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A PAPER ON
resented byS.MAHALAKSHMI([email protected])
J.ANISHTA([email protected])
B.Tech-IT (2nd year)
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIJ Y M NG L M
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/12/2019 4g technology with the wireless mobile adhoc network
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ABSTRACT THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF 4G
TECHNOLOGY
Soon everyone will have high speed
internet on their cell phones. This will
enable instant access to e-mail and
will allow fast, high quality video
downloads. Moreover, all of these
features will be attainable at a cheaper
cost than current internet service.
Currently 2 Technology !SM", or
second generation technology, is
widely used worldwide for cell phone
networ#s. The problem with 2
technology is that the data rates are
limited. This ma#es it inefficient for
data transfer applications such as
video conferencing, music or video
downloads. To increase the speed,
various new technologies have been
in development. $ne of these, %
technology, is mainly made up of
high-speed wireless networ#s
designed to carry data, rather than
voice or a mi&ture of the two. %
transfers data to and from mobile
devices at broadband speeds ' up
to()) Mbps moving and (bps while
the phone is stationary. *n addition to
high speeds, the technology is more
robust against interference and
tapping guaranteeing higher security.
This innovative technology functions
$rthogonal frequency division
multiple&ing !$/M".
0nli#e the 1 networ#s, which are a
mi& of circuit switched and pac#et
switched networ#s, % will be based
on pac#et switching only !TC*".
This will allow low-latency data
transmission. 3lso we deal with the
%4s 5iMa& technology surviving in
the broadband world of today
urthermore, the use of * to transfer
information will require *v to
facilitate the use of more cell phone
devices.
/uring our presentation, we will give
an overview of the various
generations of mobile device
technologies preceding %. 5e will
focus on the differences between
these technologies and the
improvements and progress made
throughout the years. This description
will be followed by reasons for
development of %. urthermore, we
will discuss the technical aspects of
% and how it functions, as well as
the way it can lead to future
innovations in cellular and
communication technology. 5e will
conclude our presentation with some
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future implications and the possible
evolution of % technology.
INTRODUCTION TO 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
There is a great bu66 in the world of
wireless communications. 7veryone
is tal#ing about %. 5hat e&actly is
%, and how will it impact us8
% is 9ust the short acronym for
ourth eneration technology for
mobile communications. % is the
:ne&t; generation technology that will
be used by cellular phone companies
and internet service providers to
deliver superior quality video and
data apart from voice.
*nterestingly, the 1 !third
generation" technology is not yet
operational in most countries. Many
li#e *ndia for e&le are using the
2.< technologies for mobile or cellphones.
% will be a fully *-based integrated
system of systems and networ# of
networ#s achieved after the
convergence of wired and wireless
networ#s as well as computer,
consumer electronics, communication
technology, and several other
convergences that will be capable of
providing ()) Megabitss and (
igabitss, respectively, in outdoor
and indoor environments with end-to-
end quality of service and high
security, offering any #ind of services
anytime, anywhere, at affordable cost
and one billing.
Wireless Ss!e" E#$l%!i$&
Firs! 'e&er(!i$&= 3lmost all of the
systems from this generation were
analog systems where voice was
considered to be the main traffic.
These systems could often be listened
to by third parties. Some of the
standards are >MT, 3MS, ?icap,
C//, Mobite& and /ataTac
Se)$&* 'e&er(!i$&= 3ll the standards
belonging to this generation are
commercial centric and they are
digital in form. 3round )@ of the
current mar#et is dominated by
7uropean standards. The second
generation standards are SM, i/7>,
/-3MS, *S-A
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T+ir* 'e&er(!i$&= To meet the
growing demands in the number of
subscribers !increase in networ#capacity", rates required for high
speed data transfer and multimedia
applications, 1 standards started
evolving. The systems in this standard
are basically a linear enhancement of
2 systems.
They are based on two parallel
bac#bone infrastructures, one
consisting of circuit switched nodes,and one of pac#et oriented nodes. The
*T0 defines a specific set of air
interface technologies as third
generation, as part of the *MT-2)))
initiative.
Currently, transition is happening
from 2 to 1 systems. 3s a part of
this transition, lots of technologies are
being standardi6ed. rom 2 to 1=
2.
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describe % is M3*CGMobile
multimedia, anytime anywhere,
lobal mobility support, *ntegratedwireless solution, and Customi6ed
personal service. 3s a promise for the
future, % systems, that is, cellular
broadband wireless access systems
have been attracting much interest in
the mobile communication arena. The
% systems not only will support thene&t generation of mobile service, but
also will support the fi&ed wireless
networ#s. This paper presents an
overall vision of the % features,
framewor#, and integration of mobile
communication. The features of %
systems might be summari6ed withone word integration. The % systems
are about seamlessly integrating
terminals, networ#s, and applications
to satisfy increasing user demands.
The continuous e&pansion of mobile
communication and wireless
networ#s shows evidence ofe&ceptional growth in the areas of
mobile subscriber, wireless networ#
access, mobile services, and
applications.
T(,le -. S+$r! His!$r $/ M$,ile Tele0+$&e Te)+&$l$'ies
Te)+&$l$' -G 1G 1.2G 3G 4G
/esign Fegan (A) (AD) (AD< (AA) 2)))
*mplementation (AD% (AA( (AAA 2))22)()8
Service 3nalog voice,/igitalvoice,
?ighercapacity,
?ighercapacity,
?ighercapacity,
synchronousdata
short pac#eti6eddata
broadbanddata
completely*-
to A. #bps messages up to 2Mbps oriented,multimedia,data to
hundredsof megabits
Standards3MS,T3CS,
T/M3,C/M3,
BS,7/7,
5C/M3,Single
standard>MT, etc. SM,
/C(&BTT C/M32)))
/ata
Fandwidth (.A #bps (%.% #bps 1D% #bps 2 Mbps 2)) Mbps
T/M3 T/M3
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Le'e&*=(&BTT H 2.MT H >ordic mobile telephone/C H personal digital cellularST> H pubic switched telephoneT3CS H total access communicationsT/M3 H time division multiple
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION
This new generation of wireless is
intended to complement and replace
the 1 systems, perhaps in < to ()
years. 3ccessing information
anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of
information and services, and
receiving a large volume of
information, data, pictures, video, and
so on, are the #eys of the %
infrastructures.
The future % infrastructures will
consist of a set of various networ#s
using * !*nternet protocol" as a
common protocol so that users are in
control because they
will be able to choose every
application and environment. Fased
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on the developing trends of mobile
communication,
% will have broader bandwidth,
higher data rate, and smoother and
quic#er handoff and will focus on
ensuring seamless service across a
multitude of wireless systems and
networ#s. The #ey concept is
integrating the % capabilities with
all of the e&isting mobile technologies
through advanced technologies.
3pplication adaptability and being
highly dynamic are the main features
of % services of interest to users.
These features mean services can bedelivered and be available to the
personal preference of different users
and support the usersI traffic, air
interfaces, radio environment,
and quality of service. Connection
with the networ# applications can be
transferred into various forms and
levels correctly and efficiently. The
dominant methods of access to this
pool of information will be the mobile
telephone, /3, and laptop to
seamlessly access the voice
communication, high-speed
information services, and
entertainment broadcast services.
igure ( illustrates elements andtechniques to support the adaptability
of the % domain.
The fourth generation will encompass
all systems from various networ#s,
public to privateJ operator-driven
broadband networ#s to personal
areasJ and ad hoc networ#s. The %
systems will interoperate with 2 and
1 systems, as well as with digital
!broadband" broadcasting systems. *n
addition, % systems will be fully *-
based wireless *nternet.
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This all-encompassing integrated
perspective shows the broad range of
systems that the fourth generation
intends to integrate, from satellite
broadband to high altitude platform to
cellular 1 and 1 systems to 5EE
!wireless local loop" and 53 !fi&ed
wireless access" to 5E3> !wireless
local area networ#" and 3>
!personal area networ#", all with * as
the integrating mechanism.
5ith %, a range of new services and
models will be available. These
services and models need to be
further e&amined for their interface
with the design of % systems.
igures 2 and 1 demonstrate the #ey
elements and the seamless
connectivity of the networ#s.
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PRE4G WIRELESS
STANDARDS
3ccording to a +isant Strategies
study there will be multiple
competitors in this space, and gave
the following pro9ections=
(. 5iM3K - .2 million units by
2)() !May include fi&ed and
mobile"
2. lash-$/M - (1 million
subscribers in 2)() !only Mobile"
1. 1 Eong Term 7volution
of 0MTS in 1 - valued at
0SL2 billion in 2)() !1)@ of
the world population"
%. 0MF in 12
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The high speed of broadband
service
5ireless rather than wired
access, so it would be a lot
less e&pensive than cable or
/SE and much easier to
e&tend to suburban and rural
areas switching
Froad coverage li#e the cell
phone networ# instead of
small 5ii hotspots.
Thus the chief technologies used in
1 and % would be 5i-i and
5*M3K. % is poised to ta#e the
world of mobile communications by
storm.
INTRODUCTION TO WiMA5
WiMA5, the Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
A))ess, is a telecommunications
% technology aimed at providing
wireless data over long distances in a
variety of ways, from point-to-point
lin#s to full mobile cellular type
access. *t is based on the *777 D)2.(
standard, which is also called
5irelessM3>. 5iM3K allows a
user, for e&le, to browse the
*nternet on a laptop computer without
physically connecting the laptop to a
wall 9ac#.
The name WiMAXwas created by the
5iM3K orum, which was formed
in Nune 2))( to promote conformance
and interoperability of the standard.
The forum describes 5iM3K as Oa
standards-based technology enabling
the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to
cable and /SE.O 3 depicted
representation of the 5iMa& %
technology is presented.
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USE IN BROADBAND ACCESS
Many companies are closely
e&amining 5iM3K for Olast mileO
connectivity at high data rates. This
could result in lower pricing for both
home and business customers as
competition lowers price.
*n areas without pre-e&isting physical
cable or telephone networ#s, 5iM3K
will, it appears, be a viable alternative
for broadband access that has been
economically unavailable. rior to
5iMa&, many operators have been
using proprietary fi&ed wireless
technologies for broadband services.
5iM3K subscriber units are
available in both indoor and outdoor
versions from several manufacturers.
Self install indoor units are
convenient, but the subscriber must
be significantly closer to the 5iM3K
base station than with professionally
installed units. 3s such, indoor
installed units require a much higher
infrastructure investment as well as
operational cost !site lease, bac#haul,
maintenance" due to the high number
of base stations required to cover a
given area. *ndoor units are
comparable in si6e to a cable modem
or /SE modem. $utdoor units allow
for the subscriber to be much further
away from the 5iM3K base station,
but usually require professional
installation. $utdoor units are roughly
the si6e of a te&tboo#, and their
installation is comparable to a
residential satellite dish.
MOBILE APPLICATIONS
Some cellular companies are
evaluating 5iM3K as a means of
increasing bandwidth for a variety of
data-intensive applicationsJ indeed,
Sprint >e&tel has announced in mid-
2)) that it will be investing about
0SL 1 billion in a 5iM3K
technology build out over the ne&t
few years.
*n line with these possible
applications is the technologyIs ability
to serve as a high bandwidth
Obac#haulO for *nternet or cellular
phone traffic from remote areas bac#
to an internet bac#bone. 3lthough the
cost-effectiveness of 5iM3K in a
remote application will be higher, it is
not limited to such applications, and
may be an answer to reducing the cost
of T(7( bac#haul as well iven the
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limited wired infrastructure in some
developing countries, the costs to
install a 5iM3K station in
con9unction with an e&isting cellular
tower or even as a solitary hub are
li#ely to be small in comparison to
developing a wired solution. 3reas of
low population density and flat terrain
are particularly suited to 5iM3K and
its range.
or countries that have s#ipped wired
infrastructure as a result of inhibitive
costs and unsympathetic geography,
5iM3K can enhance wireless
infrastructure in an ine&pensive,
decentrali6ed, deployment-friendly
and effective manner.
WIMA5 Vs WIFI
The 5iM3K specification
provides symmetrical
bandwidth over many
#ilometers and range with
stronger encryption !T/7S or
37S" and typically less
interference. 5i-i is short
range !appro&imately ()Is of
metres" has 57 or 5
encryption and suffers from
interference as in metropolitan
areas where there are many
users.
5i-i ?otspots are typically
bac#hauled over 3/SE in
most coffee shops therefore
5i-i access is typically
highly contended and has poor
upload speeds between the
router and the internet.
*t provides connectivity
between networ# endpoints
without the need for direct
line of sight in favorablecircumstances. The non-line-
of-sight propagation !>E$S"
performance requires the .(d
or .(e revisions, since the
lower frequencies are needed.
*t relies upon multi-path
signals, somewhat in the
manner of D)2.((n.
LIMITATIONS
3 commonly held misconception is
that 5iM3K will deliver ) Mbits,
over ) miles !((2. #ilometers".
7ach of these is true individually,given ideal circumstances, but they
are not simultaneously true. *n
practice this means that in Eine of
sight environments you could deliver
symmetrical speeds of ()Mbps at
()Pm but in 0rban 7nvironments it
is more li#ely that 1)@ of
installations may be >on Eine of sight
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and therefore 0sers may only receive
()Mbps over 2Pm. 5iM3K has
some similarities to /SE in this
respect, where one can either have
high bandwidth or long reach, but not
both simultaneously. The other
feature to consider with 5iM3K is
that available bandwidth is shared
between users in a given radio sector,
so if there are many active users in a
single sector, each will get reduced
bandwidth. ?owever, unli#e S/SE
where contention is very noticeable at
a et 3ccessing techniques
through broadband and BS
activated mobile access.
*ncrease in social networ#ing,
invasion of privacy, security
concerns
*ncrease in regulation li#ely
!i.e. no driving and using a
cell phone"
CONCLUSION 3s the history of mobile
communications shows, attempts
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have been made to reduce a number
of
technologies to a single global
standard. ro9ected % systems offer
this promise of a standard that can be
embraced worldwide through its #ey
concept of integration. uture
wireless networ#s will need to
support diverse * multimedia
applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users.
There must be a low comple&ity of
implementation and an efficient
means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure.
The 5iMa& technology thereby
developed as a pre-release of the
fourth generation technology paved a
successful path and would be
rendered for its enhancement as
depicted. The fourth generation
promises to fulfill the goal of CC
!personal computing and
communication"Ga vision that
affordably provides high data rates
everywhere over a wireless networ#.
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