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SCIENTIFIC
PRODUCTS
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ACADEMIC JOURNAL
An academic journal is a peer-reviewedperiodical in whichscholarship relating to a particularacademic discipline ispublished.
Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and
presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique ofexisting research.
Content typically takes the form of articles presentingoriginal research, review articles, and book reviews.
Academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewedare usually calledprofessional magazines.
The term "academic journal" applies to scholarly publications inall fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all
academic field journals.
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SCHOLARLY ARTICLES
In academia, professional scholars typically make unsolicitedsubmissions of their articles to academic journals.
Upon receipt of a submitted article manuscript, the journal editor (oreditors) determines whether to reject the submission outright or beginthe process of peer review.
In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to anonymouspeer-review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing.
The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according toeach journal's editorial practice typically, no fewer than two, andusually at least three outside peers review the article.
The editor(s) uses the reviewers' opinions in determining whether topublish the article, return it to the author(s) forrevision, or to reject it.
(This process is discussed in the peer review article). Even accepted articles are subjected to further (sometimes
considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. Typically, because the process is lengthy, an accepted article will not be
published until months after its initial submission, while publication aftera period of several years is not unknown.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Original research is research that is notexclusively based on a summary, review orsynthesis of earlier publications on the
subject of research. This material is of a primary source
character. The purpose of the original research is to
produce new knowledge, rather than topresent the existing knowledge in a newform
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Original research can take a number of forms, depending on thediscipline it pertains to.
In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirectobservation of the researched subject.
In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example)mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching anexisting problem. In some subjects which do not typically carryout experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is inthe particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher
The degree of originality of the research is among major criteriafor articles to be published in academic journals and usuallyestablished by means ofpeer review.
Graduate students are commonly required to perform originalresearch as part of a dissertation
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
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REVIEW ARTICLES
Review articles, also called "reviews
of progress," are checks on the
research published in journals. Such reviews often cover the research
from the preceding year, some for
longer or shorter terms; some are
devoted to specific topics, some to
general surveys.
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BOOK REVIEWS Book reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research
books published by scholars
Unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited
Journals typically have a separate book review editordetermining which new books to review and by whom. If anoutside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for abook review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the bookfrom the journal in exchange for a timely review.
Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope thattheir books will be reviewed.
The length and depth of research book reviews varies much fromjournal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade bookreview.
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CRITIQUE
A systematic inquiry into the conditions
and consequences of a concept, theory,
discipline, or approach and an attempt to
understand its limitations and validity.
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EDITORIALS
The presentation of points-of-view or
opinion relating to the editorial purpose
of a journal, the emphasizing of
evidential support for the fulfillment ofthat purpose, or the discussion of
related controversial issues.
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WORKING PAPER
A preliminary scientific or technical paper.
Often, authors will release working papers to
share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback
before submitting to a peer reviewed
conference oracademic journal.
Working papers are typically hosted on
websites, belonging either to the author or
the author's affiliated institution.
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TECHNICAL REPORT
A technical report (also: scientific report) is a document thatdescribes the process, progress, or results of technical orscientific research or the state of a technical or scientificresearch problem.
It might also include recommendations and conclusions of the
research.
Unlike otherscientific literature, such as scientific journals andthe proceedings of some academic conferences, technicalreports rarely undergo comprehensive independent peer reviewbefore publication.
Where there is a review process, it is often limited to within theoriginating organization. Similarly, there are no formal publishingprocedures for such reports, except where established locally.
Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously astechnical report.
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CONGRESS
Congress is an alternative name for a
large national or international
academic conference.
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ACADEMIC CONFERENCE
An academic conference is a
conference forresearchers (not
always academics) to present anddiscuss their work. Together with
academic orscientific journals,
conferences provide an important
channel for exchange of informationbetween researchers.
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ACADEMIC CONFERENCE Generally, work is presented in the form of short, concise presentations
lasting about 10 to 30 minutes, usually including discussion. The workmay be bundled in written form as academic papers and published asthe conference proceedings. Often there are one or morekeynote speakers (usually scholars of some standing), presenting alecture that lasts an hour or so, and which is likely to be advertisedbefore the conference. Panel discussions, round tables on variousissues, workshops may be part of the conference, the latter onesparticularly if the conference is related to the performing arts.
Prospective presenters are usually asked to submit a short abstract oftheir presentation, which will be reviewed before the presentation isaccepted for the meeting. Some disciplines require presenters to submit
a paper of about 615 pages, which is peer reviewed by members ofthe or referees chosen by them.
In some disciplines, such as English and other languages, it is commonfor presenters to read from a prepared script. In other disciplines suchas the sciences, presenters usually base their talk around a visual
presentation that displays key figures and research results.
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ACADEMIC CONFERENCE
Academic conferences fall into three categories: the themed conference, small conferences organized
around a particular topic; the general conference, a conference with a wider
focus, with sessions on a wide variety of topics.These conferences are often organized by regional,national, or international learned societies, and heldannually or on some other regular basis.
the professional conference, large conferences not
limited to academics, but with academically-relatedissues
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POSTER SESSION Poster session orposter presentation is the juried
presentation of research information by an individual orrepresentatives of several research teams at a congress orconference with an academic or professional focus. Postersessions are particularly prominent at scientific conferences suchas medical congresses.
Typically a separate room or area of a tradeshow floor isreserved for the poster session where researchers accompany apaper poster, illustrating their research methods and outcomesEach research project is usually presented on a conferenceschedule for a period ranging from 10 minutes to several hours.
Very large events may feature a few thousand posterpresentations over a matter of a few days.
Presentations usually consist of affixing the research poster to aportable wall with the researcher in attendance answeringquestions posed by passing colleagues.The poster itself varies insize according to conference guidelines from 2x3 feet to 4x8 feet
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PLENARY SESSION
Plenary session is a term often used in conferences
to define the part of the conference when all
members of all parties are to attend.
These sessions may contain a broad range of
content from keynotes to panel discussions and are
not necessarily related to a specific style of delivery.
The term has been used in the teaching profession to
describe when information is summarized. This often
encourages class participation.
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PROCEEDINGS In academia, proceedings are the collection of
academic papers that are published in thecontext of an academic conference.
They are usually distributed as printed books (orsometimes CDs) either before the conferenceopens or after the conference has closed.
Proceedings contain the contributions made byresearchers at the conference. They are thewritten record of the work that is presented to
fellow researchers.
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PROCEEDINGS The collection of papers is organized by one or more persons, who
form the editorial team. The quality of the papers is typically ensured byhaving external people read the papers before they are accepted in theproceedings. This process is called reviewing. Depending on the levelof the conference, this process including making revisions can take upto a year. The editors decide about the composition of the proceedings,the order of the papers, and produce the preface and possibly otherpieces of text. Although most changes in papers occur on basis ofconsensus between editors and authors, editors can also single-handedly make changes in papers.
Since the collection of papers comes from individual researchers, thecharacter of proceedings is distinctly different from a textbook. Eachpaper typically is quite isolated from the other papers in theproceedings. Mostly there is no general argument leading from onecontribution to the next. In some cases, the set of contributions is socoherent and high-quality, that the editors of the proceedings maydecide to further develop the proceedings into a textbook (this mayeven be a goal at the outset of the conference).
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WORKSHOP
A large meeting will usually be called
a conference, while a smaller is
termed a workshop.
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COLLOQUIUM
A meeting fordiscussion.
An academic meeting orseminar
usually led by a different lecturerandon a different topic at each meeting.
An address to an academic meeting
or seminar.
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SYMPOSIUM
A conference or othermeeting for
discussion of a topic, especially one in
which the participants makepresentations.
(in ancient Greece) A drinkingparty,especially one with intellectual
discussion.
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CONVENTION A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of
individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order todiscuss or engage in some common interest.
The most common conventions are based upon industry,profession, and fandom.
Trade conventions typically focus on a particular industry orindustry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendordisplays, and other information and activities of interest to theevent organizers and attendees.
Professional conventions focus on issues of concern to theprofession and advancements in the profession. Suchconventions are generally organized by societies dedicated topromotion of the topic of interest.
Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales
based on pop culture and guest celebrities.
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SEMINAR Seminaris, generally, a form ofacademic instruction, either at an
academic institution or offered by a commercial or professionalorganization.
It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurringmeetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in whicheveryone present is requested to actively participate.
This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic dialogue with a
seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal presentation ofresearch. Normally, participants must not be beginners in the field under
discussion (at US universities, seminar classes are generally reservedfor upper-class students, although at UK and Australian universitiesseminars are often used for all years).
The idea behind the seminar system is to familiarize students moreextensively with the methodology of their chosen subject and also toallow them to interact with examples of the practical problems thatalways occur during research work.
It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed,questions can be raised and debates can be conducted. It is relativelyinformal, at least compared to the lecture system of academic
instruction.
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LECTURE
A lecture is an oral presentation intended to presentinformation or teach people about a particular
subject, for example by a university orcollege
teacher.
Lectures are used to convey critical information,history, background, theories and equations.
A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a
businessman's sales presentation may be similar in
form to a lecture.
Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room
and recite information relevant to the lecture's
content.
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DISSERTATION - THESIS
A dissertation orthesis is a documentsubmitted in support of candidature for a degreeor professional qualification presenting the
author's research and findings
In some countries/universities, the word thesis ora cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or
master's course, while dissertation is normallyapplied to a doctorate.
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THESIS EXAMINATIONS
One of the requirements for certain advanced degrees isoften an oral examination. This examination normallyoccurs after the dissertation is finished but before it issubmitted to the university, and may comprise a
presentation by the student and questions posed by anexamining committee or jury.
This examination is known as a thesis or dissertationdefense
The result of the examination may be given immediatelyfollowing deliberation by the examiners (in which case thecandidate may immediately be considered to havereceived his or her degree)
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THESIS EXAMINATIONS Potential decisions include: Accepted / pass with no corrections.
The thesis is accepted as presented. A grade may be awarded. The thesis must be revised.
Revisions (for example, correction of numerous grammatical or spellingerrors; clarification of concepts or methodology; addition of sections) arerequired. One or more members of the jury and/or the thesis supervisor
will make the decision on the acceptability of revisions and providewritten confirmation that they have been satisfactorily completed. If, asis often the case, the needed revisions are relatively modest theexaminers may all sign the thesis with the verbal understanding that thecandidate will review the revised thesis with his or her supervisor beforesubmitting the completed dissertation.
Extensive revision required.
The thesis must be revised extensively and undergo the evaluation anddefense process again from the beginning with the same examiners.Problems may include theoretical or methodological issues.
Unacceptable The thesis is unacceptable and the candidate must withdraw from the
program. This verdict is given only when the thesis requires major revisions and
when the examination makes it clear that the candidate is incapable ofmakin such revisions.
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SCOPE OF CONCLUSIONS
RANGEOFCON
TRIBUTION(RESULTS)
fills in
information gap
an instance all instances
medial contribution: you contribute more
evidence / support to existing arguments
significant contribution: you contribute
new evidence / support to an existing
argument, that has bearing on a controversy
of the topic
innovatory contribution: you contribute a
seemingly new idea outside of existing
arguments in the field
an instance: one time and placeconfirms accepted
answers to old questions
modifies accepted
answers to old questions
confirms contest
answer to old questions
challenges accepted
answer to old questions
provides new
answer to old question
changes accept
answer and questions
several instances
RANGE AND SCOPE 0F THESIS
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IMPA
CT
ONTHEFIELD
R
ISK
ASSOC
IATED
SCOPE
greatest
impact
degreeofimpact
however, there is a direct correlation
between impact of innovatory
research / more instances AND risk
of strong opposition to your
research findings
The potential for impact on the
field increases as scope and
range of research increase
fills ininformation gap
confirms accepted
answers to old questions
modifies accepted
answers to old questions
confirms contested
answer to old questions
challenges accepted
answer to old questions
provides new
answer to old question
challenges both accepted
questions and answersgreatest risk
leastimpact
least risk
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IMPA
CT
ONTH
EFIELD
R
ISK
ASSO
CIATED
SCOPE
area
ofimpact
fills ininformation gap
confirms accepted
answers to old questions
provides new
answer to old question
changes accept
answer and questions
least impact / least risk
greatest impact / greatest risk
the blue shaded area
represents the ideal range
and scope of research for
dissertation work
the red shaded area
represent the most risky
area but potentially bears
the greatest impact
leave this
for post-
doc career
modifies accepted
answers to old questions
confirms contest
answer to old questions
challenges accepted
answer to old questions
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