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Training Material 4G RF Planning & Optimization Paragon Hotel, Jakarta - Day One 4 January 2014
Training Material 4G RF Planning & Optimization
Paragon Hotel, Jakarta - Day One 4 January 2014
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3
1G to 4G
1G
3G
4G
2G
Wireline and Wireless: Milestones
3.9G
3.5G
3.5G
3G
2.5G
2G
100 Mbps
10 Mbps
1 Mbps
100 Kbps
10 Kbps
2000 2005 2010
ISDN
128 Kbps
ADSL 1 Mbps
ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps
ADSL2+ 25 Mbps
FTTH 100 Mbps
GPRS 40 Kbps
EDGE 100 Kbps
UMTS 350 Kbps
HSDPA 1 Mbps
HSPA+ 5 Mbps
LTE 10 Mbps
Mobile throughput follows landline throughput by approx. factor 10
Name Current Job Profile
Previous Experience
Expectations, etc.
Participant Introduction
6 Alfin Hikmaturokhman.,MT
RADIO CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
7
2G & 3G Radio Technology from GSM to UMTS Evolution: Data rates
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Circuit-switched No new network elements: SW modifications Bundling 1-8 channels
GPRS General Packet Radio Services Packet-switched New infrastructure (new protocol architecture: prerequisite for UMTS!)
Bundling 1-8 channels
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution
8PSK instead of GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) Bundling 1-8 channels
UMTS (WCDMA)
Terrestrial Radio Access
Wireless Broadband Technology Evolution .
WCDMA 3G R99
DL up to 384 Kbps
HSDPA Rel 4
DL up to 3.6 Mbps
HSDPA Rel 5
DL up to 7.2 Mbps
HSPA
Rel 6
DL up to 14 Mbps,
UL up to 5.8 Mbps
HSPA+
Rel 7 DL up to 21
Mbps,
UL up to 8.3 Mbps
HSPA+
Rel 8
DL up to 35 Mbps,
UL up to 8.3 Mbps
4G (WiMAX and LTE)
DL up to 48 Mbps,
UL up to 24 Mbps
10
Towards to 4G
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
11
3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
NB
Release 6
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
NB
Release 7
Direct Tunnel
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
NB
Release 7
Direct Tunnel and
RNC in NB
Release 8
SAE and LTE
SAE GW
MME
eNB
Control Plane User Plane
LTE Network Architecture
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
RNC: Radio Network Controller
NB: Node B
GGSN
UMTS 3G: UTRAN
SGSN
RNC RNC
NB NB NB NB
MME
S-GW / P-GW
MME
S-GW / P-GW
eNB
eNB eNB
eNB
EPC
E-UTRAN
EPC ; Evolved Packet Core
MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces 3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture
MME
S-GW / P-GW
MME
S-GW / P-GW
eNB
eNB eNB
eNB
EPC
E-UTRAN
EPC ; Evolved Packet Core
MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
eNB = All radio interface-related functions
MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and
security parameters.
S-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards E-UTRAN.
P-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards PDN
Simple Architecture
Flat IP-Based Architecture
Reduction in latency and cost
Split between EPC and E-UTRAN
Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies
S1
X2
System architecture for E-UTRAN only network
System architecture for 3GPP access networks
CELLULAR FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
17
2G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia
GSM 900
DCS 1800
3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia Frequency Spectrum Update March 2013
3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia Frequency Spectrum Plan September 2013
21
OFDM Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
23
OFDM Concept: Mengapa OFDM
Sinyal OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) dapat mendukung kondisi NLOS
(Non Line of Sight) dengan mempertahankan
efisiensi spektral yang tinggi dan memaksimalkan
spektrum yang tersedia.
Mendukung lingkungan propagasi multi-path.
Scalable bandwidth : menyediakan fleksibilitas
dan potensial mengurangi CAPEX (capital
expense).
24
OFDM Concept: NLOS Performance
25
OFDM Concept : Mutipath Propagation
Sinyal-sinyal multipath datang pada waktu yang berbeda dengan amplitudo dan pergeseran
fasa yang berbeda, yang menyebabkan pelemahan dan penguatan daya sinyal yang diterima.
Propagasi multipath berpengaruh terhadap performansi link dan coverage.
Selubung (envelop) sinyal Rx berfluktuasi secara acak.
26
Multi-carrier modulation/multiplexing technique
Available bandwidth is divided into several subchannels
Data is serial-to-parallel converted
Symbols are transmitted on different subcarriers
OFDM Concept: FFT
27
OFDM Concept: IFFT
Basic ideas valid for various multicarrier techniques:
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
28
OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM
Single-Carrier Mode:
Serial Symbol Stream Used to Modulate a
Single Wideband Carrier
Serial Datastream Converted to Symbols
(Each Symbol Can Represented 1 or More
Data Bits)
OFDM Mode:
Each Symbol Used to Modulate a Separate
Sub-Carrier
29
OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM
Single-Carrier Mode OFDM Mode
Dotted Area Represents Transmitted Spectrum
Solid Area Represents Receiver Input
OFDM mengatasi delay spread, multipath dan ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) secara efisien
sehingga dapat meningkatkan throughput data rate yang lebih tinggi.
Memudahkan ekualisasi kanal terhadap sub-carrier OFDM individual, dibandingkan terhadap
sinyal single-carrier yang memerlukan teknik ekualisasi adaptif lebih kompleks.
30
OFDM Concept: Motivation for Multi-carrier Approaches
Multi-carrier transmission offers various advantages over traditional single carrier approaches:
Highly scalable
Simplified equalizer design in the frequency domain, also in cases of large delay spread
High spectrum density
Simplified the usage of MIMO
Weakness of multi-carrier systems:
Increased peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
OFDM Concept: Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR)
32
Tipe Sub-Carrier OFDM
Data Sub-carriers
Membawa simbol BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Pilot Sub-carriers
Untuk memudahkan estimasi kanal dan demodulasi koheren pada receiver.
Null Subcarrier
Guard Sub-carriers
DC Sub-carrier
33
Guard Interval (Cyclic Prefix)
Untuk mengatasi multipath delay spread
Contoh pada WiMAX Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32
34
OFDM Transceiver
35
OFDM & OFDMA
OFDM
Semua subcarrier dialokasikan untuk satu
user
Misal : 802.16-2004
OFDMA
Subcarrier dialokasikan secara fleksibel
untuk banyak user tergantung pada kondisi
radio.
Misal : 802.16e-2005 dan 802.16m
Difference between OFDM and OFDMA
OFDM allocates users in time
domain only
OFDMA allocates users in
time and frequency domain
OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing
38
LTE Downlink Physical Layer Design: Physical
Resource
The physical resource can be seen as
a time-frequency grid
LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) as its radio technology in
downlink
In the uplink LTE uses a pre=coded version of OFDM, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access) to reduced power consumption
39
LTE Downlink Resource Grid
Suatu RB (resource block) terdiri dari 12 subcarrier pada
suatu durasi slot 0.5 ms.
Satu subcarrier mempunyai BW 15 kHz, sehingga menjadi 180
kHz per RB.
40
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Subcarrier bandwidth (kHz) 15
Physical resource block (PRB)
bandwidth (kHz) 180
Number of available PRBs 6 12 25 50 75 100
Parameters for DL generic frame structure
41
Transmission BW 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Sub-frame duration 0.5 ms
Sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz
Sampling frequency 192 MHz
(1/2x3.84
MHz)
3.84 MHz
7.68 MHz
(2x3.84
MHz)
15.36 MHz
(4x3.84
MHz)
23.04 MHz
(6x3.84
MHz)
30.72 MHz
(8x3.84
MHz)
FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
OFDM sym per slot
(short/long CP) 7/6
CP length
(usec/
samples)
Short (4.69/9) x 6,
(5.21/10) x 1
(4.69/18) x 6,
(5.21/20) x 1
(4.69/36) x 6,
(5.21/40) x 1
(4.69/72) x 6,
(5.21/80) x 1
(4.69/108) x 6,
(5.21/120) x 1
(4.69/144) x 6,
(5.21/160) x 1
Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64) (16.67/128) (16.67/256) (16.67/384) (16.67/512)
Parameters for DL generic frame structure
LTE Spectrum Flexibility
LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4
MHz to 20 MHz in steps of 180 kHz (resource block).
Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6
different system bandwidths.
All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20
MHz.
E-UTRA channel bandwidth
44
Case Study
LTE Signal Spectrum (20 MHz case)
The LTE standard uses an over-sized LTE. The actual used bandwidth is controlled by the
number of used subcarriers. 15 kHz subcarrier spacing is the constant factor!
18 MHz out of 20 MHz is used for data, 1 MHz on each side is used as guard band.
LTE used spectrum radio = 90%
WiMAX used spectrum radio = 82%
45
TDD & FDD
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Durasi Frame : 2.5 - 20ms
46
Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms
Generic LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
Untuk struktur generik, frame radio 10 ms dibagi dalam 20 slot yang sama berukuran 0.5 ms.
Suatu sub-frame terdiri dari 2 slot berturut-turut, sehingga satu frame radio berisi 10 sub-
frame.
Ts menunjukkan unit waktu dasar yang sesuai dengan 30.72 MHz.
Struktur frame tipe-1 dapat digunakan untuk transmisi FDD dan TDD.
47
LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
2 slots form one subframe = 1 ms
For FDD, in each 10 ms interval, all 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and uplink
transmissions.
For TDD, a subframe is either located to downlink or uplink transmission. The 0th and 5th subframe in a
radio frame is always allocated for downlink transmission.
Downlink LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
49
Generic LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)
Struktur frame tipe-2 hanya digunakan untuk transmisi TDD.
Slot 0 dan DwPTSdisediakan untuk transmisi DL, sedangkan slot 1 dan UpPTS disediakan
untuk transmisi UL.
50
LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)
51
Mobile WiMAX Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)
DL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD frame structure type 1
Downlink
Assumptions
64 QAM
Signal overhead for reference signals and
control channel occupying one OFDM symbol
Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Requirement 100 5.0
2x2 MIMO 172.8 8.6
4x4 MIMO 326.4 16.3
UL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD frame structure type 1
Uplink
Assumptions
Single TX UE
Signal overhead for reference signals and control
channel occupying 2RB
Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Requirement 50 2.5
16QAM 57.6 2.9
64QAM 86.4 4.3
Peak rates for E-UTRA TDD frame structure type 2
Downlink Uplink
Assumptions 64 QAM, R=1 Single TX UE,
64 QAM, R=1
Unit Mbps
in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Mbps
in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Requirement 100 5.0 50 2.5
2x2 MIMO in DL 142 7.1 62.7 3.1
4x4 MIMO in DL 270 13.5
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
14 OFDM symbols per 1 ms subframe
QPSK = ..... bits per symbol
..... X ..... = ..... bits per 1 ms subframe
..... bits / ..... ms = ..... Kbps per subcarrier
...... X ..... kbps = ...... Mbps per Scheduling Block
...... Scheduling Blocks in ..... Mhz
....... X ...... Mbps = ...... Mbps per antenna
Hitunglah maksimum Peak untuk cell eNodeB dengan
Bandwith 1.4 MHz dengan modulasi QPSK, normal/short CP
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
Hitunglah maksimum Peak Rate dari masing-masing Konfigurasi
Lte dibawah ini dengan menggunakan extended/long CP.
Bandwidth (MHz) Modulation
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
SC-FDMA
58
59
LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme: SC-FDMA
Pemilihan OFDMA dianggap optimum untuk memenuhi persyaratan LTE pada arah downlink, tetapi OFDMA memiliki properti yang kurang menguntungkan pada arah Uplink.
Hal tsb terutama disebabkan oleh lemahnya peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) dari sinyal OFDMA, yang mengakibatkan buruknya coverage uplink.
Oleh karena itu, skema transmisi Uplink LTE untuk mode FDD maupun TDD didasarkan pada SC-FDMA, yang mempunyai properti PAPR lebih baik.
Pemrosesan sinyal SC-FDMA memiliki beberapa kesamaan dengan pemrosesan sinyal OFDMA, sehingga parameter-parameter DL dan UL dapat diharmonisasi.
Untuk membangkitkan sinyal SC-FDMA, E-UTRA telah memilih DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).
60
OFDMA and SC-FDMA The symbol mapping
in OFDM happens in
the frequency
domain.
In SC-FDMA, the
symbol mapping is
done in the time
domain.
Appropriate
subscriber mapping in
the frequency domain
allows to control the
PAPR.
SC-FDMA enable
frequency domain
equalizer approaches
like OFDMA
How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?
Similar to OFDM signal, but
in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol,
in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted symbols.
62
SC-FDMA parameterization (FDD and
TDD)
LTE FDD
Same as in downlink
TD-LTE
Usage of UL depends on the selected UL-DL configuration (1 to 8), each configuration offers a different number of subframes (1ms) for uplink
transmission,
Parameterization for those subframes, means number of SC-FDMA symbols same as for FDD and depending on CP,
63
Improved UL Performance
SC-FDMA compared to ordinary OFDM
Single-carrier transmission in uplink enables low PAPR that gives more 4 dB
better link budget and reduced power consumption compared to OFDM
64
LTE Uplink SC-FDMA Physical Layer
Parameters
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
Hitunglah maksimum Peak Rate dari masing-masing
Konfigurasi Antenna berikut.
Bandwidth (MHz) Antenna
SISO MIMO 2 x 2 MIMO 4 x 4
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
66
A Game of Avoiding Extremes
Pendimensian Jaringan dalam Analisis Techno-Economics
Cakupan sel
Kapasitas sel
Dimensi suatu jaringan
Memaksimalkan Coverage dan Capacity
Memaksimalkan coverage
Pilih teknologi akses
Gunakan band frekuensi yang
rendah
Tingkatkan tinggi antena
Naikan daya pancar
Kurangi persyaratan kualitas
Memaksimalkan kapasitas
Pilih teknologi akses
Perbesar band frekuensi
Gunakan re-use frequency
Kurangi persyaratan C/I
Rendahkan tinggi antena
Gunakan fitur software
Gunakan antena adaptif
LTE Dimensioning Definition
Parameters Value
LTE Duplex FDD
Frequency 2100 MHz (BAND 1)
Frequency DL 2110-2170 MHz
Frequency UL 1920-1980 MHz
Bandwidth 10 MHz (50 Resource Block)
Modulation &Coding
Schemes
AMC (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM)
& ,
Scheduling Proportional Fair
LTE Spectrum Usage
LTE Dimensioning Definition
Parameters Value
PTx (dbm) 46 dbm
Gain Antena Tx 18 dbi
Jumper Cable 0.2 db/m
Feeder Cable 0,4db/km
Rx Sensitivity (dbm) -100 dbm
Gain Antena Rx 18 dbi
TMA / MHA 13 db
Sector 3
LTE eNodeB Configuration
Sistem Antena Base Station (BTS)
Gain antenna,
Beam antenna
Feeder
Loss
Tx Power
Receiver
Sensitivity
Noise Figure, dll
LTE Nominal Planning
COVERAGE PLANNING
74
TXer RXer
Txer
component Rxer
component
link budget component
path loss
Link Budget
LINK BUDGET
Gain Sistem
Daya Pancar
Gain Antena
Sensitivitas Penerima
SNR threshold tiap modulasi
Margin Sistem
Fading Margin
Interference Margin
Loss penetrasi bangunan
Gain/loss sistem lainnya
Radius Sel
Model Propagasi
Frekuensi Operasi
Tinggi Antena pemancar/ penerima
Jarak Referensi
Dasar Pemahaman Link Budget
Frequency range, MHz
Mobile parameters
- Tx PA output (max)
- Cable loss
- Antenna gain
-------- (Subsc. ERP max, dB)
Environmental margins
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
-------------------- (dB)
Base station parameters
- Rx ant. gain Rx jumper loss
- Rx tower top amp gain (net)
- Rx cable loss
- Rx ligthning arrester loss
- Rx duplexer loss
- Rx diversity gain
- Rx coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
------- Up-link budget, dB
Link Budget: Up Link
Frequency range, MHz
Base station parameters
- Tx PA output power
- Tx combiner loss
- Tx duplexer loss
- Tx ligthning arrester loss
- Tx cable loss
- Tx jumper loss
- Tx tower top amp gain
- Tx antenna gain
(Cell ERP, dB)
Environmental margins
- Tx diversity gain
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
(dB)
Mobile parameters
- Antenna gain
- Rx diversity gain
- Antenna cable loss
- Coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
---------- Down-link budget, dB
Link Budget: Down Link
Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Uplink Budget
MAPL Calculation (Uplink Link) Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Uplink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate Kbps 1024
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power dBm 23 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 0 b
c. Body Loss dB 0 c
d. EIRP dBm 23 a+b+c
Receiver - eNodeB
e. Noise Figure dB 2.2 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -107.13 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -1.95 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -106.88 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 1.81 i
j. TMA Gain dB 2 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 18 k
l. Loss System dB 0.4 l
MAPL dB 147.67 d-h-i+j+k-l
MAPL = 147.67
Radius = 0.99 Km
Downlink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate kbps 1000
Transmitter - eNodeB
a. Tx Power dBm 46 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 18 b
c. Loss System dB 3 c
d. EIRP dBm 61 a+b+c
Receiver - UE
e. Ue Noise Figure dB 7 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -102.7 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -5 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -100.7 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 3 i
j. Control Channel Overhead dB 1 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 0 k
l. Body Loss dB 0 l
MAPL dB 157.7 d-h-i-j+k-l
MAPL Calculation (Downlink Link) Maximum Allowed Path Loss
ENGINEERING MODEL
Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
Example of WCDMA RLB for Data Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
Link Budget Tipikal
Link Budget Tipikal
Contoh Perhitungan Link Budget
Quiz : Uplink Link Budget Hitunglah MAPL Masing-masing sistem berikut
Uplink Link Budget
GSM Voice HSPA LTE
Data Rate (kbps) 12.2 64 64
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power (dBm) 33 23 23
b. Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0 0 0
c. Body Loss (dB) 3 0 0
d. EIRP (dBm)
Receiver BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
e. Noise Figure (dB) - 2 2
f. Thermal Noise (dB) - -108.2 -118.4
g. Receiver Noise (dBm) - -106.2 -116.4
h. SINR (dB) - -17.3 -7
i. Receiver Sensitivity -114
j. Interference Margin (dB) 0 3 1
k. Cable Loss (dB) 0 0 0
l. Rx antenna gain (dBi) 18 18 18
m. Fast Fade margin (dB) 0 1.8 0
n. Soft Handover gain (dB) 0 2 0
MAPL
Quiz : Downlink Link Budget Hitunglah MAPL Masing-masing sistem berikut
Downlink Link Budget
GSM Voice HSPA LTE
Data Rate (kbps) 12.2 1024 1024
Transmitter - BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
a. Tx Power (dBm) 44.5 46 46
b. Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 18 18 18
c. Cable Loss (dB) 2 2 2
d. EIRP (dBm)
Receiver UE
e. UE Noise Figure (dB) - 7 7
f. Thermal Noise (dB) -119.7 -108.2 -104.5
g. Receiver Noise floor (dBm) - -101.2 -97.5
h. SINR (dB) - -5.2 -9
i. Receiver Sensitivity -104
j. Interference Margin (dB) 0 4 4
k. Control channel overhead (%) 0 20 20
l. Rx antenna gain (dBi) 0 0 0
m. Body Loss(dB) 3 0 0
MAPL
COVERAGE PLANNING MODEL PROPAGASI
91
Model Propagasi
Suatu model propagasi menggambarkan hubungan redaman jarak rata-rata yang terjadi yang sekaligus dapat digunakan untuk perhitungan radius/jangkauan sel.
Model propagasi bergantung pada:
Enironment: urban, rural, dense urban, suburban, open, forest, sea
Jarak
Frequency
Kondisi atmosfer
Indoor/outdoor
Contoh Model Propagasi
Free space
Wakfish-Ikegami
Okumura-Hatta
Longley-Rice
Lee
Propagation Model
LTE 700 MHz
Okumura-Hatta
LTE 2100 MHz
Cost 231-Hatta
LTE 2600 MHz
SUI
MTRTcp C)logd6,55logh(44,9)a(hlogh13,82)(logf33,946,3L
(d/100) log 47.9 109.78 Lp
d log hB] log 6,55 [44,9 CH - hB log 13,82 f log 26,16 69,55 Lp
Nominal Planning By Coverage PROPAGATION MODEL : COST231-Hata
Element:
Frequency A B
150 - 1500 MHz 69.55 26.16
1500 - 2000 MHz 46.3 33.9
MTRTc C)logd6,55logh(44,9)a(hlogh13,82logf33,9 46,3L
CM = 0 dB For Rural and suburban
3 dB For Dense Urban and Urban
Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)
78.109)100/log(9.47 Lpd
9.47/)78.109()100/log( Lpd9.47/)78.109(10)100/( Lpd
9.47/)78.109(10100 Lpxd9.47/)78.1097.157(10100 xd
00042.110100xd
966.1000d meters
Quiz : Model Propagasi
Temukan jarak d jarak maksimum antara eNodeB
dengan MS apabila sebuah operator menggunakan
frekuensi Lte pada 700 MHz, 1800 MHz dan 2300
MHz. Tinggi antenna = 30 meter, tinggi MS = 1,7
meter dan nilai MAPL sudah diketahui pada Quiz
sebelumnya.
COVERAGE PLANNING CELL RADIUS
98
Radius Calculation
L = 2,6 d2
L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d2
For 3-sectoral
For 2-sectoral
Radius Calculation
L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
2(1) x 2.6 L
2.6 L
2(1) x 2.6 x 1.95 L
5.07 L 2km 2km
For Omni directional For trisectoral
Number of eNodeB
Urban Area (3 sector)
total area 242.928
2km
07.5/928.242eNodeBN
48eNodeBN
Nominal Planning By Coverage Balance Site Radius
R = 0.98 km
Coverage Site = 4.98 KM
Coverage Area = 125 KM
L = 1,95 . 2.6 . d2
L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,3. 2.6 . d2
25 Site
For 3-sectoral
For 2-sectoral
Quiz : LTE Nominal Planning
Sebuah operator seluler berencana untuk menggelar jaringan
Lte di 5 kota besar di Indonesia yaitu : Jakarta, Bandung,
Yogyakarta, Surabaya dan Denpasar. Apabila diketahui
luas daerah kota besar tersebut, hitung berapa
jumlah eNodeB 3 sektor yang dibutuhkan pada
setiap kota? (f = 1800 MHz)
Kota Luasan*
Jakarta 662,33 km2
Bandung 167,67 km2
Yogyakarta 32,5 km2
Surabaya 374,78 km2
Denpasar 123,98 km2
*Sumber : wikipedia
CAPACITY PLANNING
104
Nominal Planning By Capacity: Number of user
Where:
Un : num of user on year n Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban) a : percent of cellular user (%) b : penetration of operator A (%) d : Percent of LTE user N : num of civilian in the object area gf : num of user growth factor n : planned year u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
Uo is Uou or Uosub Uosub = sub x UoN
Uou = u x UoN
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
UoN = a x b x d x N
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Number of user Ex :
Population = 1445892 people
Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %
User prediction in 5th years
U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user
Population 1445892 people
Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user
Nominal Planning By Capacity: User Density
Lu : urban area wide
L : object area wide
Lu = L x u
Cu = Un/ Lu
Cu : Urban area density
Csub : sub-urban area density
Ex : urban area penetration = assumption 40 %
=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Traffic user prediction
Nominal Planning By Capacity :
Traffic user prediction
- Avg. Traffic user / BH
= 10 MB
- Avg. Traffic user /
Sub
= 10 MB / 3600 s *8 bit
= 22.75 Kbps
- Total Offered Traffic
= 73814 * 22.75
= 1679268.5 Kbps
= (1680 Mbps)
Nominal Planning By Capacity
Calculate Cell by Capacity
No. Of Site = 25 Site
Element Value Unit Cell Capacity 18 Mbps
Sector 3 sector
enodeB Capacity 54 Mbps Congestion Control 80 % Total Offered Traffic 1680 Mbps
No. Of Site 24.88889 Site
Number of User
Where:
Un : num of user on year n
Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
a : percent of cellular user (%)
b : penetration of operator A (%)
d : Percent of LTE user
N : num of civilian in the object area
gf : num of user growth factor
n : planned year
u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
Uo is Uou or Uosub Uosub = sub x UoN
Uou = u x UoN
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
UoN = a x b x d x N
Nominal Planning By Capacity
Customer Prediction Parameter
Ex :
Population = 1445892 people
Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %
User prediction in 5th years
U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user
Population 1445892 people
Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user
Nominal Planning By Capacity
Example User Calculation
Ex : urban penetration = assumption 60 %
suburban penetration = assumption 40 %
Urban user = 73814 x 60 % = 44288 user
Suburban user = 73814 x 40 % = 29525 user
User Density
Lu : urban area wide
Lsub : sub-urban area wide
L : object area wide
Cu : Urban area density
Csub : sub-urban area density
Lu = L x u
Lsub = L x sub
Cu = Un/ Lu
Csub = Un/Lsub
Example User Density Calculation
Ex : urban area penetration = assumption 40 %
suburban area penetration = assumption 40 %
Openarea = assumption 20 %
=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
Sub-urban area wide (Lsub) : 242,928 km2
=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2
Csub = 29525 / 242,928 = 121,54155 user/km2
Services and Type
Services (Rb)
VoIP : 64 kbps
FTP : 1000 kbps
Video : 384 kbps
Type (c)
Building : 50 %
Vehicular : 30 %
Pedestrian : 20 %
Penetration (p) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3
BHCA (B) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008
Call duration (h) per type per service (ms)
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50
service net user bit rate
(Rb)
VoIP 64000
FTP 1000000
Video 384000
type call duration (h)
voip video ftp
building 60 40 50
pedestrian 60 50 70
vehicular 60 40 80
BHCA (B)
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,008 0,008 0,009
Video 0,007 0,008 0,009
FTP 0,009 0,008 0,008
Penetrasi User (p)
Building Pedestrian Vehicula
r
Voip 0,5 0,5 0,2
Video 0,3 0,3 0,2
FTP 0,4 0,4 0,3
OBQ (Offered Bit Quantity) VoIP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVoIP x BT x hT
FTP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbFTP x BT x hT
Video
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVid x BT x hT
Note: if T= pedestrian, then OBQT is pedestrian OBQ, BT is pedestrian BHCA, etc.
T : Type (Building; Vehicular; Pedestrian)
OBQ contd
Where:
OBQVoIP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQFTP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQVideo = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQ total = OBQVoIP + OBQFTP + OBQVideo
OBQtotal= 20,74860049 + 13,97825 + 8,260936 = 42,98779
OBQ
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 1,400158616 0,5600634 0,252029
Video 2,940333094 5,2505948 1,008114
FTP 16,40810878 8,1675919 7,000793
20,74860049 13,97825 8,260936
OBQ contd
Site Calculation
Site (L) L = (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal
= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778 km2
Radius (d)
d = (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = (3,5172778 / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = 0,832912489 km
50.4 Mbps ---> (asumption: using 64 QAM 1/1, BW = 10 MHz)
Site Calculation Cont
Number of eNodeB (M)
M = Lu / L
= 242,928 km2 / 3,5172778 km2
= 69,06704366
We use Lu JUST IN
CASE we count urban
capacity only
Perhitungan Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach
Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan traffic
volume pada sistem LTE dengan 3 sector/site
dengan performansi minimum (a) dan sistem
LTE dengan performansi maksimum(b);
dengan kondisi:
Busy hour average loading is 50%.
Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the daily traffic
Offering Monthly Package to subscriber: 5 GBps
124
Contoh Perhitungan Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach
Cell capacity (biasanya dalam Mbps)
Rubah cell capacity ke GBps (1k = 1024, 1Byte = 8 bits).
Rubah ke satuan waktu (detik, jam, waktu)
Perhatikan statistic/prediksi/asumsi traffic volume yang ada, seperti:
Busy hour average loading is 50%.
Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the daily traffic
Hitung kemampuan dalam setiap sector dan site.
125
Contoh Perhitungan Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach
126
Quiz 1
Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan
traffic volume pada sistem LTE pada
kondisi di contoh perhitungan dengan
performansi minimum (a) dan sistem LTE
dengan performansi maksimum(b)
127
Contoh Perhitungan Dimensioning Capacity Data rate based approach
128
Quiz 2
Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan data
rate pada sistem LTE pada kondisi di
contoh perhitungan sebelumnya dengan
performansi minimum (a) dan sistem LTE
dengan performansi maksimum(b)
129
Peak capacity of LTE
LTE cell will provide 100 Mbps of throughput while in reality can only do 50 Mbps, the operator will be short by 50% of capacity in the access network resulting in poor user experience (e.g. slow download, blocking, etc.) and will be 50% over the required capacity for backhaul in which case its investment in capacity thats sitting idle. This is why it is important to get capacity expectations right.
Peak capacity of LTE is the maximum possible capacity which in reality can only be achieved in lab conditions. To understand the calculations below, one needs to be familiar with the technology
130
Review on Data Rate (MIMO 2X2)
25 MHz LTE system.:
Number of resource elements (RE) in a subframe (a subframe is 1 msec):
12 Subcarriers x 7 OFDMA Symbols x 25 Resource Blocks x 2 slots = 4,200 REs
Calculate the data rate assuming 64 QAM with no coding (64QAM is the highest modulation for downlink LTE):
6 bits per 64QAM symbol x 4,200 Res / 1 msec = 25.2 Mbps
The MIMO data rate is then 2 x 25.2 = 50.4 Mbps.
131
Overhead
Overhead related to control signaling such as channels, reference & synchronization signals, and coding.
The channels such as:
PSS (primary synchronization signal)
SSS (secondary synchronization signal)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
PBCH(Physical Broadcast Channel)
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
PHICH (Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel)
132
Overhead Estimation (1/2)
20MHz band, so the number of PRBs in the frequency domain is: PRB no = 100
1 OFDM symbol for control region (for PHICH, PCFICH and PDCCH) in each subframe, number of OFDM symbols per subframe for user plane
data (PDSCH) is: No OFDMSymbols = 13 (for normal CP)
SISO case (one antenna), number of Cell RS for the PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoRS = 6
the number of subcarriers per PRB is: NoSubcarriers = 12
The number of RE (resource elements) available for carrying PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoREs = NoOFDMSymbols * NoSubcarriers NoRS = 13 * 12 6 = 150
133
Overhead Estimation (2/2)
The number of RE (resource elements) : 150
The number of REs for subframe is: NoREPDSCH = NoREs * PRBno = 150 * 100 = 15000
For peak datarate we use 64QAM, which gives the number of bits per RE: bitsRE = 6
The number of bits for the whole subframe is: NoBitsPDSCH = NoREPDSCH * bitsRE = 15000 * 6 = 90 000
The number of subframes in one sec is: NoSFs = 1000 [SFs/Sec]
The max throughput then (raw, ie. without FEC) is: RawThrpt = NoBitsPDSCH [bits/SF] * NoSFs [SFs/Sec] = 90 000 * 1000 = 90 000 000 bits/sec = 90 Mbits/s
If we add then the typical FEC rate for good channel conditions of: FECrate = 5/6
We end up at: PHYThrpt = RawThrpt * FECrate = 90 Mbits/s * 5/6 = 75Mbit/s
134
Overhead Estimation in percentage
(MIMO 2X2) PDCCH channel can take 1 to 3 symbols out of 14 in a
subframe. Assuming that on average it is 2.5 symbols, the amount of overhead due to PDCCH becomes 2.5/14 = 17.86 %.
Downlink RS signal uses 4 symbols in every third subcarrier resulting in 16/336 = 4.76% overhead for 22 MIMO configuration
The other channels (PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH) added together amount to ~2.6% of overhead
The total approximate overhead for the 5 MHz channel is 17.86% + 4.76% + 2.6% = 25.22%.
The peak data rate is then 0.75 x 50.4 Mbps = 37.8 Mbps.
Note that the uplink would have lower throughput because the modulation scheme for most device classes is 16QAM in SISO mode only.
135
Overhead Estimation in percentage
(MIMO 4X4) There is another technique to calculate the peak
capacity which I include here as well for a 220 MHz LTE system with 44 MIMO configuration and 64QAM code rate 1:
Overhead at Downlink: Pilot overhead (4 Tx antennas) = 14.29% Common channel overhead (adequate to serve 1
UE/subframe) = 10%
CP overhead = 6.66% Guard band overhead = 10%
Downlink data rate = 4 x 6 bps/Hz x 20 MHz x (1-14.29%) x (1-10%) x (1-6.66%) x (1-10%) = 298 Mbps
136
Quiz: Overhead at Uplink
Tx antenna (no MIMO), 64 QAM (Note
that typical UEs can support only
16QAM)
Pilot overhead = 14.3%
Random access overhead = 0.625%
CP overhead = 6.66%
Guard band overhead = 10%
Uplink Data Rate Estimation ?
137
DEPLOYMENT PLANNING
138
LTE Deployment Options: Backhaul
Bandwidth Efficiency
700 MHz LTE
Available Licensed Bandwidth (MHz) 6 + 6
Usable Bandwidth (MHz) 5 + 5
Spectral efficiency, downlink (bps/Hz) 1.67
Spectral efficiency, uplink (bps/Hz) 0.89
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, downlink (Mbps) 25.05
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, uplink (Mbps) 13.35
Loading Factor, downlink 70%
Loading Factor, uplink 60%
* Performance data is averaged from various vendors claims as of 2011.
Traffic Forecasting: Subscriber Traffic
Model
700 MHz LTE
Traffic per Subscriber per Month (GB) 30
Downlink Traffic (%) 70%
Uplink Traffic (%) 30%
Hours in the Busy Period per Day 4
Percent of Daily Traffic Carried in Busy Period 25%
Downlink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 97 kbps
Uplink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 42 kbps
Subscribers Supported per Sector 60
Subscribers Supported per Base Station (3 sectors) 180
* Performance data is averaged from various vendors claims as of 2011.
Estimate of Investment
700 MHz LTE
Access Network
3-Sector Single-5MHz-Carrier Macro Cell $55,000
Investment per Subscriber $306
Core Network
Broadband Data-Only Core Network $3,000,000
Incremental for VoIP Core Network $1,400,000
CPE Terminals
Desktop/Fixed CPE $395
USB Dongle $200
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #1
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 50
Subscribers Supported 9000
Total Investment $9,827,500
Investment per Subscriber $1,092
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #2
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 100
Subscribers Supported 18,000
Total Investment $15,255,000
Investment per Subscriber $848
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #3
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 200
Subscribers Supported 36,000
Total Investment $26,110,000
Investment per Subscriber $725 * Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.
LTE Deployment Business Consideration: When &
How?
Relative Adoption of Technologies
Rysavy Research projection based on historical data.
2G
3G
3.9G
The reuse of existing 2G and 3G sites for NGMN will
keep site cost flat
LTE Deployment Scenario
150
Femtocell @ LTE
151
Femtocell Motivation
152
Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors
Source: Informas Mobile Access at Home Report
End of Training
Day One
