39248830 Expert Systems

8/8/2019 39248830 Expert Systems

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EXPERTEXPERTSYSTEMSYSTEM


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AnAn expertexpert systemsystem containscontains knowledgeknowledge

aboutabout aa particular particular fieldfield toto assistassist humanhuman

expertsexperts oror provideprovide informationinformation toto peoplepeople

whowho dodo notnot havehave accessaccess toto anan expertexpert inin

thethe particularparticular fieldfield..


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What is an Expert System ?What is an Expert System ?

AnAn expertexpert systemsystem isis defineddefined inin differentdifferent waysways::

SoftwareSoftware program program designeddesigned toto replicatereplicate thethedecisiondecision makingmaking processprocess ofof aa humanhuman expertexpert

aa program program thatthat simulatessimulates thethe judgment judgment andand

behavior behavior ofof humanhuman thatthat hashas knowledgeknowledge andand

experienceexperience inin aa particularparticular fieldfield

aa softwaresoftware thatthat givesgives computercomputer humanhuman likelike

abilitiesabilities..


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Putting all these definitions together,expertPutting all these definitions together,expert

system can be defined as :system can be defined as :

InteractiveInteractive computercomputer--basedbased systemssystems thatthat respondrespond totothethe questions,questions, asksasks forfor clarifications,clarifications, makesmakes

recommendations,recommendations, andand helpshelps thethe useruser makemake aa

betterbetter andand reasonablereasonable decisiondecision..


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ExpertExpert SystemSystem (ES)(ES) derivesderives itsits knowledgeknowledgefromfrom aa realreal livelive domaindomain expert,expert, aa humanhuman expertexpert ininparticular particular fieldfield.. AA user,user, andand expertexpert oror aaknowledgeableknowledgeable engineerengineer designsdesigns itit..

TheThe systemsystem designerdesigner interviewsinterviews andand observesobservesthethe expertexpert whowho maymay be be aa technician,technician, airbusairbusengineer,engineer, etc,etc, andand finallyfinally convertsconverts hishis wordswords andand

actionsactions andand yearsyears ofof experienceexperience intointo aa factualfactualknowledgeknowledge andand rulesrules oror simplysimply aa knowledgeknowledge basebase..


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KnowledgeKnowledge BaseBase isis aa collectioncollection ofof informationinformation

thatthat containscontains factsfacts andand aa systemsystem ofof rulesrules forfor

determiningdetermining thethe relationshiprelationship betweenbetween thosethose factsfacts..

TheThe termsterms expertexpert systemsystem andand knowledgeknowledge basebase areare

oftenoften interchangeablyinterchangeably usedused..

ExpertExpert SystemSystem goesgoes throughthrough aa numbernumber ofof

possible possible waysways andand atat lastlast comescomes upup withwith anan

acceptableacceptable solutionsolution toto thethe problemproblem..


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ItIt appliesapplies preset preset rulesrules forfor determiningdetermining thethe

problemproblem.. TheThe rulesrules cancan rangerange fromfrom 100100 toto 100100,,000000

dependingdepending onon thethe complexitycomplexity ofof thethe problemproblem..

ForFor exampleexample::

IfIf

LightLight--dodo--notnot--workwork

ThenThen

CheckCheck--thethe--batterybattery


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InIn casecase thethe batterybattery isis workingworking properlyproperly thenthenwewe cancan applyapply anotheranotherIFIF--ThenThen procedureprocedure toto havehave

thethe desireddesired resultresult

IfIf

Battery not deadBattery not dead

ThenThen

CheckCheck--thethe--connectorsconnectors


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ToTo varyingvarying degrees,degrees, expertexpert systemssystems cancanreasonreason andand makemake decisionsdecisions.. RememberRemember DeepDeep

BlueBlue aa computercomputer whichwhich defeateddefeated humanhuman chesschess

master,master, thethe systemsystem containedcontained thousandsthousands ofof

possibilitiespossibilities ofof playingplaying chesschess trickstricks..


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Expert system dialogue on skin diseaseExpert system dialogue on skin disease

diagnosis with a patientdiagnosis with a patient

ProgramProgram :: Are there any spot on the bodyAre there any spot on the body

UserUser :: YesYes

ProgramProgram :: What color spotsWhat color spots

UserUser :: Reddish brownReddish brown

ProgramProgram :: Are there more spots on theAre there more spots on the

trunk than elsewheretrunk than elsewhere

UserUser :: NoNo

ProgramProgram :: The patient has measlesThe patient has measles

This show expert system can produce bizarre output.This show expert system can produce bizarre output.


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Comparison ofHuman Expertise with ExpertComparison ofHuman Expertise with Expert

systemsystem

HumanHuman expertiseexpertise isis perishableperishable:: HumanHuman maymaychangechange jobs, jobs, theythey cancan become become ill,ill, maymay bebeinjured/deadinjured/dead andand soso onon.. ComputerComputer expertiseexpertise isispermanentpermanent..

HumanHuman expertiseexpertise isis notnot alwaysalways consistentconsistent::HumanHuman expertexpert cancan havehave offoff days,days, busybusy schedulesschedules

andand soso onon.. ComputersComputers areare alwaysalways consistent,consistent, andandgivengiven identicalidentical conditionsconditions theythey willwill alwaysalways givegivethethe samesame adviceadvice..


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HumanHuman expertiseexpertise isis difficultdifficult toto transfertransfer:: HumanHuman

beingbeing cannotcannot bebe inin twotwo placesplaces atat thethe samesame timetime..ComputerComputer expertiseexpertise isis relativerelative easyeasy toto transfertransfer..ForFor example,example, anan expertexpert systemsystem runningrunning onon aa PCPCcouldcould bebe copiedcopied toto anotheranother PCPC atat aa differentdifferent site,site,

oror downloadeddownloaded ontoonto aa networknetwork ofof PC,PC, oror evenevendownloadeddownloaded fromfrom InternetInternet..

HumanHuman expertiseexpertise isis expensiveexpensive.. EmployeeEmployeesalariessalaries areare farfar greatergreater thanthan thethe costcost ofof PCPC

hardwarehardware.. ExpertExpert system,system, eveneven takingtaking intointoaccountaccount developmentdevelopment cost,cost, areare muchmuch moremoreaffordableaffordable..


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HumanHuman areare creative,creative, oftenoften inspiredinspired;; ComputersComputersareare uninspireduninspired..

HumanHuman areare flexibleflexible;; TheyThey areare easilyeasily adaptadapt ororintegrateintegrate theirtheir expertiseexpertise withwith otherother domaindomainknowledgeknowledge;; ComputersComputers areare notnot veryvery flexibleflexible ininthisthis respectrespect..

HumanHuman posesposes commoncommon sensesense.. ExpertExpert systemsystemcannotcannot applyapply knowledgeknowledge toto aa problemproblem beyondbeyond thethedomaindomain knowledge,knowledge, andand thusthus havehave aa narrownarrow focusfocusofof thethe problemproblem..

ConsistencyConsistency:: ThereThere isis alwaysalways aa consistencyconsistency ininthethe expertexpert systemsystem.. ThereThere willwill bebe nono ambiguityambiguity ororunderstandingunderstanding problemproblem toto understandunderstand thethe expertexpertsystemsystem..


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Organizational Benefits OfExpert SystemOrganizational Benefits OfExpert System

KnowledgeKnowledge retentionretention:: TheThe knowledgeknowledge isis

permanent,permanent, unlikeunlike thatthat ofof aa humanhuman expert,expert,

whowho maymay switchswitch employment,employment, retire,retire, etcetc.. KnowledgeKnowledge distributiondistribution:: TheThe knowledgeknowledge

cancan bebe distributeddistributed withwith inin aa companycompany sitesite oror

anyany otherother sitesite anywhereanywhere inin thethe world,world, bybyusingusing networknetwork oror justjust duplicationduplication thethe expertexpert

systemsystem onon standalonestandalone hardwarehardware..


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TrainingTraining:: TheThe explanationexplanation capabilitiescapabilities ofof expertexpert

systemsystem areare suchsuch thatthat theythey oftenoften functionfunction asastrainingtraining system,system, useruser cancan seesee thethe chainchain ofof

reasoningreasoning underlyingunderlying theirtheir decisionsdecisions andand hencehence

gaingain aa better better understandingunderstanding ofof thethe problemproblem

domaindomain..

CompetitiveCompetitive edgeedge:: ExpertExpert systemsystem willwill oftenoften givegive

aa companycompany aa competitivecompetitive edge,edge, owingowing toto highlyhighly

increasedincreased responseresponse speeds,speeds, accuracyaccuracy ofof decisions,decisions,andand soso onon..


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CostCost reductionreduction:: TheThe costcost ofof providingproviding

expertiseexpertise perper useruser isis lower,lower, computerscomputers dodo notnot

paid paid largelarge salariessalaries forfor sharingsharing theirtheir

knowledge,knowledge, oror consumeconsume significantsignificant resourceresourceapartapart fromfrom energyenergy andand maintenancemaintenance costscosts..


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Advantages to the userAdvantages to the user

KnowledgeKnowledge accessibilityaccessibility:: TheThe expertiseexpertise isis

alwaysalways availableavailable onon anyany computercomputer hardwarehardware..

TrainingTraining:: TheThe valuevalue ofof trainingtraining cancan be be anan

advantageadvantage toto bothboth employeremployer andand employeeemployee..


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ConsistencyConsistency:: TheThe useruser willwill knowknow thatthat adviceadvicegivengiven isis notnot subjectsubject toto humanhuman fallibilityfallibility.. TheThe

expertexpert systemsystem isis notnot likelylikely toto havehave offoff--daysdays oror

feelfeel sicksick oror havehave tootoo manymany otherother thingsthings onon itsits

mindmind..


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BASICBASIC CONCEPTSCONCEPTS OFOF EXPERTEXPERT SYSTEMSYSTEM

AnAn expertexpert systemsystem isis aa programprogram thatthat attemptsattempts totomimicmimic humanhuman expertiseexpertise by by applyingapplying inferenceinferencemethodsmethods toto aa specificspecific bodybody ofof knowledgeknowledge..

DomainDomain :: bodybody ofof knowledgeknowledge isis callcall domaindomainDataData :: GroupGroup ofof alphabeticalphabetic symbolsymbol

a)a) 55

b)b) 66..00

c)c) 88d)d) OasisOasis

AA toto dd isis aa groupgroup ofof symbols,symbols, whichwhich havehave nono meaningmeaning onontheirtheir ownown..


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InformationInformation:: WhenWhen somesome contextcontext isis addedadded toto

thethe symbol,symbol, thatthat havehave anyany benefitbenefitisis calledcalled informationinformation..

a)a) $$55

b)b) 66..00 marksmarks awardedawarded inin thethe competitioncompetition

c)c) 88 degreedegreed)d) OasisOasis isis aa namename ofof rockrock groupgroup


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KnowledgeKnowledge:: KnowledgeKnowledge differsdiffers fromfrominformationinformation because because informationinformation

isis passivepassive inin thethe sensesense thatthat itit doesdoes

notnot givegive riserise toto furtherfurther generationsgenerations

ofof informationinformation..


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Knowledge,Knowledge, conversely,conversely, isis activeactive inin thatthat itit cancan

givegive riserise toto furtherfurther generationsgenerations ofof informationinformation..

a)a) It is raining, therefore I shall get wet!It is raining, therefore I shall get wet!

b)b) The temperature isThe temperature is 8 degree, so it is cold!8 degree, so it is cold!

c)c) The engine of the car is hot; it must have beenThe engine of the car is hot; it must have been

recently used!recently used!d)d) Oasis are affluent musicians.Oasis are affluent musicians.


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Basic Definitions :Basic Definitions :

AlgorithmsAlgorithms:: AlgorithmsAlgorithms isis aa stepstep--byby--stepstep

procedureprocedure thatthat solvessolves aa categorycategory

ofof problemsproblems.. ForForExampleExample::processing processing ofof aa companycompany payrollpayroll

useuse algorithms,algorithms, usingusing stepstep--byby--stepstep

procedureprocedure onon thethe inputinput datadata suchsuch

asas employeeemployee hours,hours, worked,worked,

overtimeovertime raterate etcetc..


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HeuristicsHeuristics:: HeuristicHeuristic solvesolve aa problemproblem byby trialtrial

andand errorerror guidedguided byby somesome

referencereference toto aa predeterminedpredetermined goalgoal..

ExampleExample:: ParkingParking system,system, RR && DD

systemsystem etcetc....

InferenceInference:: InferenceInference isis thethe drawingdrawing ofof

conclusionconclusion fromfrom premisespremises..


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SearchSearch:: TheThe processprocess ofof startingstarting inin somesome initialinitial

statestate andand attemptingattempting toto reachreach aa goalgoal statestatebyby evaluatingevaluating possiblepossible alternativealternativesolutionsolution..

Space Search:Space Search:

All of the possible states thatAll of the possible states thatcould be evaluated during acould be evaluated during asearch. The search space is oftensearch. The search space is oftenrepresented as an inverted tree,represented as an inverted tree,called a search tree.called a search tree.


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Blind search:Blind search: Blind search does not make anyBlind search does not make any

use of the knowledge about theuse of the knowledge about the

problem to guide the search.problem to guide the search.

Heuristic search:Heuristic search: Heuristic search use domainHeuristic search use domain--specific knowledge to traverse thespecific knowledge to traverse the

search spacesearch space


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COMPONENTSOF ANEXPERTSYSTEMCOMPONENTSOF ANEXPERTSYSTEM

a). Knowledge Basea). Knowledge Base

TheThe componentscomponents ofof expertexpert systemsystem thatthat containscontainsthethe systems systems knowledgeknowledge isis calledcalled knowledgeknowledge

basebase systemsystem..

ThisThis knowledgeknowledge isis frequentlyfrequently representedrepresented inin aacomputercomputer inin thethe form form ofof rulesrules:: theythey storestore thethe

heuristicheuristic thatthat guideguide thethe humanhuman expertexpert..


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Example : A typical rule used by a house mortgageExample : A typical rule used by a house mortgage

expert might be:expert might be:IF the applicant likes the houseIF the applicant likes the house

AND the house is worth a surveyAND the house is worth a survey

THEN advise the applicant to apply for a loanTHEN advise the applicant to apply for a loan

Rule would usually be expressed in the formRule would usually be expressed in the form

IF condition (s)IF condition (s)

THEN actions (s)THEN actions (s)


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TheThe actionaction (s)(s) areare executedexecuted whenwhen thethe conditioncondition

(s)(s) ofof thethe rulerule areare satisfiedsatisfied.. TheThe rulesrules createdcreated inin

thisthis wayway areare collectivelycollectively calledcalled thethe knowledgeknowledgebase/base/ rulerule basedbased systemsystem..


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b).b). InferenceInference

Inference is the drawing of conclusion fromInference is the drawing of conclusion from

premises.premises.

Various forms of inferenceVarious forms of inference::

DeduDeductive and Inductivective and Inductive inference being two of theinference being two of themost commonly used.most commonly used.


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Deductive inferenceDeductive inference

ExampleExample::

SalmanSalman isis aa programmer programmer ((11))

AllAll programmersprogrammers areare happyhappy ((22))ThereforeTherefore SulmanSulman isis happyhappy ((33))

TheThe conclusionconclusion ((33)) inin thisthis exampleexample isis aalogicallogical consequenceconsequence ofof oror cancan bebe deduceddeduced fromfromthethe premises premises ((11)) andand ((22))..


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InIn thisthis example,example, thethe conclusionconclusion cancan bebeinferredinferred solelysolely fromfrom thethe informationinformation givengiven.. ThisThis

deductiondeduction isis aa consequenceconsequence ofof entailmententailment thatthat

leadsleads toto aa formform ofof reasoningreasoning thatthat isis

mathematicallymathematically exactexact.. ThisThis meansmeans thatthat ifif thethepremises premises areare truetrue thethe conclusionconclusion isis guaranteedguaranteed

alsoalso toto bebe truetrue..


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Inductive inferenceInductive inference

ExampleExample::

AllAll animalsanimals eateat ((44))

ThereforeTherefore allall kangarooskangaroos eateat ((55))

OnOn firstfirst inspection,inspection, itit mightmight bebe temptingtempting totoassumeassume thatthat thethe aboveabove conclusionconclusion ((55),), namelynamely allall

kangarooskangaroos eat,eat, followsfollows by by deductiondeduction fromfrom thethepremisepremise ((44)).. HoweverHowever thisthis assumptionassumption isis falsefalse forforthethe premisepremise givengiven sayssays nothingnothing aboutabout whetherwhether orornotnot aa kangarookangaroo isis anan animalanimal..


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Hence,Hence, thethe conclusionconclusion ((55)) doesdoes notnot havehave thethesamesame mathematicalmathematical exactnessexactness thatthat thethe previousprevious

conclusionconclusion ((33)) hadhad.. ForFor thethe conclusionconclusion ((55)) toto bebe

truetrue wewe wouldwould havehave toto induceinduce thethe assumptionassumption

thatthat anan animalanimal isis aa kangarookangaroo toto thethe givengivenpremisepremise ((44)) fromfrom thethe commoncommon--sensesense knowledgeknowledge

ofof thethe worldworld.. ForFor thisthis reason,reason, suchsuch inferencesinferences areare

calledcalled inductiveinductive inferencesinferences..


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Declarative Knowledge:Declarative Knowledge:

Example:Example:

Aslam likes tennisAslam likes tennis (6)(6)

Everything that Aslam likes, Saleem likesEverything that Aslam likes, Saleem likes (7)(7)

DeductiveDeductive reasoningreasoning leadsleads toto thethe conclusionconclusion

thatthat SaleemSaleem likeslikes tennistennis givengiven thethe aboveabove premisespremises..TheThe rulerule ((77)) andand factfact ((66)) thatthat areare givengiven leadlead toto thisthis

conclusionconclusion..


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TheThe conclusionconclusion isis foundfound by by reasoningreasoning withwith

whatwhat isis given,given, notnot byby explicitlyexplicitly programmingprogramming thethe

computercomputer onon howhow toto reachreach thethe solutionsolution..

AnAn exampleexample ofof aa languagelanguage thatthat usesuses thethedeclarativedeclarative paradigm paradigm isis thethe AIAI languagelanguage

PROLOGPROLOG (programming(programming logic)logic);; itit containscontains anan inin--

builtbuilt logiclogic toto deducededuce solutionsolution toto thethe problemsproblems ofof

thethe declarativedeclarative typetype..


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Procedure knowledgeProcedure knowledge

ConventionalConventional algorithmicalgorithmic paradigm paradigm thatthat

describesdescribes howhow aa procedureprocedure isis executedexecuted bybyexplicitlyexplicitly describingdescribing thethe stepssteps involvedinvolved reachingreaching aa

solutionsolution..


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Inference engineInference engine

HumanHuman expertexpert whowho havehave toto knowknow notnot onlyonly

whichwhich rulesrules toto apply,apply, butbut alsoalso inin whatwhat orderorder theythey

shouldshould be be appliedapplied toto solvesolve aa particular particular problemproblem..SimilarlySimilarly anan expertexpert systemsystem needneed toto decidedecide whichwhich

rules,rules, andand inin whatwhat order,order, shouldshould be be selectedselected forfor

evaluationevaluation.. ToTo thisthis anan expertexpert systemsystem usesuses anan

inferenceinference engineengine..


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OrOr inin otherother wordswords

InferenceInference engineengine isis aa programprogram thatthat interpretsinterprets thethe

rulesrules inin thethe knowledgeknowledge base base inin orderorder toto drawdraw

conclusionsconclusions..

OrOr inin otherother wordswords

InferenceInference engine,engine, aa componentcomponent ofof expertexpert systemsystem

controlscontrols howhow andand whenwhen thethe informationinformation inin thetheknowledgeknowledge basebase isis appliedapplied


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TwoTwo mainmain alternativealternative strategiesstrategies areare useuse withwith

ruleruleb

asedb

ased systemsystem

a)a) BackwardBackward--chainingchaining InferenceInference EngineEngine

ThisThis isis aa goalgoal orientedoriented inin thethe sensesense thatthat itit triestries

toto proveprove aa goalgoal oror rulerule

conclusionconclusion byby confirmingconfirming thethe truthtruth ofof allall ofof itsitspremisespremises..


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IFIF thethe stainstain ofof thethe organismorganism isis gramgramnegativenegative

ANDAND thethe morphologymorphology ofof thethe organismorganism isis rodrod

ANDAND thethe aerobicityaerobicity ofof thethe organismorganism isisanaerobicanaerobic

THENTHE N therethere isis stronglystrongly suggestivesuggestive evidenceevidencethatthat thethe classclass ofof thethe organismorganism isis

EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae

InIn thisthis example,example, thethe inferenceinference engineengine triestries totoproveprove thethe conclusionconclusion ofof thethe rulerule byby attemptingattempting totoproveprove eacheach premisepremise leadingleading toto thethe rulerule conclusionconclusion..


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b)b) ForwardForward--ChainingChaining InferenceInference EngineEngine..

ItIt examinesexamines thethe currentcurrent statestate ofof thethe knowledgeknowledge

basebase andand finds finds thosethose rulesrules thatthat whosewhose premisespremisescancan bebe satisfiedsatisfied fromfrom knownknown givengiven datadata andand addsadds

thethe conclusionsconclusions ofof thosethose rulesrules toto thethe knowledgeknowledge

basebase


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forfor examplesexamples ::

IfIf MalariaMalaria isis diagnosed,diagnosed, teststests etcetc.. maymay bebe

requestedrequested forfor confirmationconfirmation..

ThiefThief couldcould be be prosecuted prosecuted inin thethe thefttheft casecase

throughthrough CourtCourt hearingshearings andand trialstrials etcetc..

UserUser InterfaceInterface

TheThe componentcomponent ofof anan expertexpert system system thatthatcommunicatescommunicates withwith thethe useruser isis knownknown asas useruser

interfaceinterface..


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AnAn expertexpert systemsystem useruser interfaceinterface isis normallynormally ofof

aa highlyhighly interactiveinteractive nature,nature, toto reflectreflect thethe formform ofof

dialoguedialogue thatthat taketake placeplace betweenbetween aa clientclient andand aa

humanhuman expertexpert..

UserUser interfaceinterface willwill notnot onlyonly enableenable thethe useruser totoansweranswer questionsquestions but but alsoalso allowallow thethe useruser toto

interruptinterrupt itsits runningrunning operationoperation by by askingasking forfor

explanationsexplanations..


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ForFor example,example, aa useruser ofof aa medicalmedical expertexpertsystemsystem mightmight wantwant toto knowknow whywhy systemsystem asksasks forfor

thethe patientspatients ageage.. ThisThis typetype ofof interrogativeinterrogative isiscalledcalled aa WhyWhy explanationexplanation..

AnotherAnother typetype ofof explanationexplanation interrogativeinterrogative isis

thethe HowHow questionquestion.. ThisThis isis normallynormally usedused totoquestionquestion howhow thethe systemsystem arrivedarrived atat aa particularparticulardecisiondecision..

For For example,example, ifif aa useruser ofof aa medicalmedical expertexpertsystemsystem isis toldtold thatthat thethe patientpatient hashas meningitis,meningitis, thetheuseruser mightmight wantwant toto knowknow howhow thethe systemsystem arrivedarrivedatat thisthis conclusionconclusion..


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Architecture OfAn Expert SystemArchitecture OfAn Expert System


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DECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEM

DecisionDecision supportsupport systemssystems (DSS)(DSS) areare aa branch branch ofofOperationalOperational ResearchResearch (OR),(OR), whichwhich evolvedevolved fromfrom thetheneedneed toto applyapply quantitativequantitative techniquestechniques toto thethe solutionsolutionofof complexcomplex managementmanagement problemsproblems..

DSSDSS areare traditionallytraditionally definedefine asas thethe applicationapplication ofof

OperationalOperational ResearchResearch..


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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM and EXPERTDECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM and EXPERT

SYSTEMSYSTEM

DSSDSS supportsupport decisiondecision makersmakers usingusing datadata processingprocessingand/orand/or OROR techniquestechniques;; ExpertExpert systemsystem makemake thethedecisiondecision themselvesthemselves..

ExpertExpert systemssystems areare notnot appliedapplied toto problemsproblems requiringrequiringthethe mathematicalmathematical optimizationoptimization techniquestechniques thatthat areare

appliedapplied toto traditionaltraditional DSSDSS..


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ExpertExpert systemssystems cancan bebe appliedapplied toto problemsproblems whosewhoseobjectivesobjectives andand constraintsconstraints areare difficultdifficult toto specifyspecify ininquantityquantity termsterms..

ExpertExpert systemssystems areare effectiveeffective forfor elicitingeliciting alternativesalternatives

asas part part ofof thethe solutionsolution processprocess;;

thesethese maymay includeincludewhatwhat ifif scenariosscenarios etcetc.. ThisThis isis duedue toto thethe reasoningreasoningcapabilitiescapabilities ofof expertexpert systemssystems..

DSSDSS oftenoften aidaid humanhuman decisiondecision makingmaking by by somesomequalitativequalitative oror quantitiesquantities analysis,analysis, whereaswhereas expertexpertsystemsystem trytry toto replacereplace thethe humanhuman expertiseexpertise oror expertexpert..


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Decision Support System Verses Expert SystemDecision Support System Verses Expert System

AttributesAttributes DSSDSS Expert systemExpert system

ObjectivesObjectives

Major orientationMajor orientation

Decision makerDecision maker

Problem domainProblem domain

World viewWorld view

Query directionQuery direction

Data manipulationData manipulation

Mathematical modelsMathematical models

IncorporatedIncorporated

Assist decision makingAssist decision making

Decision makingDecision making

User and/or systemUser and/or system

Broad, complexBroad, complex

OpenOpen

Human queriesHuman queries

Numerical/symbolicNumerical/symbolic

--

Copy and replaceCopy and replace

Human CapabilitiesHuman Capabilities

Transfer of experienceTransfer of experience

SystemSystem

NarrowNarrow

ClosedClosedSystem queries humanSystem queries human

SymbolicSymbolic

--


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EXPERTSYSTEMIN BUSSINESSESEXPERTSYSTEMIN BUSSINESSES

SupposeSuppose youyou ownown aa realreal estateestate business,business,andand youyou generategenerate overover 4040 percent percent ofof youryourrevenuerevenue fromfrom appraisingappraising commercialcommercial realreal

estateestate.. ConsiderConsider furtherfurther thatthat onlyonly oneone personperson ininyouryour firmfirm isis capablecapable ofof performing performing thesetheseappraisalsappraisals.. WhatWhat ifif thatthat personperson werewere toto quitquit ??HowHow dodo youyou replacereplace thatthat expertise?expertise? HowHow fastfast

cancan youyou findfind someonesomeone elseelse ?? HowHow muchmuchbusinessbusiness wouldwould youyou loselose ifif itit tooktook youyou aa monthmonthtoto findfind aa suitablesuitable replacementreplacement ??


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InIn business, business, peoplepeople areare valuablevaluable becausebecause theythey

performperform importantimportant businessbusiness taskstasks.. ManyMany ofof thesethesebusiness business taskstasks requirerequire expertise,expertise, andand peoplepeople oftenoften

carrycarry expertiseexpertise inin theirtheir headsheads andand thatsthats thethe onlyonly

placeplace itit cancan bebe foundfound inin thethe organizationorganization.. AIAI cancan

provideprovide youyou withwith anan expertexpert systemsystem thatthat cancan capturecaptureexpertise,expertise, thusthus makingmaking itit availableavailable toto thosethose whowho areare

expertsexperts soso thatthat theythey cancan useuse it,it, eithereither toto solvesolve aa

problemproblem oror toto learnlearn howhow toto solvesolve aa problemproblem..


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APPLICATIONSOFEXPERTSYSTEMAPPLICATIONSOFEXPERTSYSTEM

AnAn expertexpert systemsystem isis usuallyusually builtbuilt forfor aa specificspecific

applicationapplication areaarea calledcalled aa domaindomain.. YouYou cancan findfind expertexpert

systemssystems inin thethe followingfollowing domainsdomains::

AccountingAccounting for for auditing,auditing, taxtax planning,planning,

managementmanagement consultingconsulting andand TrainingTraining etcetc..

MedicineMedicine toto prescribe prescribe antibioticsantibiotics wherewhere manymanyconsiderationsconsiderations mustmust bebe takentaken intointo accountaccount (such(such asas

thethe patientspatients medicalmedical history,history, thethe sourcesource ofof infection,infection,

thethe mostmost inexpensiveinexpensive drugdrug available)available)


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ProcessProcess controlcontrol forfor example,example, toto controlcontrol offsetoffset

lithographiclithographic printingprinting HumanHuman ResourceResource ManagementManagement toto helphelp personnelpersonnel

managersmanagers determinedetermine whetherwhether theythey areare inin

compliancecompliance withwith anan arrayarray ofof federalfederal employmentemployment

lawslaws..

FinancialFinancial ManagementManagement -- toto identifyidentify delinquencydelinquency--

proneprone accountsaccounts inin thethe loanloan departmentsdepartments ofof banksbanks..

ProductionProduction -- toto guideguide thethe manufacturemanufacture ofof allall sortssorts ofofproducts,products, suchsuch asas aircraftaircraft parts,parts, andand soso onon

ForestryForestry ManagementManagement -- toto helphelp withwith harvestingharvesting

timbertimber onon forestforest landslands


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Expert System to Control Traffic LightExpert System to Control Traffic Light

LetsLets looklook atat aa veryvery simplesimple expertexpert systemsystem thatthat

wouldwould telltell aa driverdriver whatwhat toto dodo whenwhen approachingapproaching aa

traffictraffic lightlight.. DealingDealing withwith traffictraffic lightlight isis thethe typetype ofofproblemproblem toto whichwhich anan expertexpert systemsystem isis wellwell -- suitedsuited..

ItIt isis aa recurringrecurring problem,problem, andand toto solvesolve itit youyou followfollow

aa wellwell--defineddefined setset ofof stepssteps.. YouYou havehave probablyprobably gonegone

throughthrough thethe followingfollowing mentalmental questionquestion andand answeranswersessionsession many,many, manymany timestimes withoutwithout eveneven realizingrealizing itit..


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WhenWhen youyou approachapproach aa greengreen traffictraffic light,light, youyouproceedproceed onon throughthrough.. IfIf thethe lightlight isis red,red, youyou trytry toto stopstop..

IfIf youyou areare unableunable toto stop,stop, andand ifif traffictraffic isis approachingapproaching

fromfrom thethe leftleft oror right,right, youyou willwill probablyprobably byby inin troubletrouble..

Similarly,Similarly, ifif thethe lightlight isis yellow,yellow, youyou maymay bebe ableable totomakemake itit throughthrough thethe intersectionintersection beforebefore thethe lightlight turnsturns

redred.. IfIf not,not, youyou willwill againagain bebe facedfaced withwith problemproblem ofof

approachingapproaching traffictraffic..


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Expert System to Control Traffic LightExpert System to Control Traffic Light

RuleSymptomRuleSymptomorFactorFact

YesYes NoNo ExplanationExplanation

1). Is the light1). Is the light

green?green?

Go through theGo through the

Intersection.Intersection.

Go to Rule2.Go to Rule2. ShouldShould be be safesafe ifif

lightlight isis GreenGreen ..IfIf

not,not, needneed moremore

informationinformation..

2). Is the light2). Is the light

red?red?

Go to Rule 4Go to Rule 4 Go to Rule 3Go to Rule 3 Should stop, mayShould stop, may

not be able to.not be able to.


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33)).. IsIs thethe lightlight

likelylikely toto ChangeChange

toto redred beforebefore

youyou getget throughthrough

thethe Intersection?Intersection?

Go to Rule 4Go to Rule 4 GoGo throughthrough thethe

intersectionintersection

WillWill onlyonly reachreach

thisthis pointpoint ifif lightlight

isis yellow,yellow, thenthenyouyou willwill havehave

twotwo choiceschoices..

44)).. CanCan youyou stopstop

before before enteringenteringthethe intersection?intersection?

StopStop Go to Rule 5Go to Rule 5 ShouldShould stop,stop, butbut

therethere maymay be be aaproblem problem ifif youyou

cantcant stopstop..

55)).. IsIs traffictraffic

approachingapproachingfromfrom eithereither sideside

PreparePrepare toto crashcrash GoGo throughthrough thethe

IntersectionIntersection

UnlessUnless thethe

intersectionintersection isisclearclear ofof traffictraffic

youyou areare likelylikely toto

crashcrash


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WHATEXPERTSYSTEMSCAN DOWHATEXPERTSYSTEMSCAN DO

AnAn expertexpert systemsystem usesuses ITIT toto capturecapture andand applyapplyhumanhuman expertiseexpertise.. ForFor problemsproblems withwith clearclear rulesrules andand

procedures,procedures, expertexpert systemssystems workwork veryvery wellwell andand cancanprovide provide youryour companycompany withwith greatgreat advantagesadvantages.. AnAnexpertexpert systemsystem cancan::

HandleHandle massivemassive amountsamounts ofof informationinformation

ReduceReduce errorserrors


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AggregateAggregate informationinformation fromfrom variousvarious sourcessources

ImproveImprove customercustomer serviceservice

ProvideProvide consistencyconsistency inin decisiondecision makingmaking

ProvideProvide newnew informationinformation

DecreaseDecrease personnelpersonnel timetime spentspent onon taskstasks

ReduceReduce costcost


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WhereExpert Systems AreMost EffectiveWhereExpert Systems AreMost Effective

ExsysExsys IncInc.. developsdevelops andand implementsimplements advisoryadvisorysystemsystem whichwhich areare distributeddistributed viavia thethe Internet,Internet,

IntranetsIntranets oror throughthrough standstand--alonealone technologytechnology.. PotentialPotentialcustomers,customers, supportsupport staff,staff, clientsclients andand employeesemployees areareableable toto interactinteract withwith thesethese systemssystems toto obtainobtainrecommendations,recommendations, asas ifif theythey werewere consultingconsulting withwith aafirms'firms' BestBest ExpertsExperts -- andand they'rethey're availableavailable 2424 hourshours aa

dayday..


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Exsys'sExsys's approachapproach andand techniquestechniques ofofknowledgeknowledge codificationcodification andand representationrepresentation havehave

beenbeen highlyhighly successfulsuccessful overover thethe lastlast 1717 yearsyears withwith

thousandsthousands ofof advisoryadvisory systemssystems inin useuse worldwideworldwide..

AsAs partpart ofof thethe preliminarypreliminary processprocess ofof workingworkingwithwith youryour firm,firm, ExsysExsys firstfirst identifiesidentifies thethe

appropriateappropriate projectproject areasareas thatthat willwill benefitbenefit mostmost byby

implementingimplementing advisoryadvisory systemssystems..


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ToTo getget thethe bestbest useuse ofof expertexpert knowledgeknowledge inin advisoryadvisorysystems,systems, thethe problemproblem--solvingsolving logiclogic shouldshould::

.... BeBe wellwell understoodunderstood andand documenteddocumented

.... BeBe basedbased onon logicallogical steps/procedures/businesssteps/procedures/business rulesrules

.... Not Not involveinvolve intuition,intuition, guesses,guesses, oror be be based based ononarbitraryarbitrary "personal"personal taste"taste" decisionsdecisions


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RegulatoryComplianceRegulatoryCompliance

ThoughThough thethe knowledgeknowledge inin thisthis areaarea cancan bebe veryverycomplex,complex, regulationsregulations areare generallygenerally documenteddocumented inin aaformform veryvery similarsimilar toto thethe IF/THENIF/THEN formform ofof businessbusinessrulesrules.. RegulatoryRegulatory systemssystems insureinsure thatthat allall possiblepossible

relevantrelevant regulationsregulations areare consideredconsidered andand allall policiespoliciesfollowedfollowed consistentlyconsistently.. TheseThese systemssystems provideprovidesignificantsignificant costcost savingssavings byby helpinghelping companiescompanies staystaywithinwithin industryindustry compliance,compliance, protectprotect employees,employees, avoidavoidpotential potential fines,fines, andand possiblepossible badbad publicitypublicity.. WhetherWhether

onlineonline oror runrun asas aa download,download, compliancecompliance advisoryadvisorysystemssystems provideprovide aa moremore personalizedpersonalized andand confidentialconfidentialenvironmentenvironment andand interfaceinterface..


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Product Selection /Product Selection / RecommendationRecommendation

SelectingSelecting whichwhich productsproducts bestbest meetmeet aa customerscustomersneedsneeds andand requirementsrequirements cancan be be aa veryvery intricateintricateprocessprocess.. ButBut itit isis oneone thatthat cancan bebe expressedexpressed inin logiclogic

rulesrules relatingrelating toto customercustomer needsneeds andand productproductspecificationsspecifications.. UnlikeUnlike casecase--based based oror "learning""learning"approaches,approaches, expertexpert systemssystems handlehandle conflictingconflictingrequirementsrequirements andand alwaysalways givegive aa recommendationrecommendation ofof

thethe bestbest fit,fit, eveneven whenwhen allall customercustomer desiresdesires cancan notnot bebemetmet.. AdvisoryAdvisory systemssystems alsoalso makemake itit possiblepossible forfor staffstafftoto identifyidentify crosscross--sellingselling opportunitiesopportunities andand bebe ableable totosellsell aa muchmuch broader,broader, moremore complexcomplex productproduct lineline..


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ConfigurationConfiguration

ConfiguringConfiguring complexcomplex systemssystems withwith manymany piecespiecesisis veryvery complexcomplex.. DeterminingDetermining whichwhich pieces pieces arearerequiredrequired andand whichwhich areare incompatibleincompatible requiresrequires detaileddetailed

knowledgeknowledge andand analysisanalysis.. ThisThis isis anan idealideal problemproblem forforanan expertexpert system,system, whichwhich cancan guaranteeguarantee validvalid andandcompletecomplete configurationsconfigurations.. TheThe systemsystem cancan alsoalso explainexplainthethe reasonreason forfor itsits recommendationrecommendation.. DifferentDifferent aspectsaspectscancan comecome intointo playplay atat thethe samesame time,time, forfor instanceinstance::

inventory,inventory, currentcurrent pricingpricing andand customercustomer requirementsrequirements..TheThe expertexpert systemsystem alsoalso enablesenables comparisoncomparison ofof "what"whatif"if" scenariosscenarios..


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ProblemProblem--Solving DiagnosticsSolving Diagnostics

WhenWhen expertsexperts identifyidentify malfunctionsmalfunctions oror interpretinterpretcomplexcomplex data,data, theythey quicklyquickly looklook forfor symptomssymptoms indicativeindicative ofofparticularparticular problemsproblems.. TheThe knowledgeknowledge ofof howhow toto handlehandle thesetheseproblemsproblems isis idealideal forfor conversionconversion intointo anan advisoryadvisory systemsystem..

ThereThere areare usuallyusually manymany domaindomain expertsexperts throughoutthroughout aabusinessbusiness enterpriseenterprise.. TheyThey areare oftenoften repeatedlyrepeatedly interruptedinterrupted totoansweranswer commoncommon questionsquestions byby thosethose withwith lessless expertiseexpertise..AdvisoryAdvisory systemssystems freefree upup expertsexperts toto handlehandle moremore complexcomplexproblemsproblems andand projects projects byby makingmaking thisthis knowledgeknowledge accessibleaccessible

byby employeesemployees oror customerscustomers thatthat needneed itit.. TheseThese systemssystems arearealsoalso beneficialbeneficial inin capturingcapturing andand codifyingcodifying thethe problemproblem --solvingsolving expertiseexpertise ofof thesethese bestbest peoplepeople thatthat maymay bebe retiringretiring ororchangingchanging jobsjobs..


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Data AnalysisData Analysis

ThereThere areare manymany typestypes ofof datadata analysisanalysis whichwhich requirerequire

bothboth numericnumeric analysisanalysis andand complexcomplex logiclogic analysisanalysis ofof thethe

datadata.. ExpertExpert systemssystems areare anan idealideal wayway toto dealdeal withwith suchsuch

problemsproblems.. TheThe purely purely numericnumeric analysisanalysis cancan be be handledhandled

internally,internally, oror itit cancan bebe interfacedinterfaced toto otherother externalexternal programsprograms..

TheThe additionaddition ofof powerfulpowerful rulerule--basedbased logiclogic analysisanalysis makesmakes itit

possible possible toto handlehandle veryvery complexcomplex problems problems thatthat werewere

previouslypreviously impracticalimpractical.. PersonsPersons interactinginteracting withwith thethe systemssystems

thenthen don'tdon't requirerequire thethe extensiveextensive knowledgeknowledge ofof interpretinginterpretingdatadata.. TheThe expertexpert systemsystem analysisanalysis process process cancan alsoalso bebe

completelycompletely embeddedembedded withinwithin otherother systemssystems toto appearappear

invisibleinvisible toto endend--useruser..


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Customer/Product SupportCustomer/Product Support

TheseThese problemsproblems areare inin mostmost waysways similarsimilar toto diagnosticdiagnosticproblems, problems, but but oftenoften gogo beyond beyond thethe diagnosisdiagnosis ofof aamalfunctionmalfunction andand includeinclude followingfollowing aa precise precise sequencesequence ororspecificspecific policypolicy andand proceduresprocedures.. ManyMany otherother typestypes ofof "help"help

desk"desk" softwaresoftware givegive aa guessguess atat aa possible possible solutionsolution -- thetheexpertexpert systemsystem approachapproach willwill consistentlyconsistently givegive thethe bestbestrecommendationrecommendation.. .. TheyThey onlyonly askask pertinent pertinent questionsquestionsinsteadinstead ofof forcingforcing aa customercustomer toto gogo throughthrough aa longlong listlist ofofQ&AQ&A toto comecome upup withwith aa solutionsolution.. AdvisoryAdvisory systemssystems withinwithinhelphelp desksdesks helphelp bring bring lessless experiencedexperienced staffstaff upup toto speedspeed

quicklyquickly withoutwithout repeatedrepeated trainingtraining oror interruptionsinterruptions.. OnlineOnlinecustomercustomer helphelp systemssystems provide provide aa moremore personalizedpersonalizedenvironmentenvironment andand interface,interface, andand theirtheir automationautomation helpshelps freefreeadvisorsadvisors toto provideprovide valuevalue--addedadded "emotional""emotional" supportsupport..


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Background MonitoringBackground Monitoring

InIn additionaddition toto beingbeing interactive,interactive, expertexpert systemssystems logicallogical

processingprocessing powerpower cancan bebe runrun inin thethe backgroundbackground toto monitormonitor

datadata streamsstreams.. TheyThey cancan be be constantlyconstantly analyzinganalyzing thethe datadata

streamsstreams (often(often realreal--time)time) forfor developingdeveloping problems,problems, specialspecial

opportunities,opportunities, oror otherother informationinformation thatthat shouldshould bebe

immediatelyimmediately brought brought toto someone'ssomeone's attentionattention.. TheyThey areare

especiallyespecially usefuluseful forfor identifyingidentifying veryvery uncommonuncommon problemsproblems

thatthat fewfew knowknow howhow toto solve,solve, andand cancan preventprevent whatwhat couldcould bebe

catastrophiccatastrophic resultsresults.. TheseThese systemssystems cancan alsoalso alertalert anotheranothersystemsystem toto veryvery rarerare situationssituations thatthat normallynormally wouldwould bebe tootoo

monotonousmonotonous oror expensiveexpensive toto monitormonitor..


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Inconsistency DetectionInconsistency Detection

ExpertExpert systemssystems cancan checkcheck customercustomer datadata againstagainst

policiespolicies andand proceduresprocedures toto detectdetect inconsistenciesinconsistencies thatthat

maymay indicateindicate problems problems likelike fraudfraud oror otherotherirregularitiesirregularities.. TheThe abilityability ofof thethe expertexpert systemssystems toto

handlehandle complexcomplex logiclogic allowsallows suchsuch systemssystems toto bebe muchmuch

"smarter","smarter", both both inin detectiondetection andand inin recognitionrecognition ofof

illegitimateillegitimate usersusers thatthat mightmight triggertrigger otherother systemssystems..


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Smart QuestionnairesSmart Questionnaires

OneOne ofof commoncommon usesuses ofof expertexpert systemssystems isis totomakemake questionnairesquestionnaires moremore intelligentintelligent.. TheThe logiclogic ofof ananexpertexpert systemsystem leadsleads toto askingasking onlyonly pertinentpertinentquestionsquestions thatthat havehave beenbeen determineddetermined toto bebe relevant,relevant,duedue toto answersanswers alreadyalready providedprovided.. AllAll relevantrelevantquestionsquestions areare asked,asked, andand nono irrelevantirrelevant questionsquestions areareaskedasked.. ThisThis producesproduces aa farfar superiorsuperior useruser interfaceinterface.. InIn

addition,addition, thethe datadata cancan be be analyzedanalyzed asas itit isis bebecollected,collected, andand thethe systemsystem cancan provide provide appropriateappropriatefollowfollow--upup formsforms oror reportsreports onon thethe flyfly..


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Process ControlProcess Control

ExpertExpert systemssystems havehave aa long,long, provenproven historyhistory ofof useuse

inin controllingcontrolling processes processes toto detectdetect andand correctcorrect

problemsproblems beforebefore theythey becomebecome seriousserious.. FromFrom DuPontDuPonttoto EastmanEastman Chemical,Chemical, manymany ofof thethe majormajor industrialindustrial

companiescompanies relyrely onon expertexpert systemssystems.. TheyThey runrun invisiblyinvisibly

inin thethe background background toto analyzeanalyze variousvarious datadata tagstags

throughoutthroughout aa processprocess andand alertalert operatorsoperators ofof potentialpotentialproblemsproblems..


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Advantages ofExpert SystemsAdvantages ofExpert Systems

PermanencePermanence ExpertExpert systemssystems dodo notnot forget,forget, butbut

humanhuman expertsexperts maymay

ReproducibilityReproducibility ManyMany copiescopies ofof anan expertexpert systemsystem

cancan bebe made,made, butbut trainingtraining newnew humanhuman expertsexperts isis timetime--consumingconsuming andand expensiveexpensive

IfIf therethere isis aa mazemaze ofof rulesrules (e(e..gg.. taxtax andand auditing),auditing),

thenthen thethe expertexpert systemsystem cancan unravelunravel thethe mazemaze

EfficiencyEfficiency cancan increaseincrease throughputthroughput andand decreasedecreasepersonnelpersonnel costscosts


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EfficiencyEfficiency cancan increaseincrease throughputthroughput andand decreasedecrease

personnelpersonnel costscosts Although expert systems are expensive to build andAlthough expert systems are expensive to build and

maintain, they are inexpensive to operatemaintain, they are inexpensive to operate

Development and maintenance costs can be spreadDevelopment and maintenance costs can be spread

over many usersover many users

The overall cost can be quite reasonable whenThe overall cost can be quite reasonable when

compared to expensive and scarce human expertscompared to expensive and scarce human experts

Cost savings:Cost savings:

WagesWages-- (elimination of a room full of clerks)(elimination of a room full of clerks)

Other costsOther costs -- (minimize loan loss)(minimize loan loss)


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ConsistencyConsistency WithWith expertexpert systemssystems similarsimilar

transactionstransactions handledhandled inin thethe samesame wayway.. TheThe systemsystemwillwill makemake comparablecomparable recommendationsrecommendations forfor likelike

situationssituations..

HumansHumans areare influencedinfluenced byby

RegencyRegency effectseffects (most(most recentrecent informationinformation havinghaving aa

disproportionatedisproportionate impactimpact onon judgment)judgment)

PrimacyPrimacy effectseffects (early(early informationinformation dominatesdominates thethe

judgment)judgment)..


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DocumentationDocumentation AnAn expertexpert systemsystem cancan provideprovide

permanentpermanent documentationdocumentation ofof thethe decisiondecision processprocess CompletenessCompleteness AnAn expertexpert systemsystem cancan reviewreview allall thethe

transactions,transactions, aa humanhuman expertexpert cancan onlyonly reviewreview aa

samplesample

TimelinessTimeliness FraudFraud and/and/ oror errorserrors cancan bebe preventedprevented..

InformationInformation isis availableavailable soonersooner forfor decisiondecision makingmaking

BreadthBreadth -- TheThe knowledgeknowledge ofof multiplemultiple humanhuman expertexpert

cancan bebe combinedcombined toto givegive aa systemsystem moremore breadthbreadth thatthat aasinglesingle personperson isis likelylikely toto achieveachieve


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Reduce risk of doing businessReduce risk of doing business

Consistency of decision makingConsistency of decision makingDocumentationDocumentation

Achieve ExpertiseAchieve Expertise

EntryEntry barriersbarriers ExpertExpert systemssystems cancan helphelp aa firmfirm

createcreate entryentry barriersbarriers forfor potentialpotential competitorscompetitors

DifferentiationDifferentiation InIn somesome cases,cases, anan expertexpert systemsystem

cancan differentiatedifferentiate aa productproduct oror cancan bebe relatedrelated toto thethe

focusfocus ofof thethe firmfirm

ComputerComputer programsprograms areare bestbest inin thosethose situationssituations wherewhere

therethere isis aa structurestructure thatthat isis notednoted asas previouslypreviously

existingexisting oror cancan bebe elicitedelicited


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Disadvantages ofExpert SystemDisadvantages ofExpert System

CommonCommon sensesense InIn additionaddition toto aa greatgreat dealdeal ofof

technicaltechnical knowledge,knowledge, humanhuman expertsexperts havehave

commoncommon sensesense.. ItIt isis notnot yetyet knownknown howhow toto givegive

expertexpert systemssystems commoncommon sensesense..

CreativityCreativity --HumanHuman expertsexperts cancan respondrespond creativelycreatively toto

unusualunusual situations,situations, expertexpert systemssystems cannotcannot..


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LearningLearning --Human experts automatically adapt toHuman experts automatically adapt tochanging environments, expert systems must be explicitlychanging environments, expert systems must be explicitly

updated. Caseupdated. Case--based reasoning and neural networks arebased reasoning and neural networks aremethods that can incorporate learning.methods that can incorporate learning.

SensoryExperienceSensoryExperience-- Human experts have available toHuman experts have available to

them a wide range of sensory experience; expert systemsthem a wide range of sensory experience; expert systemsare currently dependent on symbolic input.are currently dependent on symbolic input.

DegradationDegradationExpert systems are not good atExpert systems are not good at

recognizing when no answer exists or when the problemrecognizing when no answer exists or when the problemis outside their area of expertise.is outside their area of expertise.

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