Forging

Forging is the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. Forging is often classified according to

the temperature at which it is performed: '"cold," "warm," or "hot" forging. Forged parts can range in weight

from less than a kilogram to 580 metric tons Forged parts usually require further processing to achieve a

finished part.

Open-die forging is also known as smith forging In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the

workpiece, which is placed on a stationary anvil. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies

(the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except

where contacted by the dies.

Closed-die forging work metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to the anvil. Usually

the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow

and fill the die cavities

Coining is a form of precision stamping in which a workpiece is subjected to a sufficiently high stress to

induce plastic flow on the surface of the material.

Hammers

Hammers are often designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure. The usual

features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head. The basic design is hand-operated, but

there are also many mechanically operated models for heavier uses.

Manual hammers:

Mechanical power hammer:

A steam hammer is a power-driven hammer used to shape forgings. It consists of a hammer-like piston

located within a cylinder. The hammer is raised by the pressure of steam injected into the lower part of a

cylinder and falls down with a force by removing the steam. Usually, the hammer is made to fall faster by

injecting steam into the upper part of the cylinder. Steam hammers that fall by their own weight are called

steam drop hammers. Steam hammers vary greatly in weight from 45 kilograms to 90 metric tons.

Furnaces used in forging

An anvil is a basic tool. In the simplest terms it is a block with a hard surface on which another object is

struck. The inertia of the anvil allows the energy of the striking tool to be transferred to the work piece. In

most cases the anvil is used as a forging tool. Before the advent of modern welding technology, it was a

primary tool of metal workers. The great majority of modern anvils are made from steel though other types

exist. Because anvils are very ancient tools and were at one time very commonplace, they have acquired

symbolic meaning beyond their use as utilitarian objects.

Mechanical Shear