The term intelligent transportation system (ITS) refers to efforts to add information andcommunications technology to transportinfrastructure and vehicles in an effort to manage

factors that typically are at odds with each other,such as vehicles, loads, and routes to improvesafety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation

times, and fuel consumption.



INTRODUCTION The objective of the intervehicle communication

is to increase driver safety and comfort byrelaying required information from vehicle tovehicle.

In future vehicles are expected to anticipate andavoid possible collisions, navigate the quickestroute to their destination making use of up-to-the-

minute traffic reports, identify the nearestavailable parking slot, and minimize their carbonemissions



Continue..

Communication mode is divided into two types:

1. vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication

2. vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication.

V2V direct communication in which a vehiclecommunicates directly with another vehicle withoutthird party involvement

V2V indirect communication in which two vehicles

communicate by third party mediation



Continue.. Directionality:

one-way communication

two-way communication

Operating band is the range of frequencies withinwhich the communication channel will operate.

Transmission mode could be either unicast,

broadcast, geocast Latency defines the time interval between data

packet generation by the transmitter and the timeit is delivered to the recipient



Continue.. Communication range is the maximum distance

between two communicating units that can besupported by a communication medium.

Reliability of a communication system ensuresthat data reaches its destination with a sufficiently

low error rate.

the priority mechanism defines which applicationis more delay-sensitive, should have preference

in acquiring the communication channel, orshould have the highest bandwidth at a particularmoment.



ITS Applications ITS applications have generally been classified

into three main categories with respect to theirfunctionalities: safety, efficiency, and comfort

I. SAFETY APPLICATIONS

Safety applications minimize the risk ofaccidents and reduce the severity of the

accident if it still occurs



Continue..

Safety application classified into three types.1. Collision Avoidance

2. Road Sign Notifications

3. Incident Management



Collision Avoidance Collision avoidance applications are used to warn

a driver when a collision at an intersection isprobable.

Example1: safe distance application

This kind of application requires short range tomonitor the inter-distance length of vehicles in

front and also the response time should beminimal, resulting in low latency demand inmicroseconds.



Continue.. Example2: intersection collision avoidance

This application demands a communication channelthat can support a medium data rate, with short

communication range (maximum 500 m) and lowlatency.



Road sign notifications Road sign notifications (RSNs) are used to inform

drivers about the traffic signs further down theroad so that they become attentive to the roadsigns.

Example 1:in-vehicle signage

It requires medium data rate with low latency andhigh reliability within a range of 500 m.

Example 2: curve speed warning

high priority and reliability

Low latency



Incident management The third type of safety application is related to

intelligent incident handling after an unfortunateaccident.

Example 1: emergency vehicle

This application requires medium data rate, lowlatency, high message priority and reliability, andmulticasting/geocasting support.

Example 2: post crash warning

medium data rate, low latency,

broadcast within a range of 1 km.



EFFICIENCY APPLICATIONS It increase traffic efficiency by managing the

traffic flow, and monitoring vehicles and roadconditions.

Efficiency application classified into two types.

1.Management Applications: This type ofapplications is used to manage the traffic flow

on roads.2.Monitoring Applications: These applications

help monitor vehicles and road conditions



Continue..

1.Management ApplicationsExamples1: intelligent traffic flow control

The data rate requirement for such an application ismedium with communication range from 200 to 400m.

Examples2: Free-flow tolling

This application requires two-way communicationbetween vehicle and infrastructure, low latency,high message reliability, medium data rate, and arange of around 70 m



Continue..

2.Monitoring Applications

Example 1: vehicle tracking and tracing (T&T)

This is an infrastructure based application thatrequires a channel to support long-range

communication with the backend infrastructure.

Example 2: road condition monitoring (RCM)

RCM is an onboard application that usually requiresdirect or indirect V2V communication, and

demands medium range with medium data rate andlatency.



COMFORT APPLICATIONS The purpose of comfort applications is to provide

entertainment facilities and up-to-date contextualinformation to passengers by means of Interntaccess,

Example:

distributed games

tourist information.



Continue.. Entertainment Applications:

Entertainment applications include distributed games, which allow passengers in one vehicle touse onboard/nomadic devices and play games with

passengers in surrounding vehicles.

Example 1:Downloading music



Continue.. Contextual Applications

These applications increase driver awareness aboutlocal attractions during a journey

requires high-speed nomadic Internet access likeWiMAX.

Contextual applications need to establishcommunication with local RSUs to collect localinformation, or backend infrastructure like a trafficmanagement center can also assist drivers in

updating information on the local environment.1. a short-range communication channel is enough to

fulfill the V2I communication2. a long-range communication system like Internet

connection, a cellular network, or WIMAX-based

Internet



Communication requirements for ITS applications



Abbreviations used:



WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES

Wireless communication technologies can bedivided into two main categories: Traditionalwireless technologies and vehicularcommunication technologies (VCTs)

Infrastructure-Based Technologies:

Infrastructure- based technologies are equippedwith several base stations to relay communication

signals and cover a long rangeInfrastructure less Technologies:

Technologies in this category do not require anyinfrastructure to operate.



WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES



Infrastructure-Based

Technologies

Cellular networks GPRS, EVDO, and 3G

They provides low latency because voice datahas higher priority than text data, which increases

latency.

They are not suitable for broadcasting purposessince they support point-to-point communication.

The use of cellular technology requires operationfees and an agreement with an operator



Continue..

WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

(WiMAX), based on the IEEE 802.16 standard

WiMAX can be used for V2I or I2I long-rangecommunication to provide, for example, high-speed Internet access to mobile users



Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is an industry-

led consortium committed to designing a family ofstandardized technologies to support globaldelivery of digital multimedia services.

DVB-T is used to broadcast land-based signals.The purpose of digital terrestrial television isreduced use of spectrum and more capacity than

analog, better-quality picture, and lower operatingcosts for broadcast.



Continue.. DVB-S allows transmission of MPEG-2/MPEG-4

family audio/video streams via satellite.

DVB-C enables the transmission of the same digital

audio/video stream over cable.

Recently, DVB-Handheld (DVB-H) was introduced forbringing broadcast services to mobile handsets.

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) technology was alsoevolved for the purpose of digitizing audioprogramming in order to offer high-quality distortion-free reception of voice signals.



Infrastructure less

Technologies:

Wireless local area network (WLAN) technology: supports IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n. Since this

technology is designed for high data rates andreliability, with slight modifications it could be

used for V2V direct communication

drawbacks:

it does not yield good results for frequent

handover between different access points (APs). Another shortcoming in WLAN is that it does not

provide good support for parallel medium accessattempts by senders



Continue..

Infrared (IR): It can also be used for line of sight

communication between RSUs and vehicles whilefar-infrared can be used for video surveillance.

Bluetooth:

it can be used for in-vehicle nomadic devicesthat provide cable free interface for onboard

applications.



Continue..

ZigBee technology It supports IEEE 802.15.4 and is designed as a

low-cost and flexible wireless medium; it offerslow power consumption, reliability, and

interoperability with small to medium data rates.

Use: this technology could be used forsensorbased ITS applications having low-energydevices requiring time-critical, medium data rate,

non-line- of-sight, and reliable communication.



Continue..

Millimeter-wave (MMWAVE) : Millimeter-wave technology is a next-generation

wireless technology that can provide up tomultigigabit-per-second wireless connectivity for

short distances between electronic devices. The MMWAVE band operates between 60 –64

GHz, which can independently support direct V2Vcommunication.

Compared to IR, MMWAVE has three mainadvantages: Less affected by weather conditions

Less prone to interference from sunlight

Support for non-line-of-sight communication



vehicular communicationtechnologies (VCTs)

vehicular communication technologies (VCTs)came into existence due to additionalcommunication requirements of the ITSapplications

DSRC:

Due to limited support for mobility by WLAN,extensions to WLAN IEEE 802.11 are being

made, and a new standard, IEEE 802.11p, iscurrently under development

It is intended for applications in a vehicularenvironment requiring high reliability and lowdelay

e. ., traffic safet and emer enc services.



Continue.. Dedicated short range communication (DSRC), willuse the physical layer of IEEE 802.11a and quality of

service enhancements of IEEE 802.11e.

WAVE:

Wireless access in the vehicular environment is thenext-generation DSRC technology, which provideshigh-speed V2V and V2I data transmission

It is built on IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.x standards

Operating at 5.850 –5.925 GHz

data rates of 6 –

27 Mb/s, covering a range of up to 1 km.



Long- and Medium-Range

Communication

CALM: The goal of the communication air interface for

long- and medium-range communicationstandard is to evolve an integrated technology to

provide a set of air interface protocols andparameters for medium- and long-range high-speed ITS communication using one or more ofseveral media.

The media used inside the CALM includes: CALM 2G/3G

CALM IR and MMWAVE

CALM M5



Wireless communication technologies: characteristics and features



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